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SPECIAL  COLLECTIONS 

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NORTH  AMERICAN  BOTAN¥; 

COMPRISING   THE 

NATIVE   AND    COMMON  CULTIVATED 

PLANTS, 

NORTH    OF    MEXICO: 

GENERA  ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  ARTIFICIAL 
AND  NATURAL  METHODS. 


BY    AMOS    EATON,    A.  M., 

Senior  Prof.  Rensselaer  Institute  ; 

Member  of  the  Institutes,  Academies,  Lyceums,  and  other  Learned  Societies  in  Philadelphia,  New- York , 
New-Haven,  Albany,  Troy,  Utica,  Detroit,  &c. 

IN  THB   PRESENT   EDITION   THE   A0THOR  IS    ASSOCIATED   WITH 

JOHN    WRIGHT,    M.  D., 

Prof.  Vegetable  and  Animal  Physiology  in  Rensselaer  Institute  ; 

Member  of  Yale  College  Natural  History  Society,  Member  and  Official  Lecturer  in  Troy  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History,  and  State  Botanist  in  the  Geological  Commission  of  Michigan. 


EIGHTH   EDITION; 
With  the  very  valuable  additions  of  the  Properties  of  Plants,  from  Lindley's  New  Medical  Flora. 


That  existence  is  surely  contemptible,  which  regards  only  the  gratification  of  instinctive 
wants,  and  the  preservatian  of  a  body  made  to  perish.— Xinneus. 


TROY,   N.  Y.: 
PUBLISHED    BY    ELIAS    GATES, 

Sold  by  O.  Steele,  Albany ;  Grigg  &  Elliot,  Hogan  &  Thompson,  Thomas,  Cowperthwait 

&  Co.,   Haswell,  Barrington  &.  Haswell,  Philadelphia;  Collins,  Keese  &  Co., 

Robinson,  Pratt  &  Co.,   D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  F.  J.  Huntington  &  Co., 

Wiley  &  Putnam,  Gould,  Newman  Sc  Saxton,  New- York  ; 

C  0.  Little  &  Co.,  Billiard,  Gray  &  Co  ,  Boeton; 

Z  Clark,  Troy 

1840. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1840,  by  the  proprietor,  Elias  Gates, 
iu  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Northern  District 
of  New  York. 


N.   TUTTLE,   IriNTER. 


REV.  ELIPHALET  NOTT,  D.  D., 

PRESIDENT   OF    UNION    COLLEGE,    SCHENECTADY,    N.  Y.  ;    PRESIDENT 
OF    R1SNSSELAER    INSTITUTE,    kC.  &C. 

Sir, 

For  the  last  ten  years,  the  reputation  and  (it  is  hoped)  the  benefits  of  tliis 
institution  have  been  greatly  promoted  by  your  care  and  watchfulness  over  it,  and  by 
your  wide-spread  influence.  You  are,  therefore,  entitled  to  the  first  place  in  the 
memory  of  its  teachers,  T^fcnever  their  labors  may  take  a  form  admitting  of  a 
dedication.  And  as  preceding'  editions  of  this  general  system  of  North  American 
Botany  have  procured  for  it  a  fair  name,  and  as  this  edition  is  much  improved,  both 
in  plan  and  execution,  I  have  ventured  to  trust  that  you  might  deem  it  worthy  of 
some  consideration. 

I,  therefore,  in  accordance  with  the  desires  of  numerous  graduates,  students,  and 
my  colleagues,  dedicate  to  you,  this  (at  least  laborious)  work  on  an  important 
branch  of  Natural  Science,  as  a  small  testimonial  of  my,  and  their,  grateful  acknow- 
ledgements. 

AMOS  EATON,  Senior  Prof,  in  the  Inst. 

Rensselaer  Institute,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
April,  1840. 


127015 


SPECIAL  DIRECTIONS  AND  NOTICES. 


Rules  for  correcting  inistakes  in  this  book.— The  mistakes  are  few;  but  all  books, 
wherein  errors  cannot  be  corrected  by  the  sense,  ever  did  and  ever  will  contain  some 
errors. 

Classes  and  Orders.     Compare  them  under  the  heads  of  genera  and  species. 

Natural  Orders.  Compare  them  under  the  heads  of  species,  and  Jussieu's  benti- 
grade. 

Genera.  Compare  them  under  the  generic  head,  the  head  of  species,  and  with 
their  etymologies. 

Species.  Compare  them  as  they  are  often  used  under  numerous  different  genera; 
allowing  for  case  and  gender. 

Technical  terms,  used  in  descriptions.  Compare  them  with  those  in  the  Botanical 
Dictionary,  and  thus  approximate  the  truth,  and  then  consider  the  context. 

Running  head.     Correct  these  and  analygous  errors  by  common  sense. 

Until  the  species  were  printed  as  far  as  Malvaviscus,  p.  314,  it  had  not  occurred, 
that  T.  &  G.  should  have  been  inserted  where  T.  alone  was  inserted,  also  that  T. 
alone  should  have  been  inserted  where  T.  &  J.  were  inserted. 

Rosa  sabifolia  should  be  Rosa  rubiginosa.  In  this  edition,  as  well  as  in  former 
editions,  we  use  italic  instead  of  greek  letters,  for  the  sake  of  economy.  As  Gr.  is 
always  prefixed,  no  inconvenience  can  accrue.  We  exclude  capitals,  by  using  colons 
in  place  of  periods,  in  descriptions.  Also  exclude  capitals,  when  specific  names  are 
made  of  proper  names.  We  have  the  authority  of  Persoon,  where  localities  gave 
specific  names.  Since  his  time  more  specific  names  are  derived  from  names  of  bota- 
nists, than  from  localities;  consequently  we  have  still  higher  motives  of  economy  for 
excluding  capitals  in  these  cases.     No  inconvenience  attends  this  practice. 

Avoid  misconception  in  the  late  application  of  gymnospcnnia,  by  authors.  All 
seeds  have  a  covering,  called  testa,  tripple  cuticle,  &c.  This  is  very  manifest  on  the 
peas  and  apple  seed.  It  is  said  to  be  divisible  into  three  coals.  It  has  recently  been 
discovered  that  not  only  the  seed,  within  described  pericarps,  are  covered;  but  that  all 
seeds,  excepting  those  of  conifereae  and  cycadeae,  have  acheneous  coats  or  tunics, 
outside  of  the  testa,  which  bear  stigmas.  Such  coverings,  with  their  seeds,  are 
called  achenes;  as  of  sunflower  seed,  borage,  carrot,  Indian  corn.  To  avoid  confusion, 
such  coverings  should  be  called  tunics,  not  fruits.  Gijmnosptrmia  should  retain  its 
original  application.  Achitospermae  (a,  without;  chiton,  tunic;  sperma,  seed;)  should 
be  applied  to  pines,  cedar,  yew,  and  sago.  N.  B.  On  p.  539,  Wild,  should  b« 
acheneous. 


PREFACE, 


As  about  eleven  thousand  copies  of  former  editions  are  in  the  hands  of  Botanists, 
a  descriptive  preface  is  not  required.  A  few  extracts  and  references  may,  however, 
be  acceptable,  on  the  origin  and  progress  of  this  work. 

In  May,  1810,  I  made  the  first  attempt  in  this  country  at  a  popular  course  of 
lectures;  with  a  view  to  make  practical  Botanists  of  young  persons  of  all  conditions 
and  pursuits.  For  this  class  I  compiled  a  small  elementary  treatise.  During  that 
course  I  received  a  letter  from  Dr.  D.  Hosack,  (my  teacher  in  1802.)  I  make  the 
following  extracts  from  that  letter. 

"New  York,  August  30,  1810. 
"  Dear  Sir, 

"  I  received  yours  of  the  6th  instant,  and  am  happy  to  be  informed  of  the  progress 
of  the  Botanical  Institution  at  Catskill,  under  your  direction.  You  have  set  an 
example  that,  I  doubt  not,  will  be  followed  by  many,  if  not  most,  of  the  Academies 
throughout  the  State  " 

"You  have  adopted,  in  my  opinion,  the  true  system  of  education;  and  very  properly 
address  yourself  to  the  senses  and  to  the  memory,  instead  of  the  faculties  of  judgment 
and  reason,  which  are,  comparatively,  of  slow  growth.  %  *  *  * 

To  your  pupils  and  their  teacher,  as  first  in  the  field,  much  praise  is  due.  I  doubt  not 
they  will  reap  both  pleasure  and  profit,  as  the  reward  of  their  enterprize.  If  I  can 
contribute  to  either,  I  shall  be  happy  to  do  it,  in  any  manner  that  you  may  suggest." 

In  1816,  I  translated  from  Pursh,  Persoon  and  Michaux,  and  made  extracts  from 
other  authors,  sufficient  to  furnish  materials  for  the  first  edition  of  the  Manual  of 
Botany.  I  was  favored  with  books  and  advice  by  Prof.  Ives  of  Yale  College;  also 
with  books  by  Gov.  Clinton,  of  New  York.  The  first  edition  was  published  in  a  very 
contracted  form,  by  seventy-two  students  of  Williams  College,  Mass.,  as  no  book- 
seller would  risk  the  publication.  A  thousand  copies  were  published  and  ready  for 
use  in  June;  and  not  a  copy  was  left  in  market  after  six  months.  An  enlarged  edition 
■was  ready  in  the  spring  of  1818.     Now  Ihe  8th  edition  is  completed. 

The  following  extract  from  the  present  publisher's  circular  will  give  all  further 
account  of  the  progress  of  this  work,  which  will  be  desired  by  readers.  His  circular 
was  issued  February  1,  1840. 


VI  PREFACE. 

"To  Botanists  and  their  Pupils,  who  have  contributed  to,  and  patronized,  the 
Manual  of  Botant,  through  the  seven  preceding  Editions:* 

"  Most  of  you  remember,  tliat  the  first  spark  of  zeal  for  Botany,  as  an  Academic 
study,  was  the  scintillation  produced  by  legislative  collision;  when  the  question  on 
the  purchase  of  Dr.  Hosack's  garden  was  agitated  in  the  New  York  legislative  assem- 
bly. You  will  also  remember,  that  this  treatise  was  well-timed;  by  coming  out  when 
we  had  Ito  substitute  in  English.  Bigelow's  Boston  Florula,  and  Muhlenburg's 
Catalogue^Vere  our  only  guides,  until  the  learned  work  of  Frederick  Pursh  appeared. 
This  being  in  Latin,  it  did  not  check  the  progress  of  the  Manual.  You  all  united  in 
its  support,  and  carried  it  on  by  your  liberal  contributions,  unto  its  seventh  edition  in 
1836.  For  more  than  a  year  it  has  been  out  of  the  book  market;  though  loudly  called 
for  by  you,  and  by  those  who  have  been  accustomed  to  asking  your  opinions." 

"Age,  and  declining  vision,  have  admonished  the  author  that  he  must  call  in  the 
aid  of  youthful  zeal,  with  talented  energies,  to  supply  his  loss  by  the  waning  of  years. 
He  has  been  so  fortunate  as  to  succeed  in  associating  Dr.  John  Wright  with  him  in 
this  edition.  He  is  a  very  zealous  and  accurate  young  naturalist.  After  some  years 
of  ardent  devotedness  to  the  Natural  Sciences  at  this  institution,  he  had  the  benefit  of 
Professors  Ives'  and  Silliman's  instructions  at  Yale  College.  He  has  since  been 
united  with  Prof.  Halljin  the  descriptive  catalogue  of  Troy  Plants.  In  the  summer  of 
1838  he  collected  and  reported,  the  plants  of  Michigan,  as  ofiicial  Botanist  to  the  State 
Geological  Commission." 

''  Dr.  Wright  is  now  going  through  all  the  generic  and  specific  descriptions; 
correcting  and  modernizing  the  language,  as  far  as  may  be  done,  without  departing 
from  the  original  simplicity  of  manner,  peculiar  to  this  work.  New,  and  well 
authenticated  discoveries,  are  also  added  by  him.  He  has  before  him  the  works  of 
Lindley,  Torrey,  Darlington,  Hooker,  Beck,  &c.  The  contributions  of  many  friends, 
in  catalogues,  letters,  and  rare  plants,  afford  him  many  facilities." 

Dr.  Wright  has  now  completed  his  labors  to  my  entire  satisfaction;  and  to  the 
satisfaction  of  those  learned  friends,  to  whom  I  have  referred  the  sheets.  To  do  even 
tolerable  justice  to  those  Botanists,  who  have  given  me  direct  information  by  corres- 
pondence and  personal  conversation,  would  require  a  volume.  I  should  do  violence 
to  my  own  feelings  in  naming  one,  without  adding  scores.  It  would  too  far  extend 
this  volume,  even  to  name  published  authorities  in  all  the  cases  where  I  have  quoted. 

A  word  to  Teachers. —  To  you  I  address  a  few  lines,  as  a  humble  suppliant. 

If  you  have  any  respect  for  yourselves  or  for  human  science,  T  beg  that  you  will 
never  lend  your  aid  in  that  public  imposition,  which  has,  within  the  last  dozen  years, 
degraded  and  debased  the  study  of  Botany.  I  mean  that  of  pretending  to  teach 
Practical  Botany  by  school  lessons,  without  having  each  student  hold  in  his  hand  a 
system  of  plants  and  living  specimens  for  perpetual  demonstration.  Botany  must  be 
taught  in  the  summer  season  only;  unless  the  student  studies  in  a  green-house, 
containing  several  hundred  flowering  species  of  plants.  Even  then,  a  winter  course 
is  a  miserable  one.  The  student  ought  to  collect  in  the  field;  but  a  collector  may  be 
hired  for  about  two  dollars  per  hundred^  for  four  or  five  hundred  species,  if  the  class 
amounts  to  twenty  persons.  In  performing  this  duty,  he  collects  and  puts  in  press  in 
good  order;  the  student  furnishing  paper  and  press.  But  all  gentlemen  students 
should  collect  their  own  plants  in   the  field.     At   any  rate,   it  may  be  asserted 

*  These  five  last  editions  extended  to  two  thousand  copies  each — and  one  of  them 
to  two  thousand  five  hundred. 


PREFACE.  VU 

confidently,  that  there  is  not  a  botanist  in  the  world,  and  there  can  never  be  one, 
who  has  not  analyzed  and  prepared  with  his  own  hand,  at  least  three  hundred  species 
of  growing  plants.  Few  garden  plants  are  fit  for  analysis.  By  rich  culture  they 
become  unnatural  and  monsters.     See  pages  8,  12,  and  16. 

The  question  may  be  asked,  how  can  Botany  be  taught  to  those  who  cannot  afford 
to  give  three  dollars,  or  more,  for  a  full  System  of  Botany.  I  would  answer  by 
applying  the  same  question  to  every  branch  of  valuable  learning;  and  I  would  answer 
all  of  them  by  saying — it  is  dishonest  to  take  the  property  of  students,  under  the 
pretence  of  teaching  tlaem,.  when  you  know  that  they  cannot  be  taught  by  the  means 
put  into  their  hands.  Postpone  the  study  of  any  science,  until  necessary  books 
can  be  procured.  Time  is  worth  more  than  books.  Shall  youth  waste  away,  to 
accommodate  a  teacher  or  book-maker  1 

It  is  some  times  said,  as  a  mere  subterfuge,  that  Vegetable  Physiology  may  be 
studied  without  living  vegetables.  It  is  true,  that  pictures  may  be  studied;  so  may 
the  picture  of  a  blacksmith  shoeing  a  horse,  be  studied.  But  can  you  become  a 
blacksmith  by  studying  this  picture?* 

The  new  terms  introduced  in  this  edition,  are  no  more  than  appeared  necessary  in 
the  present  state  of  the  science.  They  are  so  often  repeated,  that  they  appear 
numerous  at  first  sight.  The  whole  will  hardly  amount  to  one  dozen.  The  chief  are 
sepal,  for  the  leaf  of  a  calyx;  palca,  for  inner  chaff,  or  the  petal  of  a  grass  flower; 
glume,  outer  chaff,  or  calyx;  which  saves  numerous  repetitions  of  calyx-glume, 
corol-glume,  calyx-leaves,  etc.  Sepal  expresses  the  same  as  "  the  leaf  of  a  perianth 
calyx;"  palsa,  the  same  as  the  valve  of  a  corol;  glume,  the  same  as  the  valve  of  a 
calyx.  Achene,  or  akene,  is  used  for  what  was  formerly  considered  as  one  of  the  coats 
of  the  testa,  and  the  seed  was  considered  as  destitute  of  fruit.  This  covering  ought 
to  be  called  a  tunic,  to  avoid  confounding  it,  in  language,  with  what  was  formerly 
considered  as  fruit.  If  we  consider  the  achene  as  tunicated  seed,  as  carrot,  sunflower, 
savory,  et  cetera,  it  will  accord  better  with  former  language.  Involucre  is  now  used 
instead  of  imbricated  calyx,  of  sunflowers,  lettuce,  etc.     See  p.  78  to  84. 

AMOS  EATON. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  April,  1840. 


*  In  the  preface  to  the  seventh  edition,  the  proprietor  gives  notice  of  a  system  of 
North  American  plants,  prepared  for  common  students,  whose  cost  was  less  than  a 
dollar.  A  new  edition  will  be  in  the  book-market  for  summer  schools.  It  is  called 
Botanical  Teacher.  All  district  schools  may  be  conveniently  taught  with  it,  if 
the  teachers  (and  perhaps  a  few  older  students)  have  large  systems.  Plants  may  be 
collected,  analyized,  and  labelled  by  it,  by  the  aid  of  teachers  with  large  treatises;  for 
the  plants  are  contained  in  it  which  are  in  large  Floras.  Experienced  botanists 
procure  it  for  the  pocket,  when  traveling  on  botanizing  excursions. 


NUMBER  OF  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  IN  NORTH  AMERICA, 
NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 


Number  of  native  flowering  genera    . 
Number  of  native  genera  of  ferns 
Number  of  common  introdueed  genera 


Number  of  genera  of  the  five  lower  orders  of  Cryptogaraia,  published, 
but  not  all  proved  to  be  }ialives 


Total  genera  published, 


1011 

28 
50 

1089 

236 

1325 


Number  of  native  flowering  species                   .                .                •  4637 

Number  of  native  species  of  ferns               ...  99 

Number  of  common  introduced  species               .                 .                 .  350 

Number  of  native  flowerers,  and  ferns,  and  introduced             .  5086 

Number  of  species  of  the  five  lower  orders  of  Cryptogamia,  published, 
but  not  all  proved  to  be  natives;  neither  is  it  probable  that  half  of 

our  species  have  been  determined                   .                .                .  900 

Total  species  published,  5986 


NUMBER  OF  SPECIES  IN  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 
Talcen  from  the  Report  of  State  Botanist,  Torrey.     Reported  January  24,  1840. 

Number  of  all  flowering  and  flovverless  plants,  about  2400.  "■''. 

Number  of  flowering  plants,  about  1350;  ferns,  53.     Total  1403.   ' 
Number  of  mosses,  about  150;  fungi,  300;  algae  unknown. 
Trees  and  shrubs,  277  (150  medicinal):  ornamental  herbs,  250  (140  exotic); 
grasses,  116  (24  exotic);  sedge  grasses,  140,  mostly  carexes. 


REFERENCES 


TO  BE  MADE  BY  STUDENTS,  UNDEK  THE  DIRECTION  OF  A  TEACHER,  WHILE 
STUDYING  BOTANY  WITH  LIVING  SPECIMENS. 


For  authors'  names 

•For  time  of  flowering,  color,  &c. 

For  localities 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

Page. 

15 

15 
15.16 


For  properties  of  plants 

For  diseases 

For  best  authority  for  properties 


Page. 
31 
32 
32 


Artificial  classification 
Natural  classification 
Genera  of  Fl.  P.  described 

offerns 

of  lower  orders 


SUBJECTS    OF    THE   BOOK. 
11 

17,  21,  539 

33  to  94 

94  to  96 

97  to  110 


Species  of  Fl.  P.  and  ferns  111  to  485 

of  lower  orders  487  to  530 

Physiology  531  to  537 

Index  of  English  names  557  to  566 

Dictionary  567  to  625 


AUXILIARY  EXPLANATIONS 

FOR    THE    ANALYSIS    OF    PLANTS. 

[See  Botanical  Dictionary  attached  to  this  work.] 


Classes,  Okukks  and  Genera,  are  distinguished  bj  the  organs  of  fructitication. 
Elementary  organs  of  fructification  arc, 

1.  Calyx.     The  outer  or  lower  part  of  the  flower,  generally  not  colored.* 

2.  Corol.     The  colored  blossom,  within  or  above  the  calyx. 

3.  Stamens.  The  organs  immediately  surrounding  or  adjoining  the  central  one; 
consisting  of  mealy  or  glutinous  knobs,  either  sessile  or  supported  on  filaments. 

4.  Pistil.  The  central  organ  of  the  flower,  whose  base  becomes  the  pericarp  and 
seed. 

5.  Pericarp,     The  fruit,  whether  pod^  shell,  bag,  or  pulpy  substance; 

6.  Tunic.  The  membranaceous  covering  of  the  seed;  whether  it  is  enveloped  in 
fruit,  or  naked. 

7.  Seed.     The  essential  pai't,  which  contains  the  rudiments  of  a  new  plant. 

8.  Placenta.  A  cellular  substance  to  which  seeds  are  attached,  and  from  which  they 
originate. 

9.  Receptacle.  The  base  which  sustains  the  other  six  parts,  being  at  the  end  of  the 
flower  stem.     It  is  called  torus,  when  a  thickened  mass. 

■^  SUB-DIVISIONS    OF    THE    CaI.YX. 

Every  eal^  is  ehher  mnnophyUous,  consisting  of  one  leaf;  or  polyphyllus,  Consistino- 
of  more  than  one  leaf.  The  divisions  of  thecaly.t  are  called  leaves,  or  seirments  in  old 
authors;  but  they  are  called  sepals  by  late  authors,  which  is  now  adopted.' 

1.  Perianth.  That  cnlyx  which  adjoins  and  surrounds  the  other  parts  of  the  flower 
as  of  the  apple,  rose,  &c.  When  sepal  is  used,  it  always  implies  the  leaf  of  a 
perianth  calyx. 

About  two-thirds  of  all  plants  have  perianths. 

2.  Involucre.  That  calyx  which  comes  out  at  some  distance  below  the  flower,  and 
not  enclosing  it.  It  is  commonly  at  the  origin  of  the  peduncles  of  umbels,  and 
sometimes  attached  to  other  aggregate  flowers.  The  common  calyx  of  a  compound 
flower,  is  an  mvolucre;  as  of  tlie  dandelion. 

Involucres  are  either  universal,  placed  at  the  origin  of  the  universal  umbel  as  in 
sunflower,  caraway,  lovage,  &c. ;  or  partial,  placed  at  the  origin  of  a  particular 
umbel,  as  in  coryander:  or  proper,  placed  beneath  a  single  flower. 

3.  Spathe.  A  kind  of  membrane  which  at  first  encloses  the  flower,  and  afler  it 
expands  is  left  at  a  distance  below  it;  as  daffodil,  onion,  Indian  turnip. 

4.  Glume.  That  lund  of  calyx  which  is  composed  of  one,  two,  or  three  valves  or 
scales;  commonly  transparent  at  the  margin,  and  often  terminated  by  a  long  awn 

*  In  the  language  of  Botany,  any  part  of  a  plant  is  not  colored  when  it  is  green;  as 
the  calyx  of  the  apple  is  said  not  to  be  colored,  because  iLis  green;  and  that  of  the 
nasturtion  is  colored,  because  it  is  not  green. 
1 


D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 
HoiA  Carolina  SJateCollfege 


2  AUXIHARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

or  beard.  All  grasses  have  glums  calyxes.  Glumes  are,  physiologically,  bracts; 
but  they  are  treated  as  leaves  of  tlu?  calyi  in  the  descriptions  of  gernera.  For  the 
sake  of  precision  in  descriptions,  the  leaves  or  scales  of  the  calyx  are  called  glumes; 
omitting  the  word  calyx  or  scale.  And  the  petals  or  scales  of  the  corol,  are  called 
paleas  ;  omitting  the  word  corol. 

5.  Anient.  An  assemblage  of  flower-bearing  scales,  arranged  on  a  slender  thread  or 
long  receptacle;  each  scale  generally  constituting  the  lateral  calyx  of  a  flower,  as 
in  the  willow,  chesnut,  pine,  ttc.  The  hard  scaly  anient  of  pine  trees,  and  the 
like,  is  called  strobile,  or  cone. 

6.  Calyptre.  The  cap  or  hood  of  pistillate  mosses;  resembling,  in  form  and  position, 
an  extinguisher  set  on  a  candle.     Conspicuous  in  tlie  common  hair-cap  moss. 

7.  Volva.  The  wrapper  at  first  enclosing  the  pileus  or  head  of  a  fungus,  (toad-stool) 
and  which,  after  the  plant  has  arrived  to  maturity,  contracts  and  remains  on  the 
stem  at  the  root  or  foot  of  the  stipe.  Some  toadstools  have  a  red,  (vtbnn)  at  the 
edges  of  the  cap  or  head,  which  was  at  first  attached  to  the  stem  by  the  lower 
edge.  Some  have  a  ring  (  annvlusj  on  the  stem,  which  was  at  first  a  part  of  the  veil. 

SUB-DIVISIONS    OF   THE    CoROL. 

Every  corol  is  either  monopetalous,  consisting  of  one  petal  or  flower-leaf;  or  poly- 
petalous,  consisting  of  more  than  one. 
Monopetalous  Corals  are, 

1.  Bdl-form.  Hollowed  out  within  the  base,  and  generally  diverging  upwards,  as 
Canterbury  bells,  gentian,  &c. 

2.  Funnd-forni.  With  a  tubular  base,  and  the  border  opening  gradually  in  the  form 
of  a  funnel,  as  the  thorn-apple,  morning  glory. 

3.  Salver-form.  Having  a  flat,  spreading  limb  or  border,  proceeding  from  the  top  of 
a  tube,  as  lilac,  trailing  arbutus,  &c.  *  ' 

4.  Wheel-form.  Having  a  spreading  border  without  atubs,  oi;,witb  an  exceeding 
short  one,  as  borage,  laurel,  mullein.  -        i, 

5.  Labiata.     A  labiate  corol  is  divided  into  two  general  .parts,    somewhat  resembling 
the  lips  of  a  horse  or  other  animal.  „ 
Labiate  corols  are  either  personate,   (with  the  throat  mutfled)  as  snap-dragon;  or 

ringent,  (with  the  throat  open)  as  mint,  motherwort,  catnip,  monkey-flower. 
Polypctalous  Carols  are, 

1.  Cruciform.  Consisting  of  four  equal  petals  spreading  out  in  the  form  of  a  "cross, 
as  radish,  cabbage,  mustard,  &c. 

2.  Caryophi/Ueus.     Having  five  single  petals,  each  terminating  in  a  long  claw,  eliclosed    * 
in  a  tubular  calyx,  as  pink,  catch-fly,  cockle,  «S:c.  »;•  ,,       . 

3.  Liliaceous.  A  corol  with  six  petals,  spreading  gradually  fioiu  the  baic,  so  as 
altogether  to  exhibit  a  bell-form  appearance,  as  tulip,  lily,  cVc.  '  r 

4.  Rosaceutis.  A  corol  formed  of  roundish  spreading, petals  without  claws,  or  with 
extremely  short  ones,  as  rose,  apple,  strawberry,  A;c. 

5.  Papilionaceous.  A  flower  which  consists  of  a  banner,  two  wings  and  a  keel,  as 
pea,  rlover,  <Jtc.,  supposed  to  resemble  a  butterfly. 

If  a  coiol  agree  with  none  of  the  above  descriptions,  it  is  called  anomalous. 
SuB-DivisioRs  or  THii  Stamen. 

1.  Anther.  The  knob  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen;  very  conspicuous  in 
the  lily,  «S:c.     Never  wanting. 

2.  PpUen.  The  dusty,  mealy,  or  glutinous  substance  contained  in  the  anthers.  Never 
w'Sinting. 

3.  Filament.  That  part  of  the  stamen  which  connects  the  anther  with  tiie  receptacle, 
calyx  or  pistil.     Often  wanting;  generally  thread-form  when  present. 

SUB-DlVlSIONS    OF    THK    PiSTIL. 

1.  Stigvia.  The  organ  which  terminates  the  pistil;  very  conspicuous  in  the  lilly, 
and  hardly  distinguishable  in  the  filameut  (silk)  of  the  Indian  corn.  Never  wanting. 


AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS.  S 

2.  Germ,  ovarium.  That  part  of  the  pistil  which,  in  maturity,  becomes  the  pericarp, 
as  in  the  cherry,  pompion.  Never  wanting.  It  encloses  the  ovules,  which  are  the 
seeds  vVhen  mature. 

3.  Style.  That  part  of  the  pistil  which  connects  the  stigma  and  the  germ;  very  con- 
spicuous in  the  lily;  wanting  in  the  tulip. 

SujJ-DrVISlONS    OF   THE    FliKlCARP. 

1.  Sillque.  That  kind  of  pod  which  has  a  longitudmal  partition,  with  the  seeds  at- 
tached alternately  to  its  opposite  edges,  as  radish,  cabbage. 

2.  Legume.  A  pod  williout  a  longitudinal  partition,  with  the  seeds  attached  to  one 
suture  only,  as  the  pea. 

3.  Capsule.  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  opens  by  valves  or  pores,  and  becomes 
dry  when  ripe,  as  the  poppy,  which  opens  by  pores  and  the  mullein  by  valves. 

4.  Drupe.  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  consists  of  a  tiiick  fleshy  or  cartilaginous 
coat,  enclosing  a  nut  or  stone,  as  in  the  cherry,  in  which  it  is  said  to  hejmlpj;  and 
in  tlie  walnut,  where  it  is  dry. 

5.  Achmc,  (acine)  a  dry  indeliiscent  pericarp,  small  and  seed-like  in  appearance;  as 
the  ripened  germs  of  the  rose  and  crowfoot.  A  variety  caryopsis,  has  the  pericarp 
so  closely  attached  to  tlie  tunic,  that  they  are  scarcely  separable:  as  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  &.C.  [see  Gray,  p.  22S.'\  A  variety  crcmocarp,  consists  of  a  pair  of  achenes 
laterally  attached;  as  of  carrot,  angelica.  They  are  often  in  double  pairs,  »fec.,  as 
in  the  steen-ciout,  forget-me-not,  hound- tongue,  mother-wort,  &c. 

6.  Pome.  A  pulpy  pericarp  without  valves  which  contains  within  it  capsules,  or 
carpels,  as  apples,  quinces,  &c. 

7.  Berry.     A  pulpy  pericarp  enclosing  seeds  without  any  capsule,  as  currant,  grape. 

8.  Pepone.  A  fleshy  pericarp  with  a  firm  rind,  and  pulpy  partitions,  which  often 
almost  disappear  in  ripening;  as  gourd,  pumpkin,  cucumber. 

9.  Strobile.     An  aoient  with  'woody  scales,  as  the  fruit  of  the  pine. 

SfcB-Dl VISIONS    OF    THE    SsEED. 

J.  Cotyledon.  The  thick  fleshy  lobes  of  seeds;  very  manifest  in  beans,  whose  coty- 
ledons grow  out  of  the  ground  in  the  form  of  two  large  succnllent  leaves.  Many 
plants,  as  Indian  corn,  wheat,  the  grasses,  .tc  ,  have  but  one  cotyiedos;  mosses  • 
&c.  none.  The  part  or  organ  producing  the  new  plant  (performing  the  function 
of. a  seed)  is  called  a  spornle  in  all  cryptogamous  plants;  as  toadstools,  mosses,  «&c. 
Cotyledons  are  incnmheut,  when  their  backs  are  presented  to  the  radicle;  and  accum- 
bent  when  their  edges  are  thus  presented. 

2' Embryo,  corcle.  The  rudiment  of  the  future  plant  embraced  in  the  seed.  It  con- 
sists of  the  radicle,  which  becomes  the  root;  the  plumula,  which  becomes  the  her- 
bage; and  the  collet,  or  caulicuLus,  which  is  a  kind  of  neck  uniting  the  radicle  and 
plumula,  and  becomes  the  part  of  most  plants  just  at  the  surface  of  the  earth 
where  the  root  and  stem  take  their  respective  directions  upwards  and  downwards. 

3.  Tegument,  or  integument.     The  covering  or  bark  of  the  seed.     The  tunic. 

4.  Albumen.  This  is  not  found  in  all  seeds.  When  it  is  present,  it  is  the  dense  part 
included  between  the  tegument  and  embryo.  It  constitutes  the  chief  of  a  kernel  of 
Indian  corn,  and  of  some  other  monocotyledonous  seeds.  But  it  is  often  small, 
and  is  never  present  in  peas  or  beans;  the  thick  fleshy  part  of  such  seeds  being  the 
rudiments  of  cotyledonous  leaves,  which  e.\pand  before  the  plumula  ascends  from 
between  them. 

5.  llilum,  or  umbilicus.  '  The  external  mark,  scar,  or  eye;  being  the  place  where  the 
seed  is  connected  to  the  point  or  placenta,  from  which  it  grows. 

Sub  divisions  of  the  Receptacle.  ** " 

1.  Proper.     That  which  belongs  to  one  flower  only. 

2.  Common.  That  which  connects  several  distinct  florets,  as  in  the  sun-flower,  daisy 
teasel.     A  common  receptacle  may  be, 

3.  Racfiis.  The  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  florets  in  a  spike,  as  in  the  heads 
of  wheat. 


4  AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

4,  Columella.    The  central  column  in  a  capsule,  to  which  tlie  seeds  are  attached. 

5.  Spadix.     An  elongated  receptacle,  proceeding  from  a  spathe,  as  Indian  turnip. 

General  Divisions  of  Floweks. 

1.  Simple.     Having  a  single  flower  on  a  receptacle,  as  in  the  quince,  tulip,  &c. 

2.  Aggregate.  Having  on  the  same  receptacle  several  flowers,  whose  anthers  are 
not  united,  as  teasel,  button-bush. 

3.  Compound.  Having  several  florets  on  the  same  receptacle,  with  their  anthers 
united,  as  sun-flower,  china-aster. 

4.  Staminate.     Having  stamens  only,  as  those  in  the  tassels  of  Indian  corn. 

5.  Pistillate.     Having  pistils  only,  as  the  fertile  flower  of  the  cucumber,     • 

6.  Perfect.     Having  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

7.  Neutral.     Having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 

8.  Complete.     Having  a  calyx  and  corol,  as  well  as  stamen  and  pistil. 

Inflorescence. 
The  m,anner  in  which  Flowers  arc  situated  on  Plants. 

1.  Whorl.  In  which  the  flowers  grow  around  the  stem  in  rings  one  above  another, 
as  mother-wort,  catnip. 

2.  Raceme.  Having  the  florets  on  short  undivided  pedicels,  arranged  along  a  general 
peduncle,  as  currants. 

3.  Panicle.  Having  some  of  the  pedicels,  along  the  general  peduncle  of  the  raceme, 
divided,  as  in  oats.  A  panicle  contracted  into  a  compact  somewhat  ovate  form,  as 
in  lilac,  is  called  thyrse. 

4.  Spike.  Having  the  florets  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  on  the  elongated  general  recep- 
tacle, as  wheat,  mullein. 

5.  Umbel.  Having  the  flower-stems  diverging  from  one  place.V^e  the  braces  of  an 
umbrella,  bearing  florets  on  their  extremities,  as  cairot,  dill,  fennel. 

6.  Cyme.  It  agrees  with  the  umbel  in  having  its  general-flower-stems  spring  from 
one  centre,  but  differs  in  having  those  stems  irregularly  sub-divided,  as  elder. 

7.  Corymb.  In  the  corymb  the  peduncles  take  their  rise  from  different  heights  along 
the  main  stem;  but  the  lower  ones  being  longer  they  form  neai^  a  level  or  convex 
top,  as  yarrow. 

8.  Fascicle.  In  general  external  appearance  it  resembles  the  umbel,  but  the  foot- 
stalks are  irregular  in  their  origin  and  sub-division,  as  sweet  william. 

9.  Head.  In  this  the  flowers  are  heaped  together  in  a  globular  form  without  pedun- 
cles, or  with  very  short  ones,  as  clover. 

Concentric  Cylinders  of  Roots  and  Herbage. 

The  substance  of  Roots  and  Herbage  consists  of— 

1.  Cuticle.  The  thin  outside  coat  of  the  bark,  which  seems  to  be  without  life,  and 
often  transparent,  Very  conspicuous  on  some  kinds  of  birch,  cherry,  currant 
bushes,  »tc. 

2.  Cellular  integument.  The  parencliymous  substance  between  the  cuticle  and  bark, 
generally  green.     Plainly  seen  in  the  elder,  after  removing  the  cuticle. 

3.  Bark.     The  inner  strong  fibrous  part  of  the  covering  of  vegetables. 

4.  Camb.  The  mucilaginous  or  gelatinous  substance,  which,  in  the  spring  of  the 
year,  abounds  between  the  bark  and  the  wood  of  trees. 

5.  Wood.     The  most  solid  part  of  the  trunks  and  roots  of  herbs  and  trees. 

6.  Pith.  The  spongy  substance  in  the  centre  of  the  stems  and  roots  of  most  plants, 
Large  \n  the  elder. 

7.  Medidlunj  sheath.  A  cylinder  surrounding  the  pith,  made  up  of  spiral  vessels  and 
ducts,  through  which  sap  ascends. 


AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 


ROOTS. 


Roots  are  the  descending  parts  of  vegetables,  and  are  annual,  liennial,  or  perennial 
They  are  of  seven  kinds. 

1.  Branching.  Having  tlie  whole  root  divided  into  parts  as  it  proceeds  downwards, 
as  the  oak,  apple  tree,  &.c. 

2.  Fibrous.  The  whole  root  consisting  of  filiform  parts,  originating  immediately 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  as  many  of  the  grasses. 

3.  Creeping.  Extending  itself  horizontally,  and  sending  out  fibrous  radicles,  as 
quack-grass. 

4.  Spindle.     Thick  at  the  top,  and  tapering  downwards,  as  carrot,  parsnip,  «S:c. 

5.  Tuberous.  Roots  which  are  thick  and  fleshy,  not  of  any  regular  globular  form. 
They  are  hnohbecl,  as  the  potatoe;  oval,  as  those  of  orchis;  abrupt,  as  the  birdsfoot 
violet;  or  fascicled,  as  asparagus. 

6.  Bulbous.  Fleshy  and  spherical.  They  are  either  solid,  as  the  turnip;  coated,  as 
the  onion;  or  scalt/,  as  the  garden  lily. 

8.  Granulated.  Consisting  of  several  little  knobs  in"  the  form  of  grains,  strung  to- 
gether along  the  sides  of  a  filiform  radicle,  as  the  wood-sorrel.  - 

Herbage  is  all  the  plant  except  the  root  3ind  fructification.  It  includes  stems,  leaves 
and  appendages. 

STEMS. 

1.  Tigc,  or  proper  stem.  The  ascending  herbage-bearing  trunk  or  stem  of  all  plieno- 
gaiiious  plants  except  the  grasses,  as  the  trunk  of  the  oak,  tl}e  grape  vine,  the 
mullein  stalk. 

2.  Culm.     The  stalk  or  stem  of  the  grasses,  as  wheat-straw,  sugar-cane,  &c. 

3.  Scape.  That  kind  of  flower-bearing  stem  which  springs  immediately  from  the 
root,  and  is  destitute  of  leaves,  as  dandelion. 

4.  Peduncle.  The  flower- bearing  stem  which  springs  from  any  part  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  as  apple,  cucumber,  &c. 

5.  Petiole.     The  foot-stalk  of  the  leaf. 

C.  Frond.  Applied  entirely  to  cryptogamous  plants.  It  includes  the  herbaceous, 
leathery,  crustaceous,  or  gelatinous  substance,  from  which  the  fruit  is  produced, 
called  the  thalUis  or  hymcniuni,  when  it  bears  fruit  as  the  receptacle. 

7.  Stipe.  The  stem  of  a  fern,  of  a  fungus,  of  compound  egret,  and  of  a  pericarp, 
when  elevated  from  the  receptacle;  as  of  maiden  hair,  garden  caper. 

LEAVES. 

Regular  leaves  never  grow  out  side  by  side.  The  alternate  position  along  opposite 
sides,  seems  to  be  the  real  normal  principle  of  arrangement,  towards  which  all  other 
positions  tend.  Though  we  find  them  opposite  and  in  wliorls,  our  best  physiologists 
ascribe  this  to  the  unequal  developement  (to  which  some  plants  are  habitually  sub- 
ject) of  the  internodes  ot'tlie  axis. 
*  The  leaves  of  exogenous  (dicotyledonous)  plants  derive  their  spiral  vessels  from  the 
medullary  sheath,  which  tlie  structure  of  the  ribs  and  veins  greatly  resemble.  The 
cellular  integument  and  cuticle  of  the  leaf  are  derived  from  that  of  the  stem:  and 
become  more  or  less  expanded  and  attenuated.  The  veins  of  exogenousfleaves  branch 
oft' in  various  directions  among  the  substance  of  the  disk  (made  up  of  cellular  integu- 
ment and  cuticle)  called  parenchyma. 

Tlie  leaves  of  endogynous  plants  (monocotyledonous)  derive  their  spiral  vessels 
from  bundles,  diverging  oft"  as  a  sub-division  of  the  general  quantity  of  bundles  con- 
stituting the  whole  culm,  which  the  slrbeture  of  the  veins  greatly  resembles.  Their 
veins  mostly  extend  from  the  base  of  the  petiole  to  the  apex,  or  to  a  kind  of  eorol  or 
edging  which  carries  them  on,  in  an  united  state,  to  the  apex. 

The  petioles  of  some  leaves  become  spiral  climbers,  as  of  the  Clematis.  In  many 
cases  the  leaf  does  not  expand  into  a  disk;  but  becomes  two  or  more  (rarely  one) 
branches  of  a  climber,  called  a  tendril,  as  grapes  and  peas.  Sometimes  the  petiole 
spreads  into  an  enormous  cup,  as  that  of  the  Sarracenia,  (side-saddle.)  This  cup  is 
called  an  ascidium,  (bottle-leaf)  (Greek,  askos,  the  leathern  bottle  of  the  ancients^ 
idios,  peculiar  or  particular  kind. ) 


t>  AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

Kinds  of  leaves,  as  distiiiguished  hij  their  form,  surface,  position,  aggregation  and  duration. 
In  duration,  leaves  are  ever(;reen,  deciduous  and  caducous. 

FORMS    OF    SIMPLE   LEAVES. 

1.  Orhi.cular.     Nearly  circular,  as  the  leaves  of  red  clover,  of  cabbage,  &c. 

2.  Ovate.     Resembling  the  longitudinal  section  of  an  egg,   thq  base   being  broader 
than  the  extremity.     One  of  the  most  common  forms  of  leaves. 

3.  Oml.     Difleringfrom  ovate,  in  having  both  ends  equal  in  breadth. 

4.  Oblong.     Tlie  length  more  tlian  twice  llie  breadtji,  and  the  sides  somevphat  parallel. 

5.  Ohuvnle.     Ovate,  with  the  narrowest  end  towards  the  stem,  as  those  of  red  clover. 
.6.   Cordate.     Heart-shaped,  the  hind  lobes  being  rounded,  as  lilac. 

7.  Olif.ardate.     Cordate,  with  the  apex  or  narrowest  end  towards  the  stem,  as  of  wild 
indigo. 

8.  Kidney  form.     Hollowed  in  at  the  base,  with  rounded  lobes  and  rounded  ends,  as 
mallows. 

9.  Lanceolate.     In  the  form  of  the  ancient  lance,  tapering  from  near  the  base  to  the 
apex,  and  narrow,  as  the  leaves  of  most  of  the  willows,  ot  ribwort,  »&c. 

10.  Linear.     Continuing  the  same  widtli  through  nearly  the  whole  length;  usually 
pointed  at  one  or  bolji  ends,  as  most  grasses. 

11.  Awlform.     Linear  at  the  base  and  becoming  more  or  less  curved  at  the  point. 

12.  Acuminate.     Any  kind  of  leaf  terminating  more  or  less  suddenly  in  a  point  turned 
towards  one  edge  of  the  leaf. 

13.  Arroicform.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head;  diifering  from  cordate  in  having  the 
hind  lobes  more  or  less  acute.        «. 

14.  Halbertform.     Hastate.     Shaped  like  an  halbert,  as  field-sorrel,  creeping  snap- 
dragon. 

15.  Guitarform.     Oblong,  broadish  near  the  base  and  contracted  at  the  sides. 

16.  Lobed.     Deeply  parted,  and  the  divisions  large,  with  rounded  sides  or  ends,  as 
the  white  oak. 

17.  Palmate.     Resembling  a  hand  with  the  fingers  spread,  as  horse-chesnut. 
\S.   Pedute.     Resembling  a  bird's  foot.  IP 

19.  Sinuate.     Having  the  margin  liollowed  with  deep  sinuses  or  bays,  as  the  white- 
oak. 

20.  Pinnatifid.     Divided  transversely  by  deep  incisions,  not  extending  to  the  midrib. 

21.  Li/rute.     Pinnatifid  with  the  largest  division  at  the  apex,  and  diminishing  from 
thence  to  the  Ijase,  as  hedge-mustard. 

22.  Runcinatc.     Pinnatifid,  with  tlie  divisions  pointing  backwards,  as  dandelion. 

EUGES   OF    LEAVES. 

23.  Serrate.     Having  sharp  notches  resembling  saw-teeth   along  the  margin,   and 
pointing  towards  the  apex,  as  those  of  clierry  trees,  roses,  &c. 

24.  Toothed.     Having  projections  from  the  margin  of  its  own  substance,  which  are 
neither  serratures,  nor  crenatures,  as  those  of  the  blue-bottle. 

2.5.   Crenate.     Having  uniform  notches  on  the  margin  of  the  leaf  which  incline  to- 
wards the  apex,  or  the  base,  or  neither,  as  gill-overground. 

ENDS    OF    LEAVES. 

2G.  Eniarginatc.     Notched  at  the  termination  of  the  midrib. 

27.  Rduse.     Emarginale  with  a  shallow  sinus. 

28.  Obtuse.     Having  the  apex  of  the  leaf  more  or  less  rounded. 

29.  Acute.     Terminating  in  an  angle;  that  is,  not  rounded. 

SURFACES   OF    LEaVES. 

1.  Hairy.  Having  distinct,  straight  hairs. 

2.  Downy.  Covered  vvith  fine  coiton-like  down. 

3.  Sillaj.  Covered  with  soft  close-pressed  hairs. 

4.  Bristly.  Set  vvith  stiff  hairs. 

5.  Ciliate.  Edged  with  parallel  hairs  or  bristles,  resembling  eye-lashes. 

6.  Nerved.  Furnished  with  mid-nb-like  fibres  running  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

7.  Veined.  Having  tendinous  fibres  variously  branched. 


AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 


POSITIONS    OF    LEAVES. 


1.  Decurrent.     When  the  two  edges  of  the  leaf  extend  along  the  stem  below  the  place 
of  insertion. 

2.  Clasping.     Sessile  with  the  base  more  or  less  heart-form,  so  as  entirely  or  in  part 
to  surround  the  stem. 

3.  iShcatlting.     Willi  the  leaf  prolonged  down  the  stem,  so  as  to  cover  it,  in  the 
manner  of  the  grasses. 

4.  Ptifoliate.     Having  the  stem  passing  through  the  leaf. 

5.  Coiuiale.     Leaves  opposite,  with  their  bases  united. 

6.  Pdtatc.     With  the  foot-stalk  attached  to   the  lower  side  of  the  leaf,  so  as  to 
resemble  a  sliield. 

7.  Opposite.     Standing  at  the  same  height  with  base  against  base. 

8.  Wlwrled.     Surrounding  the  stem  in  horizontal  rings  or  rows. 

y.  Imbricate.     Lying  over  each  other  like  shirgies  on  a  roof,  so  as  to  "  break  joints." 
10.  Fascicled.     Growing  in  bunches  from  the  same  point,  as  leaves  from  white  pine. 
iL  Radicle.     Proceeding  immea.ately  Ironi  the  root. 

COMPOUND    LEAVES. 

1.  Ternatc.     Having  three  leafets  proceeding  from  the  end  of  one  petiole. 

2.  Biternate.     Twice   ternate;   when  the  petiole  is  ternate,  and  each  division  bears 
three  leafets. 

3.  Triternate.     Three  times  ternate, 

4.  Pinnate.     With  distinct  leafets  airanged  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same  petiole. 
6.  Bipinnate.     Twice  pinnate. 

6.  Tripinnate.     Thrice  pinnate. 

7.  Interruptedly-pinnate.  Having  smaller  leafets  dispersed  among  the  larger,  as  potatoe. 

Leaves  and  appendages  used  in  descriptions. 

Stipules  are  rudimentary  leaves  and  sometimes  are  transformed  into  real  leaves, 
with  buds  in  their  axils.  They  are  generally  appendages  attached  to  the  bases  of 
leaves,  as  of  rose  leaves. 

Bracts  (often  called  floral  leaves)  are  generally  near  the  origin  of  a  flower  and  at 
first  surrounding  or  adjoining  it.  Biacts  are  at  a  small  distance  below  the  calyx, 
when  present.  The  chafls  or  husks  of  grass  and  corn,  are  strictly  bracts;  but  in 
descriptions  they  are  treated  as  equivalent  to  calyxes  and  corols. 

Thorn,  an  abortive  indurated  bud  flxed  on  the  wood. 

Prickle,  arises  from  the  bark  by  expansions  in  minute  spots. 

Hairs,  arise  in  the  same  manner:  sometimes  they  yield  an  acrid  liquid  by  compres- 
sion, as  of  the  nettle. 

Gland,  a  roundish  (generally  minute)  appendage  on  various  organs  of  some  plants. 

Tendril,  a  flliform  appendage  by  whicii  some  plants  climb  other  plants,  fences, 
poles,  «&c. 


LATIN  AND  GREEK  NUMERA.LS,  AS  USED  IN  COMPOSITION. 

Before  entering  upon  the  study  of  the  Natural  Method,  as  well  as  of  the  Artificial^ 
(and  even  before  using  the  Botanical  Dictionary),  the  student  should  be  perfectly 
familiar  with  those  numerals  wliich  are  perpetually  used  in  composition.  They  are- 
ilie  following;  and  are  applied  to  classes,  orders,  <lk.c. 

Latin.  Nos.         Greek.  Nos.  Classes. 


Unus, 

1 

IVlonos, 

1 

MoNANDRiA,  1  stamen. 

Bis, 

2 

Dis. 

2 

DiANDRiA,  2  stamens. 

Tres, 

3 

Treis, 

3 

Triaxdria,  3  stamens. 

Quatuor, 

4 

Tettares, 

4 

Tetraxdria,  4  stamens. 

Quinque, 

.5 

Pente, 

5 

Pentanoria,  !">  stamens. 

Sex,    , 

6 

Ex,  (pronounced 
hex. ) 

0 

Hexakuria,  G  stamens. 

Septem, 

7 

Epta,  (pronounced  7 

Heptandria,  7  stamens. 

hepta. ) 

AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 


Latin. 

Nos. 

Greek. 

Nos. 

Octo, 

8 

Okto, 

8 

Novern, 

9 

Ennea, 

9 

Decern, 

10 

Deka. 

10 

Undecem, 

11 

Endeka, 

11 

Duodecem, 

12 

Dodeka, 

12 

Tredecem, 

13 

Dekalreis, 

13 

Quatuordecim, 

,      14 

Dekatettares, 

14 

Quindecim, 

J  5 

Dekapenta, 

15 

Sexdeciin, 

16 

Dekaex, 

i6 

Septeindecim, 

17 

Uekaepta, 

17 

Octodeciin, 

IS 

Dekaokto, 

18 

Novendecim, 

19 

Dekaennea, 

19 

Vigiriti, 

•  20 

Eikosi, 

20 

Multus, 

xMany 

Polus, 

21 

Classes. 
OcTANDiiiA,  8  stamens. 
Enneanuria,  9  stamens. 
Decanuria,  10  stamens. 
IcosANDRiA,  20,  and  down  to  10,  on 

calyx. 
PoLYANDRiA,  many,  above  10,  not  on 

calyx. 
DiDYNAMiA,  2  longer  than  2. 
Tetradynamia,  4  longer  than  2. 
MoNADELPHiA,  in  1  set  by  filaments. 
DiADELPHiA,    in  2  sets  by  filaments. 
Syngenesia,   united  anthers. 
Gynandria,  stamens  on  pistil. 
iVIoNOECiA,  same  root,  not  flower. 
DioECiA,  different  roots  and  flowers. 
Cryptooamia,  stamens  wanting. 

The  first  ten  numerals  only  are  applied  to  the'  classes  set  opposite  to  them. 
See  each  class  in  the  Dictionary. 

ANALYSIS,  FOR  FINDING  THE  NAME  OF  A  PLANT. 

The  art  of  searching  out  the  name  of.  a  plant  is  denominated  the  analysis  of  thef 
plant.  It  is,  in  truth,  an  elegant  illustration  of  the  Analytic  method  of  logic;  as  the 
construction  of  a  genus,  order  and  alass,  is  of  the  SijnllietKul  method. 

When  we  analize  a  plant  by  the  aid  of  the  artificial  system,  our  final  purpose  is  to 
ascertain  the  specific  name,  by  which  it  is  called  by  tiie  first  botanist,  who  published  a 
description  of  it.  But  in  doing  this,  we  trace  it  through  several  intermediate  steps. 
Species  are  grouped  together  under  generic  names;  genera  under  orders;  orders  under 
classes.  By  this  arrangement  much  labor  is  saved.  For  example,  we  see  the  com- 
mon wild  strawberry,  for  the  first  time,  and  are  desirous  to  learn  its  name.  By  com- 
paring the  proper  organs  with  the  description  of  the  classes,  we  find  it  belongs  with 
the  group  of  plants,  which  constitute  a  class,  called  Ir.osandria.  This  class  is  sub- 
divided into  orders,  and  we  find  our  plant  is  to  be  referred  to  the  order  Polijgyiua. 
Here  we  find  the  names  of  several  genera,  such  as  rose,  the  raspberry,  the  straw- 
berry, the  five-finger,  the  avens,  &c.  On  comparing  our  plant  with  all  the  genera 
under  this  order,  we  find  it  will  agree  with  none  but  the  strawberry. 

On  turning  to  the  strawberry  (under  the  botanical  nawe fiagaria,  (p.  246,)  we  find 
there  are  several  kinds  of  strawberry.  Each  kind  is  called  a  species,  as  the  English 
strawberry,  hautboy  strawbeiry,  pine-apple  strawberry,  vi-ild  strawberr}',  &c.  are 
different  species.  On  carefully  comparing  our  plant  with  the  descriptions  of  all  the 
species,  we  find  it  will  agree  with  none  brt  the  wild  strawberry  (virgiriiana.)  Thus 
we  arrive  at  the  generic  name  strawberry,  (fragaria,)  and  the  specific  name  wildf 
(virginiana.) 

At  the  right  of  the  generic  name,  we  find  92,  the  number  of  the  order  of  Jussieu,  to 
which  it  belongs;  and  Rosa,  the  abbreviation  of  Rosaceae,  Lindley's  order.  See  p. 
29,  where  we  find  14  associate  genera  (as  Vaspberry,  five-finger,  «&c. )  We  also  find 
(at  the  same  p.  24G)  at  the  right  of  Rosa,  four  abbreviations.  These  are  explained  on 
p.  31,  thus:  the  general  pro()erties  are  astringent,  fruit  refrigeient  or  cooling  to  the 
feverish  patient;  and  a  specific  febrifuge.  If  we  wish  to  pursue  its  natural  affinities, 
we  find  the  order  Rosaceae  in  the  table  at  pp.  18,  19,  20,  and  find  its  reference  to  p. 
545,  where  this  order  and  its  associates  are  minutely  dissected. 


LINNEAN  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES. 

The  Linnean  Artificial  classes  are  founded  upon  the  four  following  circumstances 
of  the  stamens;  nuiiilier,  pnsition,  rclatice  length,  and  cviiiicriun.  The  first  ten  are 
distinguished  by  the  number  of  stamens;  the  elecenlh  and  twelfth  by  number  and  posi- 
tion; the  thirteenth  anfiL  fourteen th  by  number  and  relative  length;  the  ffteenth,  sixteenth, 
and  sccenteenth  by  connexion;  the  eighteenth,  nineteenth,  and  twentieth  by  position. 
The  last  or  twenty-first  class,  being  a  natural  one,  is  not  distinguished  by  any  circum- 
stance of  the  stamens. 


AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS.       .  D 

TJie  first  twelve  classes  are  named  by  prefixing  Greek  numerals,  expressive  of  the 
number  of  stamens,  to  andkia;  which  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used  metaphorically  for 
stamens. 

The  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  classes  are  named  by  prefi.xing  the  Greek  numerals, 
expressive  of  the  number  of  long  stamens,  to  dynamia;  which  is  a  Greek  derivative, 
signifying  power,  importing  that  the  longest  stamens  are  most  powerful. 

The  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  classes  are  named  by  prefixing  Greek  numerals  expreS'' 
sive  of  the  number  of  parcels  in  whicli  tlie  stamens  are  united  by  their  filaments,  to 
the  word  auelphia;  whicli  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used  to  signify  brotherhood. 

The  seventeenth  class  is  named  by  prefixing  stn,  (a  Greek  derivative  from  sun,) 
signifying  togetiier,  to  genesis,  a  Greek  derivative,  signifying  produced  or  growing 
up.  The  name  is  intended  to  signify  that  the  anthers  grow  up  together,  or  in  an 
united  state. 

The  eighteenth  class  is  named  by  prefixing  an  abbreviation  of  gynia,  a  Greek  deriv- 
ative, used  metaphorically  to  signify  the  pistil,  to  andria;  as  the  stamen  and  pistil  are 
.united  in  tjiis  class. 

The  nineteenth  and  tvventietli  classes  are  named  by  perfixing  Greek  numerals  ex- 
pressive of  tlie  number  of  plants  occupied  by  tlie  stamens  and  pistils  in  order  to  com- 
plete a  species,  to  cecia,  a  Greek  derivative  from  oikos,  a  house.  The  name  is  intend- 
ed to  signify,  that  the  stamens  and  pistils  inhabit  the  same  or  different  tenements. 

Tlie  twenty-first  class  is  named  by  prefixing  crVpto.  a  Greek  derivative,  signifying 
concealed,  to  gamia  a  Greek  derivative,- used  metaphorically  for  the  strewing  of  pollen 
from  the  anthers  upon  the  stigmas  of  pistils.  It  is  intended  to  signify,  that  ths 
operation  of  strewing  the  fertilizing  pollen  upon  stigmas,  eo  manifest  in  lilies,  poplars, 
Indian  corn,  &c.,  is  concealed  in  plants  of  this  class;  though  it  is  possible  that  such 
operations  are  as  regularly  performed  incryptogamous  as  in  phenogamous  plants. 

ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS. 

Each  class  is  subdivided  into  two  or  more  orders.  These  subdivisions  are  founded 
upon  the  number  of  styles  (or  stigmas  when  styles  are  wanting);  the  covering  or  ap- 
parent nakedness  of  seeds;  the  relative  lengths  of  pods;  the  comparison  between  disk 
and  ray  florets  of  compound  flowers;  and  the  characters  of  preceding  classes.  The 
orders  of  the  class  cryplogainia  are  distinguished  by  natural  family  Characters. 

The  orders  of  the  first  twelve  classes  are  distinguished  by  the  numbr  of  styles:  and 
named  by  prefixing  Greek  numerals,  expressive  of  the  number  of  styles  to  gvnia,  a 
Greek  derivative,  used  metaphorically  for  style  or  stigma.  The  styles  are  numbered 
at  their  origin  on  the  germ.  Their  subdivisions  above  the  germ  are  not  taken  into 
view  in  determining  the  number  of  the  order.  Sometimes  the  style  is  wanting,  leav- 
ing the  stigma  to  sit  down  upon  the  germ;  in  such  cases  the  stigmas  aie  numbered  in 
determining  the  number  of  the  order. 

The  orders  of  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  classes  are  but  two  in  each.  Those  in 
the  thirleenth  are  named  by  perfixing  gymno,  a  Gieek  derivative,  signifying  naked,  or 
angio,  a  Greek  derivative,  signifying  bag  or  sack,  to  spermia,  a  derivative  signifying 
seed.  In  the  fourteenth,  they  are  named  by  using  a  derivative  from  the  Latin  siliqua, 
a  pod,  and  from  the  diminutive  of  the  same,  sieicula. 

The  orders  of  tiie  fifteenth,  sixteenth,  eighteenth,  nineteenth  and  twentieth  classes, 
are  distinguislied  by  the  characters  of  preceding  classes,  and  assume  the  same  names. 
Therefore  when  a  plant  is  found  in  either  of  these  five  classes,  we  inquire  which 
nearest  preceding  class  it  would  fall  into,  if  its  particular  classic  character  were 
wanting.     The  answer  to  this  inquiry  gives  the  order. 

The  four  first  orders  of  class  17,  are  distinguished  by  comparing  the  disk  and  ray 
florets.  The  first,  second  and  third  orders  have  perfect  florets  in  the  disk:  the  fourth 
has  staminate  florets  only  in  the  disk.  The  first  has  perfect  florets  in  the  ray,  the 
second  and  fourth  have  pistillate,  and  the  third  has  neutral.  The  fifth  order  has  par- 
tial perianth  calyxes  to  all  the  florets:  whereas  none  of  the  other  orders  have  any  but 
the  general  calyx — the  egret,  when  present,  being  a  substitute  for  the  perianth.'  The 
orders  of  this  class  are  named  by  joining  the  word  polygamia  to  an  appropriate  adjec- 
tive. Polygamia  is  a  Greek  derivative,  used  metaphorically  to  signify  numerous 
organs  for  carrying  on  the  process  of  strewing  the  fertilizing  pollen  upon  stigmas. 
The  adjective  cequaeis  is  used  to  signify,  that  the  organs  for  furnishing  pollen  are 
equalized,  or  duly  proportioned  to  the  stigmas  to  be  fertilized;  superflDa,  that  the 
pistillate  florets  in  the  margin  or  ray  are  superfluous,  each  fertile  floret  of  the  disk 
having  stamens  and  pistils  in  due  proportion;  frcstranea,  that  the  ray  florets  are 


10  AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

empty  or  vain,  having  no  stamens  or  pistils;  necessaria,  that  the  ray  florets  are 
necessary  to  tlie  production  of  seedj  the  disk  florets  being  all  staminate;  segregata^ 
that  the'  Horets  are  disjointed,  or  separated  from  eacii  other  by  partial  calyxes. 

•The  orders  of  the  twenlv-first  class  are  distinguished  by  natural  family  characters; 
this  class  embraces  six  natural  families.  The  species  of  the  five  last  of  the  families 
Sre  placed  at  the  end  of  the  plienogamia,  at  page  4S7. 

OMITTED  Cl^ASSES. 

The  classes  of  Linneus,  called  Dodocandria,  Poly adelphia,  and  Polygamia.  are  omit- 
ted: and  their  respective  geneia  are  distributed  among  other  classes.  For  the  Dode- 
candria  is  a  small  class  and  the  charattpr  variable.  The  Polyacfelphia  is  exceedingly 
variable,  and  not  necessary.  The  Pf)lygamia  is  inconstant  in  its  character,  and  the 
plants  may  be  classed  by  their  perfect  flowers. 

N.  B.  When  a  star(*)  is  placed  before  generic  names  at  the  end  of  an  order,  it  is 
to  be  understood,  that  though  some  species  of  these  genera  fall  here  by  the  rules  of 
the  artificial  system,  yet  that  as  no  natural,  genus  must  be  divided,  these  stragglers 
must  be  referred  back  to  tiieir  natural  genera  for  descriptions.  They  may  thus  be 
referred  back  by  aid  of  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of  generic  names,  where  the 
species  are  described. 

ABBREVIATIONS  FOR  NEXT  PAGE  EXPLAINED. 

Mon.  monogynia,  1  §tyle,  or  sessile  stigma,  to  each  flower;  Dig.  digynia,  2  styles 
or  sessile  stigmas  to  eajh  flower;  Tri.  trigynia,  3:  Tet.  tetragynia,  4;  Pen.  penlagy- 
nia,  5;  Hex.  hexagynia,  6;  Hep.  i)«plagynia,  7:  Oct.  octagynia,  8;  Dec.  decagynia, 
JO;  Pol.  polygynia,  over  10.  In  classes  15,  16,  18,  ID,  20.  preceding  classes  become 
orders  by  their  names  and  characters.  Here.  Mon.  monandria:  Dia.  diandria;  Tri. 
triandria;  Tet.  tetrandria;  .Pen.  pentandria;  Hex,  hexaudria;  Hep.  he|)landria;  Oct. 
oclandria;  Dec.  decandria;  Pol.  polyandria:  I\Ion.  nmnadelphia.  In  class  lo,  Gym. 
gyifinospermia;  Ang.  angiospermia.  In  class  14,  Silic.  siliculosa:  Siliq.  siliquosa. 
In  class  17,  .'Eg.  polygamia  aequsrlis;  Sup.  polygamia  superflua;  Frus.  polygamia 
frustranea;  Nee.  prilygamia  necessaria:  Seg.  polygamia  segregata.  In  class  *<il,  Fil. 
Filices,  (ferns;)  Alus.  Alusci,  (mosses;)  Hep.  llepticae,  (liverworts;)  Alg.  Algae, 
(seaweeds;)  Lich.  Lichens;  Fun.  Fungi,  (mushroom,  mould.) 


ACXILIARY    EXPLANATIONS. 


II 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES. 


Number  of 
Stamens. 


Nuiiibcr  and 
Position. 


C  1.  MoxANDRiA,  one  stamen  to  each  flower. 

2.  DiAiNUKiA,  2  stamens.    . 

3.  Triandria,  3  stamens. 

4.  Tetrandria,  4  slamens. 

5.  PtNTANURiA,  5  stamens. 

6.  IIexandria,  6  stamens. 

7.  HtPiANURiA,  7  stamens. 

8.  OcTANPRiA,  8  stamens. 

9.  Enneandria,  9  stamens. 
1^10.  Deca.ndria,  10  stamens. 


C  11.  IcosANDRiA,  over  10  stamens,  on  the  calyx.     Generally,  about  20. 
<  12.  PoLYAXDRiA,  over  10  stamens,  not  on  calyx.      Generally  over  20, 


and  variable. 


Number  and 
relative 
Length. 


13.  DinvN A.MIA,  4  stamens,  2  of  them  longest.     Flowers  labiate. 

14.  Tetrauynamia,  U  stamens,  4  of  them  longest.     Flowers   cruci- 
form.    . 


f  15.  MoNADELPHiA,  filaments  united  in  one  set.     The  stamens  present 
Connexion  of  |       a  columnar  form,  altogether. 

the  Slamens   J  16.  Diadelphia,  filaments  united  in  two  sets;  papilionaceous.      Sta- 
by  filaments     |       mens  may  be  in  one  set,  if  the  flower  is  papilionaceous. 
or  anthers     j  17.  Syngenesia,   anthers  united;  flowers  compound.     The  filaments 

^_     are  always  5,  and  separate. 

fl8.  Gynandria,  stamens  on  the  pistil,  distant  from  the  corol.    Pollen 
Position  of     j      mostly  glutinous;  and  most  of  the  flowers  contain  nectaries. 
Stamens  rela--(  19.  Monoecia,   stamens   in  flowers  separate  from  pistils,  on  the  same 
tive  to  the     |       plant.     Pollen  generally  abundant. 

Pistils.      I  20.  DioEciA,   stamens  in  flowers  separate  from  pistils,   on   separate 
l^     plants.     Pollen  abundant.     Pistillate  plant  generally  most  robust. 

Invisible  or     S  21-  Crvptogamia,  stamens  invisible,  wanting  or  very  caducous.    This 
Caducous,     i^      class  includes  six  natural  orders. 


ORDERS  OF  EACH  CLASS. 

1st.      2d.  3d.  4th.       oth.        Gth.       7lh.        8th.       10th.      12th. 

1  Mon.  Dig. 

2  Mon.  Dig.  Tri. 

3  Mon.  Dig.  Tri. 

4  Mon.  Dig. Tet. 

5  Mon.  Dig.  Tri.  Tet.       Pen. Pol. 

6  Mon.  Dig.  Tri. Hex. Pol. 

7  Mon. Tet. Hex.      Hep. 

8  Mon.  Dig.  Tri.  Tet. 

9  Mon.  Dig.  Tri. 

10  Mon.  Dig.  Tri.  Tet.       Pen.       Dec.       ■ 

11  Mon.  Dig.  Pen.       Pol. 

12  Mon.  Dig.  Pen.       —      Pd. 


13  Gyi 


Ano 


14  Silic. 

Siliq. 

15  

Tri. 

Pen. 

16  

Hex. 

17  iEq. 

Sup. 

Frus. 

Nee. 

Seg. 

18  Mon. 

Dia. 

Pen. 

Hex. 

19  Mon. 

Dia. 

Tri. 

Tet. 

Pen. 

Hex. 

20  

Dia. 

Tri. 

Tet. 

Pen. 

Hex. 

21  Fil. 

Mus. 

Hep. 

Alg. 

Lich. 

Fun. 

Hep. 


Oct. 


Dec. 
Dec. 


Dec. 


Pol. 


Pol. 
Pol. 


16th. 


Mon. 
Mon. 


13  AUXILARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

FRUIT  AND  SEED,  TAKEN  IN  CONNEXION. 

The  study  of  vegetable  pliilosopliy  requires  a  knowledge  of  natural  alliances.  After 
the  description  of  species  in  tiiis  book,  a  concise  view  of  the  natural  method  is  given, 
sufficient  for  that  purpose.  It  is  not  however  intended  for  ascertaining  the  names  of 
genera,  without  the  concurrent  aid  of  the  Linnean  method.  Many  botanists  consider 
the  artificial  system  in  this  respect  preferable  to  the  natural  method;  even  if  we 
leave  out  of  view  the  vast  labor  of  arriving  at  a  sutTicient  knowledge  of  it.  The 
celebrated  Hooker  says,  "  The  experience  of  nearly  one  hundred  years  has  proved  to 
every  unprejudiced  mind,  that  no  system  has  appeared  which  can  be  compared  with 
that  of  the  immortal  Swede  (Linneus),  for  the  facility  with  which  it  enables  anyone, 
hitherto  unpractised  in  botany,  to  arrive  at  a  knowledge  of  the  genus  and  species  of  a 
plant." 

To  prepare  for  the  study  of  natural  alliances  of  plants,  as  a  necessary  step  towards 
the  study  of  vegetable  physiology,  the  student  must  have  distinct  views  of  the  parts 
of  seeds  and  fruit. 

Fig.  1. 


Beginning  with  the  seed  when  mature,  and  yet  enclosed  in  the  fruit,  we  find  it  in 
a  kind  of  tunic,  or  an  outer  and  inner  sack,  called  primine  and  secundine.  These  are 
not  always  separable.  Fig.  1.  c.  points  to  the  nucleus,  a.  to  the  primine,  h.  to  the 
secundine.  e.  is  the  point  where  the  coats  and  nucleus  are  united  by  their  constituent 
organs.  This  point  of  union  is  called  chalaza.  At  this  point  the  seed  grows  to  the 
placenta.  The  nucleus  and  its  coats,  while  in  the  growing  state,  constitute  the  ovule. 
The  ovule  never  has  a  stigma,  but  derives  its  fertilizing  pollen  tlirough  its  placenta, 
by  way  of  tiie  stigma  of  its  carpel  (pericarp.)  The  pea  is  the  ovule,  the  pod  is  its 
carpel,  the  thickened  edges  of  the  pod  at  their  meeting  is  the  placenta,  along  which 
the  pollen  is  conveyed  from  the  stigma  for  the  use  of  the  ovules:  which  pollen  the 
gtigma  received  from  the  anthers. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  8. 


The  pod,  which  was  at  first  a  germ  or  ovary,  is  a  single  carpel,  as  Fig.  6,  w^ith  the 
oyules  along  one  edge,  as  o,  along  the  placenta  p.     But  when  their  pod  was  in  the 


AUXILARY    EXPLANATIONS. 


13 


bud  (called  its  state  of  estivation)  it  was  a  leaf,  with  its  edges  meeting  as  at  p. 
These  edges  grew  together  and  thickened  into  placenta.  Here  granulations  were 
formed,  wiiicii  became  ovules,  and  finally  seeds  and  their  tunics.  The  midrib  of  the 
ieaf  r.  extended  upwards  and  became  the  pistil;  its  tip  end  became  a  moistened 
jtigma,  St. 

The  germ  is  often  made  up  of  a  whorl  of  leaves;  whose  edges  grow  together,  and 
form  several  distinct  carpels.  Fig.  7.  exhibits  five  separate  carpels.  This  is  apocarji 
fruit.  Their  approximating  folded  edges  present  their  separate  lines  of  placenta, /n 
bearing  their  respective  ovules;  o.  also  exhibiting  the  midrib  of  each  leaf  >•,  which  is 
elongated  into  the  st3'le  and  siigma  st.  The  carpels  marked  c.  exhibit  their  apocarpous 
position;  a.  shows  the  opening  between  them. 

The  germ  is  also  made  up  of  a  whorl  of  leaves,  as  in  the  last  case:  but  unite  in  one 
mass  of  fruit,  as  Fig.  8.  Here  ihe  five  lines  of  placenta,  formed  of  the  folded  edges 
of  the  leaves,  grow  together,  and  produce  single  columella  of  placenta,  p.  This  is 
called  syncocaip  fruit,  because  the  carpels  unite  in  one.  The  ovules  surround  the 
columella,  o,  but  the  sides  of  the  leaves  become  septae,  s,  and  thus  cut  the  fruit  into 
cells.  These  septae  are  truly  double;  but  they  grow  so  compactly,  that  they  appear 
to  be  single.  The  midribs  sometimes  unite  so  closely  as  to  tbrm  but  one  style  and 
one  stigma,  st.  But  this  single  style  and  stigma  retain  so  much  of  the  separate 
character  of  their  respective  midribs,  that  they  conduct  the  pollen  to  their  respective 
series  of  ovules  by  way  of  their  respective  lines  of  placenta,  though  united  in  a  single 
columella.  In  the  apple,  the  five  valve-like  carpels,  which  are  enveloped  in  a  poma- 
ceous  mass,  keep  their  styles  distinct. 


Fiff.  3. 


Fig.  4. 


The  size,  proportion  and  distinctness  among  parts  of  carpels  and  ovules,  are 
remarkably  difi^erent  in  different  kinds  of  plants.  But  their  analogies  are  astonishingly 
constant,  as  far  as  they  have  been  thoroughly  investigated.  The  carpels  of  the 
strawberry,  Fig.  4,  are  very  small,  and  stand  in  whorls  around  a  fleshy,  conical  recep- 
tacle. The  rose  has  its  carpels  in  a  cup-form  or  tubular  calyx.  Fig.  3.  These  carpels 
are  called  aikcnes,  and  are  indehiscent.    The  crowfoot  and  virgin  bower  are  examples. 

When  two  aikenes  are  attached  side  by  side,  as  the  sunflower,  artichoke  and  dande- 
lion, angelica  and  carrot,  they  are  called  nikenes,  variety  crcmocurp.  The  same  may 
be  applied  to  steen-crout,  borage,  and  hound-tongue.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  and  many  of  the  proper  grasses,  have  an  exceedingly  thin  membrane  for  a 
pericarp;  so  that  it  can  scarcely  be  separated  from  the  cuticle  of  the  seed.  These  are 
called  aikenes,  variety  canjopsis.  -s 

Fig.  2. 


The  ovules  of  peas,  beans,  and  other  of  the  same  family — also  of  pinks,  soap- wort, 
and  lychnes — also  of  radish,  mustard,  cabbage,  cresses,  and  pepper-grass,  and  of 
some  other  plants,  curve  round  upon  themselves,  as  Fig.  2.     By  following  the  order 


14  AUXILARY    EXPLANATIONS. 

of  the  letters,  which  are  Bimilar  in  position  to  the  fame  of  Fi^r.  1,  with  a  pea  in  hand, 
this  form  will  be  readily  understood.  The  seeds  or  ovules  of  oranges,  apples,  &.c. 
have  tlieir  tops,  or  foramens,  d.  turned  to  the  placenta.  These  have  a  kind  of  stem- 
like organ,  called  rap/ie,  forming  a  ridge  along  tiie  side  of  the  seed  or  ovula,  which 
serves  as  the  alem  supporting  the  ovule,  in  this  inverted  order,  from  the  placenta. 


Placenta  is  parietal,  or  M'all-placenta,  when  it  forms  a  Kind  of  side-wall  ahoul  the 
ovules;  as  the  germ  (ovarium)  of  the  violet.  Fig.  5.  a.  points  to  the  thick  parietal 
placenta — o.  to  the  ovules. 

These  figures  are  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  most  important  parts  of  fruit  and  seed, 
with  genuine  specimens,  well  selected.  Teachers  must  be  furnished  with  more  exten- 
sive ph}'siological  treatises.  Gray's  I'^lenipnts  is  a  convenient  guide;  but  Lindley's 
Introduction  to  Botany  is  more  extensive,  more  elegantly  executed,  and  fouifold  the 
expense. 


AUXILIARY    EXPLANATIOiVS,  15 


ABBREVIATIOxNS  AND  CHARACTERS.^       ' 
Authors'  names,  who  first  determined  a  Genus  or  Species. 

Ach.  Acharius — A.  Aiton — B.  and  Bart.  Barton — Bk.  Beck — B.  Bridel — Bw.  Bige- 
•low — Br.  Robert  Brywn — Cates.  Catesby — C.  Curtis — D.  Desfonlaines— Dc.  De 
Candolie — Dn.  Darlinijtoti — Ds.  Desveauz — E.  Elliott — Ea.  Ealon — Eli.  Elirhart — 
Fos.  Foster— Gn.  GiDelin— G.  Gronovius— H.  lledwig— Hn.  Hoffii.an— Hr.  L'Heri- 
tier — Hk.  Hooker — J.  James — Ju.  Jussieu — Jn.  Jacquiii — L.  Linneus — Lb.  Lambert 
—  Lk.  Lainarc!{— M.  Muhlenberg— Mx.  Michaux— Mn.  Moenchausen— Mr.  Murry— 
N.  Nuttall— Pall.  Pallas— P.  Persoon— Ph.  Pursh— Pt.  Poiret— Poit.  Poilean— Pb. 
Palisot  de  Beauvois— R.  Rafinesque— Relz.  Retezius— Rs.  Roemer  and  Shultes— Rd. 
Richard — S.  Smiih— Scop.  Scopoli^Sl.  Spreiigel — Sr.  Screber — Sy.  Salisbury — Sw. 
Svvartz — Sii.  Schkuhr — Sz.  Scliwintz — Sp.  Sibshorp — T.  Torrey — Tt.  Tournefort — 
Tr.  Turton— V.  Ventenant— VVh.  VVahlenburg— VV.  WiUdenovv— Wr.  Walter— Wm.- 
Waiigenheim— T.  &  G.  Torrey  and  Gray. 

Time  of  Flowering,  Duration,  Color,  asd  average  Height. 

Time  ftf  Floicering. 

Ap.  April— M.  May— J.  June— Ju.  July— Au.  August— S.  Septemher— Oc.  October. 

Duration  of  Plants. 

O  annual — q  biennial — ZC  perennial—'^  woody. 

Color  of  Carols. 

r.  red — p.  purple — y.  yellow — w.  white — b.  blue — blk.  black — g.  green. 

Height  of  Plants. 

A  figure  at  the  end  of  a  specific  description  with  i.  signifies  its  most  conimoii 

Jheighl  in  inclies — wiih  f.  in  feet. 

LOCATION  OF  SPECIES.     ^ 

Species  standing  next  to  the  generic  name,  grow  North  of  the  State  of  Virginia. 

S.  at  the  end  of  a  specific  description  indicates  that  it  grows  South  of  the  North 
line  of  Virginia,  as  v;ell  as  Noith. 

W.  (capital)  within  the  parenthesis  after  a  species,  indicates,  that  it  grows  West 
of  the  Allegany  range  and  its  continuation  through  Ca3^uga  Lake,  &c. — also  East  of 
the  West  line  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.* 

A.  (capital)  within  said  parenthesis,  indicates  that  it  is  Alpine,  or  that  it  prefers 
mountainous  districtt. 

L.  (capital)  within  said  parenthesis  indicates,  (Littoribus)  that  it  prefers  the  sea- 
shore. 

O.  (capital)  within  said  parenthesis  (Omnibus  locis)  that  it  is  throughout  the 
Northern  and  Southern  States. 

Capitals  set  at  the  end  of  Specific  Descriptions,  indicating  particular 
Localities. 

B.  Boston,  Mass.     Bigelow. 

C.  Connecticut,  particularly  N.  Haven.     Ives,  Tully.  Eaton. 

D.  Detroit  and  N.  W.  Lakes.     Cooly,  Houghton,  James. 

F.  West  Chester  Co.,   N.  Y.,  particularly  North  Salem,  Fairfield  Co.,  Conn.  Dr. 
Mead. 
H.   Harrisburgh,  &c.  Allegany  range  in  Vir.* and  Penn.     Aikin. 
K.  Kentucky,  particularly  Lexington.     H.  H.  Eaton,  Short,  Peter. 
La.   Louisiana. 

M.  Maryland,  particularly  Frederick.     Aikin. 
Mch.   M"ichigan. 

N.   Northampton,  Amherst,  Deerfield,  Mass.     Hitchcock,  Cooley. 
O.  Ontario  Co.,  particularly  Gorham,  Ac.     Aikin. 

*  This  limit  is  authorized  by  Drs.  Short,  Peter,  Riddel!,  and  Lock. 


16  AUXILIARY   EXl'LANATIONS 

P.  Pfiiladelphia  and  Chester.     Darlington  and  Barton. 

S — C  South  Carolina. 

T.  Troy,  N.  Y.     The  Eatons.  Aikin.  Hall,  Wright. 

V.   Rutland  Co.,  Vt..  and  Washington  county,  N.  Y.     Eaton,  Stevenson,  Fitchv 

W.   Williamstovvn,  Mass.  Dewey,  Eaton  and  Emmons. 

Arctic,  RocJnj  Ml.,  and  Oregon  Species. 

A.  Arctic,  growing  near  or  within  the  Arctic  circle. 

R.  On  the  Rocky  Mt.  or  west  of  it:  or  between  the  Mt.  and  the  States  of  Missouri 
and  Arkansas.  The-!e  distant  localities  will  not  embarrass  the  student;  because  a 
solitary  R.  or  A.  will,  at  first  glance,  indicate,  that  such  species  are  not  to  be 
expected  elsewhere. 

Cal.  California. 

Remark.  The  districts  about  our  N.W.  Lakes,  and  about  the  S.  W.  region  of  N. 
America,  have  been  in  a  great  measure  deficient  in  recorded  localities  of  plants. 
The  perilous  and  most  disinterested  labouts  of  iNuttall,  in  California:  and  the  bota- 
nical surveys  of  Dr.  Houghton,  Dr.  Wright,  and  his  diligent  assistant  Mr.  G.  Bull, 
have  supplied  these  deficiencies. 

Numerous  localities,  and  more  numerous  pi'omises,  have  been  received,  in  answef 
to  a  circular  requesting  such  favors.  But  the  slow  progress  common  with  publisiiera 
of  such  works,  seems  to  have  induced  scientific  friends  to  expect  a  delay  of  a  year  or 
two  in  the  present  case.  After  tendering- them  sincere  thanks  for  their  kind  feelings, 
it  is  necessary  to  say,  that  the  promptness  and  punctuality  of  the  publisher  and  pro- 
prietor of  this  edition,  have  defeated Jlieir  good  intentions,  in  most  cases. 

Localities  given  may  appear  to  be  unnecessarily  minute  and  particular  in  some  dis- 
tricts, and  unpardonably  deficient  in  others.  To  equalize  this  matter  is,  surely, 
exceedingly  desirable;  and  great  improvements  in  this  are  made  yearly.  Students  are 
requested  to  adopt  the  five  following  rules,  both  for  their  own  convenience,  and  for 
aiding  the  progress  of  tiie  science.  1.  Look  for  plants,  whose  localities  are  given, 
in,  or  near  the  same  latitude.  2.  Near  the  same  degree  of  elevation  above  tide- water 
level.  3.  On  the  same  side  of  great  mountain  ranges;  as  the  east  side,  or  west  side 
of  Allegany  and  Cal  skill  ranges,  continued  through  Cayuga  lake  into  Canada. 
4.  Near  the  sea  shore,  though  in  very  different  degrees  of  latitude.  5.  At  great  dis- 
tances down  the  course  of  rivers  below  known  localities,  through  a  belt  of  many 
miles,  on  each  side  of  such  river. 

But  one  method  can  ever  make  localities  of  plants,  through  our  vast  territory,  even 
tolerably  full.  That  is  the  method  proposed  to  Prof  Ives  of  Yale  College,  and  my- 
self, in  the  summer  of  1S16,  by  the  amiable  and  lamented  Dr.  McBride;  the  particular 
scientific  friend  of  the  celebrated  Elliott,  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  Natural  History 
Societies  were  to  devote  a  secure  place  to  the  preservation  of  manuscript  catalogues 
of  all  collecting  botanists.  These  catalogues  were  to  be  accessible  to  all,  who  com- 
pile general  or  local  tloras.     A.  E. 


17 


LINDLEY'S  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

[arranged  alphabetically.] 


Pirst  column  contains  abbreviations  of  Orders.  Second  column  present  the  numbers  of 
Jussieu's  Natural  Orders,  which  succeed  this  alphabetical  list ;  by  which  tluse  may  be 
found,  and  t.lieir  respective  Genera.  Third,  t/ic  names  of  Lbidlcy's  Orders,  and  their 
properties  abbreviated.  Fourth,  the  pages  where  each  Order  may  be  foundj  according 
to  Lindley's  arrangement  of  1835. 


Acanthacae.  emet.  ton — .  -  -  . 

Acerineae.  sug.  diu.  cab.  ^s.  b.  ast.  feb.  -  - 

Alismacea.  sec-sti.  amy.  acr.  -  -  . 

Amarantaceae.  cata.  r.  ton — .  ... 

Amarryllideae.  stim.  poi — .  some  poi-odo. 
Ambrosiaeeae.  ton.  erne — . 

Amygdalaceae.  feb.  pius-acid.  ast.  f.  edi.  b.  ton. 
Amyrideae.  r.  erne.  diu.  h.  b.  frag.  res.  gum.  elat. 
Anacardiaceae.  f.  h.  poi.  ton.  tan.  res.  varnish. 
Annonaceae.  f.  aro.  b.  bit-ton.  -  -  . 

Anthemideae.  h.  acr.  f.  res.  sto-  bit-ton.  ase.  cac. 
Apocyneae.  exp.  dia.  ton.  r.  bit.  em.  millc  poi. 
Araliaceae.  r.  res-ton.  pec.  exp.  heal.  cac.  haem. 
Aristolochiae.  ath.  nau-bit.  r.  ton+.  con.  sto.  stim.     - 
Aroideae.  acr.  poi.  some  aro.  stom. 
Artocarpeae,  or  JVIoreae.  edi.  some  poi. 
Asclepiadeae.  exp.  dia.  ton.  pleu.  pneu.  milk  poi.      - 
Asphodeleae.  ton.  exp.  stim.  ast.  squill  and  onion 
Astereae.  ton.  sec-sti.  dia.  r.  edi.  dem.  ton.  chamomile 
Aurantiaceae.  f.  cool.  sto.  ref.  feb.  frag.  acid. 

Balsameae.  cath.  diu.  -  -  -  . 

Begoniaceae.  eme — .  ast — .  ton — .         -  -  . 

Berberideae.  b.  ast.  r.  ton-f .  dye.  f.  ref.  gel. 
Betulineae.  ast.  sto.  feb.  -  .  .  j 

Bignoniaceae.  dem.  det — .  -  . 

Boragineae.  ton.  vul.  r.  dem.  dye. 
Bromeliaceae.  edi.  ref  sug.  aro.  pine  apple. 

Cacteae.  cool.  emol.  cata.  acid — .         -  -  - 

Callitrichinae.  emo — .  -  -  .  . 

Calycantheae.  f  aro.  ton.  .... 

Campanulaceae.  ton — .         -  -  .  . 

Cappaiidea'.  asc.  sti.  aper. 

Caprifoliaceae.  r.  erne—,  h,  lax — .  some  ton.  feb. 
Carduaceae.  sec-sti.  ton.  h.  if  nau.  cath.  r.  eme. 
Caryophylleae.*  odo.  dem.  asc. 
Cedreleae  feb.  ton.  cab.  stim. 


*  This  order  includes  Alcinaceae  and  Silenaceae. 
3 


Aca. 

39 

Ace. 

66 

Ali. 

13 

Ama. 

30 

Amarr. 

17 

Amb. 

55 

Amy. 
Amyr. 
Ana. 

92 
94 
94 

Ann. 

76 

Ant. 

55 

Apo. 
Ara. 

47 

59 

Ari. 

33 

Aro. 

7 

Art. 

98 

Asc. 

47 

Asp. 

Ast. 

16 

55 

Aur. 

70 

Bal. 

73 

Beg. 
Ber. 

28 

78 

Bet. 

99 

Big. 

40 

Bor. 

43 

Bro. 

15 

Cac. 

85 

Cal. 

88 

Caly. 

92 

Cam. 

52 

Cap. 
Capr. 
Car. 

64 

58 
54 

Car. 

82 

Ced. 

71 

550 
543 
553 
448 
552 
549 
545 
546 
546 
541 
549 
550 
541 
548 
552 
546 
551 
553 
549 
544 

545 
550 
541 
546 
550 
551 
552 

542 
547 
546 
549 
542 
549 
549 
544 
544 


18  lindley's  natural  orders. 

Celastrineae.  ton-catli.  det.  pial.  -  -  -  544 

Ceratopliylleae.  emo — .  cata — .  ...  546 

Chenouodiaceae.   nut.  lax.  asc.  beet  sug.  -  -  548 

Chrysobalaneae.  ton — .  dem.  f.  edi.  -  -  -  549 

Cichoraceae,  sal.  asc.  asc.  ano.  -  -  -  545 

CircasBa.  -  -  -  -  -  -  541 

Ciiichoiieae.  ton.  ast.  feb-}-.  -  -  -  549 

Cinerocephalae.  sec.  slim.  r.  eme.  ...  549 

Cistineae.  stiin.  ano.  cut.  ...  543 

Coinmelineae.  ton — .  .....  553 

Conifereae.  res.  pec.  b.  la.Y.  cou.  con.         -  -  547  551 

Convolvulaceae.  r.  oath.  edi.  jalap,  h.  cata.       -  -  549 

Corymbeferae.  sec-slim.  r.  enie.  ...  549 

Crasulaceae.  h.  niuc.  lax.  cool  to  tviii — .  det.  -  546 

Cruciferae.  asc.  sal.  lax.  s.  con.  nut.  pun.  sti.  -  -  542 

Cucurbitaceae.  f.  ref.  lax.  h.  catli.  em.  -  -  542 

Cupulitereae.  b.  tan.  ton.  ast.  f.  nut.  amy.  tim.        -  -  546 

Cycadeae.  f.  edi.  pith.  amy.  sago.  ...  551 

Cyperaceae.  fod.  ton — .  ....  553 

Datisceae.  ton.  det.  bit.  -  .    .         -  -  547 

Dioscoreae.  ton.  r.  amy.  edi.  yam.  ...  552 

Dipsaceae.  ton.  teazle  of  fullers.  ...  5-50 

Droseraceae.  ton — .-  -  .  -  -  542 

Ebenaceae.  f.  edi,  ton.  b.  ast-j-.  feb.  w.  cab.  -  549 

Elaeagneae.  ton.  .....  5.57 

Elalineae.  dem — .  -  -  -  -  -  543 

Empeterea.  ton — .  dem — .  acr — .      ....  546 

Eupatorineae.  sec-stim-f-  eme.  feb.  cold.fev.  -  549 

Euphorbiaceae.  r.  ast.  deob.  some  ole.  arc.  em.  castor  oil.  544 

Ericeae.  bit-ton.  sed.  aio.  e-o.  sto.         -  -  .  548 

Ficoideae.  f.  edi.  nut-(-.  lax.  b.  ton — .  -  -  -  542 

Fluviales.  dem.  a})plied  to  tumors  ...         547  552 

Fumariaceae.  r.  acr.  bit.  dia.  aper.  ...  54O 

Gallacineae.  ast.  ton — .  .... 

Gentianeae.  r.  bit.  ton-f-.  ....  550 

Geraniaceae.  aro.  ton.  ast.         ....  545 

Gramineae.  ton.  far.  tod.       .....  553 

Grosseulariae.  ref.  feb.  dysp.      ....  541 

Guttiferale.  ton.         ...... 

Haemodoraceae.  ton — .  .... 

Halorageae.  ape.  ton — .         -  -  -  .  .  541 

Hamamelaceae.  ton — .  some  feb.  ...  542 

Helianllieae.  sole-j-.  sto.  ton.  ....  549 

Heleotropieae.  ton.  test.  ....  551 

Hieraceae.  sec-sti.  .....  549 

Hippocaslaneae.  ton — .  lax — .  ...  543 

Hydrocliarideae.  emol.  .....  552 

Hydrocliarides.  ton — .  ....  552 

Hydroleaceae.  r.  epis.  bit-ton.         ....  549 

Hydropbylleae.  asp.  ton — .        ....  55£ 

Hypericineae.  li.  ast — .  cath.  feb — .  ...  543 

Ilypoxideae.   ton — .  .  -  .  .  552 

Ilicineae.*  b.  ton — .  eme.  ast.  holly,  cab.     -  -  -  549 

lUecebreae.  ast — .  -  .  -  .  .  544 

Inulae.  r.  exp.  ton.  .....  546 

Irideae.  g-r.  acr.  cat.  ton.  aro.  dia.  dysp.  -  -  552 

*  This  is  also  Aquifoliaceae. 


Gel- 

95 

Cer. 

88 

Che. 

29 

Chr. 

92 

Cic. 

57 

Cir. 

88 

Cin. 

57 

Gin. 

54 

Cis. 

80 

Com. 

13 

Con. 

100 

Coin. 

44 

Cag. 

55 

Cra. 

83 

Cru. 

63 

Cue. 

97 

Cup. 

99 

Cyc. 

100 

Cyp- 

9 

Dat. 

98 

Dio. 

12 

Dip. 

56 

Dro. 

68 

Ebe. 

49 

Elae. 

24 

E!e. 

86 

Ernp. 

96 

Eup. 

55 

Euph. 

96 

Ere. 

51 

Fie. 

87 

Flu. 

7 

Fum. 

93 

Gal. 

83 

Gen. 

46 

Ger. 

73 

Gra. 

10 

Gro. 

85 

Gut. 

69 

Hae. 

18 

Hal. 

88 

Ham. 

78 

Heli. 

55 

Helio. 

43 

Hier. 

53 

Hip. 

66 

Hydr. 

88 

Hydro. 

,    22 

Hydr. 

44 

Hydrop.  43 

Hyp. 

68 

Hypo. 

17 

Hi. 

95 

111. 

30 

Inu. 

55 

Irid. 

18 

lindley's  natural  orders,  19 

Jasmineae.  ton.  sto.                .             -             .            .            .  551 

Juglandeae.  b.  cath.  eme.  f.  ole.  edi.                   -            -  546 

Juucagineaa.  ton — .  fod — .                 ....  553 

Junceae.  fod — .               -             -             -            .            .  55'4 

Labiatae.  sto.  car.  ton.  dia.  bev.  e-o.  cool.  Jla.  col.                -  550 

Laurineae.  arc.  sto.  b.  &  r.  deob.  asp.  exp.         -             -  547 

Legumenoseae.*   f.  nut.  g-h.  asc.                    ...  545 

Lentibulariae.  ton — .                    ....  550 

Liliaceae.  dia — .  eino.             .....  553 

Lineae.  s.  muc.  dem-cata.  b.  flax.           ...  543 

Laosaceae.  emo.  slinging.  .... 

Lobeljaceae.  acr-nar.  eme-f--  exp.  dia.                -             -  549 

Lorantheae.  ton — .  ast.         .....  542 

Magnoliaceae.  aro-bit.  rlic.          ....  54I 

Malvaceae,  emo.  muc.  f.  nut.                           ...  544 

Marantaceae.,  amy.         .....  552 

Melanthaceae.  r.  h.  bit-ton.  acr.  ath.  itch.                  -             -  553 

Melastoniaceae  ton.  ast.              ....  542 

Meliaceae.  feb — .  ton.  stim.                ....  544 

Menispermea.  ton.  dia.  dysp.  s.  nar.                    -             -  448 
Musaceae.  f.  edi.  amy.  banana.                     -             . 

Myoporineae.    (See  Bignoniae. )             ...  550 

Myriceae.  r.  ast.  f.  producing  wax.  aro.  ton.            -            -  546 

Myrtaceae.  f.  aro.  ton.  1.  odo.  b.  ast.                  -            -  542 

Nelumboneae.  r.  amy.  nut.                ....  541 

Nyctagineae.  r.  oath,  eme — .                   ...  543 

Nymphaceae.  r.  nar.  sed.  ast — .                     ....  540 

Oleaciae.  f.  ole.  emo.  lax.  ton — .  o.  edi.            -             .  551 

Oiiagareae.  ton — .  ast — .  emo.           -             .             .             .  541 

Orchideae.  r.  amy.  vis.  aro.  (salep)  war.           .             -  554 

Orobancheae.  bit.  ast.            -             .             .             .             .  559 

Oxalidea.  aci.  ref.  ace.                -             .             .            .  545 

Palmae.  nut.  ole.  vin.  amy.  sago,  cocoa.                   -             .  553 

Papaveraceae.  e.  off.  ano-|-.  some  r.  feb-f-  poi.  nar.  540 

Pa — payaceae.  ver.  1.  sapo.  f.  edi.                  ...  543 

Passifloreae.  r.  eme.  pec.  omam.            ...  553 

Pedalineae.  emo — .  dem.                     ....  559 

Pbiladelpheae.  f.  h.  ton.  act.                   ...  542 

Pliytolacceae.  eme.  nar.          -             .             .             .             .  543 

Piperaceae.  con.  acrid,  war.  sto.  aro.  Jlat.         -             -  547 

Pistiaceae.  acr — .  turn.           .....  553 

Piantagineae.  lax.  cool.  dem.  turn.         ...  55Q 

Piantaiieae.  ton — .  bit.  ornament.                  ...  547 

Plumbagineae.  r.  asc-(-.  ajn.  some  ton.  r.  acr-cau.         -  .550 

Podophylleae.  r.  cath-(-.                      ....  540 

Polemoniaceae.  ton — .  h.  nar — .             ...  549 

Polygaleae.  r.  sial.  sud.  exp.  ast.  rheu.          -             -             .  543 

Poiygoneae.  1.  acr.  amy.  nut.  lax.  rubarb.  cath.            -  548 

Pomaceae.  r.  &  h.  ton.  f.  ref.  lax.                  ...  544 

Pontedereae.  ton — .                     ....  553 

Portulaceae.  muc.  nut-lax.                  ....  544 

Priir.ulaceae.  sop.  ast.  sed.         ....  543 

Pyrolaceae.  h.  bit-ton.  diu.  healing.               ...  543 

Ranunculaceae.  g-r.  poi-|-.  h.  acr.  epis.  ver.  some  dra-eme.  540 

Resedaceae.  asc.  ape.                  -             -             .             .  542 

Rhamneae.  cath.  r.  hea.  f.  pec.  bev.  some  juri-paste.           -  544 

This  Order  includes  Mimoseae.     Gum  arabic,  catechu. 


Jas. 

34 

Jug. 

94 

Jun. 

7 

June. 

13 

Lab. 

72 

Lau. 

27 

Leg. 

93 

Len. 

35 

Lidi. 

14 

Lin. 

82 

Loas. 

88 

Lob. 

52 

Lor. 

58 

Mag. 

75 

Malva. 

74 

Mar. 

20 

Mel. 

13 

Mela. 

90 

Meli. 

71 

Men. 

77 

Mus. 

19 

Myo. 

40 

Myr. 

99 

Myrt. 

89 

Nel. 

62 

Nye. 

32 

Nym. 

62 

Olea. 

34 

Ona. 

88 

Orch. 

21 

Orob. 

36 

Oxa. 

72 

Pam. 

11 

Pap. 

62 

Papay. 

97 

Pass. 

26 

Ped. 

40 

Phil. 

89 

Phy. 

29 

Piper. 

98 

Pis. 

7 

PI  a. 

31 

Plan. 

99 

Plu. 

33 

Pod. 

62 

Pol. 

45 

Poly. 

93 

Poly. 

28 

Pom. 

92 

Pont. 

17 

Por. 

86 

Prim. 

35 

Pjr. 

57 

Ran. 

61 

Res. 

14 

Rha. 

95 

20  lindley's  natural  orders. 

Rhizophorae.  ast — .  bit — .                .            .            -  -        542 

Rhodoraceae.  aro — .  deob.     (See  Ericea.)       -            -  548 

Rosaceae.  f.  conserves,  ref.  lax.  r.  ton.  b.  aro.  ast.  -        545 

Rutaceae.  acr.  stini.  1.  epis.  bit.  atii.                  -             -  544 

Salicariae.  ast.  acr.  .....        544 

Salicineae.  ast.  ton — .  dia.  catb — .  b.  feb.         -            -  541 

Sanguisorbeae.  ton.  ast.  cool-bev.  ast.         -            -  -        545 

Santalaceae.  sed.  ton.                 ....  545 

Sapindaceae.  f.  det.  r.  ape.  1.  poi.                 -            -  -        543 

Sapoteae.  b.  ast.  s.  diu.  f.  ole.  edi.  s.  feb.          -            -  543 
Sarracenieae.  cath — .  erne — .            ....         941 

Saurureae.  cath — .  ast.               ....  547 

Saxifrageae.  ast — .  ton —  ....         546 

Sclerantaceae.  ton — .                  ....  548 

Scrophularineae.  cath.  eme.  ast.  abs.  dro.  pec.         -  -         550 

Smilaceae.  lax.  dia.  nar — .  amy.            .            .            ^  552 

Solaneae.  nar-(-.  f.  &  1.  poi.  r.  amy.  nut.                  -  -        551 

Spigehaceae.  g-h.  ath-]-.  cath.  ver+.                -            -  550 
Staphylaceae.  cath.  dem — .               ....         544 

Stellatae.  ton.  diu.  dye.  ast.                   ...  549 

Styraceae.  aro.  sti.  ast.  res.  benzoin.            -  -        549 

Ternstromiaceae.  bev.  ton.  nar.  aro.  sto.                   -  -         543 

Thymeleae.  b.  caus — .                ....  547 

Tiliaceae.  muc.*«mo.  cata.  dia.  con.  lax.                   -  -        544 

Tropaeoleae.  asc.  far.  con.         ....  545 
Turneraceae.  emo.  cata — .                ....        543 

Typhaceae.  1.  used  in  arts,  pollen  ast.               -            -  552 

Ulmaceae.  ton,  some  muc.  cata.  lax.  some  bit-ast.  -        547 

Umbellifereae.  sto.  if  odo.  poi.  if  nau.  r.  edi.  if  not  nau.  541 

Urticeae.  ton.  b.  stinging,  rubifac.  hop.  res.  sto.  -        546 

Vaceineae.  f.  res.  lax.  ref.  gal.               -            -            -  548 

Valereaneae.  r.  ner-(-.  sed. /;a<.  h.  bit-ton.  ver.        -  -        550 

Verbenaceae.  h.  dis.  cata.  aro.  r.  bit.                 -            -  550 

Violaceae.  text.  tine.  off.  cath — .                 -             -  -        542 

Vitis.  f.  ref  vin.  sug.  ase.          .            .            -            -  541 

Wintereae.  b.  &,  h.  aro.  spi.  sto.  b.  stim.                  r  -        541 

Xanthoxyleae.  aro.  pun.  stira-(-.  sto.  rhm.                    •  545 

Xyrideae.  fod — .        .....  t        553 

Zygophylleae.  ton.  war.  sud.  guaiacum.           -            r  545 


Rhiz. 

91 

Rho. 

67 

Ros. 

92 

Rut. 

81 

Salica. 

91 

Sali. 

99 

Sang. 

92 

Sant. 

25 

Sapi. 

65 

Sapo. 

78 

Sar. 

62 

Sau. 

98 

Sax. 

84 

Sol. 

30 

Scr. 

37 

Smi. 

12 

Sol. 

38 

Spi. 

46 

Sta. 

95 

Ste. 

57 

Sty. 

71 

Ten 

70 

Thy. 

25 

Til. 

79 

Tro. 

73 

Tur. 

88 

Typ. 

8 

Ulm. 

99 

Umb. 

60 

Urt. 

98 

Vac.  1 

50  51 

Val. 

56 

Ver. 

41 

Vie. 

80 

Vit. 

72 

Win. 

57 

Xan. 

94 

Xyr. 

13 

Zyg. 

81 

21 


LINDLEY'S  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

[arranged  under  jussieu's  centigrade.] 

Note.     The  five  lower  orders  of  Cryptogamia  are  omitted  here;  but  are  introduced 
at  page  487. 

5.  FiLicEs  (polypods,  breaks,  &c.)    Genera  28 — described  at  pages  118  to  120. 
Secernant  stimulanls. 

6.  Naiades.     Genus  1.  (Chara) — described  at  page  108.     Nauseous  and  cathartic. 


SECOND  GRAND  DIVISION. 

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS.    CLASS  FIRST. 
Stamens  belovj  the  pistil.     Flowers  suh-petaloid. 


7.  AROIDEAE. 
A.    Aroideae. 
Prop,  acrid. 
Acorus,  L. 
Orontium,  L. 
Calla,  L. 
Arum,  L. 
Calladium,  Vent. 
Renssejaeria,  Beck. 
Ictodes,  Bw. 

B.     JUNCAGINEAE. 

Tonic  and  cathartic. 
Triglochin,  L. 
Scheuchzeria,  L. 

C.  Fluviales. 
Feeble  tonics. 

Podostemum,  Mx. 
Najas,  L. 
Potamogeton,  L. 
Zostera,  L. 
Ruppia,  L. 
Caulinia,  Willd, 
Zanichellia,  L. 

D.  PiSTIACEAE. 

Stimulant,  acrid. 
Pistia,  L. 
Lemna,  L. 

8.    TYPHAE. 
A.  Typhaceae. 
Prop.  Typha,  L. 
Sparganium,  L. 

9.  CYPEROIDEAE. 

A.    Cyperaceae. 

Farinaceous,  nutritious, 

sugary. 

1.   True  Cyperaceae, 


Cyperus,  L. 
Kyllinga,  Mx. 
Scirpus. 

Dulichium,  Pers. 
Mariscus.  Vahl. 

2.  Scirpeae. 
Mapania,  L. 
Fimbristylis,  Vahl. 
Eriophorum,  L. 
Dichromena,  Michx. 
Fuirena,  Liu  fil. 
Schoenus,  L. 
Rhynchospora,  Vahl. 
Vaginaria,  Rich. 

3.  Sclerae. 
Scleria,  L. 

4.   Cariciniae. 
Carex,  L. 

10.  GRAMINEAE. 
A.  Gramineae. 

Cattle  fodder,  farinaceous 
food,  tonic. 

1.  Agrostideae,  (Field-grass 

like.) 
Agrostis,  L. 
Cinna,  L. 
Phleum,  L. 
Polypogon,  Desf. 
Muhlenbergia,  Shereb. 
Bracliyelytrunj. 
Phalaris,  L. 
Trichochloa,  Desf. 
Alopecurus,  L. 
Crypsis,  Lamk. 

2.  Paniccae.      (Panic-grass 

like.) 
Milium,  L. 


Digitaria,  Hall. 
Paspalum,  L. 
Orthopogon,  R.  Br. 
Tripsacum,  L. 
Piptatherum,  P.  de  Beauv. 
Pennisetum,  Nutt. 
Aulaxanthus,  Ell. 
Beckmannia,  Jacq. 
Panicum,  L. 
Ceresia,  Pers. 
Manisuris,  L. 
Cenclirus,  L. 
3.  Avenaceae.     Oats-like. 
Stipa,  L. 
Eriocoma,  Nutt. 
Aira,  L. 
Trisetum,  Pers. 
Uralepsis,  Nutt. 
Danthonia,  Dc. 
Aristida,  L. 
Anthoxanthum,  L. 
Miegia,  Pers. 
Holcus,  L. 
■Arurido,  L. 
Calamagrostis,  Roth. 
Pleuraphis,  Tor. 
Avena,  L. 
Arrhenatherum. 
Hierochloa,  Gmel. 
Psamma,  P.  d.  B. 
4.  Fcstacaceu.     (Fesc-gras0» 

like.) 
Festuca,  L. 
Diarrhena,  Mx. 
Poa,  L. 
•Coix. 

Trichodium. 
Vilfa. 


22 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JESSIEU. 


Sesleria,  Scop. 
Briza,  L. 

Ceialochloa,  P.  de  B. 
Koeleria,  Pers. 
"Windsoria,  Nutt. 
Melica,  L. 
Dactylis,  L. 
Bromus,  L. 
Glyceria,  R.  Brown. 
Uniola,    L. 

5.  CIdor'uimc.     (Hair-beard 

like.) 
Chloris,  Swlz. 
Atlieropogon,  Muhl. 
Monocera,    till. 
Oxydena,  Nut. 
Cyriodoii,  Rich. 
Eleusine,  Gaert. 

6.  Hurdcaccae.  (Barley-like. 
Hordeuni,  L. 
Triticum,  L. 
.S^gilops,  L. 
Limnelis,  Richard. 
Secale,  L. 
Lolium,  L. 
RoUboiiia,  L. 
Elyinus,  L. 
Lepturus,  R.  Brown. 
Nardus,  L. 

7.  Saccka/ineae.  (Cane-like. 
Saccharuni,  L. 
Erianlhus,   Michx. 
Andropogon,  L. 
Sorghum,  Pers. 
GyiTitiopogon,  L.  de  B. 

8.  Ori/zeiie.     (Rice-like.) 
Leersia,  L. 
Zizania,  L. 
Oryzopsis,   Michx. 
Oryza,  VVilld. 
Hydrochloa,   P.  de  B.  non 

Hort.  Brit. 
Zea,  L. 

9.  Bainhusnccae.      (Reed- 

like.) 

CLASS  SECOND. 

Stamens  surrmindinir  the  pis- 
til,  above  its  base. 
Flowers  petio  led. 

11.  PALM^. 
A.  Palm^. 
Food,  oil,  wine  and  tonic  re- 
medies. 
Chamaerops,  L. 
Sabal,  Ad. 

12.  ASPARAGI. 
A.   SmilacejE. 
Diuretic  and  demulcent. 
Smilax,  L. 
Streptopus,  Michx. 


Uvularia,  L. 
Asparagus,  L. 
Gryonia,  Nutt. 
Convallaria,  L. 
Trillium,  L. 

B.    DlOSCOREAE. 

Tititritiuiis,  tonic. 
Dioscorea,  L. 

13.  JUNCI. 

A:    Al.lSMACKAE. 

Stivndaling  and  acrid, 
Sagitlaria,  L. 
Alisma,  L. 

B.  Cmmelineae. 
Feeble  tonics. 
Commelina,  L. 
Tradescantia,  L. 
)  C.    Xyrideae. 

Antiscorbutic. 
Xyris,  L. 
Tripterella,  Mx. 
Apteria,  N. 

D.  Junceae. 
JVeak  tonics. 
Jiincus,i.-L. 
Narthecium,  Mohr. 
Pleea,  Michx. 
Liizula,  Dc, 
)Eriooaulon. 

E.  Melanthaceae. 
Poisonous,  antiscorbutic. 
Melanthium,  L. 
Helonias,  L. 
Zigadenus,  Mx. 
Tofielda,  Huds. 
Nolina,  Mx. 
Xerophyllum,  Mx. 
Varatruin,  L. 

14.  LTLTACEAE. 
A.   Lillaceae. 

Diuertics,  emollients. 
Tulipa,  Willd. 
Yucca,  L, 
Pol\'anthes. 
Lilium,  L. 
Hemerocallis. 
Calochortus,  Pursh.         ^ 
Friitillaria,  L. 
Erylhronium,  L. 

15.  BROMELIA. 
A.     BroSieliaceae. 
Refrigerants,  cathartics. 
Tillandsia,  L. 
Agave,  L. 

16.  ASPHODELI. 

(liyacinlh-like.) 

A.   Asphodeleae. 

Bitter  stimulants;  some  areeX' 

pectorants  and  absorbents. 


Scilli,  L. 
Allium,  L. 
Hyacinthus,  L. 
Ornitliogalum,  L. 
Aletris,  L. 
Brodiaea,  Sm. 
Phalangium. 
Asphodelus,  L. 

17.  NARCISSI. 

Marcissus. 

A.    Hypoxideae. 
Feeble  tonics. 
Hypoxis,  L. 

B.    Amaryllideae. 
Stimidants,  and  some  poison- 
ous. 
Amaryllis,  L. 
Galanthus,  Willd. 
Pancratium,  L. 
Crinum,  L. 

C.    Pontedereae. 
Weak  tonics. 
Pontederia,  L. 
Syena,  Willd. 
Heleranthera,  Beav. 
Schollera,  Schrb. 

18.  IRIDES. 

A.  Haemodoraceae. 
Tunic. 
Dilatris,  Ker. 
Conostylis,  R.  Brown. 

B.  Ikiueae. 
Slightly  stimulating,  some  are 

poisonous. 
Iris,  L. 
Crocus,  Ker. 
Sysiriiichium,  L. 
Ixia,  L. 
Tigridia. 

CLASS  THIRD. 
Stamens  on  the  pistil  or 

STYLE. 

Flowers  petaloid. 

19.  MUSAE. 
A.  Musaceae. 

Tonic. 

20.  CANNAE. 
A.   Marantaceae. 
Nutritious,  tanic,  demnlcent. 
Thalia'  L. 
Canna,  L. 

21.  ORCHTDEAE. 

A.   Orcuideae. 
Nutritions,  emollient. 
1.  Neotlieae. 
■Goodyera,  R.  Br. 
Neottia,  Sz. 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JESSIEU. 


2.  Arethuseac. 
Pogonia,  R.  ]5r. 
Ajjltictruin,  Nutt. 
Triphora,   iXult. 
Listeria,    R.  Br. 
Corallorhiza,  R.  Br. 
Arelliusa,  L. 

3.  Ophrydeae. 
Orcliis,  L. 
Ilabenaria,  R.  Br. 
Tippularia,  Nutt. 


Cranichis. 
Thalia. 
Cynibekium. 
Plutanthera. 

4    E/jidcndrene' 
Epidendruin,  L. 
Bietia,   R.  &  P. 

5.  Maluxidcae. 
Malaxis,  Swartz. 
JMicroslylis,  Ntitt. 
Calypso,  Salisb. 


6.   Cypripcdcac. 
Cypripedium,  L. 

22.    HYDROCHARIDES. 

A.  Hydrochauides. 
Weak  tonics  somachat  nutri- 
tious. 
Hydrocliaris,  L. 
Vulis-neria,  L. 
Serpicula,  Muhl. 


THIRD  GRAND  DIVISION. 

DICOTELODONOUS  PLANTS.     Section  first.     Flowers  apetalous. 


CLASS  FOURTH. 

Stamens  o\  the  pistils. 
23.  ARISTOLOCHIAE. 

A.  Aristom)chiae. 
I'oiiir  and  stimulating. 

Aristolochia,  L. 
Asarum,  L. 

CLASS  FIFTH. 
Stamens  around  the  germ 

ABOVE  the  base. 

24.  KLiEAGNL 

A.  Elaeagseae. 
Tonic. 
Eleaghus,  L. 
Hippopliae. 
Nysisa. 

25.  THYMELEAE, 
A.  Santalaceae. 

Rffritrcrent,  sedative. 
Nvssa,  L. 
Hainiltoiiia,  Muhl. 
Thesium. 

B.  THYMELEAE, 

Caustic,  cathartic. 
Dirca,  L. 
Daphne. 

26.  PROTEAE. 
A.  Proteae. 
Weak  tunics. 

27.  LAURL 
A.  Laurineae. 

Aromatic,  stomachic,  icarm- 

ing. 
Laurus,  L. 

28.  POLYGONEAE. 

A.   PoLYGONEAE. 

Calkarlic.  cooling. 
Brunichia   Gaert. 
Calligonum. 
Polygonum,  L. 


Rheum. 
Rumex,  L. 
Oxyria,  Hill. 
Eriogonum,  Michx. 

B.   Begoniaceae. 

Bitter  astringent. 

29.  ATRIPLICES. 

A.  Chenopodeae. 
Nutritious,  tonic. 

Chenopodium,  L. 
Carnphorasina. 
Salicornia,  L. 
Blitmn,  L. 
Kochia,  Schr. 
Atriplex,  L. 
Corisperiiium,  L. 
Beta. 
Diotis,  L. 
Acnida,  L. 
Salsola,  L. 
Spinacea. 
Polycnemum,  L. 

B.  Phytolacceae. 
Deolistruent,    emetic. 

Phytolacca,  L. 
Rivinia,  L. 

CLASS  SIXTH. 

Siamens  heluw  the  oerm. 
30.  AMARANTL 
A.  Illecebreae. 
Astringent. 
Queria. 
Siphonychia. 
Stipulicida. 
Polycarpon,  L. 
Soeflingia. 

B.  Amarantaceae. 
Dieure/ic,  nutritious. 
Amaranthus,  L. 
Achyranthes,  L. 
Anychia. 
Paroiiynliia. 
Oplolheca,  Nutt. 
Gomphrena. 


Iresine,  L. 

Celosia. 

Philoxerus. 

C.    Sclekantheae. 
Feeble  tonic, 
Scleranthus,  L. 

31.  PLANTAGINEAE. 
A.   Plantagineae. 
Emollient,  astringent. 
Plantago,  L. 

32.  NYCTAGINES. 
A.  Nyctagineae. 

Cathartic. 
Boerhaavia,  L. 
AUionia,  L. 
Calymenia. 
Mirabilis,  Conradia,  N. 

33.  PLUMBAGINES. 
A.    Pi.umbagineae. 

Cathartic,  tonic. 
Statice,  L. 

CLASS  SEVENTH. 

Carols  below  the  ircrm. 
34.  JASMINEAE. 

A.  Jasmineae. 
Fragrant  stomachics,  tonics. 

Jasuiinum. 

B.  Oleaceae. 
Nutritions,  tonic,  febrifuge. 

Olea,  L. 
Centaurella. 
Syringa,  L. 
Ligustrum,  L. 
Fraxinus,  L. 
Chionanthus,  L. 
Ornus,  Pers. 

35.  LYSIMACHIAE. 

A.  Primulaceae. 
Some  acrid,  mostly  feebly 
tonic. 
Primula,  L. 


24 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JESSIEU. 


Trientalis,  L* 
Lysimachia,  L. 
Centunculus,  L. 
Androsace.  L. 
Hottonia,  L. 
Anagallis,  L. 
Sarnolus,  L. 
Dodecatheon,  L. 
Glaux,  L. 

Micranthemum,  Michx, 
B.  Lentibulariae. 
Scarcely  tonic. 
Pinguicula,  L. 
Utricularia,  L. 

36.  PEDICULARES. 
A.  Orobancheae. 
Astringent. 
Orobanche,  L. 
Epiphegus,  Nutt. 

B.  Rhinanthaceae. 
Aromatic,  tonic. 
Rhinanthus,  L. 
Bartsia,  L. 
Melampyrum,  L. 
Pedicularis,  L. 
Euphrasia. 
Juslicia. 

Castilleja,  Mutis. 
Orthocarpus,  Nutt. 
Euchioma,  Nutt. 

37.  SCROPHULARIAE, 

A.  Scrophularineae. 
Acrid,  poisonous,  anti-scor- 
butic. 

1.  Veroniceae. 
Veronica,  L. 
Leptandra,  Nutt. 

2.  Erinaccae. 
Euchnera,  L. 

3.   Scroplmlarinae. 
Scrophularia,  L. 
Mimulus,  L. 
Schwalbea,  L. 
Herpestris,  Gaert. 
Limoselld,  L. 
Seymeria,  Pursh. 
Antirrihinum,  L. 
Gratiola,  L. 
Chelone,  L. 
Hemianthus,  Nutt. 
Capraria,  L. 
Digitalis,  L. 
Lindernia,  L. 
Pentstemori,  Willd. 
Collinsia,  Nutt. 
Gerardia,  L. 
Cliionanthus. 
Gyninandra. 

38.  SOLANEAE. 

A.     SoLANEAE. 


Poisonous  fruit,  not  herbage  3.  Ajugoideae.  (Horsebalm 

or  root.  like.) 

1.  Solaneac  (Potatoe-like.)  Ajuga 
Solanum,  L. 


Hyoscyamus. 
Androcera. 
Physalis,  L. 
Datura,  L. 
Capsicum,  L. 
Nicotiana,  L.  ' 
Lycium,  L. 
2.   Verbasceae.    (Mullein- 
like.) 
Verbascum,  L. 
Atropa. 

39.  ACANTHI. 

A.    ACANTHACEA. 


Emollient,  aromatic,  ionic.    Ocymum. 


Molucella. 
Teucrium,  L. 
Collinsonia,  L. 
Trichostema,  L. 
Ceranthera,  Elliot. 

4.  Monurdeae. 
Monarda,  L. 
Cunila,  L. 
Syiiandra,  Nutt. 
5.  Ncpeteae.  (Catmint-like.) 
Leucas,  R.  Brown. 
Lamium,  L. 
Nepeta,  L, 
Macbridea,  Elliot. 
Galeopsis,  L. 


Justicia,  L. 
Ruellia,  L. 
Elytraria,  Michx. 

40.  BIGNONTAE. 

A.  Pedalineae. 
•.     Emollient. 

Sesamum. 
Martynia,  L. 

B.  BlGNONIACEA. 

Nutritious  and  tonic. 
Bignonia,  L. 
Catalpa,  Juss. 

C.  Myoporineae. 
Astringent. 

Avicennia,  L. 

41.  VITICES. 
A.  Verbenaceae. 


Dracocephalum,  L.  Bentb< 
Glechoma,  L. 
Melissa,  L. 
Leonurus,  L. 
Stachys,  L. 
Marrubium,  L. 
Hedeoma,  Pers* 
Calamintha,  Ph. 
Scutellaria,  L. 
Clinopodiuni,  L. 
Salvia,  L. 
Prunella,  L. 

6.  Ocymoideae. 
Hyptis,  Jacq. 

43.  BORAGINEAE. 
A.  Boragineae. 
Emollient  and  astringents 
Borago. 


Dieuretic  and  moderately  tonic. Li  thospermum,  L. 


Verbena,  L. 
Lantana,  L. 
Callicarpa,  L. 
Zapania,  Link. 

42.  LABIATEAE. 
A.  Labjateae. 
Stomachic,  tunic. 
Boltania. 
Lavandula. 
Rosmarinus. 

1.  Mcnthoidea.  (Mint-like.) 
Lycopus,  L. 
Isanthus,  Michx. 
Mentha,  L. 


Symphytum,  L. 
Myosotis,  L. 
Pulmonaria,  L. 
Batschia,  Gmel. 
Echium,  L. 
Rochelia,  L. 
Anchusa. 
Onosmodium,  Mx. 
Lycopsis,  L. 
Cynoglossum,  L. 

B.  Heliothopiceae* 

Astringent. 
Heliotropium,  L. 

C.  Hydrophylleae. 
Emollient,  feebhi  tonic^ 


TuUia.  Hydrophyllum,  L. 

2.  .SV/<2<remeae.  (Savory-like. )Phacelia,  Mx. 


Satureja. 

Tliymus,  L. 

liyssopus. 

Rosmarinus. 

Phryma. 

Pycnanthemum,  Mchx. 

Origanum,  L. 


Nemophila,  N. 
Ellisia,  L. 

44.  CONVOLVULL 
A.    ConvolVulaceae. 
Roots  mostly  cathartic. 
Convolvulus,  L. 


ORDERS"  OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


25> 


Evolvuliis,  L. 
Iponiea. 

Dichondra,  Foist. 
Cuscnta,  ]j, 

B.   Hydroleaceae. 
Tunic. 
Hydrolea,  L. 
Diupensia,  L. 

45.  POLEMONIA, 

A.    POLEMONIACEAE. 

Scarcely  tunic. 
Polemonium,  L. 
Collomia,  N. 
Phlox,  L. 
Cantua. 
Acerales. 

46.  GENTIANEAE. 

A.  Gentianeae. 
I'ery  tunic. 

Gentiana,  L. 
Sabbatia:,  Adans.  ^ 
Opliiorhiza. 
Lisianthus,  P.  Br. 
Obolaria,   L. 
Swerlia,  L. 
Exacum,  L. 
Houstonia,  L. 
Villarsia,  Vent. 
Frasera,  Walt. 
Bartouia,  Ph. 
Polypreinum,  L. 
Menjanthes,  L. 

B.  SPIGELIACEAE. 

Vermifugo,  cathartic. 
Spigelia,    L. 

47.  APOCYNEAE. 

A.    ASCLEPIADEAE. 

Acrid,  stimulating,  emetic, 
sudui  ific. 
Podostigma. 
Gonoiobus,  Mx. 
Enslenia,  N. 
Asclepias,  L. 
Avicennia. 
Cynanchum,  L. 
Vinca. 

Periploca,  L. 
Hbya. 

B.  Apocyneae. 
Very  acrid,  febrifuge,  emetic, 

sudorific. 
Apocynum,  L. 
Gelseminum,  Ju. 
Amsonia,   Walt. 
Echites,  L. 

28.  SAPOTAE. 
A.  Sapote^:. 
Food,  diuretic,  tonic. 
Bumelia,  Swtz. 


CLASS  EIGHTH. 

CoROLS     SURROUNDING    THE 
GERM,  ABOVE  THE  BASE. 

49.  GUAICANAE. 

A.  Ebenaceae. 
Nutritious,  tonic. 

Diospyros. 

50.  RHODENDRA,  and 
51.  ERICAE. 

A.  Ericeae. 
Diuretic,  astringent. 
1.  Ericeae  vcrue.     (Heath- 
like, or  wintergreen-like. ) 
Erica. 
Pyrrocoma. 
Laussurea. 
Arbutus,    L. 
Mylocarium,  W, 
Elliotlia,  Muhl. 
Gaulllieria,  l. 
Clellira,  l. 
Menziesia.   l. 
Andromeda,  L. 
Cyrilla,  i.. 
Pickeringia,  N. 
S.  Rhodoruceae.     (Honey- 

suckle-like. ) 
Kalmia,  l. 
Rhododendron,  l. 
Ledum  l. 
Epigea,  l. 
Leiophyllum,  Ell. 
Bejaria,   Mx. 
Rhodora,  l. 
Azalea,  l. 

B.   Vaccineae. 
Astringent,  tonic ;  fruit 
refrigerant. 
Vaccinium,  l. 
Oxycoccus,  P. 

C.  Pyrolaceae. 

Tonic,  diuretic. 
Chimaphila. 
Monotropa,  l. 
Pyrola,   l. 
Monotropsis. 
Pteiospora,  N. 

52.    CAMPANULACEAE, 

A.    COMPANULACEAE. 

Mild  tonics,  those  loith  milky 

juice  are  acrid. 
Campanula,  l. 
Specularia,  Hiest. 

B.  LOBELIACEA. 

Acrid  when  they  contain  milk, 

mostly  poisonous. 
Lobelia,  l. 
Clintonia,  Doug. 


CLASS  NINTH. 

CoROLS  ON  THE  GERM, 

ANTHERS  UNITED. 

CoMPOSITAE. 

Tonic  hitter,  cecerncnt  stimu-- 
lanls,  carrninitives, 

53.  CICHORACE^. 

Secernent,  stimulants, 

anodynes. 

Hieraceae.     (Hawk^Veed- 
like.) 

Cichorium. 

Hieraceum,  L. — D.  Don. 

Prenanthes,  l. 

Lygodesmia,  Don. 

Taraxaceae.     ( Dandelion- 
like. ) 

Leontodon,  Schreb. 

Tragopogon. 

Troximon,  P. 

Apargia,  Scop. 

Lapsaiiia,  L. 

Lactuceae.    (Lettuce-like.)- 

Lactuca,  L. 

Sonchus,  L. 

Borkhaasia,  Moench. 

Schorzonera. 

Ammobiuin. 

Apogon. 

Krigia. 

54.  CINEROCEPHALAE. 

Secernent  stimulant ;  if 
\nanseous,  cathartic. 
A.  Carduaceae.   (Thistle- 
like.) 
Chaptalia,  Vent. 
Carduus,  L. 
Centaurea,  l. 
Echinops,    W. 
Calendula,  L. 
Cnicus,  L. 
Sausurea,  Dc. 
Carthamus,  W. 
Brickellia. 
Arctium,  r. 
Onopordon,  t. 
Cynara,  W. 

55.  CORYMBIFERAE. 

Tonics  and  secernent  slimti' 
la.nts,  feb.  sud, 
A.  Inulae.   (Elicampane- 

like.) 
Elephantopus,  l. 
Liatris,  l. 
Pyrrocoma,  Hk. 
Pterocaulon,  E. 
Arnica,  i.. 
Gnaphalium,  l. 
Antennaria,  R.  Brown. 
Tagetes. 


0.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 


26 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


Veinonia,L. 
Baccharis,  l. 
Inula,  L, 
Erachyris. 
Buphthalmum,  l. 
Espeletia,  H.  and  B. 
Gjinnoslylis, 
Conyza,  l. 
Baltimora. 
Chrysopsis. 
Stokesia,  le'Her. 
Madia. 

B.'AsTEREAE.  (Star-flower- 
like.) 
Erigeron,  l. 
Diplopappus,  Cassin. 
Chrysocoma,  l. 
Aster,  L. 

Tripolium,  Dod.  Nees. 
Euribia,  Cassin. 
Galatella,  Cassin. 
Boltonia,  le'Her. 
Townsendia,  Hk. 
Crinitaria,  Cassin. 
Solidago,  L. 
Bellis,  L. 

C.  EUPATORINEAE.      (BonS- 

set  like.) 
Kuhnia,  e. 
Stevea,  Con. 
Tussilago,  L. 
Cineraria,  l. 
Nardosmia. 
Enpatorium,  l. 
Polypteris.  N. 
Senecio,  l. 
}3(Ebera,  W. 
I\j'ikania,  W. 
Caealia,  L. 
Donia. 

D.  Heliantheae.      (Sun- 

ttower-like. ) 
Hymenopappus,  le'Her. 
iMarshallia,   Ph. 
Melenium,  l. 
Zinnia,  l. 
Gallardia.   Lk. 
Coreopsis,  Jacq. 
Chrysogonuni,  L. 
Leptopoda,  N. 
Pedis,  L. 
Starkea. 

Trichophyllum,  N. 
Blepharipappus,  Hk. 
f^clipta,  L. 
Siegesbeckia. 
Bidens,  i,. 
Silphium,  r,. 
Balduina,  N. 
Melananthera,  Mx. 
Tetragonotheca,  le'Her. 
Heliopsis. 
Helianthus,  l. 


Wyethia,  N. 

Rudbeckia,  l. 

Acmella. 

Actinella. 

Actinomeris. 

Ageratum. 

Dablia. 

Calliopsis,  Reichenb. 

Polymnia,   l. 

Chrysanthemum,   l. 

Pyrelhrum,   W. 

E.    Akthemiuf.ae.     (May- 
weed-like.) 

Sparganophorus,  Mx. 

Anthemis,  l. 

Sanlolina,   l. 

Tanacetum,  l. 

Achillea,  l. 

Artemisia,  l. 

Omalanthus,  Lessing. 

Verbesina. 

Matricaria. 

F.  Ambrosiacea.  (Hog- 
weed-like.) 

Partheniumj  l. 

Xanthium,  l. 

Iva,   Lr 

Ambrosia,  l. 

CLASS  TENTH. 

COROLS   ON    THE   GERM,  AN- 
THERS SEPARATE. 

56.  DTPSACEAE. 

A.    DlPSACEAE. 

JFeak  tonics. 
Scabiosa. 
Dipsacus,  L. 

B.  Valerianeae. 
Tonic,  aromatic,  vermifuge. 
Plectritis,  Dc. 
Valeriana,  L. 
Patrinea,  Juss. 
Fedia. 

Valerianella,  Dc. 
Phyilactis,  P. 

57.  RUBIACEAE. 
A.  Stellatae. 

Astringent,  and  a  good 
dye  weed. 
Rubia,  L. 
Galium,  L. 

B.  CiNCHONEAE.   (Peruvian- 
bark-like.) 
Powerful  febrifuge,  tonics. 
1.   Spenna eocene. 
Spermacocea,  Mayer. 
Diodia,  L. 
Cinchonia. 

2.  Cephalantheae.    (Button- 
bush- like.) 
Cephalanthus,  I.. 


3.  Hedyotideae. 
Hedyotis,  L. 
Anotis,  Do. 

4.  Cinclionaea. 
Pinkneya,  Mx. 

5.  Psycholriaceae. 
Chiococca,  P.  Br. 
Psychotria,   L. 
Milchella,  L. 

58.  CAPRIFOLIA. 
A.  Caprifoi.iaceae. 
Astringent,  fragrant. 
I.  Lonicereae.  (Honeysuckle- 
like.) 
Xylosteum. 
Triosteum,  L. 
Lonicera,  R.  and  S. 
Symphoricarpus,  Dill. 
Diervilla,  Tourn. 
Linnaea,  Gron. 
Symphoria,  P. 

2.  ^amhucinea, 
(ftder-like.) 
Viburnum,  L. 
Sambucus,  L. 

3.  Hedereae. 
Hedera. 
Cornus,  e. 

4.  Hydrangeae. 
Hydrangea,  l. 
Horlensia. 

B.  Lorantheae. 
Astringent. 
Viscum,  L. 
Arceuthobium,  M.  Bieb. 

Section  third.     Floiccrspoly- 

jjttalous. 

CLASS  ELEVENTH. 

Stamens  on  the  germ. 

51).  ARALIAE. 

Stimulants. 

Aralia,  l. 

Panax,  L.  ■- 

60.  UMBELLIFEREAE. 

A.  Umbelufereae. 
Stomachic,  or  narcotic  if  nau- 
seous. 

1.   Orthospcrmaeac. 
(Fennel-like.) 
Hydrocolyle,  l. 
Sanicula,  l. 
Zizia,  Koch. 
Coriandrum. 
Bupleurum,  l, 
Seseli,  L. 
Angelica,  l. 
Carum. 

Polytaenia,  Dc. 
Daucus,  L. 
Anethum. 


/ 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


27 


Eryngium,  l. 

Sison. 

Cnidium. 

Arclieinora,  Dc. 

CEnanilie,  l. 

Cynosciadium,  Do. 

Cliaeropliyllura. 

Osinorhiza. 

Tliapsia,  L. 

Ferula,  l. 

Pastinaca,  L. 

Trepocarpus,  N. 

Eulophus,  N. 

Cyniopterus,  Raf. 

Apium. 

Cicuta,  L. 

Helociadium,  Koch. 

Discopleura,  Dc. 

Leptocaulis,  N. 

Slum,  L. 

Uras[)erinum. 

Cryplotaenia,  Dc. 

Ligusticum,  l. 

Thapsium,  N. 

Peucedanum,  Koch. 

Heracleum,  l. 

Aethusa. 

2.   Caiiipijlospcrmae.    (Hem- 

lock-hke. ) 
Conium,  l. 

3.   Codospermae. 
Atrema,  Dc. 

CLASS  TWELFTH. 
Stamkns  below  the  germ. 

CA.  RAX'JNCULACEAE. 

A.  Ranun'colaceae. 

Acrid,  c'lusiic,  poisonous. 

Tribe  I.    Cl.cmalidac.     (Vir- 
gin-bower-like.) 

Atragene. 

Clematis,  l. 

Cyrloihvncha. 

T.    2.    Aneinoneae.    (Wild- 
flovver-hke.) 

Thalictrum,  l. 

Hydrastis,  l. 

Anemone,  l. 

Adonis,  l. 

Hepatica,  l. 

T.  3.  Raiiunciilaceae.  (Crow- 
foot-like.) 

Myosuris,  l. 

Ranunculus,  l. 

T.  4.  HtUcborinae.    Colum- 
bine-like.) 

Caltha,  L. 

Enemion,  R. 

Helleborus. 

Trollius,  L. 

Aquilegia,  l. 

Delphinium,  l. 

Coptis,  Sy. 


Nigella. 

Aconitum,  l. 

T.  5.  Paeoneae.  (Peony-like. 

Actaea,  l. 

Xanthorhiza,  l. 

Ciniicifuga,  l. 

Paeonia,   l. 

Macrotys,  R. 

Hydropeltis. 

Kectris. 

62.  PAPAVERACEAE. 
A.  Papaveraceae.  (Poppy- 
like.) 
Narcotic,  anodyne. 
Papaver,  l. 
Platystemon. 
Platystigma. 
Sanguinaria,  l. 
Argemone,  l. 
JMeconopsis,  Vig. 
Glauciuni,  l. 
Chelidonium,  l. 
Chrysis. 
Meconella. 

B.  NymphjEaceae. 
Sedative  and  narotic. 

■  Nymphaea,  S. 
Nuphar,   S. 

C.  Neh'mboneae. 
Tonic  and  cathartic. 

Nelumbium,  Ju. 

D.  PoriOPHYLLEAE. 

Cathartic. 
Podophyllnm,  l. 
Jeffersonia,  B. 

E.  SAriRACENIEAE. 

Slightly  cathartic. 
Sarracenia,  l. 
Dendromecon. 

63.  CRUCIFERAE. 

A.  Cruciferae. 

Antiscorbutic  and  nutritions. 

T.  1.  Fleurorhiteae.  (Water 

cress-like. 
Cheiranthus,  R.  Brovvn. 
Braya,  Stermb. 
Leavenworthia. 
Lunaria. 
Pachypodium. 
Cardamine,  L. 
Visicaria,  Lk, 
Cochlearia,  l. 
Isatis. 
Selenia,  N. 

Nasturtium,  R.  Brovvn. 
Turiitis,  l. 
Dentaria,  l. 
Parrya,  K.  Brown. 
Alyssum,  l. 
Tliysanocarpus,  Hk. 
Iberis,  L. 


Streptanthes,  N. 
Barbarea,  R.  Brown. 
)Arabis,  r,. 
Camelina. 
Crambe. 
Phoenicaulis. 
Draba,  l. 
Thlaspi,  L. 
Capsella,  Vent. 
Hutchinsia,  R.  Brown. 
Cakile,  i.. 
T.  2.  Notorhizcae.    ( Pepper - 

grass-like.) 
Hesperis,  l. 
Stanleya,  N. 
Warea,  N. 
Coronopus. 
Sysimbrium,  l. 
Senebiera,  Poir. 
Erysimum,  i.. 

Oreas,  Cham  and  Schlecht. 
Lepidium,  l. 
Platyspermum,  Hk. 
T.  3.   Orthoploceae.    (Mus- 
tard-like.) 
Sinapis,  l. 
Brassica,  l. 
Platypetalum. 

T.  4.  Diplecolobcae. 
Subularia,  l. 
Eutrema. 
Hynienolobus. 

64.  CAPPARIDES. 

A.  Capparideae. 
Isorneris. 

Cleome,  l. 
Crista  tella. 
Polanisia. 

B.  Resedaceae. 
Tonic;  used  in  dying. 

Reseda. 
Ellimia. 

65.  SAPINDL 
C.  SapindacejE. 

Tonic  or  poisonous, 
Cardiospermuai,  l. 
Sapindus,  l. 
Dodonaea. 

66.  ACERA. 

A.  Hippocasta.nae.   Horse- 

chesnut-Iike.) 
Aesculus,  L. 

B.    AcERINEi. 

Sugary  nutritious,  tonic. 
Acer. 
Negundo. 

67.  MALPIGHIAE. 

68.  HYPERICA. 


ORDERS    Of    LINDLEY    AND    JDSSIEU. 


A.  HrpERicwEiE.    (Johns- 

wort-like.) 
Cathartic  and  febrifuge. 
Hypericum,  l. 
Ascyrum,  i.. 
Diodea. 

B.  DROsERACta:.  (Sundew- 

like.) 
Slightly  acrid,  ionic. 
Drose;a,  l. 
Dionaea,  l. 

69.  GUTTIFERAE. 
A.  GdttiferejI:. 
Cathartic,  acrid. 

70.  AURANTIA. 

A.  TERNSTRojiiACEiE.  (Tea 

like. ) 
Stomachic,  tonic  refrigerant 
Thea. 

Gorgonia,  Ellis. 
Stuartia,  Cav. 

B.  AuRANTiACE^.    (Orange 

like.) 
Stomachic,  tonic,  refrigerant. 
Citrus. 
Limonia. 

71.  MELIAE. 
A.  MELiACEa:. 
Tonic. 
Melia,  t. 

B.  Gedrele^.  (Mahogapy. 

Febrifuge. 
Swietenia,  L. 

C.  SxYRACEffi.     (Benzoin- 

like.) 

Stomachic,  aromatic,  astrin- 
gent. 

Styrax,  L. 

Hopea. 

Halesia,  L. 

72.  VITES. 

A.    VlTES. 

Refrigerant,  tonic,  acid. 
Ampelopsis,  Mx. 
Vitis,  L. 

73.  GERANIAE. 

A.  Geraniace^:.     (Gerani- 

um-like. ) 
Astringent,  aromatic. 
Geranium,  L. 
Pelargonium. 
Erodiurn. 

B.  Oxalideae.  (Sorrel-like. 

Refrigerant,  tonic. 
Oxalis,  L. 

C.  Tropaeoleae. 
Tropaeolum. 
J-iinyiantliPs. 


D.  Balsameae. 

Scarcely  caUiartic. 
Impatiens,  L. 


A.  VrotACE>!E. 
Emetic,  ionic. 
Viola,  L. 
lonidium,  Dc. 
74.  Malvaceae.    (Mallows-  B.  CisTiNEiE. 

like.)  Stomachic,   tonic. 

A.  Malvaceae.  Heliantheuiurn. 

Mucilaginous,  all  wholesome.  Turnera. 


Althea. 
Malope,  L. 
Lavatera. 
Sida,  L. 
Abutilon. 
Gossipium. 
Malva,  L. 
Malvaviscus,  Dill. 
Hibiscus,  L. 

75.  MAGNOLTAE. 
A.   Magnoliaceae. 
Tonic,  fragrant. 
Magnolia,  l. 
Liriodendron,  l. 

B.    WiNTEREAE. 

Stomachic,  carminative^ 
Illiciura,  L. 

76.  ANNONAE. 

A.  Annonaceae. 
Aromatic. 
Porcelia. 
Aunona,  Adans. 

)      77.  MENISPERMA. 

A.  Menispermea:. 
Tonic,  rarely  narcotic. 

Menispermum,  l. 
Scliizandia,  Mx. 
-  Cissampelos,  D.  C. 
Wendlandia. 

78.  BERBERIDES,  (Bar- 
berry-like.) 

A.   Barberidf.?:. 

Refrigerant,  tonic. 
Berberis,  l. 
Leontice. 
Vancouveria. 
Achlys,   Dc. 
Dipl^ia,  Mx.     ■ 

B.  Hamamelideae. 
Tunic. 

Hamamelis,  l. 
Fothergilla,  l. 

79.  TILIACE^.     (Bass- 
wood-like.) 

)  A.  Tiliace;e. 

Emollient. 
Tilia,  L. 
Corchorus. 

80.  CTSTI. 


Iludsonia,  t. 
Lechea,  l. 

81.  RUTACE^. 

A.    RUTACE^E. 

Tonic. 
Ruta. 

B.  Zygohpylle^. 
Tribulus,  l. 

82.  CARYOPHYLLE^. 

(Pink-lit<e.) 
A.  .LiNEiE.     (Flax-like.) 
Emollient. 
Linum,  l. 

B.  CaryophyllejE.    (Pinkr 

like.) 

Emollient. 

1 .  Sileneae, 
Dianthus,  l. 
Silene,  l. 
Saponaria,  l. 
Agroslemma. 
Bryophyllum. 
Lychnis,  l. 

2.  Alsincae. 
Sagina,  l. 
Spergiila,  l. 
Arenaria,  l. 
Mollugo,  L. 
Merkia. 
Slellaria,  l. 
Cerastium,  l. 
Micropelalon. 
Fiankenia. 

CLASS  THIRTEENTH, 
Stamens  surrounding  the 

germ. 
83.    SEMPERVIVE.E. 

A.  Crassulace/E. 
Refrigerant,  emollient. 

Sempervivum. 
Levvisia,  Ph. 
Tillaea,  l. 
Penthorurn. 
Sedum,  l. 

B.  GALLACINEiE. 

Scarcely  ionic. 
Galax,  L. 

84.  SAXIFRAG.F.. 
B.    Saxifrage;f,. 
Astringent. 
Saxifraga,  l. 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


29 


Leptarrhena,  R.  Brown. 
Adoxa,  L. 
Tiarella,  l. 
Heucliera,  l. 
Ilea,  L. 
Parnassia,  l. 
Clirysosplenium,  l. 
Telliina,  R.  Brown. 
Drummondia,  Dc. 
Mitella,  l. 
Lepuropetalon. 

85.  CACTI.  (Prickly-pear- 
like.) 
A.  Grossulariae. 
(Gooseberry  and  currant.) 
Rrfrigerants,  tonics,  emetics. 
Ribes,  L. 

B.  Cacteae.  (Prickly-pear- 
like.) 
Refrigerants,  demulcents. 
Cactus. 

86.  PORTULACCE^. 

(Purslane-like.) 

A.  Elatineae. 

Scarcely  tonic. 

Crypta,  N. 

B.    PORTUEACCEAE.     (PurS- 

lane-like.) 
Emollient,  scarcely  tonic. 
Portulacca,  l. 
Montia,  l. 
Talinum,  l. 
Claytonia,  l. 
Cal9.ndrinia. 
Calyptridium. 

87.  FICOIDE^.  (Fig-like. 
A.  Ficoideje. 
Emollient,  nutritions. 
Mesembryanthemum. 
Sesuvium,  l. 
Ficus,  L. 

88.  ONAGRI. 

A.  Onagariae. 
Emollient. 

Epilobiuni,  l. 
Oenothera,  l. 
Isnardia,  Dc. 
Ludwigia. 
Clarkia,  Ph. 
Gaura,  l. 
Jussiaea,  i,. 

B.  Halorage^:. 
Aperient,  tonic. 

Proseripnaca,  l. 
Myriophyllum,  l. 
Hippurus,  L. 

C.    CiRCAEACEiE.     (En- 
chanter's shade.) 
Feebly  catliartic. 


Circaea,  l. 

D.  Callitrichin^. 
Emollient,  cooling. 

Callilriche,  l. 

E.  Ckratofhylle^. 

Sub-tonic. 
Cerratophyllum,  l. 

F.  Hydrocharide^. 

Sub-tonic. 
Fuchsia. 
Mentzelia,  l. 

G.  Laoase^;. 
Bartonia,  N.  &  Ph. 

H.    TURNKRACE^U 

Sub -ionic. 
Turnera,  l. 
Touterea. 


Horkelia,  Cham. 

Fragaria,  i,. 
Geum,  L. 
Sieversia,  W. 
Rubus,  L. 
Punica. 
Dalibarda,  L. 
Dryas,  L. 
Sibbaldia,  L. 

2.  Rosea.  (Rose-like.) 
Rosa,  L. 

3.  Spiraeaceae. 
Spiraea,  L. 
Purshia,  Dc. 
Gilleuia,  Mn. 

D.  PoMACK^.  (Apple-like.) 
Refrigerant,  aperient,  tonic. 
Aronia. 
89.  MYRTI.  Mespilus. 

A.  PaiLADRLPHKiE.  (Mock^  Pyrus,  L. 

orange-like.)  Crataegus,  L. 

Tonic,  aperient.  Sorbus. 

Philadelphus,  l.  Armeniaca. 

Decuniaria,  L.  E.  AwYGDALEiE.  (Peach  and 

B.    Myrtace^.     (Myrtle-  plum-like.) 

like.)  Astringent,  febrifuge,  seed 

Aromatic,  stomachic.  and  leaves  often  narcotic. 


Myrtus. 

90.  MELASTOMiE. 

A.  Melastomacks:. 
Astringent,  refrigerant, 
Rhexia,  l. 

91.  SALICARIiE. 

A.  Sai.icari^. 
Astringent,  vulnerary. 
Ammannia,  l. 
)Lythrum,  l. 
Cuphea,  i.. 

B.    RHIZOPHOREiE. 

Astringetit. 
RJiizophora,  l. 


Prunus,  L. 

Aniygdalus. 

Cerasus. 

F.  Chr¥sobalanf;e. 
Sub-tonic  and  nutritious. 
Chrysobalanus,  L. 
Floerkea,  \V. 

93.  LEGUMINOS^. 

(Pea-like.) 
A.  Leguminos.e.     (Indigo 

and  clover-like.) 
Nutritious,  antiscorbutic, 
aperient. 
Curvembriae.     (Radicles  re- 
flexed  on  (he  Cotyledons.  J 
1.  Fapilionaceae.     (lobes  of 

the  calyx  distinct.) 
Sophora,  R.  Brown. 
Baptisia,  Vent. 
iVIedicago,  L. 


92.  ROSACE^,. 
A.  Calycanthe^e. 
Aromatic,  sub-tonic. 
Calycanthus,  L. 
B.  Sanguisorbe^.  (Burnet- Trigonella 

like.)  Indigofera,  L. 

Sanguisorba,  l.  Petaiostemum,  M\'. 

Polerium,  l.  Tephrosia,  Persoon 

Alchemilla,  l.  Robinia,  L. 

C-   RosACEJE.  Dolichos. 

Astringent,  refrigerant,  febri- Astragalus,  L. 

fuge.  Spartium. 

1.  Potentillea.  (Five  finger-  Coronilla. 

like.)  Lespedeza,  Mx. 

Potentilla,  l.  Pisum,  L. 

Aphanes.  Phaseolus. 

Stylipus,  Raf.  Erythrina. 

Agrirnonia,  Tourn,  Thermia. 

Comarum.  Crotellaria,  L, 


30 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


Hosackia,  Benth, 
Trifolium,  L. 
Vexillaiia,  Ea. 
Dalea,  L. 
Amorplia,  L. 
Sesbania,  P. 
Phaca,  L. 
Zornia,   Gn. 
Ulex,  L. 
Arachis. 
Vicia,  L. 
Lalhyrus,  L. 
Lupinaster. 
Virgilia,  Lanik. 
Genista,  L. 
Meli'.oUis,  Tourn. 
Psoralea,  L. 
Galactia,  L. 
Glycina. 
Homalobus. 
Kentrophyta. 
Pitcheiia,  N, 
Glycirrhiza,  L. 
Colutea. 
Cicer. 

Oxytropis,  Dc. 
Centroseina. 
Chapmannia. 
Stylosanthes,  Swtz. 
Aeschyiiomene,  L. 
Hedysaruin,  L. 
Ervum,  L. 
Astrophia. 
Lupinus,  L. 

Rectcmbriae.      (Radicle 
straight. ) 


94.    TEREBINTACEAE. 

A.  Amyrwem. 
Amyris. 

B.  JOGLANDE/'E. 

Cathartic,  astringent. 
Juglans,   L. 
Carya,  N. 

C.  Anacardiack^. 
Poisonous,  acrid,  astringent. 
Rhus,  L. 
Slyphonia. 

D.  Xanthoxyle.e. 
Xantlioxyluni. 
Pitavia. 
Ptelea. 

G5.  RHAMNI. 

A.  Cki.astkine.e. 
Cathartic. 
Celastrus,  L. 
Euonymus,   L. 

B.    PcHAMNEiE. 

Cutliartic. 
Rhamnus,   L. 
Ceanolhus,   L. 

Or  Staph YLACEiE. 
Cnlkartic. 
Staphylea,  L. 

D.  Ilicine^. 
Tonic,  astringent. 
Ilex,  L. 

Nemopanthes,  R. 
Prinos,   L. 
Myginda,  Jacq. 

CLASS  FOURTEENTH. 

2.  Mimoscae.     (Divisions  of    Flo" crs  mostly  apctalous. 
tlie  calyx  and  corolvalvate        96.  EUPHORBEiE. 

in  aestivation.  A.  Euphokbiace^.  (Spurge, 

Darlingtonia,  Dc.  caper.) 

Acacia,  Necker.  Tonic,  irritating,  stomachic. 

Schranckia,  W.  Pacli^'sandra,  JVIx. 

Prosopis,  L.  Borya,   VV. 

3.  Caesdlpincae.    (Petals  im-Pliyilanthus,  L. 
bricate  in  aestivation.)  Acaiypha,   L. 

Cassia,  L.  Croton,  JL. 

Gledilschia,  L.  Tragia,  L. 

Agati.  Jatropha,  L. 

Gymnocladus,  L.  Euphorbia,  L. 

Cercis,  L.  Crotonopsis,  Mx. 

Pomaria,  Cav.  Stillingia,  L. 

B.  PoLYGAi-EiE.     (Seneca  Ricinus,  L. 
snake-root.)  Buxus. 

Stimulant,  diuretic.  B.  Empetue*. 

Polygala,  L.  Sub-tonic. 

Krameria,  L.  Empetriim,   L. 

C.  Fu.MARiACE^.  Ceratiola,  JVlx. 

Diuretic,  apcriejit,'  diaphoretic. 

Corydalis,  Dc.  97.  CUCURBITACE^. 

Adluinia.  A.  Passifi,ork;e.  (Passion- 

Dielytra.  flower.) 

Fumaria,  L.  Fragrant,  sub-tonic. 

Passiflora,  L. 


B.    Papayace^.     (Papaw 
tree. ) 
Solvent,  vermifuge. 
Carica,  L. 

C    CUCURBITACEJE. 

Nutritious,  re/ringerant, 
cathartic. 
Cucumis,  L. 
Cucurbita. 
Melothria,  L. 
Sicyos,   L. 
Moinordica,  L. 

98.  URTICEAE. 

A.  Urtice;e.  (Nettle-like.) 
Narcotic,  tonic,  anodyne. 

Urtica,  L. 
Humulus,  L. 
Parielaria,  L. 
Boelimeria,  W. 
Cannabis,   L. 

B.  Atrocarpe.e.  (Poison 
upas  and  Caoutchouc  tree 
are  here. ) 

Morus,  L. 
Madura,  N. 

C.    DAT1SCE.E. 

Broussonetia. 
Datisca,   L. 

D.  Sacrure^e. 
Cathartic, 
Saururus,  L. 

E.  PiPERACEAE.  (Pepper.) 
Piper,  L. 

99.  AMENTACE^. 
A.    Ulmaceae.     (Elm.) 
Emollient,  tonic. 
lUlmus.  L. 
Planera,  Gmel. 
Celtis,  L. 

B.  Cupulifereae.  (Oak.) 
Quercus,  L. 
Coryius,  L. 
Castanea,  Tourn. 
Fagus,  L. 
C.  Betulineae.  (Birch- 
like.) 
Astringent,  febrifuge, 
stomachic. 
Betula,  L. 
Oslrya,  Mx. 
Alnus,    \V. 
Carpinus.  L. 

D.  Salicine.-f:.  (Willow  ) 
Astringent,  ionic,  stomachic. 
Salix,  L. 

Populus,  L. 

E.  Platanaee.       (Button- 

wood.) 
Tonic,  aromatic. 
Platanus,  L. 
Liquidambar,  L. 


ORDERS    OF    LINDLEY    AND    JUSSIEU. 


F,  Mtriceae.  (Sweet-fern.) a.  Cycadkae.  (Sago-plant.)Pinus,  L. 


Aromatic  astringent, 
stomachic. 
Myrica,  L. 
Comptonia,    Gaert. 

C.  CONIFERE^. 


Emollient.  Thuja,  L. 

Cycas.  Taxus,  L. 

Zuinia,  L.  Cupkessus,  I„ 

B.  CoNiFEUE.'E.     (Tines.    Toneya. 
Balsamic,  stumaJdc,  healing. 
Juniperus,  L. 


31 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  WOBxDS, 

U3ED    FOU  INDICATING  THE 

PROPERTIES  OF  PLANTS,  OR  OF  PARTICULAR  PARTS  OF  THEM. 


Letters,  b.  bark,  d.  dry,  c.  extract,  f.  fruit,  g.  r^reen,  h.  herbage,  o.  oil  or  olifiant, 
r.  root,  s.  seed,  w.  wood;  g.  d.  and  e.  are  often  joined  to  other  abbreviafions,  as 
g-r.  green  root,  d-h.  dry  herbage,  e-o.  essential  oil.  TJie  signs,  plus  and  minus, 
express  the  degrees  of  strength;  as  ton-|-.  strong  tonic,  poi — .  weak  poison. 


abs— orbent. 

dia— phoretic. 

opi— ate. 

aci— d. 

dis — cutient. 

pec— toral. 

acr— id. 

din— retic. 

pru — ssic  acid. 

ale — oholic. 

dra — stic. 

poi— sonous. 

amy— laceous. 

dye — stulf,  dying. 

pti — san. 

ano— dyne. 

edi-ble. 

pun — gent. 

ant — idote. 

enie— -tic. 

ref— rigerent. 

ath.  anthelmintic. 

emo — lient. 

res— inous. 

anm.  antimiasmatic. 

epi— spastic. 

rub— ifacient. 

ape — rient. 

esc— arotic. 

sal — ivary. 

aro — matic. 

exp — ectorant. 

sap— onaceous. 

ase.  antiseptic. 

fac — tory  work. 

sec— ernant. 

asc.  antiscorbutic. 

far— inaceous. 

sed — ative. 

asp.  antispasmodic. 

feb— rlfuge. 

sia — logogue. 

ast— ringent. 

fod— der  for  cattle. 

sol— vent. 

bal — sainic. 

fom — enting. 

sop— orific. 

bev — erage. 

fra— grant. 

spi— cy. 

bit— ter. 

gar — gle. 

sti — mulant. 

cab — inet  work. 

gel — atinous. 

sto— machic. 

car — minitive. 

gum — miferous. 

sud— oritic. 

carp— entry  work. 

hea— ling. 

sug — ary. 

cath — artic. 

irr — itating. 

tan — nin. 

cata — plasm. 

jel — ly- bearing, 
lax— ative. 

tes— ts  for  acids  and  ai. 

cau — stic. 

tiin — ber. 

con — diment. 

lot--ion  making. 

tin — cture. 

coo — ling. 

muc — iiaginous. 

ton— ic. 

cor— dial. 

nar — cotic. 

ver— mifuge. 

cos— metic. 

nau— seating. 

vin — ous. 

dem — ulcent. 

ner — vine. 

vis— cous. 

deo— bstruent. 

nut — ricious. 

vul — nerary. 

det— ergent. 

odo — rjferous. 

war — ming. 

32' 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  WORDS 

USED    rOR  INDICATING   THE 

DISEASES  FOR  WHICH  PLANTS  ARE  USEFULLY  EMPLOYEE^ 
[Sueh  abbreviations  are  printed  in  Italics.] 


ast — hma. 
cac—hexy. 
can — cer. 
col — ic. 

cons — umption.- 
conv — ulsions. 
cos — tiveness. 
cou — gh. 
CTa — mp. 
era — up. 
cyn — anche.' 
(lea — fness. 
diub — etes. 
(liar — rhea. 
(Iro — ^^psy. 
dijse — ntary. 
(iysp— epsidi. 
dijsu — ria. 
ej)i — lepsy^ 


cru — ption. 
cry — sipelas. 
fai — nting. 
j'ev — er  of  any  kind. 
fev-a.  fever-ague. 
Jla — tulence. 
gan — grene. 
gid — diness. 

gout.  . 

hem — optesis. 
hec — tic. 
kic — cough. 
hyd — rophobia. 

itch,  -c . 

jau — ndice. 
leth — argy. 
oph — thalmia. 
palp — i tat  ion. 


pal — sey. 

pi — les. 

])le — urisy. 

p7ie — umonia-. 

qui — nsy. 

ra — sh. 

r're^umatism. 

ric — kets. 

tin — gworm. 

St.  V.  St.  vitus-dance- 

sci — rrhous. 

Scr — ophula. 

sen— rvy. 

tuiii — or. 

tae — nia. 

'die — ers. 

vom — iting. 

wor — ^His. 


[C  The  properties  of  plants,  and  the  diseases  to  which  they  are  applied,  are  giveii 
on  higher  authority  in  the  part  of  this  work  where  the  species  are  described,  and  in 
the  alphabetical  catalogue  of  Natural  Orders,  than  under  the  hundred  general  orders 
of  Jussieu. 


NORTH   AMERICAN   PLANTS. 


GENERA. 


CLASS  I.  MONANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 


Saucornia.  Calyx  fleshy;  entire,  3  or  4  sided,  obconic:  corol  0:  stamen  in  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx;  style  2  cleft;  utricle  1,  vertically  compressed,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx,     (saphmire.)  S. 

Hipp0Ri.s.  Calyx  superior,  obsolete,  with  a  2-lobed margin:  corol  0:  seed  1:  stigma 
simple:  style  in  a.  groove  of  the  anther:  germ  crowned  by  the  rim  of  the  calyx, 
(marestail.) 

Southern. 

Canna.  Calyx  double;  outer  one  short,  3-cleft,  permanent;  inner  one  (or  corol) 
6-parted;  one  of  the  divisions  reflexed:  anther  simple,  attached  to  the  margin  of  the 
filament,  which  is  petal-like  and  2-lobed;  style  thick,  club-form;  stigma  linear  ob- 
tuse; capsule   muricate,    3-celled;  seeds   numerous  and  globose,     (flowering  reed.) 

Thalia.     Calyx  double;  outer  one  small,  3-sepalled,  inner  one  (or  petal)  5-partedt 
anther  simple,  ovate,  inserted  into  a   depressed   filament:  style  short,  bent   from  the 
anther:  stigma  perforated,  depressed,  ringent:  capsule  2-celled,  (in  some  species  a  1 
celled  nut)     (long  stems.) 
*Scirpus,  Cyperus. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Calhtriche.  Calyx  inferior,  2-sepalled:  capsule  2-celled,  membranaceous  and  mar- 
gined: seeds  4,  com])ressed:  (flowers  sometimes  monoecious,  and  by  some  the  calyx  is 
called  the  corol.)     (water-starwort.)  S. 

Blitum.  Calyx  3-cleft,  or  3-parted,  berry-like:  corol  0:  seed  1,  immersed  in  the 
calyx.     (bUte.) 

Southern. 
CoRispERMUM.     Calyx  2-parted  or  2-sepalled:  corol  0:  seed  1,  plano-convex,  oval, 
having  an  acute,  circular  margin.     Stamens  sometimes  5.     (tickseed)  S. 

Calyptridium.     Sepals  2,  ovate,  permanent,  corol  monopetalous,  minute,  diaphan- 
ous, slightly  3-toothed  at  the  apex — soon  detached  from  the  base  and  carried  up,    on 
the  summit  of  the  elongated  capsule:  the  capsule  oblong-linear,  many  times   longer 
than  the  calyx,  1-celled,  2-valved,  6  to  10  seeded. 
*Uniola,  Saccharum. 

5 


CLASS  II.  DIANDRIA. 

Order  I.    Mokogynia. 

A.   Carol  1-petalled,  inferior,  regular. 

LiGusTRUM.     Calyx- 4  toothed:  corol  with  4  ovate  divisions:  berry  1   or  2-celled,  2 

to  4-seeded.     (prim.) 

Chionanthus.  Calyx  4-parted:  corol  4-parted,  with  very  long  divisions:  nucleus 
of  the  drupe  striate-fibrous.     (fringe  tree.)  S. 

Orkus.  Calyx  4-parted:  corol  4-parted;  divisions  long,  ligulate:  stamens  with 
two  barren  filaments:  fruit  with  a  winged  nut.     (flowering  ash.) 

Exotic. 
Jasmincm.     Corol  salver-form;  5  to  8-cleft:  berry  2-seeded,  each  seed  solitary,  aril- 
led,     (jasmine. ) 
Stringa.     Corol  salver-form  4-clefL:  capsule  2-celled.     (lilac.) 

Southern. 

Olea.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed:  corol  with  a  short  tube,  4-cleft,  segments  ovate: 
drupe  1-seeded,  often  with  an  abortive  rudiment,     (american  olive.) 

Elytraria.  Calyx  4  or  5-parted.  with  the  front  segment  cleft:  corol  5-cleft,  seg- 
ments nearly  equal:  stamens  with  2  barren  filaments:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved;  each 
valve  having  half  the  partition  attached  to  it. 

B.     Corol  1-petalled,  inferior,  irregular. 

Veronica.  Calyx  4-parted:  corol  cleft  into  4  lobes,  lower  division  smaller:  cap- 
sule obcordate.  few-seeded,  2-celIed.     (speedwell.)  S. 

Gym.nandra.     See  description  m  its  order  in  Species  part. 

Leptandra.  Calyx  5-parted,  acuminate:  corol  tubular,  4-cleft,  with  one  division 
smaller:  capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  opening  at  the  top.     (culver's  physic.)  S. 

Gratiola.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-sepalled,  sometimes  with  a  2-leaved  calycle:  corol 
2-lipped,  reversed,  tubular,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  under  one  equally  3-cleft:  stamens  4, 
(2  of  them  barren:)  stigma  2-lipped:  capsule   2-celled.     (hedge-hyssop.)   S. 

Linder.nia.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal:  corol  reversed,  tubular,  ringent,  the  upper  lip 
very  short,  the  lower  one  unequally  3-cleft,  2-keeled  at  the  base:  anthers  cohering  by 
pairs,  2  stamens  longer,  forked,  barren:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  partition  par- 
allel to  the  valves.     S. 

PiNGDicuLA.  Calyx  2-lipped,  upper  lip  3-cleft,  lower  one  2-cleft:  corol  ringent, 
with  a  spur  at  tlie  base;  limb  2-lipped,  upper  lip  3-lobed,  lower  one  2;  throat  con- 
tracted: stamens  and  style  short:  stigma  2-lipped,  covering  tlie  anther:  capsule  1-cel- 
led,  many  seeded,   receptacle   of  the   seed   central,  unconnected,     (butter-wort.)  S. 

Hemianthus.  Calyx  tubular,  border  4-toothed,  cleft  on  the  under  side:  corol  with 
the  upper  lip  obsolete,  lower  one  3-parted,  with  the  middle  segment  linear,  or  strap- 
like and  truncate,  long,  closely  incurved:  stamens  with  2-cleft  filaments,  bearing  the 
anthers  on  the  lateral  branches:  capsules  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded:  seeds  ovate, 
shiningt 

Catalpa.  Corol  4  or  5  cleft,  somewhat  inflated,  bell-form,  calyx  2-parted  or  2-sepal- 
led:  stigma  2-lipped:  capsule  cylindric,  2-celled.     (catalpa  tree.)  <S'. 

JusTiciA.  Calyx  simple  or  double,  5-parted:  corol  ringent,  or  nearly  equal,  upper 
lip  emarginate,  lower  one  3-cleft:  anthers  1  or  2  on  each  filament:  capsule  2-ceiled, 
bursting  with  an  elastic  claw,  partitions  transverse,     (iiialabar  nut.)  S. 

Utricularia.  Calyx  2-sepalled  or  2-parted,  equal:  coral  ringent,  with  a  sub- 
cordate  palate,  the  upper  lip  bearing  the  stamens,  the  lower  lip  spurred:  stigma 
2-lipped:  capsule  1  celled,  globular,     (bladder- wort.)  iS'. 

Soutlier7i. 
Micranthemum.     Calyx  4-parted:  corol  4  parted,  and  somewhat  2-lipped,  with  the 
upper  one  smaller  than  the  rest:  filaments  incurved,  shorter^than  the  coral:  capsule 
sub-globular,  1-celled,  2-valved,  with  many  striate  seeds. 

C.  Coral  l-petalled,  inferior,  irregular.     Fruit  of  1 — 4  nut-like  cells,  enclosed 
in  Uie  calyx. 
Lycopcs.     Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed:  corol  tubular,  4-cleft,  nearly  equal, 
1    division  broader  and  «raarginate:  stamens  distant:   nuts  4,  retuse.     (water  hore- 
hound.)  fii. 


CLASS    III.       ORDER    I.  35 

MoNARDA.  Calyx  cylindrio,  striated,  5- toothed:  coral  ringent,  tubular,  upper  lip 
lance-linear,  involving  the  filaments,  lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed.  (Oswego  tea,  moun- 
tain mint.)  >S^. 

Salvia.  Calyx  tubular,  striated,  2-lipped,  upper  lip  2  to  3-toothed,  lower  lip 
2-cleft:  corol  ringent:  filaments  transversely  or  laterally  affixed  to  a  pedicel,  (sage.) 
S. 

CoLr.iNsoNiA.  Calyx  tubular,  2-lipped,  upper  lip  3-toothed;  corol  funnel-form, 
unequal,  under  lip  many-cleft,  capillary:  one  perfect  seed,  nut  one.     (horse-balm.) 

Exotic. 
Rosmarinus.     Corol  ringent,  upper  lip  2-parted:  filaments  long,  curved,  simple, 
with  a  tooth,     (rosemary. ) 

D.   Corol  superior. 

Circ^a.  Calyx  2-sepalled  or  2-parted:  corol  2-petaIled:  capsule  hispid,  2-celled, 
not  gaping;  cells  1  or  2-seeded.     (enchanter's  nightshade.)  S. 

*Salicornia,  Cunila,  Schoenus,  Scirpus,  Verbena,  Hedeoma,  Lemna,  Crypta. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Anthoxanthum.  Glumes  2,  1-flowered:  paleas  2,  accuminate,  awned  near  the 
base,     (sweet  vernal  grass.)  S. 

Crypta.  Peplis.  Calyx  2-sepalled,  inferior:  corol  2  or  3-petalled,  closed:  styles 
none:  stigmas  2  or  3,  very  minute:  capsule  2  or  3-celled,  2  or  3  valved:  cells  4  or  5- 
seeded:  seeds  sub-cylindric,  striate,  incurved,  (mud-purslane.)  The  corol  appears 
like  a  capsule  with  an  aperture  at  the  top,  when  examined  without  a  lens. 

Southern. 

Erianthus.     Glumes  2,  valves  nearly  equal,  villose  at  the  base:  paleas  2,  unequal, 
inner  glume  bearing  a  long  awn  near  tlie  summit. 
*Holcus,  Festuca,  Saccharum. 

Order  III.     Trigvnia. 

Piper.  Calyx  0:  corol  0:  berry  1-seeded:  spadix  simple,  slender,  covered  with 
little  flower-bearing  scales. 

CLASS  III.     TRIANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 

A.  Flowers  superior. 

Fedia.  Calyx  3  to  6-toothed,  permanent:  corol  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-parted:  nut 
or  capsule  2  or  3-celled:  seed  naked,  or  crowned  with  a  tooth,     (lamb-lettuce.)  jS. 

Iris.     Calyx  spathe  2  or  3-valved:  corol  (5-parted,  divisions  alternately  reflexed:  . 
stigmas  3,   petal-like:  style  short:  capsule  3-celled.     (flower-de-luce,  iris  or  flag.) 

DiLATRis.  Lachnanthes.  Perianth  petal-like,  hirsute  outside,  permanent,  deeply 
divided  into  6  nearly  equal  parts:  the  third  filament  less  than  the  rest:  stigma 
minutely  3-lobed,  style  declining:  capsule  globose,  3-celled. 

Patrinia.  Calyx  with  the  limb  truncate,  or  erect,  very  short,  sub-5-toothed:  corol 
regular,  obtusely  5-lobed  not  spurred:  stamens  4,  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  bottom 
of  the  corol,  alternating  with  the  lobes  uppermost  deficient,  rarely  5;  all  then  standing 
together;  stigma  in  a  3-cornered  head:  capsule  3-celled,  crowned  with  the  limb  of 
the  calyx. 

Plectritis.  Calyx  with  the  margin  straight  entire:  corol  with  the  tube  short- 
spurred  at  the  base,  gibbose  before,  limb  5-cleft  2-lipped:  capsule  1-celied  2-winged. 

Valerianella.  Calyx  with  the  limb  toothed,  permanent:  corol  not  spurred,  regular, 
5-lobed:  stigma  sub-trifid:  capsule  3-celled,  subuiembranous  crowned  with  the  thick- 
ened variably  toothed  limb  of  the  calyx. 

Valeriana.  Calyx  extremely  small,  finally  enlarged  into  a  feathery  egret:  corol 
funnel-form,  5-cleft,  base  gibbose:  seed  1:  stamens,  1,  2,  3,  and  4:  exsert.  (vale- 
rian.) 


36  CLASS    III.       ORDER    I, 


Exotic. 


Crocus.  Spathe  radical:  corol  funnel-form,  with  a  long  slender  tube:  stigma  deep 
gashed,  crested,     (saffron.) 

Sovthem. 

Phyllactis.  Involucre  1-leaved,  sheathing:  calyx  marginal,  minute:  corol  3-cleft; 
seed  J:  styles  and  stamens  exsert. 

Apteria.  Calyx  0:  corol  monopetalous,  wingless,  bell-tubular  with  the  margin 
6-toothed,  alternately  smaller:  capsule  1-celled,  valveless:   seeds  numerous  minute. 

Tripterella.  Calyx  (or  corol)  tubular,  prismatic,  with  winged  margins,  base 
ventricose;  limb  6-cleft,  internal  teeth  covering  the  stamens:  corol  none:  stigmas  3, 
capitate:  capsule  3-sided  3-celled,  many-seeded:  stamens  included  within  the  tube  of 
the  calyx. 

BoERHAAViA.  Calyx  tubular:  margin  entire:  corol  1-petalled,  bell-form,  plaited: 
nut  1,  invested  by  the  permanent  calyx,  naked  or  tubercled,  5-grooved,  obconic: 
stamens  various  in  number,  as  1,  2,  3,  4,  10,  54,  32. 

Calymenia.  Allionia.  Involucre  perianth-like,  5-parted,  permanent,  1  to  5- 
flowered:  perianth  none:  corol  sub-campanulate,  plaited,  5-parted;  laminae  emargi 
nate,  tube  permanent:  stamens  exsert:  seed  1,  covered  with  a  coriaceous  membrane, 
obconic,  5-furrowed. 

IxiA.  Spathe  2  or  3-valved,  ovate,  short:  corol  6-parted  or  6-petalled,  sometimes 
tubular:  stamens  straight  or  incurved:  stigmas  sub-filiform. 

B.  Flowers  ivferior. 

CoMMELiNA.  Spathe  cordate;  sepals  3:  corol  3-petalled,  sub-equal:  3  barren  fila- 
ments— sometimes  the  whole  (5  filaments  bear  anthers:  stigma  simple:  nectaries  3, 
cross-form,  inserted  on  peculiar  filaments:  capsule  sub-globose,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded 
or  empty,     (day  flower. )  S. 

Xyris.  Calyx  a  cartilaginous  glume,  2  or  3-valved,  in  a  head:  corol  3-petalled, 
equal,  crenate:  capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded,     (yellow  eyed-grass.)     S. 

ScHOLLERA.  Leptanthus.  Spathe  l-flowercd;  corol  long-tubular:  border  6-parted, 
with  the  stamens  on  the  divisions:   filaments  equal. 

Heteranthera.  Calyx  a  2  or  3flowered  spathe:  corol  dull-colored,  membrana- 
ceous, with  a  long  slender  tube,  border  4  to  6-parted:  anthers  3,  2  of  them  attached  to 
the  divisions  of  the  corol,  the  other  attached  to  the  top  of  the  style,  and  much  larger: 
Stigma  sub-capitate,  1-sided:  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  dehiscent  at  the  angles. 
This  genus  is  intermediate  between  the  class  Triandria,  and  the  class  Gynandria. 

Southern. 

Syena.  Calyx  deeply  3-parted  (or  3-sepalled)  acute,  permanent:  petals  3,  roundish: 
anthers  oblong:  stigma  3-cleft:  capsule  rendered  acuminate  by  the  permanent  style, 
1-celled,  3-valved. 

Stipulicida.  Calyx  5-parted,  permanent:  corol  5-petalled,  entire,  as  long  as  the 
calyx:  style  short,  stigmas  3:  capsule  1-celled  3-valved:  seeds  few,  attached  by  fila- 
ments to  the  receptacle. 

PoLYCHNEMUM.  Calyx  3-sepalled:  petals  calyx-like:  capsule  1-seeded,  membrana 
ceous,  not  opening,  covered  by  the  calyx.     Stamens  vary  from  1  to  5. 

C.  Flowers  with  glumes.     Sedges. 

Kyllinga.  Spikelets  1-flowered:  glumes  4,  imbricated  in  2  rows,  compressed;  the 
2  lower  ones  are  swollen  and  the  upper  one  empty,  the  intermediate  similar  to 
the  upper  and  including  a  naked  perfect  flower:  style  bifid:  no  bristles  under  the 
ovarium:   seed  lenticular,     (bog-rush.)  S. 

SciBPus.*  Glume  1-valved,  1-flowered,  chaffy,  scales  imbricated  every  way,  some 
of  them  empty:  styles  filiform,  caducous:  ovarium  single,  naked,  or  surrounded  with 
hairs  or  bristles,     (club-rush.)  S. 

ScHOENus.  Spikelets  sub  convolute,  acute;  scales  or  glumes  heaped  in  fascicles, 
puter  ones  dry,  shining,  empty:  ovarium  roundish,  naked:  style  caducous,  (bog^ 
rush.)  <S. 

*Trichophorum  is  united  to  this  genus. 


CLASS.    III.       ORDER    II.  37 

Rhynchospora.  Scales  or  glumes  of  the  calyx  fascicled  into  a  spike,  lower  ones 
empty:  styles  permanent  at  the  base:  bristles  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovarium, 
(false  botr-rush.)    &'. 

]Maris(  us.  Spikelets  few-flowered:  glumes  imbricated  in  2  rows,  the  lower  empty; 
stamens  sometimes  '2:  style  3clefi:  neither  scales  nor  bristles  below  the  ovarium: 
seed  triangular,     (hedgehog-rush.)  &'. 

DuLicHiuM.  Spikes  sub-racemed,  proceeding  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves:  spikelets 
linear-lanceolate,  sub-compressed:  scales  or  glumes  somewhat  2-ranked,  closely  im- 
bricated: styles  very  long,  2-cleft:  germ  with  small  bristles,  rough  backwards,  (galin- 
gale. )  iS. 

CvPEKus.  Scales  imbricated  2-ways:  ovarium  without  bristles:  spikelets  com- 
pressed, distinct.     .S'. 

Eriophordm.  Glume  chaffy,  1-valved,  imbricated  every  way  into  a  spike:  pericarp 
beset  round  with  very  long  dense  wooly  hairs,     (cotton  grass.)  -S. 

Fi'iRENA.  Scales  mucronate  or  awned,  every  where  imbricate  in  a  spike:  pericarp 
beset  round  with  broad  chatf-like  scales,  sometimes  awned.  These  scales  are  called 
valves  of  a  corol  by  some,     (umbrella-grass.)  iS. 

Cenchrus.  Involucie  aciniate,  echinate,  3  or  4-flowered:  glumes  2-valved,  2- 
flowered,  outer  valve  smallest:  florets  dissimilar;  the  outer  staminate  or  neutral,  the 
inner  i)erfect:  style  2-cleft.     (hedgehog-grass.)  S. 

LiMNETis.  Spartina.  Gluuie  2-valved,  compressed,  one  of  them  keeled  and  longer 
than  the  other:  paleas  (chaffs)  2-valved,  awnless,  unequal:  flowers  in  unilateral  spikes, 
somewhat  imbricated  in  2  rows,     (salt-grass.)  S. 

Oryzopsis.  Glume  2-valved,  lax,  obovate:  paleas  coriaceous,  cylindric-ovate,  sur- 
rounded with  hairs  at  the  base;  valves  2,  outer  one  awned  at  the  tip:  ovarium  with  2 
linear  appendages,  or  one  2-parted:  styles  united  in  one,  with  2  diverging  or  reflexed 
stigmas,     (mountain  rice.) 

FiMBRisTYLis.  Scales  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike:  style  ciliate,  caducous, 
bulbous  at  the  base.     JS'. 

So2ditern. 

Mapania.  Flowers  in  heads,  involucre  3-leaved:  perianth  none:  paleas  glumaceous, 
6-valved,  toothed,  imbricate:  stigmas  3:  seeds  enveloped  in  a  6-parted  glume. 

Vaginaria.  Spike  ovate,  scales  imbricated  on  all  sides,  acuminate:  stigmas  3; 
ovarium  surrounded  at  the  base  with  three  scales  and  three  bristles. 

Narpus.  Glume  1-flowered,  1-valved:  palea  1,  included  in  the  calyx:  stigma  1. 
Flowers  spiked,  alternating  and  sessile,     (mat-grass.) 

MiEGiA.  Arundinaria.  Flowers  polygamous  panicled:  glume  2-valved,  many- 
flowered,  shoit  and  unequal:  paleas  2,  unequal,  the  larger  one  acuminate:  style 
very  short,  3-cleft,  plumose:  nectary  3-parted,  divisions  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as 
the  germ:  large,  acuminate,     (cane.) 

Eriocoma.  Glumes  2,  1-flowered;  valves  gibbous,  compacted  above,  longer  than 
the  palea,  3-nerved,  cuspidate:  paleas  2,  roundish,  coriaceous,  invested  with  wool; 
the  outer  valve  terminated  by  a  short  3-sided  caducous  awn;  anthers  bearded;  pericarp 
sub-spherical,  large,     (silk-grass.) 

DicHROMENA.  Spike  in  a  head,  involucred:  scales  imbricated  on  all  sides  into 
crowded  sessile  spikelets,  with  the  lower  ones  empty;  style  bristle-form,  2-cleft:  no 
bristles  under  the  ovarium:  pericarp  sub-lenticular,  sub-rugose,  terminated  by  the 
triangular  permanent  style. 

*Juncus,  Galium,  Oryzopsis,  Queria. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 
A.  Spikelets  \-flowered:  paleas  wiUiout  abortive  rudiments  of  Jloioers  at  the  base. 
(  Glume  and  paleas  different  in  texture.  J 
Leersia.     Spikelets  1-flowered,  compressed,  glumes  0:  chaffs  compressed,  awnless, 
lower  one  much  broader,  boat-form,  with  prominent  keel:  scales  ovate,  membrana- 
ceous, smooth:  stamens!  to  6.     (cutgrass.)  &'. 

Paspalum.  Ceresia.  Glume  in  2  membranaceous,  equal,  roundish,  valves:  paleas 
awnless,  cartilaginous,  of  tlie  form  of  the  glume;  stigma  plumose,  colored;  nectary 
lateral:  flowers  in  unilateral  spikes.     .S. 

Milium.  Glume  2-valved,  herbaceous,  ventricose:  paleas  2,  awnless,  coriace- 
ous, oblong,  concave,  shorter  than  the  glume:  seed  2-horned:  nectary  lateral:  stig- 
pias  villose.     (millet.)  /5. 


50  CLASS    III.       ORDER    11. 

PiPTATHERUM.  Glumc  membranaceous,  loKgcr  than  the  paleas:  paleascartalaginous, 
oval;  lower  valve  awned  at  the  tip;  nectary  ovate,  entire:  seed  coated. 

Stipa.  Glume  2-valved,  membranaceous:  paleas  2-valved,  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
coriaceous,  sub-cylindric;  valves  involute,  truncate:  awn  tenniual,  very  long,  cadu- 
cous, twisted  at  the  base:  seed  coated,     (feather-grass.)  S. 

Aristida.  Glume  2-valved,  membranaceous,  unequal:  paleas  2-valved,  pedicelled, 
sub-cyUndric:  lower  valve  coriaceous,  involute,  3-awned  at  the  tip;  upper  valve  very 
minute  or  obsolete:  nectary  lateral,     (bread-grass.)  S. 

Exotic. 
Saccharum.     Glume  involucred  with  long  wool  at  the  base,  2-valved:  paleas  1  or 
2-valved:  stamens  1  to  3.     (sugar-cane.) 

(Glume  and  paleas  of  similar  texture— Jioiocrs  in  spreading  panicles.) 

MuHLENBERGiA.  Glumc  1  Or  2-valved,  very  minute,  truncate,  unequal:  paleas 
2-valved,  base  hairy,  outer  valve  a<vned  at  the  tip:  seed  naked,  not  furrowed,  (drop- 
seed-grass.)  S. 

Trichouium.  Glume  2-valved,  valves  nearly  equal,  acute:  keel  scabrous,  paleas 
1-valved,  awnless,  shorter  than  glume:  stigmas  nearly  sessile,  sub-hispid,  (thin- 
grass.)  S. 

Agrostis.  Glumes  2,  nearly  equal,  sometimes  longer,  but  often  shorter,  than  the 
paleas;  the  lower  one  longer,  sometimes  awned,  often  hairy  at  the  base,  enclosing  the 
seed,     (redtop.)  iS. 

CiNNA.  Glume  2-valved,  compressed,  nearly  equal:  paleas  linear,  compressed, 
short-stiped,  naked  at  the  base:  lower  valve  inclosing  the  upper,  short-awned  near  the 

tip-  '  ... 

Poi-YFOGON.  Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered;  valves  nearly  equal,  terminating  m  a 
bristle,  shorter  than  the  glume:  the  lower  valve  terminating  in  the  bristle. 

Trichochloa.  Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered,  very  minute:  paleas  much  larger  than 
the  glume,  2-valved,  naked  at  the  base;  lower  valve  convolute  at  the  base,  terminating 
in  a  long  awn  not  articulated. 

Calamagrostis.  Spikelets  1-flowered:  glumes  nearly  equal,  acute  or  acuminate: 
paleas  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  suirounded  with  hairs  at  the  base;  lower 
one  acuminate,  mostly  awned  below  the  tip;  the  upper  one  with  a  stiped  pencil-form 
egret  at  the  base,     (reed.) 

(Glume  and  paleas  of  similar  texture— Jloicers  in  compact  panicles,  often  spike  form.  J 

Psamma.  Glume  2-valved,  awnless:  paleas  shorter  than  the  glume,  surrounded  with 
hairs  at  the  base:  nectary  lance-linear,  longer  than  the  seed:  style  3-parted. 

Cripsis.  Glume  2-valved,  oblong,  keeled,  membranaceous:  paleas  2-valved,  longer 
than  the  glume,  which  it  resembles  in  texture  and  form;  nectary  none:  stamens  some- 
times but  2. 

Alopecurus.  Glumes  2,  equal,  generally  connate  at  the  base:  paleas  1-valved, 
utricle-like,  cleft  on  one  side,  awned  below  the  middle,     (foxtail-grass.)  (S. 

Phleum.  Glume  hard,  2-valved,  equal,  sessile,  linear,  truncate,  bicuspidate:  paleas 
enclosed  in  the  glume,  2-valved,  awnless,  truncate,     (timothy-grass.)  &'. 

Southern. 
Ceresia.     Flowers  lateral,  2-rowed,  under  a  wide  membranaceous  boat-form  rachis: 

B.  Spikelets  1-flowered;  paleas  tcith  1  or  2  abortive  rudiments  of  floicers  at  the  base. 
(  Glume  and  paleas  of  different  texture.) 

Cynodon.  Glume  2-valved,  lanceolate,  spreading:  paleas  2,  longer  than  the  glume: 
the  outer  valve  larger,  and  somewhat  oval,  and  surrounding  the  inner  one:  rudi- 
ment minute,  pedicelled:  scale  truncate:  spikes  digitate  and  fascicled:  flowers  soli- 
tary,    (dwarf  finger-grass.) 

Southern. 
Gymnopogon.  Anthopogon.     Glume  2,  keeled,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the  paleas: 
paleas,  nearly  equal,  having  a  straight  bristle  a  little  below  the  tip  of  the  lower  one: 
rudiment  awn-form. 


CLASS    111.       ORDER    II.  39 

AuLAXANTHus.  AuLAXiA.  Glumcs  2,  l-floweted,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  second; 
valves  equal,  furrowed,  the  furrows  villous. 

C  Giumes  and  palcas  of  similar  iexlure.  ' 

Phalakis.  Glumes  2,  niembranancous,  keeled,  nerved,  equal  in  length,  including 
the  2  pilose  paleas:  the  paleas  are  shorter  than  the  glumes,  and  coriaceous:  rudiments 
opposite,  sessile,  resembling  valves:  scale  lateral.     (ribbon-gras8,  canary-grass.)  S. 

BiiACHVELYTKUM.  Gluuies  verj  minute;  one  longish  and  acute,  the  other  scarcely 
perceptible:  the  lower  palea  terminated  by  a  bristle  twice  as  long  as  the  glume. 

SoutJiem. 

Beckmannia.  Glumes  2-valved,  1  or  2-flowered,  valves  somewhat  obcordate,  in- 
flated, equal:  paleas  2,included  in  the  glume,  valves  unequal,  the  dorsal  valve  acumin- 
ate-awned:  one  flower  often  abortive. 

Orthopogon.  Glumes  1-flowered;  valves  3,  awned,  nearly  equal;  awns  straight, 
smooth,  that  of  the  outer  valve  longest. 

C.  Spikelets  many-Jtowered. 
(Flowers  in  panicles;  paleas  unarmed.) 

Glyceria.  Spikelets  terete,  elongated:  glume  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
florets;  lower  valve  of  the  paleas  membranaceous  and  somewhat  herbaceous;  upper 
one  somewhat  conduplicate:  scale  lateral,  connate:  stigma  decompound. 

Uniola.  Spikelets  many  flowered,  flat.  2-edged,  ovate:  glumes  3  to  5;  paleas 2,  awn- 
less,  inner  one  smallest,  concave  on  the  back;  outer  one  boat-form:  stamens  1  to  3:  ap- 
pendages 2,  somewhat  2-horned  emarginate.     (sea  rush-grass.)  S'. 

Briza.  Spikelets  heart-ovate,  many-flowered:  glume  boat-form,  shorter  than  the 
2-ranked  florets:  paleas  ventricose;  lower  valve  cordate,  upper  one  orbicular,  short, 
(quake-grass.)  S. 

PoA.  Spikelets  oblong  or  linear,  compressed,  many-flowered:  glume  shorter  than 
the  florets:  paleas  herbaceous,  awnless,  often  arachnoid  at  the  base;  lower  valve 
scarious  at  the  margin,     (spear-grass.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Sorghum.  Florets  in  pairs,  one  perfect,  with  3  paleas  and  sessile;  the  other  stam- 
inate  or  neutral,  and  pedicelled.     (broom-corn.) 

C Flowers  in  panicles:  paleas  armed  or  mucronaie.  J 
(  Seeds  free. ) 

Arundo.  Spikelets  many-flowered:  glumes  2,  lanceolate,  unequal;  the  lower  florets 
staminate  and  naked  at  the  base;  the  others  perfect  on  villous  peduncles:  paleas  un- 
equal, the  lower  one  much  longer  with  a  long  involute  awn-like  acumination. 

KoELERiA.  Glume  2 — 4-flo\yered,  shorter  than  the  florets:  lower  palea  mucronate, 
or  with  a  short  bristle  a  little  below  the  tip. 

Uralepsis.  Glumes  2,  scarious,  2  or  3-flowered:  paleas  2,  stiped;  outer  valve  with 
hairy  nerves,  much  longer  than  the  glumes  and  tricuspidate,  with  the  middle  cusp 
longest,  and  terminated  with  an  awn;  inner  valve  short  and  arched:  seed  arilled: 
florets  alternate  and  distinct,  both  flowers   and  culm  purple,     (purple  hair-grass. ) 

VVijjDsoRiA.  Tricuspis.  Glumes  2,  keeled,  1-nerved:  scarious,  acute  or  cuspidate: 
paleas  2,  outer  valves  having  nerves  with  mucronate  points,  teeth  between  the  points, 
and  ciliate  below;  inner  valves  mostly  naked,  emarginate:  flowers  closely  imbricated 
2- ways  in  a  thick  spike. 

(  Seeds  adnate. ) 

Festuca.  Spikelets  oblong,  more  or  less  terete,  at  length  compressed,  acute  at 
each  end:  florets  sub-terete:  glumes  unequal  shorter  than  the  lower  florets,  keeled, 
acute:  paleas  lanceolate,  the  lower  one  acuminate  or  rounded  at  the  extremity, 
(fescue-grass.)  »?. 

Ceratochloa.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  somewhat  2-edged,  many-flowered:  glume 
shorter  than  the  imbricate  florets:  lower  palea  compressed,  mucronate  below  the  tip: 
upper  valve  somewhat  conduplicate;  styles  2 — 3-parted. 


40  CLASS    III.       ORDER    II. 

DiARRHENA.  Glumes  2,  very  unequal,  2  to  5-flowered,  rigid,  upper  valve  2-keeled, 
very  rough,  acuminate-mucronate:  paleas  cartilaginous;  inferior  valve  entire,  broad; 
superior  one  very  short,  eniarginate:  seed  coated,  in  length  equal  with  the  superior 
palea:  scale  ovate,  ciliaie. 

Dactylis.  Spikelets  aggregated  in  unilateral  heads,  many-flowered:  glumes  shorter 
than  the  florets,  with  a  large  one  keeled,  pointed:  lower  palea  eniarginate,  mucronale; 
upper  one  sub-conduplicate.     (orchard-grass.)  S. 

(Flowers  inpanidcs;  paleas  more  or  less  2-cleft,  and  the  loiccr  one  awned  on  the  back 
or  a  little  below  the  tip. ) 

Danthonia.  Glumes  2  to  5-flowered,  longer  than  tlie  florets,  cuspidate:  paleas 
bearded  at  the  base;  lower  one  2-toothed,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth;  up- 
per one  obtuse,  entire,     (wild  oats.) 

Trisetum.  Glume  3  to  5-flowered,  membranaceous,  as  long  as  the  florets:  lower 
palea  with  2  bristle-form  teeth  at  the  tip,  and  an  awn  below  the  teeth. 

Bromus.  Glumes  2,  shoiter  than  the  florets:  spikelets  terete-2-ranked,  many- 
flowered:  outer  paleas  bifid,  awned  below  the  tip;  inner  one  pectinate-ciliate,  sub- 
conduplicate.     (chess,  broom-grass.)  »S'. 

Arrhenatherum.  Glumes  membranaceous,  2-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the 
florets;  lower  florets  bearing  anthers,  lower  valve  2-cleft,  awned  below  the  middle; 
upper  floret  perfect,  lower  valve  cleft,  unarmed,  or  with  a  short  awn  below  the  tip. 

AvENA.  Glumes  2;  2,  3,  or  many-flowered:  paleas  mostly  bearded  at  the  base, 
lower  one  torn,  with  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back:  glumes  membranaceous,  and  some- 
what folicle-like:  seed  coated,     (cats.)  iS. 

AiRA.  Spikelets  slender:  calyx  longer  than  the  florets,  glossy,  2-valved,  2  or  3- 
flowered:  paleas  2,  lower  valve  gnawed  or  toothed,  awned  on  the  back  below  the 
middle,     (hair-grass.)  /S. 

D.  Floicers  in  spikes. 

LoLiUM.  Spikelets  sessile;  to  the  lowest  a  glume  of  1  valve,  to  the  uppermost  of  2 
opposite  valves:  lower  palea  with  a  bristle,  or  mucronate  point,  at  the  end:  upper  is 
membranous,  bifid-toothed:  scales  with  2  unequal  teeth:  seed  furrowed:  spike  com- 
pound,    (darnel-grass.) 

Eleusine.  Glumes  awnless,  keeled,  5  to  9-nerved,  membranaceous,  4  to  6-flowered, 
obtuse,  unequal:  inflorescence  an  unilateral  digitate  spike:  paleas  2,  awnless,  mem- 
branaceous, unequal;  lower  valve  keeled,  upper  one  concave  on  the  back:  seed  trian- 
gular, transversely  rugose,     (dogtail-grass.)  .S'. 

Triticum.  Glumes  2,  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  nearly  equal, 
beardless,  or  with  one  beard:  paleas  2,  one  of  them  bearded  from  the  end:  seed 
inclosed  in  the  paleas,  generally.  Agropyron  is  expunged,  and  the  couch-grass  restored 
to  this  genus,     (wheat.) 

Sec^le.  Glumes  2,  2  or  3-flowered:  spikelets  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis, 
with  the  terminal  floret  abortive:  glumes  subulate,  opposite,  shorter  than  the  florets: 
lower  palea  long-awned.     (rye.) 

Elymus.  Glumes  in  pairs,  involucre-like,  subulate:  lower  palea  entire,  mucronate, 
or  with  a  short  bristle  at  the  tip:  spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis:  3  to 
9-flowered.     (lime-grass,  wild  rye.)  iS. 

Melica.  Glumes  2,  unequal,  colored,  obtuse,  2  to  4-flowered,  and  as  long  as  the 
florets;  one  or  more  of  the  upper  florets  abortive  and  incomplete:  palea  unarmed, 
membranaceous:  scales  connate,  truncate,  fimbricate:  seed  free,     (melic-grass.)  S. 

Athzrofogon.  Spikes  in  unilateral  racemes:  glumes  2,  membranaceous,  2-flowered; 
inferior  valve  bristle-form:  perfect  floret  2-valved;  inferior  valve  3- toothed,  or3-bristled; 
superior  valved  bifid:  abortive  floret  pedicelled,  2-valved,  3-bristled.     (hairy-beard.) 

Southern. 

Sesleria.  Glumes  2  to  5-flowered:  paleas  2,  toothed  at  the  tip:  stigmas  sub- 
glandular:  flowers  often  purplish;  base  of  the  spike  bracted  or  involucred.  (moor- 
grass.) 

OxYDENiA.  Spike  panicled,  filiform;  spikelets  3  or  4-flowered,  alternating  on  a 
1-sided  rachis:  general  glume  permanent,  2-valved,  accuminate-subulate,  1-nerved, 
longer  than  the  florets;  paleas  2,  small,  caducous,  obtuse,  with  or  without  awns:  seed 
roundish,  naked,  smooth,  somewhat  gibbous. 


CLASS    III.    ORDER    III.  41 

Chi.oris.  Spikes  digitate,  one-sided :  calyx  '2-valved,  2  to  4-flowered ;  valves  keeled. 
Flowers  dissimilar,  and  the  abortive  florets  pedicelled. 

Aegilops.  Glumes  lateral,  2,  mostly  3-flo\vered;  valves  coriaceous,  broad,  with 
many  rigid  diverging  awns:  paleas  2,  outer  valve  2  or  3-awnedi  spikes  with  the  inter- 
mediate ones  barren,  lateral  ones  perfect,  sessile. 

E.  Flowers  polygamous. 
(In  panicles. ) 

Panicum.  Glumes  2,  2-flowered ;  the  lower  glume  generally  very  small,  and  differing 
in  texture  from  the  other:  the  lower  florets  abortive,  1  or  2-valved:  the  lower  valve 
resembling  the  glumes,  the  upper  one  membranaceous:  peifect  floret  with  cartilaginous 
valves,  unarmed,     (cockfoot-grass,  panic-grass.)  S. 

HiERocHLOA.  Glumes  2,  3-flowered,  scarious:  lateral  florets  staminate,  central 
ones  perfect  and  diandrous,  rarely  triandrous. 

HoLcus.  Glumes  2-flowered,  membranaceous,  boat-form,  mucronate;  panicle  com- 
pact: lower  florets  perfect,  sessile,  unarmed;  upper  ones  ^staminate  orneutral,  pedi- 
celled, awned  near  the  middle  of  the  back. 

(In  spikes.) 

Pennisetum.  Setaria.  Inflorescence  a  compound  cylindrical  spike;  spikelets  2 
flowered,  invested  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  more  bristles:  glumes  2,  unequal,  herba- 
ceous:  superior  florets  perfect,  paleas  cartilaginous,     (bristled  panic.) 

Digitaria.  Glumes  I  or  2,  2-flowered;  the  outer  valve  very  small,  or  none;  the 
inmost  of  the  length  of  the  paleas,  2,  oblong-ovate,  awniess  paleas:  style  very  long; 
spikes  digitate,  unilateral,  linear:  spikelets  on  short  bifid  pedicels,  in  pairs,  lower  floret 
perfect,  with  coriaceous  valves,     (finger-grass.)  «S. 

Andropogon.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  involucred;  the  lower  one  staminate  or  neutral 
on  a  bearded  pedicel:  glumes  and  paleas  often  very  minute,  or  wanting:  upper  spike- 
lets sessile,  1-flowered,  perfect;  glumes  sub-coriaceous;  paleas  2,  shorter  than  the 
glumes,  membranaceous,  lower  valve  generally  awned.     (beard-grass.)  (S>. 

HoRDEUJi.  Spikelets  3  at  eacli  joint  of  the  rachis,  1  or  2-flowered,  all  perfect,  or 
the  lateral  ones  abortive:  glume  lateral,  subulate:  perfect  flower  with  2  paleas,  lower 
valve  ending  in  a  bristle:  seed  coated,     (barley.) 

Southern. 

MoNOCERA.  Flowers  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  glumes  3,  many-flowered; 
valves  awned  below  the  tip.  Perfect  flowers  have  2  paleas,  unequal;  the  outer  valve 
awned  below  the  tip.     Neutral  flowers  have  2  awniess  paleas. 

Manisuris.  Perfect  flowers  mixed  with  the  staminate,  glume  1-flowered,  valves  2 
unequal;  outer  one  coriaceous,  roundish,  emarginate  on  one  side  of  the  base:  paleas 
2,  smaller,  included  in  the  glume.  Staminate  and  neutral  have  the  glume  uniform  or 
regular. 

Lepturds.  Rachis  articulated,  filiform:  articulations  single-flowered:  glume  grow- 
ing to  the  rachis,  1  or  2-valved:  valves  simple  or  2-parted. 

RoTBOLLiA.  Rachis  fragile,  articulated,  cylindric,  often  filiform;  articulations  2- 
flowered  or  more:  glumes  lance-ovate,  flat,  1  or  2-valved:  paleas  2,  smaller. 

Pleuraphis.  Central  spikelets  perfect,  with  glumes  1-flowered,  wedge-obovate, 
2-cleft,  5-bristled:  lateral  spikelets  staminate;  glume  2-flowered,  with  one  valve  bristl- 
ed near  the  base. 

*  Stellaria,  Anthoxanthum,  Oryzopsis. 

Order  III.  Trigynia. 

MoLLUGO.  Calyx  5-sepalled,,  inferior,  colored  inside:  corol  0:  capsule  3-celled 
3- valved,  many-seeded.     Stamens  3  to  5.     (carpet-weed.)  S. 

MoNTiA.  Calyx  2— 3-sepalled:  petals  5,  sub-connate  at  the  base,  3  a  little  smallest: 
stamens  on  the  claws  of  the  petals,  mostly  before  the  three  smaller  ones:  styles  short 
reflexed:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  3-seeded.    Scarcely  distinguished  from  "Claytonia! 

Lechea.  Calyx  3-sepalled:  petals  3,  linear:  stigmas  3,  plumose:  capsule  3-celled 
3-valved,  with  3  inner  valvelets:  seed  1.     (pinweed. )  aS>. 

Proserpinaca.  Calyx  3-parted,  superior,  permanent:  corol  0:  nut  bony,  3-sided 
3-celled,  crowned  by  the  calyx,     (mermaid-weed.)  S,  ' 

6 


42  CLASS    IV.    ORDER    I. 

SouUiem. 
PoLYCARPON.     Calyx  5-sepalled:  petals  5,  very  short,  emarginate,  permanent:  cap- 
sule ovate,  1-celled,  3-valved.  ,  .     ^    „    •    /tt  ,     . 

•Zanthoxylon,  Siellaiia,  Eriocaulon,  Queria  or  Anychia,  Stellaria(llolosteum). 

Order  IV. 

Soulhern. 

Pellimia.  Sepals 4;  petals  2,  small,  membranaceous,  linear  oblong;  capsule  depres- 
sed, globose,  1-celled,  somewhat  8-lobed,  opening  by  a  quadrangular  cleft  at  the  sum 
mit;  stigma  sessile,  seeds  numerous  very  shining. 

CLASS  IV.     TETRANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 

A.     Flowers  superior. 

( 1-petalled. ) 

Cephalanthds.  Inflorescence  in  a  head:  general  calyx  none:  proper  calyx  supe 
rior  minute,  angular,  4-cleft:  corol  funnel-form:  receptacle  globular,  hairy:  capsules 
2  to  4-partible:  seed  solitary,  oblong,     (button-bush.)  /S*. 

DiPSACUs.  Common  calyx  involucre-like,  many-sepalled:  proper  calyx  1-sepalled, 
superior:  receptacle  chaffy:  corol  tubular,  4-cleft:  nut  1,  crowned  with  a  wineglass- 
form  egret:  inflorescence  an  ovate-head,     (teasel.) 

Galium.  Calyx  4-toothed:  corol  flat,  4-cleft:  fruit  dry;  nuts  2,  roundish:  (leaves 
stellate.)     (bedslraw.)  .S'. 

Spkrmacoce.  Calyx  4-tootlied:  corol  funnel-form,  4-cleft:  capsule  2-celled:  seeds, 
2,  2- toothed.     S. 

DioDiA.  Calyx  2-cleft:  corol  tubular,  funnel-form,  4-cleft:  capsule  2-celled,  1- 
seeded.     S. 

Hedvotis.  Or.DENLANDiA.  Calyx  4-toothed  or  4-parted:  corol  funnel-form,  4-cleft, 
or  4-petalled:  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded;  receptacle  adnate  to  the  partition.     S. 

Anotis.  Calyx  an  obovate  tube,  4-toothed:  corol  salver-form  with  a  4-lobed  limb, 
throat  sub-glabrous:  stigma  sub-2-lobed:  capsule  I-celled,  and  4  to  8-seeded,  seeds 
ovate  sub-angled. 

HousTONiA.  Calyx  half  superior,  4-toothed  or  4-parted:  corol  salver- form,  4  cleft: 
capsule  2-celled,  many  seeded,  opening  transversely,     (venus  pride.)  S. 

MiTCHELLA.  Calyx  4-toothed:  corols  2  on  each  germ,  tubular,  limb  4-parted, 
spreading,  villose  inside:  stamens  scarcely  exsert:  berry  double,  4-seeded:  stigmas  4 
or  4-cleft.     (partridge  berry,  checker  berry.)  S. 

LiNNiEA.  Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate:  limb  .5-parted,  segments  lanceolate-subulate: 
corol  turbinate,  sub-campanulate,  .5-lobed:  stamens  4,  sub-didynamous,  included: 
stigma  globose;  berry  dry,  small,  globe-ovate,  3-celled,  one  cell  only  bearing  perfect 
seed,     (twin  flower.) 

Exotic. 

ScABiosA.  Common  calyx  many-sepalled;  proper  one  double,  superior:  recep.tacle 
chaffy  or  naked.     (Flowers  aggregate. )     (scabious. ) 

Southern. 

PoLYPREMUM.  Calyx  4-parted:  corol  4-cleft,  wheel-form,  bearded  at  the  orifice: 
stamens  included:  capsule  compressed,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Allionia.  Common  calyx  oblong,  simple,  3-flo\vered:  proper  calyx  obsolete:  corol 
irregular:  receptacle  naked. 

RuBiA.  Calyx  4-toothed:  corol  4  or  5-cleft,  bell-form:  berries  2,  one-seeded,  (sta- 
mens 4-5;  leaves  stellate. )     (madder. ) 

(^-pdalkd.) 

CoRNUs.  Calyx  4-toothed:  drupe  with  a  2-celled  nut.  Some  species  have  a  4- 
leaved  involucre,     (dogwood,  false  box.)  S. 


CLASS    IV.       ORDER    II.  43 

LuDwiGiA.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  divisions  long,  permanent:  capsule  4-cornered, 
4-celled,  perforated  at  the  top,  many-seeded— (petals  sometimes  wanting.)  (seed 
box.)  ^^ 

(  Apctalous. ) 

IsNARPiA.  Calyx  bell-form,  4-parted  or  4-cleft,  superior:  capsule  4-celled,  4-cor- 
nered, many-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx,     (water  purslane.) 

Southern. 

Eleagnus.  Calyx  4-cleft,  bell-form,  colored  within;  stamens  alternating  with  the 
divisions  of  the  calyx  (corol?)  anthers  sub-sessile:  style  short:  drupe  dry,  1-seeded, 
marked  with  8  furrows. 

B.  Floicers  inferior. 
(\-petaUed. ) 

Plantago.  Calyx  4-cleft:  corol  4-cleft,  reflexed:  capsule  2-celled,  opening  trans- 
versely: stamens  exsert,  very  long,     (plantain,  ribwort. )  -S'. 

Sanguisorba.  Calyx  2-sepalled:  corol  4-cleft,  wheel-form,  adhering  to  the  germ  so 
as  to  appear  as  if  superior;  capsule  4-sided,     (burnet  sa.\ifrage.)  S. 

Centaurella.    Bartonia.     Calyx  4-parted,  close  pressed,  permanent:  corol  4-cleft 
or  4-parted,   bell-form,   permanent;  stigma  thick,   glandulous,  sub-bifid:  capsule  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,     (screw-stem.)     I  regret  that  I  am  compelled  by  supe-  . 
rior  authority  to  substitute  Centaurella  for  Bartonia,  contrary  to  all  rules  for  generic 
names. 

ExACUM.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted:  corol  4-cleft:  tube  globose;  capsule  2-furrowed, 
2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  ihe  top;  cells  2-seeded. 

SwERTiA.  Calyx  flat,  4  or  .5-parted:  corol  4-parted,  wheel-form,  with  nectariferous 
pores  at  the  base  of  the  divisions:  germ  tapering  to  a  poin'.  style  short,  terminating 
in  2  stigmas:  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  acuminate,     (false  gentian.) 

Frasera.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted:  corol  4-parled,  spreading;  segments  with  bearded 
glands  in  tiie  middle:  capsule  compressed,  sub-margined,  1-celled,  2-valved;  seeds 
few,  imbricated,  oval,  with  a  membranaceous  margin,     (pyramid  flower.)  S. 

Southern. 

Lycium.  Corol  tubular,  having  the  throat  closed  by  the  beards  of  the  filaments: 
stamens  often  5;  berry  2-celIed,  many-seeded,     (matrimony.) 

Centunculus.  Calyx  4-cleft:  coral  4-lobed,  tubular,  permanent,  border  spreading: 
stamens  short,  naked:  capsule  1-celled,  dividing  into  2  hemispheres,  man^'-seeded. 

Calucarpa.  Calyx  4-cleft:  corol  tubular,  border  4-cleft:  stamens  exsert:  berry 
4-seeded. 

(i-pclalled.J 

Ammannia.     Calyx  bell-tubular,  plaited,  8-toothed:  petals  4,  or  none,  on  the  calyx: 
capsule  4-celled,    many-seeded — (sometimes  2-celled   and   8-stamened.) 
(tooth-cup.)  ,S. 

Ptelea.  Calyx  4-parted:  petals  4,  spreading:  stigmas  2:  samara  compressed, 
orbicular,  2-celled,  2-seeded.     .S'. 

Southerit. 

Krameria.  Calyx  none:  corol  4  or  5-petalled:  nectary  4-leaved,  two-shaped: 
anthers  perforated:  drupe  prickly. 

(  Apdalous.  ) 

RiviNiA.  Calyx  4-parted;  permanent;  berry  1-seeded;  seeds  lentiform,  scabrous: 
stamens  8,  4,  12. 

Alchemilla.  Calyx  8-cleft:  segments  spreading,  alternately  smaller:  style  lateral 
from  the  base  of  the  germ:  fruit  surrounded  by  the  calyx,     (lady's  mantle.) 

Ictodes.  Sympujcarpus.  Pothos.  General  calyx  a  spathe;  spadix  simple,  covered 
with  flowers:  perianth  corol-like,  deeply  4-parted,  pern)anent,  becoming  thick  and 
spongy;  style  pyramid-form,  4-sided;  stigma  simple,  minute:  berries  globose,  2-seeded, 
inclosed  in  the  spongy  spadix-receptacle.     (skunk-cabbage.) 

Southern. 
Camphorosma.     Calyx  pitcher-form,  4-parted,  segments  alternately  larger:  stamens 
exsert;  style  2-cleft:  capsule  1-seeded,  covered  by  the  calyx. 

*Convallaria,  Cardamine,  Prinos,  Calymenia,  Euouynnis. 


44  CLASS    V.       ORDER    I. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Hamamei.is.  Involucre  3-leavecl:  perianth  4-sepalled  or  4-cleft:  petals  4,  very  long, 
linear:  nut  2-celled,  2-horned  (witch  hazel.)  Flowers  in  autumn,  and  perfects  its 
seed  the  following  spring.  S. 

Southern. 

Aphanes.  Caly.x  2-cleft,  alternate;  segments  minute:  petals  none:  stamens  mi- 
nute:  styles  2:  seeds  2,  covered  by  the  converging  calyx,  one  of  them  often  abortive. 
Stamens  1,  2,  and  4. 

*Sanguisorba,    Cuseuta,    Swertia,   Oldenlandia,   Gentiana,    Morus,   Juglans, 
Thuja,  Galium,  Cuseuta. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 

Il,EX.  Calyx  minute,  4  or  5-toothed:  corol  4-parted,  wheel-form:  style  0:  stigmas 
4:  berry  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded.     (holly.) 

Nemopanthes,  R.  Flowers  abortively  dioecious  or  polygamous:  calyx  scarcely 
conspicuous:  petals  5,  distinct,  linear-oblong,  caducous:  germs  liemisplieric,  covered 
with  a  viscous  juice:  style  none:  stigmas  4:  berry  4-celied,  l-seeded.  Professor 
Dewey  defines  this  genus — Calyx  none,  or  ideally  conspicuous:  petals  4,  lanceolate, 
sub-acute:  stigmas  sessile:  pericarp  4-celled,  1-seeded:  stamens  3  to  5;  stigmas  3  to  5. 
This  description  was  written  long  before  tliat  of  R. 

Sagina.  Calyx  4-sepalled:  petals  4,  often  caducous:  capsules  4-celled,  4-valved, 
ipany-seeded.     (pearl-wort.)  >S. 

Tillaea.  Calyx  3  or  4-parted:  petals  3  or  4,  equal:  carpals  3  or  4,  two  or  many- 
seeded.     Sometimes  there  are  4  barren  stamens,     (pigmy-weed.) 

PoTAMOGETON.  Calyx  (orgreen  corol)  4-sepalled:  petals  0:  style  0;  anthers  sessile, 
alternating  with   the  divisions:    nuts  4,  1-seeded,  sessile:  seeds  4.     (pond-weed.)  iS. 

RuppiA.     Calyx  0:  corol  0:  seeds  4,  pedicelled. 

Sojithern. 
Myginda.     Calyx  small,  4-parted:  corol  4-petalled  or  deeply  4-parted;  stigmas  2  or 
4:  drupe  globose,  1  seeded. 

*Proserpinaca,  Myriophyllum. 

CLASS  V.    PENTANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 

A.     Flowers  1-peialled,  inferior;  seed-like  nuts^  naked  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

Rough-leaved  plants. 

PuLMONARiA.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled:  corol  funnel-form,  with  an  open  throat: 
stigma  emarginate:  nuts  roundish,  obtuse,  not  perforated  at  the  base.  (Whole  plant 
smooth  in  this  country,  though  rough-leaved  in  Europe.)     (lung-wort.)  -S'. 

LiTHOsPF.RMUM.  Calyx  5-parted,  with  acute  keeled  divisions:  corol  funnel-form, 
with  an  open  throat,  border  5-lobed:  stigma  2-cleft:  nuts  ovate,  pointed,  stony,  not 
perforated:  stamens  and  pistils  inclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  corol.  (stone-seed  or  grom- 
well.)  S'. 

OsosMODiuM.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  segments  linear:  coral  oblong,  somewhat  bell- 
form,  with  the  acute  divisions  converging,  the  upper  part  of  the  corol  being  ventricose 
and  half  5-cleft,  throat  open:  anthers  sessile,  enclosed:  styles  e.xsert,  nuts  not  perfo- 
rated at  the  iiase.     (Spikes  revolute.)     (false  gromwell.)  S. 

EcHiuM.  Calyx  5-parted,  segments  subulate,  erect:  corol  bell-form,  obliquely  and 
unequally  5-lobed;  tube  short;  throat  naked;  stigma  cleft:  nuts  tubercled,  not  perfo- 
rated at  the  base,     (viper's  buglcss.) 

Myosotis.  Calyx  half  5-cIeft  or  5-clefl:  corol  salver-form,  curved,  5-cleft,  vaulted, 
the  lobes  slightly  emarnrinate;  throat  closed  with  5  convex  converging  scales:  nuts 
smooth  or  echinate..     (scorpion-grass.) 

Lycopsis.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  funnel-form;  throat  closed  with  ovate  converging 
scales:  nuts  perforated  at  the  base. 

*As  the  seeds  of  these  plants  have  stigmas  at  their  apexes,  they  are,  according  to 
modern  physiologists,  not  entitled  to  the  name  of  jseed. 


CLASS    V.       ORDER    I.  45 

Batschia.  Calyx  about  5-cleft:  corol  ealver-form,  with  a  straight  tube  longer  than 
the  calyx;  having  a  bearded  ring  within  at  the  base;  tliroat  naked,  or  partly  closed, 
with  rounded  divisions:  nuts  hard  and  shining,     (flilse  bugloss.)  S. 

Ctnoglossum.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  short,  funnel-form,  vaulted;  throat  closed  by  5 
converging  convex  processes:  nuts  depressed,  afiixed  laterally  to  the  style,  (hound- 
tongue.)  §. 

RocHELiA.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  salver-form,  throat  closed  with  converging  scales: 
nuts  prickly,  compressed,  affixed  latterly  to  the  style. 

Exotic. 

BoRAGo.  Corol  wheel-form,  segments  acute;  the  throat  closed  with  rays:  filaments 
conniving:  nuts  rounded,  closed  at  the  base,  rugose,  inserted  into  an  excavated  base, 
(borage.) 

Anchusa.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  funnel-form,  vaulted;  throat  closed:  nuts  marked 
at  the  base,  and  their  surface  generally  veined,     (bugloss.) 

SyMPHiTUM.  Limb,  or  upper  part  of  the  corol,  tubular-swelling;  the  throat  closed 
with  the  subulate  rays:  stigma  simple:  nuts  gibbous,  not  pierced  at  the  base,  (com- 
frey.) 

Southern. 

Heliotropicm.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed:  corol  salver-form,  5-cleft,  with  teeth  or 
folds  between  the   divisions;  throat  open.     (Spikes  recurved,   involute.)     (turnsol.) 

B.     Flowers  1-petalled,  ivferior. 
(Capsule  1-cellcd.) 

Anagallis.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  wheel-form,  deeply  5-lobed:  capsule  opening 
transversely,  globose,  many-seeded:  stamens  hairy,     (scarlet  pimpernel.)  S, 

Lysimachia.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted:  corol  wheel-form,  5-cleft:  capsule  1-celled; 
globular,  5  or  10-valved,  raucronate:  stigma  obtuse:  (In  some  species  the  filaments 
are  united  at  the  base.)     (loose-strife.)  S, 

Primula.  Umbellets  involucred:  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed:  corol  salver- form,  5- 
lobed;  tube  cylindric:  throat  open;  divisions  of  corol  emarginate:  capsule  1-celled 
with  a  10-cleft  mouth:  stigma  globular.     (primrose-cov;slip.) 

DoDECATHEON.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  wheel-form,  5  parted,  reflexed:  capsule  oblong, 
1-celled,  opening  at  the  apex:  stamens  on  the  inside  of  the  tube  short;  anthers  con- 
verging: stigma  obtuse,     (false-cowslip.) 

Menyanthes.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  hairy,  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  equal  and  spread- 
ing: capsule  ovate,  1-celled.  2-vaIved,  with  the  seeds  attached  to  the  valves:  stigma 
2-cleft,  capitate,     (buck  bean.) 

Villarsia.  Capsule  1-celled,  1  or  2-valved,  many-seeded:  corol  wheel-form,  5- 
lobed;  divisions  bearded  at  the  base;  margin  inflexed,  having  5  glandular  nectaries, 
alternating  with   the  stamens:  stigma  2-lobed.     (spur-stem,  heart  water-shield.)  S. 

HoTTONiA.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  salver-form,  5-lobed:  stamens  on  the  tube  of  the 
corol:  stigma  globular:  capsule  1-celled,  globose,  acuminate,     (feather  leaf )  K 

Samolus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  half  superior,  permanent:  corol  salver-form,  5-lobed,  with 
5  intermediate  scales  fencing  up  the  stamens  between  them:  capsule  1-celled,  5-tooth- 
ed, many-seeded,     (brookweed.)  iS. 

Sabbatia.  Calyx  5  to  r2-parted:  corol  wheel-form,  5  to  12-parted:  stigmas  2, 
spiral  or  coiled:  anthers  becoming  revolute:  capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded,  (cen- 
taury.) S. 

Hydrophylltjm.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  bell-form,  5-cleft  with  5  margined,  longi- 
tudinal, honey-bearing  grooves  inside:  capsule  globose,  2-valved:  stamens  exsert: 
filaments  bearded  in  the  middle:  stigma  2  cleft,     (water-leaf,  burr-flower.)  S. 

Nemophila.  Calyx  10-parted,  alternate  lobes  reflexed:  corol  sub-cam panulate,  5- 
lobed:  the  lobes  emarginate,  with  margined  nectariferous  cavities  at  the  base:  sta- 
mens 5,  shorter  than  the  corol,  filaments  naked:  style  2-cleft;  capsule  fleshy,  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded.  Germ  1-celled,  with  two  wall-like  partitions,  each  bear- 
ing two  distinct  germs  or  capsules;  capsule  1-celled,  with  fleshy  masses  fixed  to  a 
longitudinal  axis,  bearing  the  seeds  on  their  inner  surface. 

Southern. 
ErxisiA.     Calyx  deeply  5-parted:  corol  smaller,  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  naked  within: 
stamens  not  exsert;  filaments  smooth;  anthers   roundish:  stigma  2-cleft:  capsule  2- 
celled,  2-valved,  2-seeded;  seeds  punctate.     Capsule  on  the  spreading  calyx. 


46  CLASS    V.       ORDER    I. 

Androsace.  Flowers  in  an  involucred  umbel:  calyx  5-cleft,  permanent:  coro? 
salver- form,  5-lobed,  tube  ovate,  orifices  glandular:  capsule  1 -celled,  globe-ovate,  5- 
valved,  many-seeded. 

(  Capsule  ^-celled — rardy  2-celled. ) 

Phacelia.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  somewhat  bell-form,  3-cleft,  with  5  margined, 
longitudinal,  honey-bearing  grooves  inside:  styles  filiform;  stigmas  2:  stamens  ex- 
sert:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded;  with  partitions  attached  to  the  middle  of 
the  valves.  S. 

Spigelia.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  funnel- form;  border  equally  5-cleft:  anthers  con- 
verging: capsule  twitined,  2-celled,  4-valved,  many  seeded.  S. 

Verbascum.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  wheel-form,  5-lobed,  somewhat  irregular: 
stamens  declined,  hairy:  capsules  2-celled,  2-valved;  valves  inflexed  when  ripened, 
man3'-seeded.     (mullein.)  S. 

Convolvulus.    Calyx  5-parted,  with  or  without  2  bracts:  corol  funnel-form,  plaited: 
stigma  2-cleft  or  double:  cells  of  the  capsule  2  or  3;  each  1   or  2-seeded. 
(bind-weed.)  &*. 

Ipom^a.  Calyx  5-cleft,  naked:  corol  funnel-form  or  bell-form,  with  5-folds:  stigma 
globe-headed,  papillose:  capsule  2  or  3-celled,  many-seeded,  (cypress  vine,  morning 
glory.)  -S. 

Exotic. 

HvoscrAMUs.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft:  corol  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  obtuse  irregular: 
stamens  inclined:  capsule  2-celled,  covered  with  a  lid.     (henbane.) 

Southern. 

NicoTiANA.  Calyx  urceolate,  ^ub-tubn!ar,  5-cleft:  corol  funnel-form,  5-cleft,  limb 
plaited:  stigma  notched,  capitate:  stamens  inclined:  capsules  2-celled,  2  to  4-valved. 
(tobacco.) 

Ophiorhiza.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  5-cleft,  funnel-form:  germ  2-cleft:  stigmas  2; 
capsule  mitre-form,  2-lobed,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

BuMELiA.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  salver-form,  deeply  5-parted:  nectary  (inner  corol) 
5-leaved:  drupe  1-seeded. 

LisiANTHUs.  Corol  tubular,  ventricose;  divisions  recurved:  calyx  bell-form,  keeled: 
stigma  in  a  2-lobed  head:  capsule  2-celled,  2-furrowed,  2-valved:  seeds  numerous, 
sub-imbricate,  surrounded  with  a  very  small  membranaceous  margin. 

(Capsule  3  to  ^-celled.) 

Phlox.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-cleft  or  5parted;  segments  converging:  corol  salver- 
form,  5-lobed,  with  a  tube  somewhat  curved:  filaments  unequal  in  length,  attached  to 
the  inside  of  the  tube  of  the  corol:  stigmas  3-cleft:  cells  1-seeded,  seeds  oblong,  con- 
cave,    (lichnedia. )  S. 

PoLEMONiuM.  Calyx  bell-form,  half  5-cleft:  corol  bell-wheel-form,  4  or  5-lobed, 
erect:  stamens  bearded  at  the  base,  on  5  valves,  closing  the  bottom  of  the  tube:  stigma 
3  cleft:  capsule  roundish,  3-celled,  many-seeded;  valves  membrano-crustaceous:  seeds 
oblong,  sub-triangular.     (Greek  valerian,  false  Jacob's  ladder.)  6'. 

DiAPENsiA.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted  at  tlie  base,  imbricated  with  3  leaflets:  corol 
salver-form:  limb  fiat,  5-cleft:  stamens  compressed,  crowning  the  tube  of  the  corol; 
stigmas  3:  capsules  3-celled,  3- valved,  many-seeded,     (mountain-box.)  iS. 

Datura.  Calyx  tubular,  angled,  caducous,  with  a  permanent  orbicular  base:  corol 
funnel-form,  plaited:  capsule  4-valved,  2-celled,  and  each  cell  half  divided:  generally 
thorny,     (thorn-apple.)  S. 

Azalea.  Calyx  5-parted;  corol  tubular,  half  5-cleft,  somewhat  oblique:  stamens 
on  the  receptacle,  declined;  stigma  declined,  obtuse,  usually  ending  with  5  short 
papillaB:i[capsule  5-celled,  5- valved,  opening  at  the  top.     (wild  honeysuckle.)     S. 

Exotic. 
ViNCA.     Corol  salver-form,   twisted,  border  5-cleft,   with  divisions  oblique,   throat 
5-angled:  seed  oblong:  capsule  follicle-like,  erect,  narrow:  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary. 

Southern. 
CoLLOMiA.     Calyx  wineglass-form,  large,  5-cleft,  acute:  corol  funnel-form,  with  5 
short  oval-oblong  lob^:  tube  straight,  long,  slender:  capsule  3-cornered,  3-celled,  with 
3  obcordate  valves;  seed  oblong,  angular,  with  a  mucilaginous  covering. 


CLASS    V.       ORDER    I.  47 

Cantua.  Ipomeria.  Calyx  3  to  5-cleft:  corol  funnel-form:  stigma  3-cleft:  capsule 
superior,  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded;  seeds  winged. 

(  Seed  in  a  berry.  J 

Physalis.  Calyx  5- toothed:  corol  bell  or  wheel-form;  tube  with  5  concave  impres- 
sions: anthers  converging:  berries  2-celled,  contained  in  an  inflated  calyx:  seeds  nu- 
merous,    (winter  cherry.)  &'. 

SoLANUM.  Calyx  5  to  10-parted,  permanent:  corol  bell  or  wheel-form,  5-lobed, 
plaited:  anthers  thickened,  partly  united,  with  two  pores  at  the  top;  beriy  containing 
many  seeds,  2  to  G-celled.     (potatoe,  nightshade,  bittersweet. )  S. 

NicANDRA.  Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  segments  sagittate: 
corol  bell-form:  stamens  incurved:  berry  3  to  5-celled,  covered  by  the  calyx. 

Exotic. 

Atkopa.  Corol  bell-form:  stamens  distant:  berry  globular,  2-celled,  sitting  on  the 
calyx,     (deadly  nightshade.) 

Capsicum.  Corol  wheel-form:  berry  juiceless,  inflated:  anthers  converging:  calyx 
angular,     (red  pepper.) 

Southern. 

Androcera.  (Solanum.)  Calyx  inflated,  5-cleft,  caducous:  corol  sub-ringent, 
wheel-form,  5-clefl:  stamens  unconnected,  unequal,  declined,  one  larger  and  horn- 
form;  anther  with  2  terminal  pores:  style  simple,  declined;  stigma  not  distinct:  berry 
dry;  seed  without  margins,  rugose. 

C.     Flowers  ]  -pelalled,  svperior. 
(  Seeds  in  a  capsule. ) 

Campanula.  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft:  corol  bell-form,  or  wheel-form,  closed  at  the- 
bottom  by  valves  bearing  the  flattened  stamens:  stigma  3  to  5-cleft:  capsules  3  to  5- 
celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores,     (bell-flower.)  S. 

Specularia.  Calyx  5-lobed,  tube  elongated  prismatic  or  long-obconic:  corol  wheel- 
form,  5-lobed:  filaments  membranaceous,  pilose,  shorter  than  the  anthers:  style  in- 
closed, pilose;  s'igmas  3,  filiform:  capsule  long-prismatic,  3-celled,  3-valved. 

Clintonia.  Calyx  superior,  5-sepalled,  sub-equal:  corol  2-lipped,  lower  lip  wedge- 
form,  3-lobed,  upper  one  erect,  2-parted;  stamens  in  the  tube,  connate  incurved;  an- 
thers connate,  two  bristle-bearing  at  the  apex:  germ  silique-form,  triangular,  contorted, 
1-celled:  capsule  dr}',  many-seeded. 

Lobelia.  Calyx  Scleft:  corol  irregular,  often  irregularly  slitted:  anthers  cohering, 
and  somewhat  curved:  stigma  2-Iobed:  capsule  2  or  3-celled.  (cardinal  flower, 
wild  tobacco.)  &'. 

DiERViLLA.  Calyx  oblong,  5-cleft,  with  2  bracts:  corol  5-cleft,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  funnel-form:  border  5-cleft,  spreading:  stigma  capitate:  capsule  oblong,  4-cell- 
ed,  naked,  many-seeded,     (bush  honeysuckle.)  S. 

Southern. 

PiNCKNEYA.  Calyx  5-parted,  1  or  2  of  the  divisions  large,  bract-like:  corol  long, 
tubular;  border  re-curved:  stamens  exsert:  capsule  roundish,  2  or  4-valved,  with  con- 
trary partitions:   seed  winged. 

Chiococca.  Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  funnel-form,  equal:  berry  compressed,  twinn- 
ed, 2-seeded:  seed  oblong,  compressed. 

PsYCHOTRiA.  Tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  crowned:  limb  short,  5-lobed,  5-toothed  or 
sub-entire:  corol  funnel-form,  short,  5-cleft;  throat  bearded:  stigma  2-cleft:  berry 
drupe-like. 

C  Seeds  in  a  herrij. ) 

LoNicERA.  Caprifolium.  Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  tubular,  long  5-cleft,  unequal: 
stamens  exsert:  stigmas  globose:  berry  2  or  3-celled,  distinct;  seeds  many,  (trumpet 
honeysuckle.)  S. 

Xylosteum.  Calyx  5-toothed  with  2  connate  bracts:  corol  tubular;  border  5  parted, 
nearly  equal:  berries  in  pairs,  united  at  their  bases,  or  combined  in  one;  2-celled.  (fly 
honeysuckle,  twin- berry.) 

Symphoricarpus.  Calyx  globose,  tubular;  limb  small  4  or  5-toothed:  corol  funnel- 
form  sub-equal  4  or  5-lobed:  stamens  a  little  exsert:  stigma  half-globose:  germ  adnate, 
4-celled;  berry  crowned  with  the  calyx. 


48  CLASS    V.       ORDER    I. 

Symphoria.  Calyx  small,  4-toothed,  2-bracted  at  the  base:  corol  tubular,  ehort, 
5-cleft,  sub-equal:  stigma  globose;  berry  ovate,  small,  crowned  with  the  permanent 
calyx,  4-celled,  4-seeded;  (sometimes  two  of  the  cells  are  abortive. )     S. 

Triosteum.  Calyx  permanent,  of  the  length  of  the  corol,  5-cleft,  with  linear  divi- 
sions: corol  tubular,  5-lobed,  sub-equal,  gibbous  at  the  base:  stigma  capitate,  sub-5- 
lobed:  beiry  3-celled,  3-seeded.     (feverwort,  horse  ginseng.)  6'. 

Exotic. 
MiRABiLis.     Corol  funnel-form,  coarctate   (compressed  or  narrowed)  below:  calyx 
inferior:  germ  between  the  calyx  and  corol:  stigma  globular,     (four  o'clock.) 

D.     Floicers  5-petallcd,  inferior. 
(Seed  in  a  capsule. ) 

Itea.  Calyx  5-cleft,  minute,  bearing  the  4  long  linear  reflexed  petals:  stigma 
capitate,  2-lobed:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded;  the  valves  bearing  the 
seeds,  and  having  inflexed  margins.     & 

Impatiens.  Calyx  2-sepalled,  deciduous;  corol  irregular,  spurred:  anthers  cohering 
at  the  top:  capsule  5-valved,  bursting  elastically  when  ripe,  (touch-me-not,  jewel- 
weed.)  S. 

Viola.  Calyx  5-sepalled  or  deeply  5-cleft:  corol  irregular,  with  a  horn  behind: 
(sometimes  the  horn  is  wanting  or  a  mere  prominence)  anthers  attached  by  a  mem- 
branous tip,  or  slightly  cohering:  capsule  1-celled,  3- valved.     (violet.)     &. 

loNiDiuM.  Ionia,  (from  Viola.)  Calyx  5-sepalled,  with  bases  extended:  corol 
somewhat  2-lipped,  not  spurred:  stigma  simple:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved;  seeds  on 
the  middle  valve. 

Claytonia.  Sepals  2,  or  calyjt  2-parted,  the  leaves  valve-like:  corol  5-petalled, 
•emarginate:.stigma  3-cleft;  capsule  l-celled,  3-valved,  3  to  5-seeded.    (spring  beauty.) 

Ceanothds.  Petals  scale-like,  vaulted:  claws  long,  standing  in  the  5-cleft,  cup- 
form  calyx:  stigmas  3:  berry  or  capsule  dry,  3-grained,  3-celled,  3-seeded,  3-parted, 
opening  on  the  inner  side.     (New  Jersey  tea.)  <S'. 

EuoNYMUs.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  flat:  corol  flat,  inserted  on  the  outer  margin 
of  a  glandular  disk:  capsule  5-angled,  5-celled,  5-valved,  colored;  cells  2-lobed;  seeds 
calyptred  or  arilled.     (spindle  tree.)  S. 

Celastrus.  Calyx  5-lobed,  flat:  corol  spreading;  capsule  obtusely  3-angled,  3- 
celled,  berry-like;  valves  bearing  the  partitions  on  their  centres;  cells  1  or  2-seeded; 
stamens  standing  around  a  glandular  5-toothed  disk:  style  thick:  stigma  3-cleft;  seeds 
calyptred  or  arilled.     (staff  tree,  false  bittersweet. ) 

Exotic. 

GoMPHRENA.  Sepals  5,  colored,  outer  3  conniving,  keeled:  petals  5,  villose:  nectary 
cylindric,  5-toothed:  capsule  opening  transversely,  1-seeded:  style  semi-bifid,  (ba- 
chelor's buttons.) 

Southern. 

Cyrilla.  Calyx  minute,  sub-turbinate,  5-parted:  petals  5,  stellate:  stigmas  2  or 
3:  capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,  not  opening;  seed  ovate,  attached  to  the  summit  of  a 
columella  by  a  filament. 

Pickeringa.  Calyx  small,  5-parted,  inferior:  petals  5:  anthers  sagittate:  style  sim- 
ple: capsule  1-celled,  sub-globose,  many-seeded. 

Galax.  Erythrorhiza.  Solandra.  Calyx  5-parted,  permanent:  corol  twice  as 
lorigas  the  calyx,  5-petalled,  affixed  to  the  base  of  the  stamens;  anther-bearing  tube 
10-cleft,  the  5  shorter  segments  bearing  the  anthers:  stigma  3-lobed:  capsule  3-celled, 
3-valved;  seeds  many,  affixed  to  the  columella. 

(Seed  in  a  berry.) 

Rhamnus.  Calyx  cup-form,  4  to  5-cleft:  corol  consists  of  scales  fencing  in,  or  op- 
posite to,  the  stamens,  and  inserted  on  the  calyx,  (sometimes  wanting:)  stigma  2  or 
4-cleft;  berry  3  or  4-seeded,  (sometimes  polygamous  or  dioecious.)  (buck-thorn, 
dwarf  alder. )  S. 

ViTis.  Calyx  5-toothed,  minute:  petals  cohering  at  the  tip,  hood-like,  withering: 
styles  0:  stigma  obtuse,  capitate:  berry  5-seeded,  globular,  seeds  sub-cordate.  Often 
dioecious,     (grape  vine.)  »S'. 


CLASS    V,       ORDER    II.  49 

AiwPELorsis.  Cissus.  Calyx  minute,  4 or  Smoothed:  petals  reflexed,  spreading,  4 
or  5,  unconnected  above,  calyx-like,  caducous:  germs  surrounded  with  a  glandular 
disk;  berry  2-celled,  2  to  4-seeded.     (false  grape,  creeper.)  <S. 

Stypho^ia.  Sepals  7  to  9,  with  bracteoies  at  the  base:  petals  5,  oblong,  slightly 
unguiculate,  of  the  same  texture  as  the  sepals,  pubescent  within  near  the  base:  style 
short,  stigma  minute,  3-lobed:  fruit  a  dry  flattened  drupe;  nut  compressed,  long, 
1-celled,  1-seeded. 

E.     Flowers  o-petalled,  superior. 

RiBES.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-clefl,  sometimes  flat:  corol  and  stamens  inserted  on  the 
calyx:  style  2-cleft;  berry  many-seeded,     (currant,  gooseberry.)  <S'. 

Exotici 
Hedera.     Petals  oblong;  berry  5-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx:  style  simple. 
(European  ivy.) 

F.     Carols  wanting^ 

Thesium.  Comandra.  Calyx  superior,  half  5-cleft,  with  petal-like  edging  attached 
to  its  margin:  anthers  adhering  to  the  edging  by  means  of  filamentous  tufts:  nut  or 
capsule  1-seeded,  covered  with  the  permanent  calyx,     (false  toadflax.)  S. 

Anychia.     Paronychia.     Queria.     Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  slightly  concave, 
sub-saccate  at  the  apex,  sub-mucronate  on  the  back;  petals  none;  stamens  2  to  5, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals;  styles  very  short,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base; . 
utricle  enclosed  in  the  calyx;  1-seeded. 

Paronychia.  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base,  persistent,  cuspidate  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  cucullate  or  concave  at  the  summit:  petal  0:  utricle  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the 
calyx. 

SiPHONYCHtA.  Sepals  5,  linear,  petaloid  above,  cohering  into  a  tube  below,  slightly 
concave  at  the  apex,  unawned:  nectaries  5:  style  filiform;  minutely  bifid  at  the  apex: 
utricle  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Glaux.  Calyx  inferior,  bell-form,  5-lobed,  colored:  capsule  globose,  acuminate, 
1-celled,  5  valved,  5-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx:  receptacle  rounded  and  punc- 
tured,    (sea  milkwort.) 

Petalanthera.  Calyx  superior,  10-parted:  anthers  arrow-form,  inserted  under  the 
apex  of  petal-like  filaments:  style  bears  a  sub-2-lobed  stigma:  capsule  cylindrical,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded. 

Exotic. 

Celosia.  Sepals  3,  like  a  5-petalled  corol:  stamens  united  at  the  base  by  a  plaited 
nectary:  capsule  opening  horizontally:  style  2  or  3-cleft. 

*Queria,  Prinos,  Polygormm,  Ledum,  Geniiana,  Cassia,  Passiflora,  Lycium. 

Order  II.     Dygynia. 

A.     Corol  Upetalled,  inferior. 

[Plants  yj'iih  follicles  are  removed  to  class  gynandria,  order peniandria.^ 

Gentiana.  Calyx  4  or  5-cleft:  corol  with  a  tubular  base,  bell-form,  without  pores, 
4  or  5-cleft:  stigmas  2,  sub-sessile:  capsule  1-celled,  oblong;  columellas  2,  longitudi- 
nal: stamens  but  4,  when  the  divisions  of  corol  are  4.     (gentian.) 

Cdsccta.  Calyx  4  or  5'cleft:  corol  4  or  5-cleft,  sub-campanulale,  withering:  cap 
sule  2-celled,  dividing  transversely  at  the  base;  seeds  binate:  stamens  sometimes  4. 
(dodder.) 

Southern. 

Gelseminum.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  very  small:  corol  funnel-form,  border  spreading, 
5-lobed,  nearly  equal:  capsule  compressed,  flat,  2-partible,  2-celled:  seeds  flat,  at- 
tached to  the  margins  of  the  valves. 

Hydrolea.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  wheel-form  or  bell-form:  anthers  cordate,  and 
their  filaments  cordate  at  the  base:  styles  long,  diverging;  stigmas  head-peltate:  cap- 
sule 2-celled,  2-valved. 

Dichondra.  Calyx  5-parted;  segments  spatulate:  corol  short,  bell-form,  5-parted: 
stigma  head-peltate:  capsule  sub-compressed,  twinned,  2-celled,  1-seeded;  seeds  glo- 
bose. 

7 


60  CLAES    V.       ORDER    II. 

EvoLvuLUS.  Calyx  5-partecl,  corol  bell- wheel-form,  with  sub-emarginate  lobes:  styles 
2,  deeply  2-cleft,  with  diverging  capillary  divisions:  stigma  simple:  capsule  2-celled, 
4-valved,  2  to  4-seeded. 

B.     Corol  ^-petalkd. 

DnuMMONDiA.  Calyx  obconic,  tubular,  adnale  to  the  germ,  tlie  limb  5-cleft  into  tri- 
angular lobes,  valve-like,  and  at  length  reflexed:  petals  5,  pinnatifid,  Iternating  with 
the  lobes  of  the  calyx:  stigmas  2,  spreading,  2-lobed:  capsule  1-celled,  2  valved  at 
the  apex,  opening  long  before  the  seed  is  ripe. 

Heuchera.  Calyx  inferior,  5-clefl:  corol  on  the  calyx;  petals  small:  capsule  2- 
beaked,  2-cel!ed,  many-seeded,     (alum-root.)  (S. 

Panax.  Polygamous.  Umbelled.  Involucre  many-leafed:  calyx  5-toothed  in  the 
perfect  flower,  superior:  berry  heart-form,  2  or  3-seeded:  calyx,  in  Ihe  staminate  flower, 
entire,     (ginseng.; 

C.     Corol  iranling. 

Atriplex.  Polygamous.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  or  5-parted,  inferior;  style  2-parted: 
seed  1,  vertical;  fruit  depressed.  Pistillate  flowers  are  intermixed,  in  which  the  calyx 
is  2-sepalled  or  2-parted.     (orache.)  iS'. 

Chenopodium.  Calyx  5-parted,  obtusely  5-angled,  inferior:  style  deeply  2-clefl: 
utricle  thin,  horizontal,  invested  by  the  calyx:  seed  1,  lens-like,  (pigweed,  oak  of 
Jerusalem.)  &'. 

Salsola.  Perianth  5-cleft,  permanent,  enveloping  the  fruit  with  its  base,  and 
crowning  it  with  its  enlarged  limb:  styles  2:  embryo  spiral,     (saltwort.)  S. 

Ulmus.  Calyx  bell-form,  withering;  border  4  to  5-clefl:  seed  1,  enclosed  in  a  flat 
membranaceous  samara.     (Stamens  vary  from  4  to  8.)     (elm.)  -S. 

Celtis.  Polygamous.  Perfect  flowers  have  the  calyx  5-parted:  styles  thickish, 
spreading:  drupe  1 -seeded:  staminate  flowers  beneath  the  perfect  ones,  with  6-parted 
calyxes:  stamens  often  6.     (nettle-tree.)  -S'. 

Exotic. 

Beta.  Sepals  5:  seed  kidney-form,  within  the  fleshy  substance  of  the  base  of  the 
calyx,     (beet.) 

tiouthcm. 

KocHiA.  Calyx  inferior, ^bell-form,  5-cleft,  forming  a  permanent  band  around  the 
fruit,  somewliat  resembling  5  petals:  corol  none:  styles  short,  stigmas  2  or  3,  long 
simple:  seed  incurveid. 

Planera.  Polygamous.  Calj-x  membranaceous,  sub-cam panulate,  4  or  5-clefl: 
corol  none:  stigmas  2,  oblong,  glandular,  recurved:  capsule  (nut)  sub-globose,  mem- 
branaceous, 1-celled,  nut  opening,  smooth  or  scaly,  1 -seeded,  not  winged. 

D.     Plants  idiich  bear  flowers  in  Umbels;  corals  superior  and  5-petallcd:  carpels  two. 
(  Carpels  with.  3  ribs,  nearly  equal. ) 

Hydkocotyle.  Crantzia.  Euigenia.  Carpels  3-ribbed,  flat;  dorsal  rib  sometimes 
obsolete;  joining  sides  flat,  linear:  germ  sub-orbicular  or  reniform,  compressed  laterally; 
styles  short:  stigmas  capitate;  perianth  none:  petals  entire,  spreading:  involucres  va- 
rious,    (pennywort.)  .S*. 

Erigenia.  Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete;  petals  equal,  entire,  obovate,  expanded: 
style  permanent,  subulate,  very  long:  fruit  oval,  somewhat  compressed:  the  half-fruit 
gihbously  convex,  3  ribbed:  j6ining  edges  narrow,  flat,  not  edged  with  a  margin. 

CEnakthe.  Carpels  3-ribbed,  (rarely  5-ribbed;)  styles  permanent:  germ  oblong- 
ovate,  corticate,  solid;  apex  denticulate:  perianth  slenderly  5-toothed:  petals  of  the 
disk,  florets  of  the  umbel,  cordate-inflexed,  sub-equal;  those  of  the  ray-florets  large 
and  deformed:  general  involucre  mostly  wanting,     (water  dropwort.) 

Exotic. 
Carum.     Seeds  oblong-ovate,  striate:  petals  carinate,  emarginate,   inflexed:  invo- 
lucre about  1-leaved.     (caraway.) 

(  Carpels  prickly  or  hispid. ) 

Sanicui.a.  Carpels  hispid,  with  hooked  prickles:  calyx  5-parted,  permanent:  um- 
bel sub-simple,  capitate:  involucre  few-flowered,     (sanicle.)  iS. 


CLASS    V.       ORDER    11,  51 

Eryngium.  Fruit  oval-oblong,  with  cliafF-like  scales,  often  hispid:  calyx  G-parted 
permanent:  petals  oblong,  inflexed  at  the  apex  and  adnate  at  the  base:  flowers  sessile, 
capitate,  intermixed  with  chaff:  involucre  many-leaved,  sub-spinous.     (sea  holly.)  S. 

Daucus,  Carpels  striate  on  their  joining  sides;  outer  sides  convex,  having. hispid 
ribs;   involucre  pinnalifid;  flowers  sub-radiated,  abortive  in  the  disk,     (carrot.)    .S'. 

OsMouHiZA.  Uraspermum.  Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete:  petals  ovate,  scarcely 
emarginate  with  a  very  short  inflexed  point:  fruit  elongated,  alternate  at  the  base, 
acute-angled,  in  the  tranverse  section  roundish:  carpels  with  hispid  angles  and  5 
acute  ribs;  commissure  sulcate:  general  involucre  2  or  IMeaved;  partial  ones  5-leaved: 
the  flowers  all  white  with  the  central  ones  barren,  and  the  outer  ones  fertile,  (svveet- 
cicilj-. )  This  genus  has  run  the  round  of  Uraspermum,  jMyrrhis,  Chaerophyllum, 
and  Scandix. 

Chaerophyllum.  Uraspermum.  Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete:  petals  obovate, 
emarginate,  inflexed:  fruit  not  beaked,  lateially  compressed:  carpels  with  5-obtuse, 
equal  ribs — lateral  ribs  margined:  general  involucre  few-leaved;  partial  one  many- 
leaved:  flowers  white  or  reddish. 

(  Carpels  icitli  5  ribs,  nearly  equal,  or  none. ) 

CicuTA.  Carpels  gibbous-convex:  ribs  5,  obtuse,  converging,  with  intervening 
tuberculate  grooves  and  prominences:  joining  sides  flat;  germ  sub-globose,  corticate, 
compressed  laterally:  calyx  obsolete,  5-toothed:  petals  cordate  inflexed;  partial  invo- 
lucres 5  or  6-leaved,  or  wanting,     (water  hemlock. )  »S'. 

Co.MUM.  Carpels  5-ribbed:  ribs  at  first  crenate  with  flat  intervals  between  them; 
germ  ovate,  gibbous:  perianth  entire;  petals  unequal,  cordate,  inflexed:  general  invo- 
lucre about  3  to  5-leaved;  partial  ones  mostly  3-leaved,  unilateral,  (poison  hem- 
lock.) 

EuLOPHUs.  Calyx  5-toothed  at  the  margin,  deciduous:  fruit  subcontracted  at  the 
side,  ribs  somewhat  prominent:  joining  edges  bearing  4  similar  marginal  wings:  car- 
pels crescent-like,  plant  glal)rous;  umbel  10-rayed. 

ZiziA.  Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete  or  very  short-5-toothed*  petals  oval,  tapering 
into  a  long  point:  fruit  contracted  from  the  side,  roundish  or  oval;  carpels  terete-con- 
vex, a  little  flattish  before.     Flowers  yellow. 

In  the  UmbellifersB  exotics  are  not  designated. 

Apium.  Carpels  convex  externally;  ribs  5,  small,  a  little  prominent:  germ  sub- 
globose:  perianth  entire;  petals  equal,  roundish,  inflexed  at  the  apex;  involucre  1  to 
o-leaved  or  wanting,     (celery,  parsley.) 

Helosciadium.  Calyx  with  a  margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete:  petals  ovate,  entire: 
styles  short:  fruit  compressed  at  the  side,  ovate  or  oblong,  with  lateral  margins;  car- 
pels gibbosely  or  teretely  convex,  flattish  before.     Flowers  white. 

DiscoPLEURA.  Calyx  with  5  subulate  permanent  teeth;  petals  ovate,  entire,  folded 
a  little  at  the  apex:  fruit  ovate,  often  paired;  ribs  always  five:  dorsal  3  filiform,  ex- 
sert,  sub-acute;  2  laterals  with  a  thick  accessory  margin;  carpels  teretish. 

Leptocaulis.  Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete:  petals  ovate,  entire:  style  short, 
peruianent:  fruit  compressed  at  the  side,  ovate;  carpels  convex  outside,  flattish:  fruit 
covering  bifid  at  the  apex:   stem  terete,  and  leaves  many-cleft. 

SisoN.  Ammi.  Carpels  5-ribbed,  ovate,  solid;  intervals  convex;  sides  contracted; 
general  involucre  wanting,  and  sometimes  the  partial  also,     (bishop  weed.)  S. 

Cryptotaenia.  Calyx  with  tiie  margin  obsolete;  petals  obovate  sub-entire  narrow- 
ing into  .an  inflexed  point;  fruit  contracted  at  the  side,  linear-oblong  with  a  short 
slender  foot-stem  and  crowned  with  a  straight  style;  and  having  many  edging  fillets, 
concealed  or  nearly  so;  fruit  covering  bifid  at  the  apex.  Plant  glabrous;  leaves  3-cleft, 
segments  curve-tonthed. 

SiCM.  Carpels  ovate,  gibbous-convex,  5-ribbed,  with  4  intervening  grooves:  germ 
oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  compressed  laterally:  perianth  obsolete:  petals  cordate,  in- 
flexed; involucres  many-leaved,  entire,     (water  parsnip.)  S. 

BuPLEURUM.  Fruit  ovate-oblong,  gibbose,  obtuse,  with  prominent,  acute,  abrupt 
ribs,  with  flat  interstices  and  contracted  juncture:  calyx  none  or  scarcely  any:  petals 
equal,  broadish,  involute;  styles  short. 

Atrema.  Teeth  of  the  "calyx  5,  acute,  small,  permanent;  petals  obovate,  emar- 
ginate, with  sub  equal  inflexed  divisions;  fruit  sub-didymous,  sub-globose,  ventricose, 
marked  with  5  prominent  ribs. 

CoRiANDKUM.  Carpels  sub-spherical;  germ  spherical:  perianth  5-toothed:  petals 
cordate-inflexed,  outer  ones  largest;  involucre  1-leaved,  or  wanting,     (coriander.) 


62  CLASS    V.       ORDER.    III. 

Carpels  icith  winged  orfilletted  margins;  or  thin  dorsal  fillet-like  ribs. 

Angelica.  Carpels  with  3  ribs  on  their  baclis,  and  winged  margins:  intervals 
between  the  ribs  grooved:  germ  oyal,  corticate;  general  involucre  none,     (angelica.) 

Ferula.  Calyx  minute  entire:  petals  oblong,  sub-equal:  fruit  sub-oval,  compressed, 
flat,  wing-margined:  caipels  with  3  dorsal  lines;  intervals  and  joining  sides  striate; 
general  involucre  caducous,  partial  ones  manj-leaved. 

AiVETHUM.  Carpels  flat  or  convex,  5-ribbed:  germ  lenticular,  compressed;  calyx  and 
petals  entire:  involucres  none,     (fennel,  dill.) 

Archemora.  Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed:  petals  obcordate  with  inflexed 
divisions:  'fruit  compressed  at  the  back;  sides  dilate  into  a  membranaceous  margin 
rather  broader  than  the  seed.  Leaves  pinnatifid.  No  general  involucre,  but  many- 
leaved  partial  ones..     Flowers  white. 

Pastinaca.  Carpels  emarginateat  the  apex,  somewhat  winged;  ribs  3  besides  the 
wings;  intervals  striate;  joining  sides  2-striate:  germ  oval,  compressed:  perianth- 
calyx  entire:  petals  entire,  incurved,  sub-equal:  involucre   none,     (parsnip.) 

Carpels  with  wing-like  ribs. 

Heraclecm.  Carpels  with  winged  margins,  and  3  ribs  on  the  back,  obtuse,  and  3 
grooves  on  their  outer  sides,  with  tlie  intervals  dotted  half  way  down;  joining  sides 
flat,  with  2  dots;  germ  oval,  emarginate  at  the  apex:  petals  emarginate,  inflexed: 
general  involucre  none,  partial  involucre  3  to  7-leaved:  flowers  somewhat  radiated, 
(cow  parsley. ) 

PoLVTiEN'iA.  Calyx  5-toothed:  petals  oval,  emarginate,  with  inflexed  divisions: 
fruit  oval,  compressed  from  its  lenticular  back,  very  glabrous  with  a  smooth  tumid 
margin;  a  pair  of  dorsal  fillets  between  the  pair  of  carpels. 

Feucedanusi.  Calyx  minute,  5-toothed:  petals  oblong,  incurved,  equal:  fruit  oval, 
compressed,  surrounded  with  a  winged  margin,  having  5  striae  on  each  carpel,  and 
elevated  intervals,  joining  sides  flat,     (sulphur  wort.) 

Trepocarpus.  Ca^x  5-toothed;  teeth  subulate:  petals  obcordate,  with  inflexed 
margins:  fruit  pyramid-angled:  commissure  thick,  furrowed  in  the  middle,  fiUetted 
within. 

Cymoptercs.  Calyx  minutely  5-toothed:  petals  round-oval,  inflexed  at  the  apex: 
fruit  sub-oval,  compressed,  7or8-winged;  wings  undulated;  joining  sides  naked. 
Plant  smooth,  low,  root  perennial.     Umbel  with  4  to  6  short  rays.     Sub-polygamous. 

Cynosciadium.  Calyx  with  5  permanent  subulate  teeth:  petals  sub-obovate,  obtuse, 
entire,  flat:  fruit  oval-oblong  or  ovate,  tapering  to  the  apex— the  slender  foot  is  coni- 
cal permanent,  and  the  style  is  very  short  and  reflexed;  lateral  margins  two.  Plant 
glabrous:  stem  angled. 

Seseli.  Umbel  globose:  margin  of  the  calyx  5-toothed:  petals  obovate:  fruit  oval 
or  oblong,  crowned  with  a  reflexed  style. 

Cnidium.  Selinom.  Carpel  ovate,  solid;  ribs  5,  acute,  somewhat  winged;  inter- 
vals furrowed,  striate:  general  involucre  wanting,  partial,  1-leaved,  or  none. 

Thaspium.  Calyx  5-toothed  at  the  margin:  petals  oval,  tapering  into  long  inflexed 
apexes:  fruit  not  contracted  at  the  side,  sub-oval;  wings  sub-equal  filletted  at  the  join- 
ing edges;  carpel  terete.     No  general  involucre,  partial  ones  3-leaved. 

LiGUSTicuin.  Carpels  with  5  acute  ribs  and  4  intervening  grooves:  germ  oblong, 
corticate;  general  and  partial  involucres  many-leaved,     (lovage, )  iS. 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 

A.     Flowers  superior. 

ViBCRNDM.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-toothed,  small:  corol  bell-form  5-clefl,  with  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  lobes:  stigmas  almost  sessile:  berry  or  drupe  1-seeded.  (snowball, 
sheep-berry,  high  cranberry.)  S. 

Sambucus.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  small:  corol  sub-riKieolate,  or  sub-rotate,  5- 
cleft:  stigma  minute,  sessile:  berry  globose,  1-celled,  3-seeded.     (elder.)  S. 

B.     Flowers  inferior. 

Rhus.  Calyx  5-parted:  petals  5:  berry  1-seeded,  small,  sub-globular,  (sumac, 
poison-ivy.)  S. 

Staphylea.  Calyx  5-parted,  colored:  petals  5  on  the  margin  of  a  glandular  5- 
angled  disk:  capsules  inflated,  connate;  nuts  globular,  having  a  cicatrice,  1  or  2  re- 


CLASS    VI.       ORDER    I.  53 

maining  in  each  capsule,  though  several  appear  as  rudiments  while  in  bloom,     (blad- 
dernut.)  S. 

Southern. 

TuRNKRA.  Calyx  5-cioft,  funnel-form,  often  witli  bracts  at  tlie  base:  petals  5  with 
claws,  inserted  on  the  calyx:  stigmas  inany-cleft:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved. 

Lepuropetai-on.  Culyx  5-parled:  petals  5  resembling  scales,  inserted  into  the 
calyx:  cai)sule  free  near  llie  summit,  1-cclled,  1-valved. 

LoEFLi.NGiA.  Sepals  5  united  at  the  base,  subulate,  cuspidate,  the  three  exterior 
with  a  seti-form  appendage  on  each  side  near  the  base:  petals  5,  very  minute,  conni- 
vent;  stamens  3  to  5;  styles  3,  distinct  or  united  below,  sometimes  almost  none:  cap- 
sule 1-celled,  many  seeded. 

Merkia.  Sepals  5;  petals  5,  unguiculate,  entire;  styles  3;  capsule  sessile,  inflat- 
ed, depressed-globose  and  umbilicated,  grooved,  imperfectly  3-celled;  3-valved;  seeds 
numerous,  minute. 

Meconella.  Sepals  3;  petals  5  to  6;  stamens  4  to  6;  filaments  membranaceous, 
dilated  upwards;  anthers  very  short,  the  cells  disjoined;  stigmas  3,  rarely  4,  linear, 
very  short  sessile;  capsule  1-celled,  pod-shaped,  slender,  3  rarely  4  valved:  valves  flat, 
1-nerved,  dehiscent  from  the  apex  to  the  base;  seeds  numerous,  smooth  and  shining, 
sub-globose. 

*Polygonum,  Arenaria,  Hypericum,  Panax. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 

Parnassia.  Calyx  inferior,  permanent,  5-paited:  corol  5-petalled:  nectaries  5-fring- 
ed,  witli  stamen-like  divisions  with  globular  tips:  stigmas  sessile:  capsule  4-valved,  1 
or2-celled:   seed  membranaceous-margined.     (parnassus   grass,  flowering  plantain.) 

Order  V.     Pentagynia. 

Aralia.  Umbellets  involucred;  perianth  5-toothed,  superior:  petals  5:  stigmas 
sessile,  sub-globose:  (oblong)  berry  crowned,  5-celled;  cells  1-seeded.  (spikenard, 
wild  sarsapanlla. )    S. 

Statice.  Calyx  1-sepalled,  entire,  plaited,  scarious,  inferior;  corol  5-petalled:  cap- 
sule 1-seeded,  valyeless,  covered  with  the  permanent  calyx,     (marsh  rosemary.)  S. 

LiNUM.  Calyx  5-sepalled  or  5-parted,  permanent:  corol  5-petalled,  inferior,  with 
claws:  capsule  5  or  10-valved,  10-celled:  seeds  solitary,  ovate,  compressed:  filaments 
spreading  or  united  at  tlie  base,     (flax.)  S. 

SiEBALDiA.  Calyx  lU-cleft,  with  tiie  alternating  segments  narrower:  petals  5,  in- 
serted in  the  calyx:  styles  attached  to  the  germ  laterally:  nuts  5,  in  the  bottom  of 
the  calyx.     &'. 

*Spergula.     Cerastium. 

Order  VI.     Hexagykia. 

Drosera.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply 5-cleft,  permanent;  petals  5,  marcescent:  anthers 
adnate:  styles  6,  or  one  deeply  divided:  capsule  round,  1  or  3-celled,  many-seeded; 
valves  equalling  the  number  of  stigmas,  (sundew.)  The  leaves  of  all  the  species 
are  beset  wiih  glandular  hairs  resembling  dew.     <S'. 

Order  XII.     Polygynia. 

Myosurus.     Petals  5,  with  tubular,  honey-bearing  claws:  calyx  spurred  at  the  base. 
Xanthorhiza.     Calyx  0:  petals  5:  nectaries  5,  pedicelled:  capsule  half  2-valved, 
1-seeded:  stamens  5 — 10.     (yellow-root.)  S. 

CLASS  VI.    HEXANDRIA. 

Order  I.     Monogynia. 

A.     Flowers  having  a  perianth  and  corol,  without  a  spathe. 

Tradescantia.  Calyx  inferior,  3-sepalled;  corol  3-petalled;  filaments  with  jointed 
beards:  capsules  3-celied,  many-seeded,     (spider-wort.)  S. 

Leontice.  Caulophyllum.  Calyx  inferior,  3  to  6-sepalled,  caducous:  nectaries  6, 
sub-reniform,  fleshy,    glutinous  at  the  margin,  attached  to  the  claws  of  the  petals: 


64  CLASS    Vr.       ORDER    I. 

seed  naked,  elevated  on  a  stipe,  after  having  burst  its  caducous  pericarp.     The  seed 
was  formerly  taken  for  a  drupe,  until  Brown  detected  the  error.     (Poppooseroot.)  S. 

Vancouveria.  Sepals  G,  oblong-,  thin  and  membranaceous,  with  3 — 9  bracteoles 
at  base,  caducous;  petals  0,  reflexed;  nectaries  G,  opposite  the  petals,  linear  spatulate: 
ovary  follicle-shaped,  ovules  numerous. 

Berbeuis.  Mahonia.  Sepals  inferior:  petals  G,  with  2  glands  at  the  claw  of  each: 
style  0:  berry  1-celled,  2  or  4-seeded:  (stigma  umbilicate:  stamens  spring  up  on  being 
irritated.)     (barberry.)  S. 

Prinos.  Calyx  inferior,  6-cleft,  small:  corol  wheel-form,  6-cleft  or  G-parted:  berry 
6-seeded:  seeds  nut-like,     (winter-berry.)  S. 

Flcerkea.  Sepals  3,  inferior:  corol  3-petalled,  shorter:  style  2-cleft:  capsule  blad- 
der-like, 2  or  3-grained.     (lalse  mermaid.) 

Cleome.  Sepals  4,  distinct,  or  sometimes  more  or  less  united  below:  petals  4:  re- 
ceptacle minute  or  nearly  hemispherical:  stamens  sometimes  4,  often  unequal:  pod 
linear  or  oblong,  sub-sessile  or  raised  on  a  stipe. 

Gynandropsis.  Sepals  4,  distinct,  spreading:  petals  4:  receptacle  linear,  elongated: 
stamens  with  the  lower  part  of  the  filaments,  adnate  to  the  receptacle  its  whole 
length;  pod  linear-oblong,  raised  on  a  long  stipe,  which  rises  from  the  top  of  the 
receptacle. 

Cristatella.  Sepals  4,  somewhat  united  at  the  base,  spreading:  petals  4,  on  fili- 
form claws,  fimbriate-tootlied,  or  laciniate,  the  two  lower  mucli  smaller:  receptacle 
minute,  bearing  a  conspicuous  tubular  and  truncate  petaloid  nectary,  between  the  ovary 
and  the  upper  sepal:  stamens  G  to  14,  filaments  nearly  equal,  declined:  ovary  declined; 
style  filiform;   pod  linear-slipitate. 

Isomeris.  Sepals  4,  united  below,  somewhat  spreading,  marcescent:  petals  4,  ob- 
long, sessile,  regular:  receptac]^  fleshy,  sub-hemispherical,  produced  into  a  small 
dilated  appendage  on  the  upper  side:  stamens  equal,  much  exserted:  capsule  large, 
obovate  elliptical,  coriaceous,  indehiscent,  stipitate,  crowned  witli  the  very  short  sub- 
ulate style:  seeds  several,  very  large,  smooth. 

Cleomella.  Sepals  4,  very  small,  distinct,  spreading;  petals  4,  sub-spatulate,  sub- 
sessile:  receptacle  short,  oblong:  pod  obovate-rhomboidal,  4 — G  seeded,  raised  on  a 
filiform  stipe. 

So2ilhei-n. 

TiLLANDsiA.  Calyx  3-cleft,  sub-convolute,  permanent:  corol  3-cleft,  bell  tubular: 
capsule  1  to  3-celled:  seed  comose. 

DiPHYLLiA.  Sepals  3,  caducous:  petals  6,  opposite  to  the  divisions  of  the  calyx: 
anthers  adhering  to  the  filaments,  with  cells  opening  longitudinally:  berry  1-celled: 
seeds  2  or  3,  roundish. 

B.     Floiccrs  having  a  spathe  or  glume,  icilhout  a  perianth. 

Amaryllis.  Corol  superior,  G-petalled,  unequal:  filaments  unequal  in  proportion 
or  direction,  declined,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  tube,     (damask  lily.)  S. 

Allium.  Spathe  many-flowered:  corol  inferior,  6-parted,  very  deeply  divided: 
divisions  ovate,  spreading:  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded:  (flowers  in  close 
umbels  or  heads.)     (leek,  garlic,  onion,  cives.)  S.       , 

Hypoxis.  Glume-like  spathe,  2-valved:  corol  superior,  G-parted,  permanent:  cap- 
sule elongated,  narrow  at  the  base,  3-celled,  many-seeded:  seed  roundish,  (star- 
grass.)  S. 

Pontederia.  Corol  inferior,  6-cleft,  2-lipped,  with  3  longitudinal  perforations  be- 
low: capsule  with  utricles,  fleshy,  3-celled,  many-seeded:  3  stamens  commonly  in- 
serted on  the  tip,  and  three  on  the  tube  of  the  corol.     (pickerel- weed.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Galanthus.  Petals  3,  concave,  superior:  nectaries  (or  inner  petals)  3,  small,  emar- 
ginate:  stigma  simple,     (snowdrop.) 

Narcissus.  Corol  bell-form,  spreading,  6-parted  or  G-petalled,  equal,  superior:  nec- 
tary bell-form,  1-leaved,  inclosing  the  stamens,     (jonquil,  daifodil.) 

Southern. 

Pancratium.  Corol  superior,  funnel-form,  with  a  long  tube:  nectary  12-cleft, 
'bearing  the  stamens. 

Brodi^a.  Corol  inferior,  bell-form,  6-parted;  filaments  inserted  in  the  throat  of 
■the  corol:  germ  pedicelled:  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded. 


CLASS    VI.       ORDER    I.  55 

Ckinum.  Corol  superior,  funnel-form,  half  G-cleft;  lube  filiform;  border spreadingf, 
recurved;  segments  subulate,  channelled:  filaments  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corol, 
separate. 

C.     Floincrs  having  no  calyx. 

CoNosTYi.is.  Corol  more  than  half  inferior,  6-cleft,  permanent,  with  branching 
hairs:  anthers  erect:  style  conic,  3-parted:  stigma  simple:  capsule  opening  at  top, 
3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  S. 

Aletris.  Corol  superior,  funnel-form,  wrinkled,  somewhat  6-clefl:  tlie  stamens 
inserted  at  the  base  of  its  divisions:  style  3-sided,  3-partible:  capsule  3-celled,  many- 
seeded,  half  inferior,  opening  at  the  summit,  when  mature,     (false  aloe.)  (S. 

Agave.  Corol  erect,  s,u])erior,  tubular,  or  funnel-form:  filaments  erect,  longer 
than  the  corol:  capsule  triangular,  many-seeded,     (agave.)  S. 

Phalangiom.  Corolinferior,G-petalled,  spreading:  filaments  smooth:  capsuleovate; 
seeds  angular. 

Narthecium.  Corol  O-petalled,  infeiior,  spreading,  permanent:  filaments  thread- 
form,  hairy:  capsule  prismatic,  3-celled;  seeds  many,  appendaged,  or  long  and  slen- 
der at  both  ends,     (false  aspiiodel.) 

Ornithogalum.  Corol  G-petalled,  inferior,  erect,  permanent,  spreading  above  the 
middle:  filaments  dilated,  or  subulate,  at  the  base:  capsule  roundish,  angled,  3-clleed; 
seed  roundish,  naked,     (star  of  Bethlehem.)  iS'. 

LiLiuM.  Corol  inferior,  liliaceous,  6-petalled:  petals  with  a  longitudinal  line  from 
the  middle  to  the  base:  stamens  shorter  than  the  style;  stigma  undivided:  capsule 
sub-triangular,   wiih  the  valve  connected  by  hairs  crossing,  as  in  a  sieve,     (lily.)  <''^'. 

Erythronium.  Corol  liliaceous,  inferior,  6-petalled;  petals  reflexed,  having  two 
pores  and  two  tubercle-form  i:ectaries  at  the  base  of  the  three  inner  alternate  petals: 
capsule  somewhat  stiped;  seeds  ovate,     (dog-tooth  violet,  or  adder-tongue.)  iS. 

Uvularia.  Corol  inferior,  G-petalled,  with  a  nectariferous  hollow  at  the  base  of 
each  petal:  filaments  very  short,  growing  to  the  anther:  stigmas  reflexed  (perhaps 
on  the  divisions  of  the  style):  capsule  3-cornered,  3-celled,  3-valved;  with  transverse 
partitions:  seeds  many,  sub-globose,  arilled  at  the  hilum.     (bell-wort.)  S. 

Streptopus.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  sub-campanulate:  stigma  very  short:  berry 
sub-globose,  smooth,  3-celled:  seeds  few,  not  arilled  at  the  hilum.  (rose  bellwort.) 
S. 

*Convai,laria.  [Smilacina.  Polygonatum.  Dracjena.]  Corol  inferior,  6-cleft: 
berry  globose,  ii-celled,  spotted  before  ripening.     (Solomon's  seal.)  S. 

Asparagus.  Corol  inferior,  G-cleft  or  G-parted,  erect:  the  3  inner  divisions  reflexed 
at  the  apex:  style  very  short;  stigmas  3;  berry  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded.     (asparagus.) 

Exotic. 

Polyanthus.  Corol  funnel-form,  incurved:  filaments  inserted  in  the  throat:  stigma 
3-cleft;  germ  within  tlie  bottom  of  the  corol.     (tuberose.) 

Hyacinthus.  Corol  roundish  or  bell-form,  equal,  G-cleft;  three  nectariferous  pores 
at  the  top  of  the  germ:  stamens  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  corol:  cells  somewhat 
2-seeded.     (Ijyacinth.) 

TuLiPA.  Corol  G-petalled,  liliaceous:  style  none;  stigma  thick:  capsule  oblong, 
3-sid<d.     (tulip.)  '  < 

Asphodelus.  Corol  6-parted,  spreading:  nectary  covering  the  germ  with  6  valves, 
(king's  spear,  or  as])hodei.) 

Hemerocallis.  Corol  G-parted,  tubular,  funnel-form:  stamens  declined:  stigma 
sinall,  simple,  somewhat villose.     (day-lily.) 

Southern. 

YcccA.  Corol  inferior,  bell-form,  segments  not  nectariferous:  filaments  sub-clavate; 
style  none:  capsule  oblong:  with  3  obtuse  angles,  3-celled,  opening  at  the  summit: 
seeds  flat,     (adam's  needle.) 

Frittillaria.  Corol  inferior,  6-petalled,  bell-form,  with  a  nectariferous  cavity 
above  the  claw  of  each:  stamens  of  the  length  of  the  corol:  seeds  flat,  (crown 
imperial.) 

Scilla.  Corol  6-petalled,  spreading,  caducous:  filaments  thread-form,  attached  to 
the  base  of  the  petals,     (squills.) 

'^I  follow  Dr.  Torry  with  pleasure,  in  bringing  back  these  three  genera  to  the  Con- 
vallaria. 


56  CLASS    VI.       ORDER    III. 

D.     Flowers  incomplete;  having  perianth-like  calyx  or  coral;  hut  neither  in  perfection. 

Orontium.  Receptacle  spadix-like,  cylindric,  covered  with  florets:  spathe  0:  corol 
6-petalled,  naked:  style  0:  capsule  bladder-like,  1-seeded.     (tioaling  arum.)  &'. 

AcoRUS.  Receptacle  spadix-like,  cylindric,  covered  with  florets;  calyx  6-parted, 
naked:  corol  0;  (or  calyx  none,  corol  6-parted  or  6-petalIed:)  style  none;  stigma  a 
mere  point:  capsule  3-celled,  3-seeded.     (sweet  flag. )  8. 

JoNcus.  Glume  or  outer  calyx,  2-valved:  perianth  inferior,  6-leaved,  glume-like 
permanent:  stigmas  3:  capsules  1  or  3-ceIled,  3-valved,  many-seeded;  seeds  attached 
to  a  partition  in  tiie  middle  of  each  valve,     (rush-grass,  bul-rush.)   S. 

LuzuLA.     Glume,  or  outer  calyx,  2-valved;  perianth  6-leaved,  glume-like:  capsule 
3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded;  valves  without  partitions,     (false  rush-grass.)  /S*. 
*Trientalis,  Laurus,  Lythrum,  Corydalie,  Polygonum. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Exotic. 
Oryza.     Glumes  2,  J -flowered:  paleas  2,  adhering  to  the  seed,     (rice.) 

Sovthern. 
OxYRiA.     Perianth  simple,  4-sepalled,  2  inner  ones  largest:  corol  none:  nut  3-sided, 
with  a  broad  membranaceous  margin:  stamens  2  to  6;  stigma  large,  plumose. 

Nectris.  Cabomba.  Calyx  inferior,  G-sepalled:  corol  none:  carpels  3,  not  open- 
ing. The  calyx  may  be  considered  as  6-parted,  and  the  3  inner  divisions  are  petal- 
like,  obtuse,  and  smaller.     The  capsule  is  bladder-like,  1  or  2-celled,  1  or  2-seeded. 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 

Melanthicm.  Polygamous.  Calyx  none:  corol  wheel-form,  6-parted  or  6-petalIed, 
each  part  with  2  glands  at  the  base:  stamens  from  the  lengthened  claws  of  the  petals: 
capsule  ovatish,  somewhat  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  3-celled:  seeds  membrane-winged, 
numerous,     (black-flower.)  S. 

ZiGADENus.  Calyx  6-sepalled,  spreading,  with  2  glands  above  the  narrow  base  of 
each  leaf:  stamens  inserted  in  contact  with  the  germ;  capsule  membranaceous,  3- 
celled,  many-seeded.     (Calyx  is  colored  and  corol-like.)     (zigadene.)  8. 

Veratrum.  Polygamous  or  dioecious.  Calyx  0;  corol  6-parted  or  6-petalled,  ses- 
sile, spreading,  without  glands:  capsules  3-lobed,  many-seeded.  (The  staminate 
flowers  have  the  rudiment  of  a  pistil. )     (ilchweed,  or  swamp  hellebore. )  6'. 

Helonias.  Calyx  0:  corol  6-parted  or  6-petalled,  spreading,  glandless:  styles  dis- 
tinct; capsules  3-celled,  3-horned,  few  seeded,     (helonias.)  iS*. 

Xerophyllum.  Corol  wheel-form,  deeply  6-parted:  filaments  contiguous  at  the 
base:  stigmas  3,  revolute,  sub-connate  at  the  base;  capsule  sub-globose,  opening  at 
the  top  into  three  fissures,  3-celled,  each  2-seeded. 

Tofieldia.  Calyx  3-elefl  or  3-sepalled,  inferior:  petals  6:  anthers  roundish;  styles 
vertical,  short;  capsules  3-lobed,  lobes  joined  at  the  base,  many  seeded.  /S.  ^ 

Schei'chzeria.  Calyx  6-parted,  inierior:  corol  0:  (or  corol  6-parted  and  calyx  0:) 
anthers  linear:  stigmas  sessile,  lateral:  capsules  3-lobed,  inflated,  1  or  2-seeded.  .  (less 
flowering  rush.) 

Triglochin.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  inferior:  corol  3-petalled,  resembling  the  calyx:  (or 
a  double  calyx  with  3  outer  and  3  inner  sepals)  stamens  3  or  6:  styles  0;  stigmas  3  or 
6,  hairy:  capsules  3  or  6-lobed,  united  above  and  separate  at  their  bases,  1-seeded,  not 
opening,     (arrow-grass.)   /S. 

Gyromia.  Medeola.  Calyx  0:  corol  deeply  6-parted,  revolute:  anthers  slightly 
attached  to  the  filaments:  style  0;  stigmas  3,  long-linear,  revolute,  spreading,  sfightly 
united  at  the  base;  berry  3-celled,  cells  5  or  6-seeded;  seeds  compressed,  3-sided. 
(Indian cucumber.)  .S'. 

Trillium.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  inferior,  spreading:  corol  3-petalled:  styles  0;  stigmas 
3:  berry  3-celled,  many  seeded,     (false  wake  robin.)  <S. 

RuMEX.  Calyx  3-sepalled:  petals  3,  valve-like,  converging,  (or  calj'x  6-sepalled, 
and  corol  none:)  stigmas  many-cleft;  nut  1,  naked,  three-sided,  (dock,  field-sorrel.) 
iS'. 

Southern. 
Sabal.     Flowers  perfect:  spathes   partial:  filaments  unconnected,  thickish  at  the 
base:  drupe  spherical,  dry-cartilaginous:  seed  1,  indurated,     (false  fan-palm.) 


CLASS.    VIII.       ORDER    I.  57 

Chamaf.rops  Flowers  polygamous:  spathe  compressed;  spadix  branched:  perianth 
3-parted:  corol  o-petalled:  filaments  partly  united:  drupe  3-celled,  two  of  them  often 
empty.     The  staniinate  flowers  grow  on  distinct  plants,     (fan palm.) 

Calochoktus.  Corol  (j-parted,  spreading;  3  inner  segments  larger,  with  the  upper 
side  woolly,  and  marked  near  the  base  with  a  roundish  smooth  sjjot:  filaments  short, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  petals:  anthers  arrow-form,  erect:  stigmas  reflexed:  cap- 
sule 3-celled. 

NoLiNA.  Corol  6-parted,  spreading;  segments  nearly  equal:  styles  very  short; 
stigmas  recurved:  capsule  3-sided,  membranaceous,  3-celIed,  opening  by  a  divisible 
partition:  seed  1,  incurved,  convex,  abortive  in  1  or  2  of  the  cells. 

Order  VI.     Hexagynia. 

Southern. 
Wesdlandia.     Menisperbium?      Calyx   G-sepalled:  corol  6-petalled:  (succulent?) 
styles  reclined:  carpels  6,  each  with  J  compressed  nut-like  seed,     (false  moonseed.) 
*Saururus  (rarely.) 

Order  XII.     Poltgynia. 
Alisma.     Calyx  3-sepaIIed:  petals  3:  carpels  numerous,  1-seeded,   not  opening, 
(water-plantain.)  /S. 

CLASS  VII.     HEPTANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 

Trientalis.  Calyx  7-sepalled:  corol  7-parted,  equal,  flat:  berry  juiceless,  1-celled, 
many  seeded:  number  of  stamens  variable,     (chick-winter  green.) 

Aesculus.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-lobed:  petals  4  or  5,  expanded;  limbs-ovate:  fila- 
ments recurved  inwardly:  carpels  prickly.     Leafets  sessile  or  sub-sessile. 

S.  G.  Pavia.  Calyx  tubulose:  petals  4,  erect,  narrow:  stamens  straight:  crapels 
not  prickly. 

*Sabbatia. 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 
Frankenia.    Sepals  5,  united  in  a  furrowed  tube,  persistent  equal:  petals  5,  unguicu- 
late,  with  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  limb;  capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded. 
*Polygonum. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 

Saururus.  Flowers  in  an  anient  or  spike,  with  1 -flowered  scales:  corol  0:  anthers 
adnate  to  the  filaments:  carpels  1-seeded:  stamens  6,  7,  8  or  more,     (lizard  tail.)  iS. 

'      CLASS  Vin.     OCTANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 
A.     FLoicers  superior. 
Rhexia.     Calyx  pitcher-form,    4   or  5-cleft:  petals  4,    oblique,   inserted  on  the 
calyx:  anthers  declined,  attached  to  the  filaments  behind,  naked  at  the  base:  capsule 
4-celled,  within  the  calj'x,  setose:  seeds  numerous,  cochleate.     (deer-o-rass. )  /S'. 

Oi^NOTHERA.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  caducous;  divisions  deflected:  petals  4,  insert- 
ed on  the  calyx:  stigma  4-cleft:  capsule  4-celled,  4-valved:  seed  not  feathered,'  afiixed 
to  a  central  4-sided  columella,     (scabisb,  or  tree-primrose. )  &'. 

Gaura.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular:  corol  4-petalled,  ascending  towards  the  upper  side: 
nut  4-cornered,  1-seeded.     (virginian  loose-strife. )  6'. 

Epilobium.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular,  or  4-sepalled:  corol  4-petalled:  capsule  oblong 
and  of  great  length:  seeds  feathered,     (willow-herb.)  S. 

OxYcoccus.  Calyx  superior,  4-toothed:  corol  4-parted,  the  divisions  sub-linear, 
re  volute:  filaments  converging;  anthers  tubular,  2-parted:  berry  many-seeded,  (cran- 
berry.) .S'. 

Exotic. 
Fuchsia.     Calyx  funnel-form,  colored,  superior,  caducous;  petals  (or  nectaries)  4, 
sitting  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  alternating  with  its  divisions:  stigma  4-sided-capi- 
tate:  berry  oblong,  4-celled:  seeds  numerous,     (ear-drop.) 

8 


58  CLASS    VIII.       ORDER    IV. 

Southern. 

Clarkia.  Calyx  4-cleft,  tubular:  corol  4-petalled,  S-lobed-crossform,  with  claws: 
stamens  4,  with  roundish  anthers,  imperfect:  stigma  petal-like,  4-lobed:  capsule  4- 
celled.     (false  tree-primrose.) 

B.     Flowers  inferior. 

Menziesia.  Calyx  monophyllous:  corol  monopetalous,  ovate:  filaments  inserted 
on  the  receptacle;  anthers  awnless:  capsules  4-celled,  the  partitions  from  the  inflexed 
margins  of  tlie  valves:  seeds  many,  oblong.     S. 

Acer.  Polygamous.  Sometimes  hexandrous.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  4  or  5-petalled, 
or  wanting:  samaras  2,  united  at  the  base,  1-seeded,  often  one  rudiment  of  a  seed, 
(maple.)  S. 

DiRCA.  Calyx  0:  corol  tubular;  limb  obsolete,  unequal:  stamens  unequal,  longer 
than  the  tube  of  the  corol:  style  filiform:  berry  or  diupe  1-seeded.  (The  corol  may 
be  taken  for  a  colored  calyx,     (leather- wood.)     S, 

Jeffersonia.  Calyx  4  or  5-sepalled,  colored,  caducous:  corol  8-petalled:  capsule 
obovate,  sub-stiped,  1-celled,  dehiscent  below  the  top:  seeds  many,  oblong,  arilled  at 
the  base,     (twin-leaf.) 

Dodona:a.     Sepals  4,  deciduous:  petals  0:  style  1,  filiform. 

Exotic. 

Erica,  Calyx  4-sepalled,  permanent:  corol  4-cleft,  permanent:  filaments  inserted  on 
the  receptacle:  anthers  bifid:  capsules  membranaceous,  4  to  8-celled,  the  partitions 
from  the  margins  of  the  valves:  seeds  many  in  each  cell,     (heath.) 

Daphne.  Calyx  0:  corol  4-cleft,  withering,  including  the  stamens:  drupel-seeded, 
(mezereon. )  •■ 

TROPa:oLUM.  Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  colored,  spurred:  petals  4  or  5,  unequal:  nuts 
leathery,  sulcate.     (nasturtion.) 

Southern. 

Elliottia.  Calyx  4- toothed,  inferior:  corol  deeply  4-parted:  stigma  capitate, 
(false  spiked  alder.) 

Amvris.  Flowers  perfect:  calyx  4-toothed,  permanent:  petals  4,  inferior,  wedge- 
fbrm,  having  claws,  imbiicate  in  the  bud:  the  8  stamens  all  shorter  than  the  petals: 
germ  1-celled,  sitting  on  a  thickened  disk-form  receptacle;  stigma  sessile;  drupe  by 
abortion,  1-seeded. 

*iEsculus,  Vaccinium,  Gaultheria,  Polygala,  Populus. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Chrtsosplenjum.  Calyx  superior,  4  or  5-cleft,  colored:  corol  0:  capsule  2-beaked, 
1-celled,  man)'-seeded.  (The  terminal  flowers  in  the  European  specimens  are  decan- 
drous, but  the  plant  is  always  octandrous  in  America,  (golden  saxifrage,  water- 
carpet.)  S. 

Order  III.     Trigvnia. 
Polygonum.     Calyx  inferior,  5-parted,  colored:  corol  0:  nut  1,  angular,  covered 
with  the  calyx.     Stamens  and  pistils  vary  in  number.     Tlie  cal3TX  in  some  species 
might  be  taken  foj  a  corol.     (knot-grass,  water  pepper,  buckwheat,  hearts-ease.)  S. 

Southern, 

Brunichia.  Calyx  tubular,  inflated,  5-cleft;  angular  at  the  base  and  decurrent  in- 
to the  dilated  peduncle,  becoming  coriaceous:  corol  none:  styles  short:  stigmas  2- 
cleft:  pericarp  lobed:  seed  1,  ;5-sided.     Stamens  vary  from  8  to  10. 

Cardiospermum.  Calyx  4-sepalled:  petals  4:  nectary  41eaved,  unequal:  capsule 
membranaceous,  inflated,  3-!obed,  3-celled:  seeds  round,  marked  at  the  hilum  with  a 
heart-form  spot,     (heart  seed.) 

Sapindus.     Calyx  4-sepalled:  petals  4,  glandular  at  the  base:  capsule  3-lobed,  con- 
nate, fleshy,  inflated,  2  of  them  often  empty:  seed  spherical,     (soap-berry.) 
*Myriophyllum. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 
Exotic. 
Bryophyllcm.     Sepals  4:  petals  4,  connate  into  a  cylinder:  seeds  many. 


CLASS    X.       ORDER    I.  59 

Southern. 
Adoxa.     Calyx  inferior,  2  or  3-cleft:  corol  4  or  5-cleft,  apparently  superior:  berry 
1-celled,  4  or  5-seeded,  attached  to  the  calyx.     Flowers  lateral,  stamens  8  to  10. 

CLASS  IX.    ENNEANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 

Laurus.  Calyx  4  to  6-parted:  corol  0:  nectaries  3,  each  a  2-bristled  or  2-lobed 
gland,  surrounding  the  germ:  drupe  1-seeded.  Stamens  vary  from  3  to  14,  but  they 
are  generally  in  two  series  of  6  each,  witli  3  of  the  inner  series  barren— often  dioe- 
cious.    The  calyx  may  be  taken  for  a  corol.     (sassafras,  spice-bush.)  <S.  /# 

Order  II.  Digynia. 

Soutliern. 

Eriogonum.  Calyx  wineglass-form,  tubular  at  the  base;  border  6-cleft;  segments 
unequal,  villose  outside:  corol  none:  nut  1,  3-sided,  without  margins,  covered  by  the 
calyx.     Flowers  involucred — no  stipules. 

Fleea.  Calyx  none:  corol  t)-parted,  spreading;  segments  linear,  acute:  capsule 
roundish,  3-angied,  3-celled;  partitions  obsolete:  seeds  numerous,  minute,  sub-terete 
and  caudate,  attached  to  the  margin  of  the  valves. 

Order  III.  Trigynia. 
Ex'oiic. 
Rheum.     Calyx  none:  corol  6-cleft,  permanent:  imt  1,  3-sided,     (rhubarb.) 
*Lechea. 

CLASS  X.  DECANDRIA. 
Order  I.    Monogyma. 
A.     Flowers  pohjpetalous,  irregular,   (mostly  papilionaceous. ) 
Cassia.     Calyx  5-sepalled:  corol  5-petalled:  anthers  3,   lower  ones  beaked,  and  on 
longer  incurved  filaments,  legume  membranaceous,     (cassia.)  >S?. 

Baptisia.  Podalyria.  Calyx  4  or  5-cIeft  half  way,  (sometimes  4-toothed)  some- 
what 2-lipped:  corol  papilionaceous;  wings  of  the  length  of  the  reflexed  banner; 
stamens  caducous;  legume  inflated,  smooth,  many-seeded,     (wild  indigo.)  S. 

Cercis.  Calyx  5-toothed,  gibbous  below:  corol  papilionaceous;  wings  longer  than 
the  banner;  keel  2-petalled:  legume  compressed:  seed-bearing  suture  margined;  seeds 
obovate.     ( judas-tree.)  S. 

Rhodora.  Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  3-petalled,  or  2-petalled,  with  the  upper  one 
deeply  parted:  stamens  declined:  capsule  .5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  top:  par- 
titions formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves,     (rhodora. ) 

Southern. 

SoPHORA.  Calyx  5-toothed,  bell-fonn,  gibbose  on  the  upper  side:  corol  papihona- 
ceous;  wings  of  the  length  of  the  banner:  legume  with  globular  joints. 

Thermia.  Thf.rmopsis.  Calyx  somewhat  bell-form,  half  4-creft;  the  upper  seg- 
ment truncate  and  emargiiiate:  corol  papilionaceous,  with  petals  about  equal  length; 
banner  reflexed  at  the  sides;  keel  obtuse:  legume  many-seeded,  compressed,  falcate 
tapering  to  the  base. 

V^irgilia.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  papilionaceous,  with  petals  of  about  equal  length; 
sides  of  the  banner  not  reflexed:  stigma  beardless:  legume  compressed,  oblong,  many- 
seeded. 

Pomaria.  Calyx  turbinate,  5-parted,  caducous:  petals  5,  with  short  claws,  upper 
ones  concave,  short:  filaments  hirsute  below:  stigma  capitate:  legume  1-celled,  2- 
seeded. 

B.     Floicers  pohjpetalous,  regular. 

Pvrola.  Calyx  5-parted:  petals  5:  styles  longer  than  the  stamens:  anthers  with 
2  pores  at  tiie  base  bef  jre,  and  the  top  after,  the  opening  of  the  flower:  capsule  5- 
celled,  dehiscent  at  the  angles  near  the  base,     (shinleaf )  iS'. 


60  CLASS    X.       ORDER    I. 

Chimaphila.  Calyx  5-parted:  petals  5:  anthers  beaked,  with  2  pores  at  the  base 
before,  and  at  the  top  after,  the  opening  of  the  flower:  style  immersed;  stigma  thick, 
orbiculate:  capsule  5-celIed,  dehiscent  at  the  angles  near  the  summit,  (prince's  pine, 
pipsissiwa. )     S. 

Ledum.  Calyx  small,  5-toothed:  corol  flat,  5-petalled  or  5-parted:  stamens  exsert; 
anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores:  capsule  5-celIed,  dehiscent  at  the  base,  5-valved, 
valves  with  approximating,  inflexed  margins:  receptacle  5-lobed;  columella  5-angled, 
pedicelled:  seeds  numerous,  winged.  (Stamens  sometimes  5:  leaves  downy.)  labia- 
dor-tea. ) 

Leiophyllcm.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  flat,  5-parted  or  5  petalled:  stamens  longer 
than  the  corol,  with  lateral  anthers  opening  longitudinally  on  their  insides:  capsule 
5-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top,  5-valved;  valves  ovate  with  margins  inflexed,  remote, 
straight:  columella  subovate,  terete,  rugose:  seeds  small,  not  winged,  (leaves  always 
glabrous.)     (sleek  leaf. )  /S. 

Clethra.  Calyx  5-parted,  permanent:  corol  5-petalled:  style  permanent;  stigma 
short,  3-cleft:  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  (Spiked.)  (sweet 
pepper-bush.)  .S'. 

Exotic. 
■'    RuTA.     Calyx  5-parted;  petals  concave:  receptacles  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous 
dots:  capsule  lobed.     (Petals  sometimes  4,  and  stamens  8.)    (rue.) 

Southern. 

Mtlocartum.  Calyx  6-toothed:  petals 5;  stigma  capitate,  3-cornered,  sessile:  cap- 
sule superior,  somewhat  corky,  2  or  3-winged,  3-celled.  1-seeded:  seed  subulate, 
(buckwheat  tree.) 

Melia.  Calyx  5-parted,  smaH:  petals  5:  nectary  cylindric,  10-toothed;  teeth  2- 
cleft  at  the  points,  orifice  bearing  the  anther  within:  style  cyhndric;  stigma  5-rayed: 
drupe  globose:  nut  5-celled,  5-seeded.     (pride  of  china.) 

Swietenia.  (Cedrus  Miller's  Die.)  Calyx  small,  4  or5-cleft:  petals  4  or  5:  stamens 
8  to  10,  filaments  united  into  a  tube,  toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  the  anthers  within: 
style  1;  stigma  capitate:  capsule  woody,  5-celled:  seed  expanded  into  wings,  (ma- 
hogany tree.) 

'Tribulus.  Calyx  5-parted:  petals  5,  spreading:  styles  none;  stigma  partly  5-cleft: 
capsules  generally  5.  gibbous  sub-spinose,  2  or  3-seeded.     (caltrops.) 

Dion^a.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-sepalled:  petals  5:  stigma  fiinged:  capsule  roundisli, 
gibbous,  1-celled,  many-seeded.     Petals  sometimes  6.     (venus  fly-trap. ) 

JussT^A.  Calyx  4  or  5-parted.  superior,  permanent:  petals  4  or  5,  ovate:  capsule 
4  or  5-celled,  4  or  5-valved,  oblong,  cylindric  or  angular;  many-seeded:  seeds  minute, 
attached  to  an  angular  columella.     Stamens  sometimes  but  8. 

Prosopis.  Calyx  hemispherical,  4-toothed:  petals  5,  lance-linear,  recurved  at  the 
apex:  filaments  capillary,  adnate  at  the  base:  stigma  simple;  legume  long,  many- 
seeded. 

LiM.vANTiiEs.  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base:  petals  5,  cuneiform,  retuse,  longer  than 
the  sepals:  ovaries  5;  styles  united  into  one,  near!}'  to  the  top. 

LiMONiA.  Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  urceolate,  niarcescent:  petals  4  or5:  stamens  8  to  10; 
filaments  dislinot,  subulate;  anthers  cordate,  oblong:  receptacle  elevated,  forming  a 
short  stipe  to  the  ovary:  style],  stigma  somewhat  lobed:  fruit  orange-form,  4  or  5- 
celled — or  by  abortive  growth  fewer:  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell. 

C.     Flowers  monopetalous. 

Arbutus.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted,  minute:  corol  ovate,  pellucid  at  the  base; 
border  small,  5-cleft  revolute:  filaments  hairy:  berry  5-celled.     (bear  berry.) 

EriG-5:A.  Calyx  double,  outer  3-sepaIled,  inner  5-parted;  (or  calyx  5-parted,  with 
3  bracts):  corol  salver-form;  border  5-parted,  spreading;  tube  villose  within:  capsule 
5-celled,  many-seeded:  receptacle  5-parted.     (trailing  arbutus. )  6'. 

Gaultheria.  Calyx  inferior,  double;  outer  2-sepalled,  inner  5-cleft:  (or  calyx 
5-cleft,  with  2  bracts;)  corol  ovate;  border  small,  5-cleft,  revolute:  filaments  hairy: 
receptacle  lO-toothed;  (or  with  a  10-pointed  nectary:)  capsule  5-celled,  invested  with 
the  inner-berry-like-calyx,     (spicy  wintergreen.)  8. 

Vacciniuii.  Calyx  superior,  5-toothed  or  .^-parted:  corol  bell  or  pitcher-form,  .5- 
clefl,  the  divisions  reflected:  filaments  inserted  on  the  germ  with  the  corol:  berry  4  or 
5-celled,  many-seeded.  (The  foreign  species  are  sometimes  octandrous.)  (whortle- 
berry.) S. 


CLASS    X.       ORDER    III.  61 

Andromeda.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-toothed,  inferior:  corol  ovate,  roundish,  or  sub- 
cylindric,  witii  a  5-cleft  reflexed  mouth:  capsule  5-celled,  5-vaIved,  with  partitions 
contrary.     (Stamens  sometimes  8.)     (wliite-bush,  leather-leaf. )     »S'. 

Kai.miv.  Calyx  .5-parted:  corol  wlieel-salver-form,  with  10  horns  beneath  and  10 
cavities  within,  containing  the  anthers  until  the  pollen  is  mature:  capsule  5-celled, 
many  seeded,     (laurel.)  )S'. 

Rhododendron.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  5-clefl,,  somewhat  funnel-form  and  oblique: 
stamens  declining;  varying  from  5  to  10;  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores:  cap- 
sules 5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  top.     (rosebay.)  S. 

D.     FloiDcrs  loithout  a  calyx;  (or  loitli  a  colored  petal-like  one)  whole  plant  destitute 
of  green  herbage. 

MoNOTROPA.  Corol  confusedly  polypetalous,  permanent:  petals  5  to  7,  with  necta- 
riferous hollows  at  their  bases:  stamens  sometimes  8;  anthers  1-celIed,  bilabiate: 
stigma  orbicular,  umbilicate  or  depressed:  capsule  5-celIed,  5-valved:  seeds  numerous, 
invested  with  an  arillus-like  membrane,     (bird's  nest.)  <S.     Hypopithis  returned. 

Pterospora.  Corol  5-parted:  nectary  ovate,  with  a  5-toothed  reflexed  margin, 
enclosing  tlie  stamens:  anthers  2-celled,  2-bristled,  su"b-peltate;  filaments  flat:  style 
sliort;  stigma  capitate:  capsule  sub-globose,  5-celled.  The  nectary  is  considered  as  a 
corol,  and  the  corol  as  a  calyx,  by  some,     (albany  beech-drops.) 

Southern, 
Monotropsis.     Corol  5-petalIed,  withering,   ovate  acuminate,  close-pressed   to  the 
nectary:  nectary  bell-form,  fleshy;  limb  with  5  ovate-acute  divisions:  anthers  clavate, 
bag-like:   germ  4  or  5-sided:  stigma  sub-globose.     (Carolina  beech-drops.) 
*Geranium,  Betula,  JefFersonia,  Asclepias,  Portulacca,  Lythrum. 

Order  II.     Digynia. 

Hydrangea.  Calyx  5-toothed,  superior:  corol  5-petalled,  capsule  2-ceIled,  2-beak- 
ed,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks,     (hydrangea.)     Vid.   Hortensia.  S. 

Saxifraga.  Calyx  5-parted,  mostly  half  superior:  corol  5-petalled:  capsule  2-cel- 
led, 2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks;  many-seeded,     (saxifrage.)  iS. 

TiARELLA.  Calyx  5-parted,  permanent:  corol  inserted  on  tlie  calyx,  5-petalled; 
petals  entire,  with  claws:  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  one  valve  larger.  Sometimes 
tlie  petals  are  more  or  less  toothed,     (mitre- wort.)  &'. 

MiTELLA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  permanent:  petals  5  on  the  calyx,  pinnatifid:  capsule  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  valves  equal,     (false  sanicle,  currant  leaf) 

Teli.ima.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  germ,  part  free,  inflated,  ovate,  5-tooth- 
ed, and  part  adhering,  conic;  petals  5  on  the  calyx,  divided:  styles  distinct  from  base; 
stigma  sub-capitate,  angled:  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved  at  tlie  apex. 

Leptarrhen'a.  Calyx  5-parted  or  cleft,  witii  the  divisions  greater  or  less  and 
scarcely  adhering  to  the  geim:  corol  with  5  petals,  shortly  unguiculate  entire:  sta- 
mens stand  alternately  opposite  to  the  petals  and  divisions  of  the  calyx:  anthers  1- 
celled;   pericarps  in   two,  scarcely  adhering  at  the  base.     Leaves  leathery. 

Saponaria.  Calyx  inferior,  1-sepalled,  tubular,  5-toothed  without  scales:  petals 
5,  with  claws:  capsule  oblong,  1-celled.     (soap-wort.)  >S'. 

Dianthus.  Calyx  inferior,  cylindrical,  1-sepalled,  with  4  or  8  scales  at  the  base: 
petals  5,  with  claws:  capsule  cylindrical,  1-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top.  (pink,  sweet- 
william.  ) 

ScLEKANTHUs.  Calyx  inferior,  1-sepalled,  5-cleft:  corol  0:  capsule  very  smooth, 
indehiscent  covered  by  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx:  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx, 
^^knawel.) 

*Chrysosplenium,  Quercus. 

Order  III.     Trigynia. 

SiLENE.  (CccuBALDS included.)  Calyx  tubular,  inflated  or  cylindric,  5-toothed,  naked 
at  the  base:  petals  5,  with  claws,  mostly  crowned  at  the  tiiroat:  ovary  superior;  cap- 
sule 3-celled  at  the  base,  opening  at  the  summit  into  6  teeth. 

Stellaria.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  inferior,  spreading:  petals  5,  deeply  cleft,  mostly  to 
the  claw,  spreading:  capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  6-toothed  at  the  top. 
(starwort.)  S. 


h. 


62  CLASS    XI.       ORDER    I. 

Arenaria.  Calyx  inferior,  spreading,  5-sepalled:  petals  5,  entire:  capsule  1-ceVled 
many-seeded,     (sandwort.)  S. 

EmUc. 
HoRTENSiA.     Flowers  deformed:  floret  solitary:  calyx  5-toothed,   minute;  corol  5- 
petalled:  the  gay  flowers  composing  the  cyme  have  a  large  colored,  permanent,  petal- 
like, 5-sepalled  calyx,  and  a  minute  caducous,  4  or  5-petalled  corol:  stamens  8, 10  oi' 
11.     (changeable  hydrangea.) 

*Castanea,  Acalyplia,  Jatropha. 

Order  IV.     Tetragynia. 

MicROPETALUM.  Spergulastrum.  Scpals  5,  expanding:  petals  5,  minute,  entire, 
oflenjwanting:  stigmas  4,  sessile:  capsule  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  4-valved. 
(blind-starwort.) 

Order  V.     Pentagynia. 

Spergula.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  inferior:  petals  5,  entire:  capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  5- 
valved:  (stamens  often  5.)     (spurry.)  S. 

Cerastidm.  Sepals  5:  petals  5,  2-cleft,  or  emarginate:  capsule  1-celled,  dehiscent 
at  the  top,  10-toothed.     (mouse-ear  chickweed. )  S'. 

Agrostemma.  Calyx  5-cleft,  prismatic  or  tubular;  coriaceous:  petals  5,  with  claws; 
border  obtuse,  entire:  capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  with  5  teeth,  (cockle.) 
S. 

Oxalis.  Calyx  permanent,  5-parted  or  5-sepalled,  inferior:  petals  5,  cohering  by  the 
claws:  capsule  5-celled,  5-cornered,  dehiscent  at  the  corners:  seeds  2  or  more  in  a 
cell,  covered  with  an  elastic  arilr  stamens  with  5  shorter,  outer  ones  adhering  at  their 
bases.  This  genus  and  the  Linura  might  be  removed  to  the  class  Monadelphia. 
(wood  soriel.)  jS. 

Penthorum.  Calyx  5  to  10-cleft:  petals  5  or  0:  capsule  5-cuspidate,  5-celled;  cells 
divided  transversely,  many-seeded,     (virginian  orpine.)  S. 

Sedcm.  Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft:  petals  5:  5  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base  of  the 
germ:  carpels  5.     (live-forever,  or  orpine,  stone-crop.) 

Exolic. 
Lychnis.     Calyx  1-sepalled,   oblong,    5-toothed:  petals  5,   with  claws;    the  limb 
somewhat  2-cleft:  capsule  1  or  5-celled,  with  a  5-toothed  opening,     (campion.) 
*Portulacca,  Geranium,  Drosera. 

Order  X.     Decagynia. 

Phytolacca.  Calyx  0:  corol  5-petalled  or  5-cleft,  calyx-like,  inferior:  berry  10-cel- 
led,  JO-seeded.     By  some  authors  the  corol  is  called  a  calyx,     (poke- weed.) 

Horkelia.  Calyx  bell-form,  half-10-clefl  alternating  divisions  accessory:  petals  5, 
small:  stamens  inserted  on  the  wall  of  the  calyx:  receptacle  conic,  dry,  villose:  car- 
pels numerous;  styles  simple,  articulated  with  the  carpels,  sub-terminal. 

CLASS  XL  ICOSANDRIA. 
Order  L     Monogynia. 

Cactus.  Calyx  superior,  many-cleft,  imbricate:  petals  numerous,  in  many  series, 
the  inner  ones  larger:  stigma  many  cleft:  berry  1-celled,  many-seeded,  umbilicate. 
(prickly  pear.)  &'. 

Bartonia.  Calyx  superior,  5-clefl:  corol  10-petalled,  inserted  on  the  calyx:  cap- 
sule cylindrical,  oblong,  1-celled,  summit  flat,  valvular,  the  valves  3  to  7:  receptacle 
thick:  seeds  numerous,  compressed,  arranged  horizontally  in  a  double  series.* 

Prunus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior,  bell-form,  deciduous:  drupe  ovate  or  oblong,  very 
smooth,  mostly  covered  by  glaucous  powder,  (called  plumb  bloom)  fleshy:  nut  com- 
pressed, acute  at  each  end,  smootii,  with  the  margin  sub-suloate.     (plum.)  iS. 

Cerasus.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-cleft:  petals  5:  drupe  globose  or  round-ovate,  often 
umbilicate,  or  sub-cordate,  at  the  base;  very  smooth,  without  bloom,  succulent:  nut 
sub-globose,  smooth,     (cherry.) 

*This  is  not  the  Bartonia  of  former  editions.     That  is  now  called  Centaurella. 


Class  xi.     order  xii.  63 

Lythrum.  Calyx  bell-tubular,  G,  8,  10  or  12-toothed,  inferior:  petals  5  or  6, 
equal,  on  the  calyx:  capsules  2  to  4-cellecl,  many  seeded,  covered,  (milk  willow- 
herb.)  A  genus,  Decodon,  lias  been  taken  from  this.  It  is  founded  on  the  cells  of 
the  capsule  being  always  more  than  2,  and  the  teetii  of  the  calyx  being  always  10, 
and  of  a  peculiar  form.     Elliot  places  tlie  species  vcrlic'dlatuiii  under  it.  §. 

CuPHEA.  Calyx  tubular-ventricose,  6  to  r2-toothed,  unequal:  petals  6,  mostly  un- 
equal, inserted  on  the  calyx:  capsule  1-celied,  dehiscent  longitudinally,  with  the 
calj'x,  follicle-like,  3-sided:  seeds  lenticular,     (wax-bush.) 

Exotic. 

Myrtcs.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft:  petals  5:  berry  2  or  3-celled,  many-seeded, 
(myrtle.) 

Amygdalcs.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior:  petals  5:  drupe  with  a  nut,  perforated  with 
pores:  flowers  sessile,     (peach.) 

Akmesiaca.  Flowers  sessile:  calyx  5-cleft,  inferior:  petals 5:  drupe  fleshy,  pubes- 
cent; nut  with  one  margin  acute  and  the  other  obtuse,  furrowed  both  sides,  (apricot.) 

PuNicA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior:  petals  5;  pome  or  berry  many-celled,  many  seed- 
ed: receptacle  parietal:  seed  berried,     (pomegrante.) 

Souilicm. 

*Calyx  superior,  5-clefl,  permanent:  corol  10-petalled:  capsule  cylin- 
drical, oblong,  with  a  flat  summit,  1-celled,  3  to  7-valved,  walled  up:  receptacles  in 
3  to  7  fleshy  masses,  walled:  seeds  numerous,  compressed,  arranged  in  a  double 
horizontal  series. 

Mentzelia.  Calyx5  cleft,  superior,  caducous:  petals  5:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved, 
cylindric,  3  to  6-seeded:  top  flat:  seeds  oblong,  somewhat  angular,  arranged  longitu- 
dinally. 

Decumaria.  Calyx  superior,  8  to  10-cleft:  petals  8  to  10:  capsule  7  to  9-celled, 
many-seeded:  seeds  subulate,  minute. 

Philadklphos.  Calyx  4br5-parted,  superior,  top-fonp:  corol  4  or  5-petalled:  style 
4-cleft:  capsule  4  or  5-celled,  many  seeded:  seed  arilled.  (false  syringa,  or  mock 
orange.) 

Chrysobalanus.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior:  petals  5:  style  lateral:  drupe  prune-form; 
nut  5-grooved,  5-valved,  1 -seeded. 

PuRsHiA.  Calyx  tubular,  cleft  into  5  ovate,  obtuse  lobes:  petals  5-obovate,  ungui- 
culate,  inserted  in  the  mouth  of  the  calyx  with  25  stamens:  germ  oblong,  full,  stiped, 
glandular-pubescent,  tapering  into  a  subulate  style:  stigma  pubescent,  lateral,  almost 
as  long  as  the  style. 

Order  II.  Digynia,  to  Order  V.  Pentagynia;  or  Di-pentagynia. 

Agrimonia.  Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  invested  with  an  outer  lobed  one: 
petals  5:  stamens  12:  nuts  2,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,     (agrimony.)  jS. 

Crataegus.  Calyx  superior,  5-cleft:  petals  5:  styles  1  to  5:  berry  mealy:  cells 
2  to  5,  bony,     (thorn-bush.)  S. 

Fothergilla.  Calyx  inferior,  truncate,  obsoletely  crenate:  corol  0:  germ  2-cleft: 
styles  2:  capsules  2-lobed,  2-celled;  cells  bony:  seeds  solitary,     (witch-alder.)  S. 

Sesuvium.  Calyx  superior,  5-parted,  colored:  corol  none:  capsule  ovate,  3-celled, 
opening  transversely,  many-seeded.     S. 

Aronia.  Calyx  superior,  5-toothed,  or  5-parted;  petals  5:  fruit  pomaceous;  berry 
5  or  10-celled;  cells  1  or2-seeded:  seeds  cartilaginous,     (shadflower,  choak-beiry.)  S. 

Pyrcjs.  Calyx-5-cleft,  superior:  corol  .5-petalled:  pome  5-celled,  2  or  many-seeded; 
cells  cartilaginous  and  the  compressed  ovate  seeds  have  cartilaginous  coverings,  (pear, 
apple,  quince,  mountain  ash.)  S.     Sorbus  brought  here  by  force. 

Spir.^a,  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior,  spreading:  corol  5-petalled;  petals  equal,  round- 
ish: stamens  numerous,  exsert:  carpels  3  to  12,  2-valved  within,  each  1  to  3-seeded. 
(steeple-bush,  hard-hack.)  S. 

GiLEENiA.  Calyx  bell-tubular;  border  5-toothed:  corol  partly  unequal;  petals  5, 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  claws:  stamens  included:  styles  5,  contiguous:  stigmas 
capitate:  carpels  .5,  connate  at  the  base,  ojiening  on  the  inner  side,  each  2-seeded. 
(indian  physic.)  S. 


*See  generic  name,  next  to  Tflweya,  in  the  Species  part. 


64  CLASS    XII.       ORDER    I. 

Exotic. 

Mespilus.  Calyx  5-clefl,  superior;  divisions  generally  foliaceous,  serrate:  corol  5- 
petalled:  styles 2  to  5:  dri^pe  or  berry  with  from  2  to  5  bony  cells,     (medlar.) 

Mesembryanthemum.  Calyx  superior,  5-clefl:  petals  numerous,  linear,  cohering  at 
the  base;  capsule  fleshy,  many-seeded,  turbinate,     (ice-plant.) 

Order  XII.     Polygynia. 

Rosa.  Calyx  urn-form,  inferior,  5-cleft,  fleshy,  contracted  towards  the  top:  petals 
5:  carpels  numerous,  bristly,  fixed  to  the  side  of  the  calyx  within.  A  genus  remark- 
able for  the  multiplications  of  its  petals,  by  rich  culture,     (rose.)  S. 

RoBi's.  Calyx  5-cleft,  inferior:  corol  5-petaIled;  pistils  numerous:  berry  composed 
of  many  juicy  1-seeded  acines,  on  a  dry  receptacle,     (raspberry,  blackberry.)  S. 

Dalibarda.  Calyx  5-cleft,  (8-cleft?)  inferior:  corol  5-petalled:  styles  long,  cadu- 
cous, 5  to  8:  acines  few,  dry,  adhering  to  the  calyx,     (dry  strawberry.)  <S'. 

Dryas.  Calyx  8  or  1'0-cleft,  segments  equal:  carpels  5  to  8:  with  long  plumose 
awns. 

Stylipus.  Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft;  divisions  equal:  petals  5,  oval,  distant:  sta- 
mens permanent,  on  a  glandular  ring:  seeds  compressed,  ovate,  glabrous,  with  scat- 
tered pubescence,  sub-margined:  receptacle  columnar,  villose,  becoming  elongated: 
awns  geniculate. 

Geum.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft,  5  alternate  divisions  smaller:  corol  5-petalled:  car- 
pels with  a  bent  awn:  receptacle  columnar,  villose.     (avens,  or  herb  bennet.)  S. 

SiEVERsiA.  Calyx  with  a  concave  tube  and  5-cleft  limb,  and  5  bracts  outside: 
petals  5:  carpels  numerous,  caudate,  disposed  in  a  head;  style  permanent, ,  straight, 
seed  ascending. 

BooTiA.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cieft,  5  alternate  divisions  lanceolate,  having  at  the 
base  of  the  germ  against  them  5  nectariferous  pits;  corol  5-petalled:  carpels  awnless, 
aflixed  to  a  juiceless  receptacle,     (false  avens.)  S. 

PoTENTiLLA.  Calyx  flat,  inferior,  10-cleft;  5  alternate  divisions  smaller:  corol  5- 
petalled:  petals  roundish  or  obovate:  carpels  awnless,  roundish,  rugose,  fixed  to  a  dry 
small  receptable.     (five-finger,  cinquefoil.)  S. 

CoMARUM.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft;  5  alternate  divisions  smaller:  petals  5,  oblan- 
ceolate,  acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx:  receptacle  ovate,  spongy,  permanent, 
villose.  (marsh  five-finger.)  S.  The  habit  of  this  genus  differs  sufficiently  from  the 
Potentilla. 

Frag  ARIA.  Calyx  inferior,  10-cleft;  5  alternate  divisions  smaller:  corol  5-petalled: 
receptacle  ovate,  berry-like:  acines  naked,  immersed  in  the  receptacle,  caducous, 
(strawberry.)   /Sf. 

Calycanthus.  Calyx  1-sepalled,  pitcher-shaped,  scaly,  with  colored  petal-like 
divisions;  corol  none;  styles  many,  with  glandular  stigmas:  carpels  many  in  the  suc- 
culent calyx.     (Carolina  allspice.)  S, 

CLASS  XII.     POLYANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monogynia. 

TiLiA..  Calyx  5  or  6-parted,  inferior,  caducous:  corol  5  or  6-petalled:  capsule  5  or 
6-celled,  globular,  coriaceous,  dehiscent  at  the  base;  1-seeded.  Often  4  of  the  cells 
are  empty,     (bass-wood.)  S. 

Corchorus.  Sepals  4  or  5:  petals  4  or  5,  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals,  inferior: 
style  very  short,  deciduous;  stigmas  2  to  5:  capsule  pod-like  or  roundish:  seeds  com- 
monly numerous  in  each  cell. 

Helianthemum.  CisTus.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  superior,  2  of  them  smaller:  corol  5- 
petalled,  rarely  3,  sometimes  abortive:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  opening  at  the  top: 
partitions  contrary:  seeds  angular,     (rock-rose,  frost-plant.)  S. 

Hudsonia.  Calyx  tubular,  inferior,  unequally  5-parted;  two  of  the  divisions  obso- 
lete, colored:  corol  5-petalled:  stamens  15  to  30:  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  1  to  3- 
seeded.     (false  heath.) 

PoRTULAccA.  Calyx  2-cleft,  inferior:  corol  5-petalled:  capsule  1-celled,  opening 
transversely:  columella  5,  filiform,     (purslane.)  N. 

Talinum".  Calyx  inferior,  2  or  5-sepalled:  corol  5  petalled:  capsule  1-celled,  3- 
valved,  many-seeded:  seeds  arillate:  columella  globose,     (talinum.)  S. 

Calandrima.  Sepals  2,  inferior,  persistent,  united  at  the  base;  petals  3  to  5  with- 
out claws:  stamens  4  to  15:  style  short,  stigmas  ^Biickish,  short;  capsule  3-valved, 
many  seeded;  seeds  turgid,  smooth  and  shining.    ^^^ 


CLASS    XII.      ORDER    I.  65 

CheuuonutM.  Calyx  2-sepallecl,  caducous:  corol  4-petalIed:  silique-like  capsule 
i-celled,  2-valved,  linear:  seeds  crested,  many,     (celandine.)   6'. 

PoLANisiA.  Sepals  4,  inferior,  spreading;  petals  4:  stamens  8  to  32:  receptacle 
minute,  often  nectariferous:  pod  linear,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Glaucium.  Calyx  2-sepalled,  caducous:  corol  4-petalled:  capsule  1-celled,  linear: 
seeds  many,  punctate. 

Meconopsis.  Calyx  2-sepalled,  caducous:  corol  4-petalled:  style  distinct;  stigma 
4  to  G-rayed:  capsule  oblong,  generally  prickly,  1-celled,  4  to  6-valved;  columella 
slender.  S. 

Argemone.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  caducous:  corol  4  to  G-petalled:  stigma  sessile, 
capitate,  4  to  7-lobed;  capsule  ovate,  angular,  1-celled,  opening  at  the  top  by  valves; 
columella  linear:  seeds  spherical,  pitted,     (horned  poppy.)  iS. 

Sanguinaria.  Calyx  caducous,  2-sepalled:  corol  about  8-petalled:  stigma  sessile, 
twinned,  2-grooved:  capsule  pod-like,  ovate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each  end; 
valves  caducous:  columella  2j  permanent,     (blood-root.)  S. 

Podophyllum.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  minute:  corol  5  to  9-petalled:  stigma  large,  cre- 
nate,  sessile:  berry  1-celled,  crowned  with  the  stigma,  large,  many-seeded:  columella 
one-sided,     (wild  mandrake.)  <S'. 

AcHLYs.  Calyx  0:  corol  0:  flowers  naked,  disposed  in  a  dense  spike:  stamens 
numerous;  anthers  in  pairsj  globose,  somewhat  1-ceIledj  2-lipped:  stigma  dilated 
concave. 

Actaea.  Calyx  inferior,  4  to  5-sepalled,  caducous:  corol  4  to  8-petalled:  stigma 
sessile,  capitate:  berry  1-ceIled:  seeds  many,  half  orbicular,  (necklace  weed,  bane- 
berry.)  S. 

Macrotys*.  Calyx  about  4-sepalled,  becoming  colored  before  expanding,  caducous: 
corol  many  minute  petals,  very  caducous,  or  wanting:  stigma  simple,  sessile,  curving 
towards  the  gibbous  side  of  the  germ:  capsule  2-valved,  dehiscent  at  its  straight  suture.* 
(cohosh,  black  snake-root,  bug-bane.)  iS'. 

Sarracenia.  Calyx  double,  permanent,  3  and  5-sepalled:  corol  5-petalled,  cadu- 
cous: stigma  peltate,  permanent,  very  large,  covering  the  stamens:  capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  many  seeded,     (side-saddle  flower.)  /S. 

Nuphar.  Calyx  5  or  6-sepalled:  petals  many,  minute,  inserted  on  the  receptacle 
with  the  stamens,  nectariferous  on  their  backs:  stigma  with  a  broad  disk,  and  radiate 
furrows,  sessile:  pericarp  berry-like,  many-celled,  many-seeded,  (water  lily,  or  yellow 
pond-lily.)  <S. 

Nymph^ia.  Calyx  4  to  7-sepalled:  corol  many-petalled,  petals  about  equalling  the 
length  of  the  sepals  attached  to  the  germ  beneath  the  stamens:  stigma  a  broad 
disk,  marked  with  radiated  lines:  pericarp  berry-like,  many-celled,  many-seeded, 
(pond-lily.) 

Papaver.  Calyx  2-sepalled,  caducous:  corol  4-petalled:  stigma  a  broad  disk,  with 
radiating  lines:  capsule  1-celled,  dehiscent  by  pores  under  the  permanent  stigma, 
(poppy.) 

CHRYSEis.t  Receptacle  dilated,  salver-form;  limb  expanded,  entire:  calyx  mitre- 
form,  deciduous:  corol  4-petalled,  inserted  by  the  claws  in  the  throat  of  the  receptacle, 
and  bearing  the  stamens:  capsule  silique-form,  2-valved;  seeds  affixed  to  the  margins 
of  the  valves. 

Exotic. 
Thea.     Calyx  5  or  6-sepalled:  corol  6  or  9-petalled:  capsule  3-seeded.     (tea.) 
Citrus.     Calyx  5-cleft:   petals  5,  oblong:  filaments  dilated  at  the  base,  in  several 
parcels:  berry  9  to  18-celled — Polyadelphous,     (orange,  lemon.) 

Southern. 

Bejaria.  Befaria.  Calyx  7-clefl:  petals  7:  stamens  14:  capsule  7-celled,  many- 
seeded. 

Lewisia.     Calyx  7  to  9-sepalled:  petals  14  to  18:  stamens  14  to  18:  style  about 
3-cleft:  stigmas  2-clefl;  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  shining. 
*Jeffersonia,  Taxus,  Delphinium,  Monotropa. 

*I  see  no  good  reason  for  changing  this  name  to  Botrophis,  according  to  Rafinesque. 
Our  plant  does  not  agree  with  the  description  of  Actsea  or  Cimicifuga,  I  have  ex- 
amined it  in  all  stages  of  maturing,  where  hundreds  were  growing. 

tEschscholzia. 


66  CLASS    XII.      ORDER    XII. 

Order  II.     Digtkia,  to  Order  V.     Pentagtnia;  or  Di-pentagtnia. 

Delphinium.  Calyx  0:  corol  5-petalled,  unequal:  nectary  2-cleft,  horned  behind! 
carpels  1  to  5,  pod-like.  By  some  the  corol  is  considered  as  the  colored  calyx, 
(larkspur.)  S. 

AcoNiTUM.  Calyx  0:  petals  5,  upper  one  vaulted:  nectaries  2,  hooded,  peduncled, 
recurved:  carpels  3  or  5,  pod-like.  By  some  the  corol  is  considered  as  a  colored  calyx, 
(monk's  hood.)  S. 

Reseda.  Involucre  many-leaved,  spreading:  perfect  flowers  central,  apetalous 
spreading,  surrounded  by  several  petaloid,  barren,  flowers. 

Aquilegia.  Calyx  0:  petals  5,  caducous:  nectaries  5,  alternating  with  the  petals, 
and  terminating  downwards  in  a  spur-like  nectary:  carpels  5,  erect;  acuminated  with 
the  permanent  styles,  many-seeded.  By  some  the  nectaries  are  considered  as  petals, 
and  the  corol  as  a  colored  calyx,     (columbine.)  S. 

Enemion.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  petal-like,  caducous:  stamens  with  clavate  filaments 
and  rough  anthers:  pistils  2 — 6,  style  of  the  length  of  the  germ:  carpels  2  to  6,  stellate, 
ovate,  compressed:  seed  oval.  A  doubtful  genus:  but  De  Candolle  requires  very  little 
authority  for  a  new  genus. 

Rhizophora.  Calyx  and  corol  4-parted,  inferior:  stigmas  2:  seed  1,  clavate,  long, 
in  a  fleshy  receptacle. 

AscvRUM.  Calyx  4-sepalled;  2  interior  leafets  cordate,  larger;  corol  4-petalled: 
stamens  with  the  filaments  disposed  in  4  parcels:  styles  1  to  3:  capsules  oblong, 
1-celled,  2-valved,  included  in  the  calyx  leaves,     (st.  peter's  wort.)  S. 

CiMiciFUGA.  Sepals  4  or  5:  petals  3  to  5,  concave,  or  unguiculate  (sometimes  by 
abortive  growth  fewer  or  none,  if  the  genus  Macrotys  is  included)  carpels  1  to  8, 
follicle-like,  many-seeded. 

Hypericum.  Calyx  5-parted;.-divisions  equal,  subovate:  corol  5-petalled:  filaments 
often  united  at  the  base  in  3  or  5  sets:  styles  2-5:  capsule  membranaceous,  roundish, 
with  a  number  of  cells  equal  to  the  number  of  styles.  The  bases  of  the  filaments  are 
often  in  groups,  when  they  are  not  united,     (st.  John's  wort.)  S. 

Elodea.  Sepals  5,  equal,  somewhat  united  at  the  base:  petals  5,  deciduous,  equal: 
stamens  9  to  15,  polyadelphous — parcels  alternating  with  glands:  styles  3,  distinct: 
capsule  oblong,  membranaceous,  3-celled. 

PiEONiA.  Calyx  5-sepalled:  petals  5:  styles  0;  stigmas  2  to  5:  capsules  pod-like, 
many-seeded.  Remarkable  for  the  multiplication  of  petals  by  rich  culture,  (peony.) 
Exotic. 

NiGELLA.  Calyx  none:  petals  5;  nectaries  5,  3-cleft,  within  the  corol:  capsules  5, 
convex,     (fennel  flower.) 

Southern. 

Calligonum.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted:  corol  0:  filaments  12  to  16,  united  at  the 
base:  germ  4-cornered;  styles  4:  nut  with  a  many-winged  ciest,  1-celled. 

Platystigma.  Sepals 2  or  3-pilose:  petals  4  to  6:  stigmas  3,  sessile,  oval,  somewhat 
spreading:  capsule  ovate,  oblong,  attenuate  at  the  base,  3-valved,  valves  opening  their 
whole  length:  seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

Dendromecon.     Sepals  2:  petals  4:  stamens  numerous:  stigmas  2,   sessile:  capsule 
podshaped,  furrowed;  valves  thick  and  coriaceous,  almost  woody,  opening  from  the 
base  to  the  apex:  seeds  rather  large  and  numerous,  pyriform,  smooth. 
*Fothergillia,  Juglans,  Myriophyllum. 

Order  XII.     Polygynia. 

A.     Perianth  none. 

Hydrastis.  Petals  3,  ovate  (by  some  considered  a  colored  calyx:)  berry  composed 
of  1 -seeded  acines.     (orange-root.)  S. 

Clematis.  Petals  3,  4,  5,  or  6:  seeds  compressed:  styles  permanent,  becoming  long 
plumose  tails.  (Some  species  are  dioecious.)  (virgin's  bower.)  By  some  the  corol 
is  considered  a  colored  calyx.     ;S. 

Atragene.  Corol  double,  many-petalled;  outer  ones  largest,  inner  ones  nectary- 
like, spatulate:  carpels  with  pilose  (or  plumose)  tails:  (or  petuls  4  to  6,  with  spatulate 
nectaries  alternating  with  the  petals;  and  the  outer  filaments  dilated.)  (false  virgin's 
bower.)  S. 

Thalictrum.  Petals  4  or  5:  filaments  very->l«)ng:  carpels  without  tails,  striate, 
terete.  (Some  species  are  dioecious.)  (meadow  nre. )  S.  The  corol  is  considered  a 
coiored  calyx  by  some. 


CLASS    XIII.       ORDER    I.  67 

Anemone.  Involucre  distant  from  the  flower,  of  3  divided  leaves;  sepals  5  to  15 
petaloid;  carpels  numerous,  mostly  awnless,  sometimes  awned  or  caudate. 

Troi.lius.  Petals  5  to  15.  caducous:  nectaries  5  to  20,  small,  tubular  at  the  base, 
linear:  carj)els  numerous,  ovnte,  sessile,  many-sep;ied.  (globe  flower.)  By  some  the 
nectaries  are  considered  corols,  and  tlie  coroi.s,  calyxes. 

CoPTis.  Petals  5  or  G,  caducous:  nectaries  small,  5  or  6,  cowled:  carpels  oblong, 
5  to  S,  stiped,  stellate,  beaked,  many-seeded,  (gold  thread.)  By  some  the  nectaries 
are  mistaken  for  corols,  and  the  corols  for  calyxes. 

Caltha.  Petals  5  to  9,  orbicular:  carpels  numerous  (5  to  10,)  many-seeded,  com- 
pressed, 1-celled,  spreading:  nectaries  0:  (pistils  variable  in  number.)  (americao 
cowshp.)  S.     By  some  the  corol  is  mistaken  for  a  colored  calyx. 

Exotic. 

Helleborus.  Petals  5  or  more:  nectary  2-lipped,  tubular:  carpels  5  or  6,  many- 
eeeded,  crectish,  compressed,     (hellebore.) 

B.     Having  a  perianth. 

Magnolia.  Calyx  3-sepalled:  corol  6  to  9-petalled:  carpels  numerous,  imbricate  on 
a  strobile-like  spike,  2-valved:  seeds  arilled,  pendulous  on  long  cords,  berry-like, 
(magnola  or  beaver-tree.)  S. 

LiRioDENDRON.  Calyx  3-sepalled:  corol  6  or  9-petalled,  liliaceous:  seeds  in  a  sub- 
lanceolate  samara,  imbricate  on  a  strobile-like  spike,     (tulip-tree,  or  whitewood.)  S. 

PoRCELLA.  AsiMiNA.  Calyx  Ssepalled  or  3-parted:  petals  6,  spreading,  oblong- 
ovate;  the  inner  ones  smallest:  anthers  sub-ses-^ile:  stigmas  sessile,  obtuse:  berries 
several,  sessile,  ovate,  obtuse,  many-seeded;  seed  arilled.     (custard  apple.)  iS'. 

Hepatica.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  a  little  distance  below  the  corol,  entire:  petals  6  to 
9:  carpels  without  tails,     (liverleaf )  S. 

Ranunculus.  Calyx  5-sepalhd:  petals  5,  with  claws,  and  a  nectariferous  pore  or 
scale  on  the  inside  of  each:  carpels  without  tails,  naked,  numerous,     (crow-foot.)  S. 

Cyrtarhyncha.  Sepals  5,  petaloid;  narrow,  spreading;  petals  5,  narrow  and  un- 
guiculate,  the  claws  nearly  the  length  of  the  lamina,  with  a  projecting  scaly  callosity 
at  its  summit:  carpels  collected  into  a  spheroidal  head. 

Hydropeltis.  Brasenia.  Calyx  (3-sepalled,  somewhat  converging;  3  or  4  inner 
sepals  longest:  corol  0:  stamens  equalling  the  length  of  the  calyx:  carpels  oblong, 
somewhat  fleshy,  numerous,  2-celled,  1  or  2-seeded.  The  inner  leaves  of  the  calyx 
are  considered  as  petals,     (water-shield.)  S. 

Nelumbium.  Cyamus.  Calyx  4  or  5-sepalled:  petals  5  or  more:  nuts  half  im- 
mersed in  a  truncate,  obconic,  very  large  receptacle,  and  crowned  with  a  permanent 
style,     (nelumbo.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Sempervivum.  Calyx  9  to  12  parted:  petals  8  to  12;  carpels  12,  many-seeded: 
stamens  16  or  20.     (house-'.eek. ) 

Adonis.  Calyx  4 — 5-sepalled:  petals  5  or  more,  without  nectariferous  pores:  car- 
pels awnless.     (pheasant's  eye. ) 

Southern. 

Illicium.  Calyx  6-sepalled:  petals  27,  in  three  series:  carpels  many  disposed  in  a 
circle,  2-valved,  1-seeded.     Sometimes  6-petalled.     (anisetree.) 

Annona.  Calyx  3-sepalled,  thickened  together  at  the  base,  concave,  sub-cordate, 
acutish:  petals  6,  thickish,  inner  smaller  or  none:  anthers  sub-sessile,  at  the  apex, 
angled,  dilated,  covering  its  receptacles:  germs  united  into  a  sessile  berry  with  the 
back  muricate,  scaly  or  reticulate,  pulpy  within,  having  2  one-seeded  cells. 

Platystemon.     Sepals  3,  pilose:  petals  6:  stamens   numerous:  ovaries  10 — 14  dis- 
tinct; stigmas  sessile;  carpels  10 — 14,  linear,  indehiscent  articulated  or  transversely 
strangulated  between  each  seed. 
*Zostera. 

CLASS  XIII.    DIDYNAMIA. 

Order  I.     Gymnospermia. 

N.  B.  The  fruit  of  plants  of  this  order  (called  naked  seeds  by  Linneus)  are  now 
considered  as  nuts.  They  are  generally  4  in  number,  surrounding  the  base  of  the 
style  in  a  permanent  calyx. 


68 


CLASS    XIII.       ORDER    I. 


A.     Calyx  5-cleft,  with  the  divisions,  or  teeth,  nearly  equal. 

Tedcrium.  Corol  deep-cleft  on  the  upper  side,  and  without  an  upper  lip;  lower 
lip  3-cleft,  the  middle  division  rounded:  stamens  and  pistils  incurved;  stamens  exsert 
through  the  cleavage  on  the  upper  side  of  the  corol.  (wood  sage,  wild  germander.) 
S. 

Mentha.  Corol  nearly  equal,  4-lobed;  broadest  division  emarginate:  stamens  erect, 
distant,     (spearmint,  peppermint.)  S 

_  IsANTHDs.  Calyx  somewhat  bell-form:  corol  5-parted;  tube  straight,  narrow;  divi- 
sions ovate  equal:  stamens  nearly  equal:  stigma  linear,  recurved,     (blue-gentian.) 

Hedeoma.  Calyx 2-lipped,  gibbose  at  the  base,  upper  lip  with  3  lanceolate  teeth; 
lower  lip  with  2  subulate  ones:  corol  ringent:  2  short  stamens  barren,     (pennyroyal.) 

CuNiLA.  C^-lyx  cylindric,  10-stricjte,  5-toothed,  throat  villose:  corol  ringent; 
upper  lip  erect,  flat  emarginate:  2  of  the  stamens  usually  barren  and  very  short;  thp 
other  two  exsert:  stigma  unequally  bifid,     (dittany.) 

Hyssopus.  Corol  with  the  under  lip  3-parted,  its  intermediate  divisions  sub-crenate: 
stamens  straight,  distant,     (hyssop.)  S. 

Nepeta.  Calyx  dry,  striate:  corol  with  a  longish  tube:  under  lip  with  the  middle 
division  crenate:  throat  with  a  reflected  margin:  stamens  approximate,    (catmint.)  S. 

JjAmium.  Segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  spreading:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  en- 
tire, vaulted;  under  lip  2-lobed;  throat  with  a  tooth  at  each  margin,     (dead  nettle.) 

Galeopsis.  Calyx  awned:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  sub-crenate,  vaulted;  lower  lip 
unequally  3-lobed,  having  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side  near  the  margin  of  the  orifice,  and 
oppqsite  to  the  sinuses  dividing  the  lobes.     (Flowering  nettle.) 

'  Stachys.  Calyx  with  its  divisions  awned:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  vaulted;  the 
lower  lip  3-lobed;  the  middle  divisions largegt,  emarginate;  the  lateral  divisions  reflex- 
ed:  stamens  reflexed  towards  the  sides  after  discharging  the  pollen,  (wound-wort, 
hedge  nettle. )  S. 

Verbena.  Calyx  with  one  of  the  teeth  truncate:  corol  funnel-form,  with  a  curved 
tube;  border  5-cleft,  nearly  equal:  nuts  2  or  4,  pericarp  thin  and  evanescent;  some- 
times 2  stamens  are  barren,     (vervain.)  S. 

Marrubium.  Calyx  salver-form,  rigid,  marked  with  10  lines:  corol  with  the  upper 
lip  2-cleft,  linear,  straight,     (horehound.)  S. 

Glechoma.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  double  the  length  of  the  calyx;  upper  lip  2-cleft; 
lower  lip  3-cleft,  with  the  middle  segment  emarginate:  each  pair  of  anthers  approach 
ing  so  as  to  exhibit  the  form  of  a  cross,     (ground  ivy,  gill-overground.) 

Pycnanthemum.  Involucre  bract-like,  many  leaved;  under  small  heads  of  flowers; 
calyx  tubular,  striate:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  sub-entire;  lower  lip  3-cleft;  middle 
segment  longer:  stamens  distant,  nearly  equal;  cells  of  the  anthers  parallel,  ^moun 
tain  mint.)  8. 

Exotic. 

Leonurus.  Calyx  5-angled,  5-toothod:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  villose,  flat, 
entire;  lower  lip  3-parted;  middle  division  undiyided:  lobes  of  the  anthers  parallel, 
having  shining  dots,     (mother-wort.)  &'. 

Lavandula.  Calyx  ovate,  sub-dentate;  bracts  under-sluddecj:  corol  resupinate: 
staptfens  in  the  tube,     (lavender.) 

Ballota.  Calyx  salver-form,  5-toothed,  10-striate:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  con- 
cave, crenate:  nut  ovate,  3-sided,     (false  mother-wort.) 

Satureja.  Calyx  tubular,  striate:  corol  with  divisions  nearly  equal:  stamens  dis- 
tant,    (savory.) 

Molucella.  Calyx  very  large,  bell  or  shell-form;  margin  repand  spinose:  corol 
much  smaller,  in  the  bottorn  of  the  calyx,     (shell-flower,  molucca  balm.) 

Southern. 

Ajoga.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip  minute  and  2-toothed:  stamens  longer  than  the 
upper  lip:  anthers  all  reniform,  1-celled. 

Synandra.  Calyx  4-cleft:  segments  unequal,  subulate,  inclined  to  one  side:  upper 
lip  of  the  corol  entire  and  vaulted;  lower  one  unequally  3-lobed;  tliroat  inflated,  naked: 
upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering,  with  the  adjoining  cells  empty:  filaments  downy. 

Leucas.  Calyx  10-striate,  6  to  lO-toothed:  upper  lip  a  bearded  helmet,  entire; 
lower  one  long,  3-cleft;  middle  segment  largest:  lobes  of  the  anthers  spreading:  stig- 
ma shorter  than  the  upper  lip. 


CLASS    Xin.      ORDER    II.  69 

Htptis.  Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  2-lipped;  upper  lip  9-lobed,  lower  one  3-lobed, 
with  tlie  middle  lobe  calyx-like,  involving  the  stamens  and  style  until  it  becomes  re- 
flexed:  stamens  declined. 

13.     Calyx  2-lipped. 

Climpodium.  Involucre  many-bristled,  bract-like,  under  head-form  whorls:  peri- 
anth 2-hpped:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  flat,  obcordate  striate,     (field  thyme.) 

Origanum.  Calyxes  collected  into  a  4-sided  strobile-like  cone,  with  broad  interven- 
ing bracts:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  straight,  emarginated:  under  lip  3- 
parted,  divisions  nearly  equal,     (marjoram.) 

Dracocephalum.  Calyx  sub-equal,  5-cleft:  corol  with  the  throat  inflated;  the  up- 
per lip  concave,  the  middle  division  of  the  lower  lip  roundish,  notched:  stamens  un 
connected,     (dragon-head.)  S. 

Prunella.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  dilated:  filaments  2-forked,  with  an  anther 
on  one  of  the  points:  stigma  2-cleft.     (self-heal,  or  heal-all.)  /S'. 

Scutellaria.  Calyx  bell-form,  finely  dividing  at  the  base;  lips  entire,  the  upper 
one  with  a  helmet-form  appendage  (or  cap)  on  the  back,  deciduous:  corol  bilabiate, 
upper  lip  vaulted,  lower  one  dilated,  convex;  tube  bent,  exsert.     (scull-cap.)  S. 

Trichostema.  Calyx  resupinate:  corol  with  the  upper  lip  falcate;  the  under  lip 
3-parted,  with  the  middle  division  small,  oblong:  filaments  very  long-exsert,  incuived 
or  coiled,     (blue-curls.)  ;S. 

Phryma.*  Calyx  cylindric,  upper  lip  longer,  3-cleft;  lower  lip  2-toothed:  corol  with 
the  upper  lip  emarginate:  lower  hp  much  larger:  nut  single,     (lopseed.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Thymus.  Calyx  sub-campanulate,  with  tlie  throat  closed  with  hairs:  corol  with 
.the  upper  lip  flat,  emarginate:  lower  lip  longer,     (thyme.) 

Melissa.  Calyx  dry,  flattish  above,  with  the  upper  lipsub-fastigiate:  corol  with  the 
upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  2-cleft;  lower  lip  with  the  middle  lobe  cordate,     (balm.) 

OcYMUM.  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  orbiculate,  the  lower  one  4-cleft:  corol  resupi- 
nate; one  lip  4-cleft,  the  other  undivided:  outer  filaments  sending  out  a  process  from 
.thebase.     (sweet  basil.) 

Southern. 

Macbridea.  Calyx  top-foim,  3-cleft,  2 segments  large:  corol  2-lipped;  the  upper 
entire,  the  under  3-parted:  anthers  2-lobed;  the  lobes  srpeading,  fringed  with  small 
spines. 

Calamintha.  Calyx  closed  with  hairs  afler  flowering:  throat  of  the  corol  some- 
what inflated;  upper  lip  emarginate;  lower  one  3-parted,  middle  segment  somewhat 
emarginate,  or  entire. 

Cer^nthera.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  one  2-cleft: 
upper  lip  of  the  corol  2-lobed,  the  lower  one  3-parted:  stamens  exsert;  anthers  hori- 
zontal, awned  at  each  end. 

TuLLiA.  (1)  Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  one  2-toothed,  teeth  ap- 
pendaged:  corol  2-hpped,  with  the  upper  lip  very  entire,  lower  one  3-parted,  middle 
division  largest. 

*Lycopus,  Monarda,  Salvia,  Collinsonia,  Linnaea. 

Order  II.     Agiospermia. 
A.     Calyx  2-cleft,  or  2-sepalled. 

Obolaria.  Calyx  bract-like:  corol  4-cleft,  bell-form:  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved, 
many-seeded:  stamens  from  the  divisions  of  the  corol  nearly  equal:  stigma  2-cleft  or 
emarginate.     (penny-wort.)  S. 

Castilleja.  Calyx  spathe-form,  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  one  wanting:  corol  2- 
lipped:  lower  one  very  short,  3-cleft,  with  2  glands  between  the  divisions:  capsule 
2-celled.  S. 

*When  the  seed  approaches  maturity,  the  calyx  closes  upon  it,  which  has  induced 
some  authors  to  remove  it  to  the  next  order.  But  the  Scutellaria  presents  nearly  thq 
same  character.  Other  genera  approach  it  also,  in  this  particular.  It  is,  in  my 
opinion,  an  unnecessary  innovation. 

(1)  By  M.  C.  J^eayenworth,  in  honor  of  Dr.  W.  Tully,  Prof.  Botany,  &c.  \^  Ye^Ie 
College. 


70  CLASS    XIII.      ORDER    II. 

B.     Calyx  i-cleft. 

ScHWALBEA.  Calyx  tubular-inflated;  upper  division  small;  lower  division  large, 
emarginate,  or  2-tootlied:  corol  ringent,  upper  lip  entire,  arched;  lower  lip  3-lobed; 
capsule  ovate,  compressed,  2-celled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  partition;  seeds  many, 
chaffy.     (chatF-seed.)  S. 

EucHROMA.  Calyx  inflated,  2  or  4-cleft:  corol  2-lipped;  upper  lip  long-linear,  em- 
bracing the  style  and  stamens:  anthers  linear,  with  unequal  lobes,  cohering  so  as  to 
form  an  oblong  disk:  capsule  ovate,  compressed,  2-celled:  seeds  numerons,  sorround- 
ed  with  an  inflated  membrane.   S. 

Bartsia.  Calyx  lobed,  emarginate,  colored:  corol  less  than  calyx;  upper  lip  longest, 
concave,  entire;  lower  lip  3-cleft  and  reflexed:  anthers  with  equal  lobes,  not  cohering: 
capsule  2-ceiled:  seed  angled,     (painted  cup.) 

Rhinanthus.  Calyx  inflated:  corol  ringent;  the  upper  lip  mostly  compressed;  the 
under  lip  spread,  3-parted:  capsule  2celled,  obtuse,  compressed,     (yellow  coxcomb.) 

Melampvruji.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip  compressed,  the  margin  folded  back;  lower 
lip  grooved,  3-cleft,  sub-equal:  capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  dehiscent  on  one  side:  seeds 
2,  cylindric,  gibbous,  cartilaginous  and  smooth,     (cow- wheat.)  S. 

Southern. 

Lantasa.  Flowers  in  a  head;  calyx  obsoletely  4-toothed:  border  of  the  corol  4- 
lobed,  unequal,  throat  open:  stamens  within  the  tube:  stigma  hooked:  drupes  aggre- 
gated; nut  2-celled,  even,  2-seeded, 

Euphrasia.  Calyx  cylindric:  corol  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  2-cleft;  lower  lip  3- 
lobed,  with  the  divisions  2-cleft:  lower  anthers  lobed,  spinose.     (eye-bright.) 

Orthocarpus.  Calyx  tubular,  somewliat  4-cleft:  corol  2-lipped,  closed;  upper  lip 
smaller,  compressed;  margin  infiexed;  lower  lip  concave,  obsoletely  3-toothed,  unex- 
panded:  lobes  of  the  anthers  unequal,  spreading:  capsule  straight- ovate,  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded. 

C.     Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  or  o-toothed;  plant  without  green  herbage. 

Orobanche.  Calyx  4  or  5-cleft;  segments  often  unequal:  corol  ringent:  capsule 
ovate,  acute,  1-celled,  2-valved:  seeds  numerous:  a  gland  beneath  the  base  of  the 
germ,     (broom  rape.)  S. 

Epiphegus.  Polygamous.  Calyx  abbreviated,  .5-toothed:  corol  of  the  barren  flowers 
ringent,  compressed,  4-cleft:  lower  lip  flat;  of  the  fertile  flowers  minute,  4-toothed, 
caducous:  capsule  truncate,  oblique,  1-celled,  imperfectly  2-valved,  opening  on  one 
side,     (beech-drops,  cancer  root.) 

D.     Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-sepalled:  plant  with  green  herbage. 

Zapania.  Flowers  capitate:  calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-lobed;  stigma  head-peltate, 
oblique:  pericarp  bladder-like,  vanishing,  connecting  the  two  seeds,     (fog-fruit.)  S. 

AvicENNiA.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  square:  capsule  coriace- 
ous, rhomboid,  1-seeded,  seed  germinating  within  tiie  capsule. 

Herpestris.  Calyx  unequal,  2-bracted  at  the  base:  corol  tubular,  somewhat  2-lip- 
ped: stamens  included:  capsule  2-valved,  2-celled;  partitions  parallel  with  the  valves. 
S. 

LiMosELLA.  Calyx  5-clefl:  corol  4  or  5-lobed,  equal;  stamens  approaching  each 
other  by  pairs:  capsule  1  or  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,     (mudwort. ) 

Scrophularia.  Calyx  5-clefl:  corol  sub-globose,  resupinate;  lips  short,  middle 
division  of  lower  lip  reflexed:  capsule  2-celled.  (Generally  a  stamen-like  organ  is 
attached  to  the  corol.)     Corol  dull  purplish,  green,  or  brown,     (figwort. )  >S'. 

Bignon'ia.  Calyx  5-toothed,  cup-form,  sub-coriaceous;  corol  bell-form,  5-lobed, 
ventricose  beneath:  capsule  silique-like,  2-celled:  seed  membrane-winged,  (trumpet- 
flower.)  S. 

Ruellia.  Calyx  5-parted,  often  2-bracted;  corol  somewhat  bell-form,  limb  5- 
lobed:  stamens  approaching  by  pairs:  capsule  tapering  to  both  ends,  toothed,  elastic- 
ally  dehiscent:  seeds  few.     (ruel.)  S. 

BucHNERA.  Calyx  5-toothed:  corol  with  a  slender  tube,  and  the  limb  in  5  equal 
divisions,  the  lobes  cordate:  capsule  2-celled.     (blue  hearts.)  jS'. 

Antirrhinum.  Calyx  5-sepalled  or  deeply  5-parted;  the  two  lower  divisions  re- 
mote; corol  personate  or  ringent,  spurred,  or  with  a  prominent  base;  the  throat 
closed  with  a  prominent  palate:  capsule  ovate,  2-valved,  dehiscent  at  the  apex,  with 
reflexed  teeth,     (snapdragon,  toad-flax.)  fif. 


CLASS    XIV.    ORDER    I.  71 

CoLLiNsiA.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  S-lipped,  throat  closed:  upper  lip  2-cleft;  lower  one 
3-cleft:  intermediate  segment  keeled,  bag-like,  and  covering  the  declined  stamens  and 
style:  capsule  globose,  somewhat  1-celled  and  4-valved.     Seeds  2  or  3,  umbilicate. 

Co.vRADiA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  foliaceous:  corol  monopetalous,  cylindrical,  sub-equal, 
5-toothed  at  the  apex,  teeth  retlexed:  stamens  4,  scarcely  declined,  sub-equal,  long- 
exsert:  style  very  long:  stigma  minute:  capsule  short-ovate,  2-celled,   many-seeded. 

Gerardia.  Calyx  5  cleft  or  5-toothed:  corol  sub-campanulate,  unequally  5-lobed; 
segments  mostly  rounded:  capsule  2-celled,  dehiscent  at  the  top.     (false-foxglove.)  <S. 

Pedicularis.  Calyx  ventricose,  2,  3,  or  5-cleft  or  obliquely  truncate:  corol  ringent; 
upper  lip  arched,  emarginate  and  compressed:  capsule  2-celled,  mucronate,  oblique: 
.seeds  numerous,  angular  coated.  (Leaves  many-cleft.)  (lousewort,  high  heall-all.) 
,S. 

MiMOLUs.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed:  corol  ringent:  upper  lip  folded  back  upon 
its  sides,  lower  lip  with  a  prominent  palate:  stigma  thick,  2-cleft:  capsule  2-celled, 
many-seeded;  seeds  minute,     (monkey-flower. )  S. 

Chei.one.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-sepalled,  3-bracted:  corol  ringent,  inflated:  the  upper 
lip  emarginate-obtuse,  under  lip  slightly  3-cleft;  the  rudiment  of  a  smooth  filament 
between,  and  shorter  than  the  two  tallest  stamens;  anthers  woolly;  capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved:  seeds  with  membranaceous  margins,     (snake-head.)  iS. 

Pentstemon.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-sepalled:  corol  sub-ringent,  inflated;  the  rudiment 
of  a  bearded  filament  between,  and  longer  than  the  two  tallest  stamens:  anthers 
smootii:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  ovate;  seeds  numerous,  angular.  (Taken  from 
the  last  genus.)     (beard  tongue.)  S. 

Martynia.  Calyx  5-cleft:  corol  ringent,  almost  bell-form;  capsule  woody  and 
barked,  vvith  a  hooked  beak,  4-celled,  2-valved.     (unicorn-plant.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Digitalis.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  bell-form,  ventricose,  5-cleft:  stigma  simple  or 
bilamellate:  capsule  ovate,  2-celled.     (Flowers  racemed.)     (foxglove.) 

Southern. 

Capraria.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  somewhat  bell-form,  5cleft,  nearly  equal:  cap- 
sule 2-valved,  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Seymeria.  Calyx  5-parled  nearly  to  the  base:  corol  bell-wheel-form,  almost  equal- 
ly 5-lobed:  stamens  sub-equal,  near  the  throat:  anthers  oblong,  naked:  style  de- 
clined: capsule  inflated,  ovate,  acute,  2-celled,  2-valved,  opening  at  the  top. 

Sesamum.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  bell-form,  5-cleft,  with  the  lower  lobe  largest: 
stamens  with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth:  stigma  lanceolate:  capsule  obtusely  4-angled, 
4-celled.     (oily  grain.) 

*Catalpa,  Gratiola,  Elytraria. 

CLASS  XIV.    TETRADYNAMIA. 
Order  L     Siliculosa. 

A.     Pleurorhiza.*     Seed  loith  the  radicle  on  its  side.     Cotyledons  flat,  accumbent: 
seed  compressed,  often  margined. 

LuNARiA.  Silicle  entire,  oval,  flat-compressed,  pedicelled;  valves  equalling  the 
partition,  parallel,  flat:  calyx  consists  of  colored  sack-like  sepals,  (honesty,  or  satin- 
tlower. ) 

Vesicaria.  Silicle  globose,  inflated,  with  hemispheric  valves;  seeds  more  than  8, 
sometimes  margined:  petals  entire. 

Alyssum.  Silicle  orbicular  or  oval,  with  valves  flat  or  convex  in  the  centre:  seeds 
2  to  4  to  each  cell:  calyx  equal  at  the  base:  petals  entire;  some  of  the  stamens 
toothed. 

Draba.  Silicle  oval-oblong,  many-seeded:  valves  flattish,  parallel  to  the  partition: 
petals  entire  or  bifid:  seeds  not  margined:  filaments  without  teeth:  style  none.  Coty- 
ledons accumbent.     (whitlow-grass.)  S. 

Cochlearia.  Silicle  thick,  rugose,  many-seeded,  2-valved;  valves  gibbous,  obtuse; 
partition  nearly  parallel  to  the  valves:  calyx  equal  spreading:  petals  2-parted:  stamens 
toothless:  style  short  or  none,     (horse-radish,  water-radish.) 

'Gr.  pleura  (side)  'riza  (root.) 


73  CLASS    XIV.       ORDER    II. 

Thlaspi.  Silicle  emarginate  at  the  apex,  valves  keel-form,  winged  on  the  backs 
cells  two,  many-seeded:  petals  equal:  calyx  equal  at  the  base.     Flowers  wliite. 

HuTCHiNsiA.  Silicle  oval,  valves  keel-form,  wingless;  cells  2-seeded,  rarely  more: 
calyx  equal:  petals  equal. 

Iberis.  Corel  irregular,  the  two  exterior  petals  longest:  silicle  emarginate,  many- 
seeded,     (candy-tuft.) 

Cakile.  Silicle  2-jointed,  compressed,  upper  joint  ensiform  or  ovate:  seed  single 
in  each  cell,  upper  one  erect,  lower  one  pendulous,  often  abortive.    Includes  Bunias.- 

B.     NoTORHizA.t     Seed  with  the  radicle  nexer  on  the  side;  generalbj  on  the  lack. 
Cotyledons  flut,  inaimbcnt:  seed  ovate,  not  margined. 

Camelina.  Silicle  obovate  or  sub-globose,  valves  ventricose,  dehiscent  with  part  of 
the  style:  cells  many-seeded:  style  filiform:  seed  oblong  emarginate. 

Platypetalum.  Silicle  oval,  many-seeded;  valves  convex:', styles  very  short:  calyx 
a  little  spread:  laminas  of  the  petals  dilated. 

Oreas.  Calyx  equal  at  the  base,  lax:  petals  entire,  unguiculate,  equal:  filament* 
equal,  not  toothed:  style  very  short,  stigma  capitate:  silicle  lanceolate,  compressed^ 
1-celled  (having  no  partition)  valves  flatiish,  marked  at  the  middle  nerve:  seeds  many, 
with  the  umbilical  cord  elongated. 

Platyspermum.  Silicle  oval,  compressed  at  the  back,  flat,  stigma  sessiler  seeds- 
few,  with  broad  margins.     Scapes  numerous,  1-flowered. 

Ectrema.     Silicle  or  rather  silique  ancipital,  valves  carinate:  seeds  not  margined. 

Lepidium.  Silicle  ovate  or  sub-cordate;  valves  keeled  or  rarely  ventricose,  dehis- 
cent, cells  1-seeded:  seeds  somewhat  3-sided  or  compressed.  (Cotyledons  rarely 
accumbent.) 

Capsella.  Thlaspi  bursa-pastoris.  Silicle  wedge- triangular,  valves  keel-form, 
not  winged;  cells  many-seeded,     (shepherd  purse.) 

Hymenolobus.  Silicle  ovate  or  elliptical,  membranaceous;  valves  somewhat  tumid ,- 
slightly  carinate,  wingless,  cells  many-seeded:  stigma  sessile. 

Thysanocarpus.  Silicle  obovate, '  plano-convex,  broad-winged  at  both  margins, 
emarginate  at  the  ap^  1-celled, one-seeded:  seed  broad-obovate,  pendulous.  Flowers- 
small,  white.  ,  •*• 

IsATis.  Silicle  tfempressed,  oblong,  ligulate,  valveless,  1-seeded:  partition  like  lat- 
tice work,     (woad.) 

Southern. 

CoRONOPUs.     Silicle  reniform,  compressed,  wrinkled;  cells  valveless,  1-seeded. 
SuBCLARiA.     Silicle  entire,  ovate:  valves  ovate,  concave,  (convex  without:)  stigma 
sub-sessile:  seed  linear,  2-plaited.     Cotyledons  incumbent. 

Order  II.     Siliquosa. 

A.     Plecrorhiza.     Seed  with  the  radical  on  its  side.     Cotyledon  flat,  accumbent: 
seed  compressed,  often  margined. 

Cheiranthus.  Calyx  closed,  two  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  the  base:  petals  dilated: 
silique,  when  young,  with  a  glandular  tooth  each  side:  stigma  2-lobed:  seed  flat, 
sometimes  margined,     (stock-july-flower,   wall-flower.)  S. 

Nasturtium.  Silique  teretish,  abbreviated  or  declined:  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed: 
calyx  equal  at  the  base,  spreading:  seeds  small,  irregularly  in  two  series,  without 
margins. 

Barbarea.  Silique  4-sided,  (and  2-edged)  valves  without  any  process  at  the  apex, 
concave-keeled:  seeds  arranged  in  a  single  series:  calyx  equal  at  the  base. 

Turritis.  Silique  linear,  valves  flat:  seeds  in  each  cell  m  a  double  series;  calyx 
converging  erect:  corol  erect,     (tower  mustard.) 

Arabis.  Silique  linear:  valves  flat,  1-nerved  in  the  middle:  seeds  in  each  cell  in 
one  series,  oval  or  orbicular,  compressed:  cotyledons  flat,     (wall-cress.) 

Pachypodium.  Silique  somewhat  terete  elongated,  torulose  on  a  short  thick  stipe: 
seeds  in  a  single  series,  oblong,  scarcely  marginal:  calyx  nearly  erect,  equal  at  the 
base:  glands  4,  at  the  base  of  the  stamens:  petals  narrow,  on  very  long  claws. 

tGr.  notos  (back)  'riza  (root.) 


CLASS    XV.       ORDER    111.  73 

Cardamine.  Siliqtie  linear;  valves  flat  nerveless,  often  bursting  elastically  with 
tevolute  valves:  seed  ovate,  without  margin,  having  a  slender  umbilical  funicule. 
(american  water-cress.) 

Uentari  V.  Calyx  longitudinally  converging:  silique  lanceolate,  bursting  elastically, 
with  flat,  nerveless,  revokite  valves;  the  partition  thick  and  fungus-like:  stigma 
emarginate;  seeds  in  a  single  series,  ovate,  not  margined.  Funicule  dilated:  (Roota 
sharp-tasted,  fleshy,  with  tooth-like  processes.)     (tooth-root,  trickle-root.)  S. 

Parrya.  Silique  broad-linear,  valves  more  or  less  distinctly  veined,  flat;  seeds 
somewhat  in  two  series,  cuticle  of  the  testa  lax,  margin  broad:  umbilical  funicule 
adnate  to  the  partition  above:  lobes  of  tlie  stigma  approximate. 

Phoemcaums.  Calyx  colored,  nearly  equal  at  the  base;  much  shorter  than  the 
entire  unguiculate  petals;  silique  ensiform,  acuminate,  flat,  not  opening  elastically; 
the  cells  about  S-seeded;  valves  with  a  prominent  central  nerve;  seeds  large,  in  a 
Bingle  series,  not  margined. 

LeavenWorthia.  Calyx  somewhat  erect,  equal  at  the  base;  petals  equal,  cunei- 
form, truncate  or  emarginate;  filaments  distinct,  toothless;  silique  sessile,  oblong- 
linear,  compressed,  somewhat  inflated,  and  contracted  between  the  seeds;  valves 
indistinctly  nerved;  style  distinct  or  almost  none;  stigma  minutely  bidentate;  seeds  in 
a  single  series,  flattened,  with  a  broad- winged  margin;  funicules  free. 

Streptanthus.     Calyx  erect,   colored:   petals  dilated;  having  twisted,  channelled 
claws:  glands  none:   stamens  with  filaments  subulate,   and  thickened  at  the  base: 
silique  very  long,  angled,  compressed:  seeds  in  one  series,  flat,  margined:  cotyledons  . 
accumbent. 

B.     Notorhiza.     Seed  icith  the  radicle  never  on  the  side,  generally  on  the  back. 
Cotyledons  flat,  incumbent;  seed  ovate,  not  margined. 

Hesperis.  Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the 
petals:  petals  bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate:  silique  4-sided,  2-edged>  or  sub-terete: 
seeds  not  margined:  stigmas  forked,  with  converging  apexes.  Cotyledons  flat, 
(rocket.) 

Sisymbrium.  Silique  teretish  above  the  prominence,  sessile:  stigmas  2,  sub-distinct 
or  connate  in  a  head:  calyx  equal  at  the  base:  seed  ovate  or  oblong:  cotyledons  flat, 
sometimes  oblique;  stamens  tootiiless. 

Tropidocarpum.  Silique  linear  or  lanceolate-linear,  compressed  contrary  to  the 
septum;  valves  somewhat  carinate;  septum  very  narrow,  often  incomplete;  seeds 
oblong,  compressed,  not  margined;  sepals  equal  at  the  base. 

Erysimum.     Silique  4-cornered:  calyx  closed:  cotyledons  flat,  oblong. 

Braya.  Silique  short,  terete,  torulose,  terminated  by  the  style  or  stigma:  valves 
sub-seinicylindric:  stigma  flattish;  partitions  split  in  the  middle;  seeds  under  six  in 
each  cell:  calyx  equal  at  tiie  base,  divisions  erect. 

Stanleya.  Silique  teretish  above  the  prominence,  pedicelled:  seeds  oblong,  teretish: 
calyx  spreading. 

Wakea.  Silique  2-celled,  stiped,  flat,  with  a  seed-bearing  margin  both  sides:  seed 
flattish,  striate:  calyx  deflected,  caducous,  colored:  petals  with  long  claws,  spreading. 

Brassica.  Calyx  erect,  converging:  partition  extending  beyond  the  valves  of  the 
silique;  seed  globose;  glands  between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between  the 
long  stamens  and  calyx,     (cabbage,  turnip.) 

SiNAPis.  Calyx  spreading:  corol  with  strait  claws:  glands  between  the  short  sta- 
mens and  pistil,  and  between  the  long  stamens  and  calyx:  partition  extending  beyond 
the  valves  of  the  sihque,  ensiform:  seeds  in  a  single  series.  Cotyledons  conduplicate. 
(mustard.) 

Raphancs.  Calyx  closed,  setose:  silique  torose,  terete,  not  opening  by  valves, 
1  or  2-celled:  glands  between  the  short  stamens  and  pistil,  and  between  the  long 
stamens  and  calyx.     Cotyledons  conduplicate.     (radish.) 

CLASS  XV.     MONADELPHIA. 

Order  III.     Triandria. 

SisYRiNCHiuM.  Spathe  2-leaved:  perianth  0:  corol  superior,  6-cleft  or  6-petalled, 
tubular:  style  1:  stigma  3-clefl:  capsule  3-celled.     (blue-eyed  grass.)  <S. 

10 


74  CLASS    XV.       ORDER    XII, 

Exotic, 
TiGRiDiA.     Spathe  2-leaved:  perianth  0:  petals  6,  the  3  outer  large:  filaments  united 
into  a  very  long  tube:  flowers  spotted. 
*Pistia. 

Order  V.     Pentandria. 

Passiflora.  Calyx  5-paited,  colored:  corol  5-petaIled,  on  the  calyx:  nectary,  a 
triple  filamentous  crown,  within  the  petals:  gourd-like  berry,  pedicelled.  (passion- 
flower.) S. 

Exotic. 

Erodium.  Calyx  5-sepalled;  corol  5-petalled;  nectariferous  scales  5,  alternating 
with  the  filaments:  carpels  5,  1-seeded,  awned;  beaked  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle; 
awn  spiral,  bearded  within.     (Taken  from  the  geranium.)     (stork's  bill.) 

Southern. 

Philoxerus.  Calyx  5-parted:  corol  none:  stamens  united  at  the  base  into  a  small 
entire  cup,  shorter  than  the  germ:  anthers  1-celIed:  stigmas  2:  bladder-like  capsule 
membranaceous,  ] -seeded,  valveless. 

Achyranthes.  Calyx  double,  membranaceous,  permanent,  outer  3-sepalled,  inner 
5-sepalled,  unequal:  stamens  standing  on  the  nectary,  with  segments  between  them: 
capsule  1-seeded,  covered  by  the  converging  calyx. 

Oplotheca.     Calyx  double,  outer  2-sepalled,  scarious,  convolute,  truncate;  shorter 
than  the  inner — inner  1-sepalled,  muricate,  somewhat  5-cleft,  with  a  dense  down: 
corol  none:  nectary  cylindric,  5- toothed,  bearing  tlie  stamens:  stigma  simple,  capitate, 
hairy;  bladder- like  capsule  1-seeded,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 
♦Anagallis,  Lysimachia,  Linum,  Petalostemon. 

Order  VII.     Heptandria. 

Exotic. 
Pelargonium.     Calyx  5-parted,  upper  divisions  broader,  ending  in  a  capillary  nec- 
tariferous tube:  corol  5-petalled,  irregular;  the  two  upper  petals  usually  broader,  with 
colored  veins:   filaments  10,  three  of  them  usuallj' without  anthers:  carpels  5,  each 
l«eeeded,  awned;  some  of  the  awns  spiral,     (stork  geranium.) 

Order  VIII.     Octandria. 
Southern. 
PisTiA.     Spathe  tubular-hooded,  strap-like;  corol  none:  filaments  lateral;  anthers  3 
to  8:  style  1:  capsule  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 
*Polygala,  Cardiospermum. 

Order  X.     Decandria. 

Geranium.  Calyx  5-sepalled:  corol  5-petalled,  regular:  nectariferous  glands  5, 
adhering  to  the  base  of  the  5  alternating  long  filaments:  carpels  5,  1-seeded,  awned, 
beaked  at  the  elongated  top  of  the  receptacle;  awn  naked  or  smooth  within,  strait, 
(cranebill,  false  crowfoot,  herb-robert.)  & 

Southern. 
Acacia.     Mimosa.     Polygamous.     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed:  petals  5:  stamens  5  to 
10,  exsert:  pod  1-celled,  2-valved. 

Darlingtonia.  Flowers  perfect:  petals  5,  distinct:  stamens  5  to  10,  sub-exsert: 
legume  bivalve,  juiceless,  small-seeded,  lanceolate-falcate:  calyx  bell-form,  5  to  7 
toothed. 

ScHRANKiA.     Mimosa.     Polygamous.     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed:  petals  5:  stamens 
8  to  10,  exsert:  pod  4-valved. 
*Oxalis. 

Order  XII.     Polyandria. 

SiUA.  Calyx  simple,  angular,  5-cleft;  rarely  with  one  setaceous  bract:  style  many- 
parted:  carpels  many,  arranged  circularly,  1 -celled,  1  or  3-seeded.  (Pedicel  articu- 
lated under  the  apex. )     (Indian  mallows.)  S. 


CLASS    XVI.       ORDER    XII.  .  75 

SPHiERALCEA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  3  setaceous  bracts  at  the  base:  carpels  numer- 
ous, aggregated  in  a  sub-globose  head,  2-valved,  2  or  several  seeded. 

Abutilon.  Calyx  5-cleft,  witliout  bracts;  carpels  5  or  more,  2-valved;  3,  raiely 
4  or  6-seeded. 

Alth.*:a.  Calyx  double;  outer  one  6  or  9-cleft:  carpels  many,  arranged  circularly, 
1-seeded.     (hollyhock.) 

Malva.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-sepalled,  inner  one  5-cleft:  carpels  many,  ar- 
ranged circularly,  1-celled,  1-seeded.     (mallows.)  S. 

Malvaviscus.  Calyx  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucre:  petals  erect,  convo 
lute:  stigmas  10:  carpels  5,  1-seeded,  sometimes  sub-distinct,  and  often  united  in  5- 
celled  fruit. 

Hibiscus.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  many-sepalled;  inner  one  about  5-cleft:  stigmas 
5:  capsule  5  or  10-celled,  many-seeded,     (marsh  mallows.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Lavateka.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-cleft:  carpels  many,  many-seeded,  (tree- 
mallows.) 

GossYPiuM.  Calyx  double,  outer  one  3-cleft:  capsule  4-celled:  seeds  involved  in 
•wool,     (cotton.) 

Southern. 

Malope.  Calyx  double,  outer  3-sepalled:  carpels  1-seeded,  irregularly  aggre- 
gated. 

Stuartia.  Calyx  5-parted:  petals  5:  stigma  somewhat  5-lobed,  capitate:  capsule 
5-celled,  5-valved;  cells  1  or2-seeded;  seeds  ovate,  bony. 

HoPEA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  superior:  petals  5:  stamens  numerous,  united  in  5  groups: 
style  1:  drupe  3-celIed,  with  2  of  them  often  empty,     (yellow-leaf.) 

NuTTALLiA.  Callirhoe.  Calyx  simple,  5-cleft:  capsules  numerous,  1-seeded, 
united  in  a  ring. 

Styrax.  Calyx  bell-form,  generally  5-toothed,  inferior:  corol  5  to  7-parted,  on  the 
calyx:  drupe?  coriaceous,  with  1  or  2,  1-seededn  uts:  stamens  6  to  16,  on  the  throat 
of  the  corol,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong,  linear,     (storax  tree.) 

Halesia.  Calyx  4-toothed,  superior:  corol  4-cleft:  nut  covered  with  bark,  4-sided, 
2  or  all  the  angles  winged;  2  to  4celled,  2  to  4-seeded.     (snowdrop  tree.) 

GoRDONiA.     Calyx  simple,  5-sepalled,  connate  at  the  base:  style  5-sided;  stigmas 
5:  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved:  receptacle  columnar:  cells  2-seeded;  seeds  winged. 
*Pinus. 

CLASS  XVI.    DIADELPHIA. 

Order  V.     Pentandria,  to  Order  VIII.     Octandria,  or  FENXocTAtrDRU. 

CoRYDALis.  Sepals  2,  caducous:  corol  1-spurred  at  the  base:  capsule  pod-like,  2- 
valved;  few  or  many-seeded:  style  persistent. 

FuMARiA.  Sepals  2,  deciduous:  corol  1-spurred,  or  gibbous  at  the  base:  fruit  a 
1-seeded,  sub-globose,  nut:  style  deciduous,     (fumitory.)  S. 

DiELYTRA.  Sepals  2,  deciduous:  corol  2-spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base:  capsule 
pod-shaped,  many-seeded. 

Adlumia.  Sepals  2:  petals  united  into  a  spongy  persistent,  monopetalous  corol, 
bi-gibbous  at  the  base,  4-lobed  at  the  apex:  capsule  pod-shaped,  linear-oblong,  many- 
seeded. 

PoLYGALA.  Calyx  5-sepalled,  permanent,  unequal;  2  of  them  wing-like,  larger, 
colored:  corol  irregular,  (or  ratiier,  calyx  3-sepalled,  corol  imperfectly  papilionace- 
ous:) capsule  obcordate,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Keelof  tlie  corol  sometimes  appendaged: 
seeds  hairy,     (snake-root,  milk- wort,  low  century,  mountain  flax.)  S. 

Southern. 

Fetalostemon.     Petals  5,  nearly  equal;  4  of  them  alternating  with  the  stamens,  and 
uniting  with  them  in  a  cleft  tube:  legume  1-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 
♦Gleditschia. 


76  CLASS    XVI.       ORDER.    X. 

Order  X.     Decandria. 

A.     Legiime  wWiout  transverse  divisions  or  partitions;  seeds  numerous. 

(  Stigma  pubescent. ) 

PiSDM.  Calyx  with  the  divisions  leaf-like,  about  equal:  banner  protruding  2  foldss 
style  compressed,  carinate,  villose  above:  legume  without  down  at  the  suture,     (pea.) 

Lathyrds.  Calyx  with  the  two  upper  divisions  sliorter:  style  flat,  villose  above, 
broader  towards  the  top.  (Stem  mostly  winged,  leaflets  2  or  more,  terminated  by  a 
divided  tendril.)     (sweet  pea.)  .S. 

ViciA.  Calyx  emarginate  above,  2-tootiied;  3  straight  long  teeth  below:  banner 
emarginale:  style  bearded  transversely  on  the  lower  side  beneath  the  stigma,     (vetch. ) 

^• 

Ervum.  Calyx  5-parted:  divisions  linear,  acute,  about  equalling  the  corol:  stigma 
capitate,  hairy  on  all  sides,  (Torrey;)  glabrous,  (Persoon:)  legume  oblong,  2  to  4- 
seeded.     (creeping  vetch.) 

AsTROPHiA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft;  the  2  upper  segments  a  little  shorter: 
style  flat,  linear,  pubescent  along  the  inside:  legume  broadly-oblong,  compressed,  few- 
seeded. 

Vexillaria.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  the  summit,  the  upper  and  lateral  segments 
triangular-ovate,  acuminate;  the  inferior  segment  narrower:  banner  large,  somewhat 
orbicular,  emarginate  or  bifid,  not  spurred  on  the  back;  keel  small,  sliorter  than  the 
wings,  incurved,  acute,  on  very  long  claws:  style  longitudinally  bearded  or  hairy, 
more  or  less  dilated  at  the  apex:  legume  stipitate,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  flattish,  to- 
rulose,  pointed  with  the  base  of  the  style:  thickened  along  the  sutures;  the  valves 
nerveless  and  windless,     (butterfly  weed.)  S. 

Centrosema.  Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulate,  4  or  5-cleft:  banner  large,  broadly 
orbicular,  with  a  short  obtuse  spur  behind;  keel  semi-orbicular,  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  wings,  incurved,  obtuse,  on  very  short  claws:  stamens  monodelphous,  or  partly 
diadelphous:  style  glabrous,  dilated  at  the  apex;  stigma  barbulate:  legume  nearly 
sessile,  linear  compressed,  subulate  with  the  style;  somewhat  thickened  along  the 
sutures;  the  valvee  marked  on  each  side  with  a  longitudinal  nerve  next  the  margin. 

Southern. 

Orpbus.  Styleslinear:  corol  long;  calyx  obtuse  at  the  base;  upper  segments  deeper, 
and  generally  shorter,     (bitter  vetch.) 

Phaca.  Keel  obtuse:  style  beardless;  stigma  capitate:  legume  1-celled,  somewhat 
turgid;  upper  suture  swollen  and  seed-bearing  within. 

(Stigma  not  pubescent.) 

Phaseolus.  Stamens  nine  connected  and  one  separate:  legume  many-seeded;  not 
articulated:  stigma  not  hairy:  cotyledons  thick,  which  ^re  changed  into  succulent 
leaves  in  germinating. 

1.  Sub  Genus.  Phaseolus  (Euphaseolus.)  Calyx  2-lipped,  upper  one  2-toothed, 
lower  one  3-parted:  keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted:  legume  com- 
pressed. . 

2.  S.  G.  Strophostyles.  (1)  Calyx  2-Tipped,  upper  one  2-toothed,  lower  one  3- 
parted:  keel  with  the  stamens  and  pistils  spirally  twisted:  legume  terete. 

3.  S.  G.  Amphicarpa.  (I)  Calyx 4-toothed,  teeth  equal,  sub-obtuse:  style  fili- 
form, stigma  capitate:  germ  with  its  base  sheathed. 

4.  S.  G.  Rhynchosia,  (1)  Calyx  5cleft,  somewhat  2-lipped:  the  separate  fila- 
ment geniculate  at  the  base:  style  filiform:  legume  compressed,  2  seeded. 

5.  S.  G.  Wistaria.  (I)  Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped;  upper  lip  with  2  short  teeth, 
lower  one  in  3  subulate  lobes:  keel  bicuspidate:  a  tubular  nectary  surrounds  the  stipe 
of  the  germ. 

6.  S.  G.  Apois.  (1)  Calyx  with  4  obsolete  teeth;  one  acute,  elongated  under 
the  falcate  keel,  which  bend  back  the  top  of  the  banner;  stipe  of  the  germ  sheathed 
at  the  base. 

Remark.  As  Dr.  Torrey  has  disposed  of  these  sub-genera  on  a  plan  which  almost 
approves;  they  will  not  be  alteied. 

(1)  Glycine,  L. 


CLASS    XVI.       ORDER    X.  77 

Galactia.  Calyx  4-toothed,  2-bracted:  petals  all  oblong:  banner  broader,  incum- 
bent: anthers  oblong:  stigma  obtuse:  germ  on  a  naked  stipe:  legume  terete:  seeds 
many,  roundish,     (milky-way  plant.)  S'. 

RoBiNiA.  Calyx  small,  bell-form,  4-cleft,  upper  division  2-parted:  banner  large, 
reflexed,  roundish:  legume  compressed,  elongated,  many-seeded:  seeds  compressed, 
small,     (locust-tree.)  S. 

Astragalus.  Calyx  5-toothed:  keel  of  the  corol  obtuse;  legume  with  a  longitu- 
dinal half-breadth  partition,  attached  to  one  edge,  incurved  at  the  suture  below,  (milk 
vetch.)  S. 

Tephrosia.  (Galega.)  Calyx  without  bracts,  sub-equal,  5-toothed:  banner  of  the 
corol  large,  roundish,  silky  or  pubescent,  entire,  reflex-spreading:  wings  keeled,  obtuse, 
adhering:  stamens  variously  connected,  monadelphia  or  diadelphia:  style  filiform, 
stigma  terminal:  legume  often  sessile,  flat-compressed,  linear,  many-seeded:  seeds 
compressed,     (goat's  rue. ) 

Medicago.  The  keel  deflected  from  the  direction  of  the  banner:  legume  compress- 
ed, spiral,     (lucerene  clover,  medick. )  &'. 

HosACKiA.  Bentliam.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-cleft:  the  spreading  wings  of  the  corol 
almost  equalling  the  banner;  keel  beaked:  style  filiform;  stigma  capitate:  legume  cy- 
Jindric  or  sub-compressed,  striate,  smooth. 

Exotic. 
Coldtea.     Calyx  5-cleft  with  the  keel  obtuse:  style  bearded  on  its  back  through  its 
whole  length:  legume  inflated,  opening  on  the  upper  suture  at  the  base,     (bladder 
senna,  bush  locust.) 

Soufker7i. 

Indigofera.  Calyx  spreading:  keel  with  a  subulate  spur  both  sides;  legume  linear, 
small,  terete  or  quadrangular,    (indigo.) 

Gi.YCYKRHizA.  LiQuiRiTiA.  Calyx  tubular,  equal,  5-parted,  gibbous  at  the  base: 
banner  erect,  reflexed  at  the  sides,  including  the  otlier  petals;  wings  spreading,  keel 
2-cleft:  legume  oblong,  sub-ovate,  compressed,  generally  hispid,  2  to  6-seeded.  (Flow- 
ers racemed.)     (liquorice.) 

OxYTROPis.  Keel  terminating  above  in  a  subulate  appendage:  legume  with  a  longi- 
tudinal half-breadth  partition,  attached  to  one  edge;  the  upper  suture  inflexed. 

Trigonella.  Banner  and  wings  sub-equal,  spreading,  resembling  a  3-petalled 
corol:  legume  often  curved,  compressed,     (fenu-greek.) 

Lupinaster.  Calyx  bell-form,  5-tootbed:  teeth  setaceous,  one  under  the  keel:  stig- 
ma hooked:  legume  terete,  without  joints. 

B.     Legume  loithout  transverse  divisions  or  partitions;  seeds  few  or  single. 

Melilotus.  Flowers  racemed;  calyx  tubular,  5-toothed:  keel  simple,  shorter  than 
the  wings  and  banner:  legume  rugose,  longer  than  ihe  calyx,  or  about  as  long.  (Taken 
from  the  trifolium.)     (melilot  clover.)  >Sf. 

Trifolium.  Flowers  sub-capitate:  legume  included  in  the  calyx,  not  opening  by 
valves,  1  to  4-seeded.     (Leaves  always  ternate.)    (clover.)  S. 

HoMALOBUs.  Calyx  5-toothed,  keel  obtuse:  style  short  recurved:  legume  linear 
or  oblong,  much  compressed,  several  seeded,  the  sutures  neither  introflexed  nor  tumid; 
funicule  very  long. 

Southern. 

DoLicHos.  Banner  with  two  oblong  parallel  callous  processes  at  the  base,  compres- 
sing the  wings  beneath  them,     (cowhage. ) 

Dalea.  Calyx  half  5-clen;:  corol  partly  papilionaceous;  wings  and  keel  adnate  to 
the  undivided  column  of  stamens:  legume  J -seeded,  included  in  the  calyx. 

Psoralea.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed;  lower  segments  mostly  elongated;  legume 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  1 -seeded,  somewhat  beaked,  valveless. 

Kentrophyta.  Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  segments  nearly  equal:  ban- 
ner oblong,  reflexed;  keel  petals  obtuse,  cohering  along  the  back,  shorter  than  the 
wings,  ovate,  membranaceous  or  leathery,  1  or  2  seeded. 

C.     Fruit  or  loment  in  several  joints,  or  in  a  single  seeded  piece. 
Hedysarum.     Calyx  5-cleft:  keel  of  corol  transversely  obtuse:  loment  many-joint- 
ed; joints  1-seeded,  truncate,  compressed,  generally  hispid.     Plants  mostly  with  ter- 
nate leaves,     (bush  clover.)  S. 


78  CLASS    XVII.       ORDER    I. 

Lespedeza.  Calyx  5-parted,  2-bracted;  divisions  nearly  equal:  keel  of  the  ooroJ 
transversely  obtuse:  legume  lens-form,  unarmed,  1-seeded.  (Leaves  always  ternate. 
Taken  from  tJie  hedysarum.)     (bush  clover. )  S. 

Aeschynomene.  Calyx  2-lipped,  lips  toothed:  stamens  united  in  two  equal  parcels: 
loment  compressed,  one  suture  straight,  the  other  lobed;  joints  truncate,  1-seeded. 
(false  sensitive  plant.)  <S. 

Stylosanthes.  Calyx  tubular,  very  long,  bearing  the  corol,  which  originates  higher 
than  the  top  of  the  germ:  loment  one  or  two-jointed,  hooked,     (pencil  tiower.)  S. 

Chapmasnia.  Flowers  of  2  kinds?  Sterile  flower:  calyx  with  2-bracteoles  at  the 
base:  the  tube  very  long  and  slender,  the  lowest  tooth  longest,  and  remote  from  the 
others:  banner  roundish;  keel  boat-form,  nearly  as  long  as  the  banner,  bifid  at  the 
summit:  stamens  monadelphous,  alternately  longer;  ovary  sessile,  with  2  or  3  ovules 
always  sterile:  style  filiform,  very  long;  stigma  capitate,  minutely  glabrous. 

Exotic. 

Coronilla.  Calyx  2-lipped:  petals  with  claws:  loment  teretish,  jointed:  flowers 
in  umbels:  seeds  generally  cylindric.     (coronilla.) 

CicER.     Calyx  5-parted,    of  the  length  of  the  corol,  4  upper  divisions  resting  on 
the  banner:  legume  turgid,  2-seeded;  seeds  gibbose,  raucronate.     (chick-pea.) 
Southern. 

ZoRNiA.  Calyx  inferior,  bell-form,  2-lipped:  banner  cordate,  revolute:  anthers  5 
oblong  and  5  globose:  loment  jointed,  hispid. 

Sesbania.  Calyx  5-toothed:  legume  elongated  (terete  or  linear)  divided  into  many 
cells  (or  loment  joints)  by  transverse  partitions. 

Agati.  Calyx  campanulate,  truncate,  slightly  bilabiate;  the  upper  lip  with  2,  the 
under  with  3,  short,  obtuse,  broad  teeth:  banner  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  oblong 
wmgs;  keel  large,  falcate:  stamens  diadelplious,  slightly  protruded;  the  sheath  with 
large  auricles  at  the  base;  legume  short-stiped,  linear,  elongated,  a  little  compressed, 
many-seeded,  much  contracted,  and  with  transverse  partitions  between  the  seeds,  but 
not  jointed:  seed  oval. 

D.     Stamens  united  in  one  set. 

Amorpha.  Calyx  somewhat  bell-form,  4  or  5-cleft:  banner  ovate,  concave:  wings 
and  keel  0:  legume  1  or  2-seeded,  falcate,     (false-indigo.)  iS'. 

LupiNus.  Calyx  2-lipped:  anthers  5  oblong  and  5  roundish:  legume  coriaceous, 
torulose.     (lupine.)  6'. 

Crotalaria.  Corol  with  the  banner  cordate,  large:  keel  acuminate,  the  membrane 
formed  by  the  united  filaments,  has  a  fissure  on  the  back:  style  curved:  legume  pedi- 
.celled,  turgid,     (rattle-box.)  S. 

Genista.  Calyx  2-lipped,  5-toothed,  2  upper  teeth  very  short:  banner  oblong, 
.*eflexed  back  from  the  pistil  and  stamens,     (kneed-grass,  dyer's  broom.) 

Exotic. 

Spartium.  Calyx  extended  downwards;  keel  generally  pendant:  filaments  adhering 
to  the  germ:  stigma  villose  lengthwise  on  the  upper  side:  legume  oblong,  1  or  many- 
seeded.     (Spanish  broom.) 

Ulex.  Calyx  2  6epalled,  2-bracted:  stamens  all  united:  legume  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx,  spinose.     (furze.) 

Arachis.  Calyx  2-lipped:  corol  upside  down:  legume  gibbous,  torulose,  veiny, 
coriaceous,     (pea- nut.) 

Southern, 

Erythrina.  Calyx  somewhat  2-lipped,  various:  banner  long-lanceolate:  legume 
torulose,  many-seeded,     (corol  tree.) 

Pitcheria.     Calyx  tubular;   somewhat  2-lipped,  5-cleft,  divisions  subulate;  upper 
lip  bifid,  equal  to  the  lower  one:  wings  narrow,  subulate,  one-toothed:  style  filiform, 
ascending;  legume  oblong,  2-seeded,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. 
♦Baptisia,  Cercis,  Virgilia,  Cassia. 

CLASS  XVIL     SYNGENESIA. 
Order  I.     Polycamia  Aequahs. 
A.     Florets  ligulate. 
CicHORicM.     Involucre  surrounded  with  scales:  receptacles  naked  or  slightly  veined: 
egret  sessile,  scaly,  shorter  than  the  pericarp,     (succory,  or  endive.) 


CLASS    XVII.       ORDER    I.  79 

Apargia.  Involucre  imbricate:  receptacle  naked,  punctate:  egret  plumose,  seesile, 
unequal.     (Taken  frc^m  the  Leontodon.)     (false  hawk- weed.) 

Lapsana.  Involucre  sub-cylindric,  scaly  from  tiie  few  leaves  at  the  base:  receptacle 
naked:  the  stony  fruit  oblong,  tapering  at  tlie  base:  egret  none. 

Leontodon.  Involucre  double,  imbricate,  with  flexible  leafets:  receptacle  naked: 
egret  stiped.     (dandelion.)  &'. 

Prenanthes.  Heads  few-flowered,  nodding:  involucre  cylindric,  with  scales  at  the 
base:  akenes  sub-terete,  not  beaked:  egret  in  several  series,  scabrous:  receptacle 
naked,     (white  lettuce.)  &'. 

Lactuca.  Involucre  imbricate,  cylindric,  with  the  margin  of  the  scales  membra- 
naceous; receptacle  naked:  egret  simple,  stiped:  akenes  smooth,  (lettuce.)  S. 
Flowers  mostly  nodding. 

Nabalus.  Flowers  nodding:  involucre  cylindrical,  5  to  12-flowered,  with  erect 
scales  in  one  series  which  bear  small  scales  from  the  base. 

Lygodesmia.  Involucre  5-leaved,  tubulated;  furnished  from  the  base  with  many 
very  short  imbricate  scales;  leafets  ligulate  keeled,  scarious  at  the  margin:  receptacle 
scrobiculate:  florets5:  anthers  2-toothedat  the  base;  bony  akenes  linear,  compressed, 
furrowed,  simple  at  the  apex:  egret  capillary;  rays  in  various  order,  tooth-scabrous  or 
plumose. 

SoNCHus.  Involucre  imbricate,  swelling  at  the  base:  egret  pilose,  sessile:  receptacle 
naked,     (swine  thistle.)  S. 

HiERAciuM.  Involucre  imbricate,  ovate:  egret  simple,  sessile:  receptacle  naked, 
punctate,  or  sub-pilose.     (From  white  becoming  yellowish.)     (hawk-weed.)  S. 

Crepis.  Involucre  with  scales  at  the  base,  scales  laxish:  receptacle  naked:  egret 
pilose,  sub-stiped.     Beyond  R.  M. 

Krigia.  Involucre  simple,  many-leaved,  receptacle  naked:  egret  5  to  8  mem- 
branous leaves,  with  5  to  25  scabrous,  alternating  bristles:  receptacle  naked,  (dwarf 
dandelion.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Tragopogon.  Involucre  simple,  many-leaved:  receptacle  naked;  egret  plumose 
and  stiped.     (goat's  beard,  vegetable  oyster.) 

Southern. 

BoRKHAUsiA.  Involucre  with  scales  at  the  base,  becoming  rib-furrowed,  outer 
scales  loose:  receptacle  naked:  egret  stiped,  pilose. 

Troximon.  Involucre  oblong,  conic,  many-leaved:  leafets  unequal,  imbricate:  re- 
ceptacle naked,  puncticulate:  egret  sessile,  pilose. 

Apogon.     Involucre  8-leaved,  in  a  double  series:  receptacle  naked:  egret  none. 

B.     Florets  tuhulous;  flotcer  capitate. 

Arctium.  Involucre  globose,  with  scales  hooked  at  the  apex:  egret  chaflT- bristly: 
receptacle  chaffy,     (burdock. )  S. 

Onopordon.  Involucre  imbricate,  with  sharp  mucronate  spreading  scales:  egret 
pilose,  scabrous,  caducous:  receptacle  alveolate:  akene  transversely  sulcate.  (cotton 
thistle.) 

Cnicds.  Involucre  swelling,  imbricate,  with  prickly  scales:  receptacle  villose:  egret 
caducous,  pluniose.     (thistle.)  S. 

Carduus.  Involucre  ovate,  imbricate  with  prickly  scales:  receptacle  villose:  egret 
pilose,     (comb-tooth  thistle.) 

Saussurea.  Involucre  sub-cylindric,  scales  imbricate,  beardless:  receptacle  setose 
or  chafly:  egret  in  two  series;  outer  series  short,  filiform;  inner  long  and  plumose: 
anthers  cordate  sub-entire;  bony  akenes  glabrous. 

PvRROcoMA.  Egret  in  one  series  longer  than  the  flower,  fulvous,  scabrous:  limb 
of  the  corol  not  distinct  from  the  tube:  involucre  leaves  in  many  series,  lax;  inner 
leafets  membranaceous  entire,  outer  ones  foliaceous  spine-toothed. 

LiATRis.  Involucre  imbricate,  oblong:  anthers  entire  at  the  base:  akenes  hairy,  ob- 
conic:  egret  permanent,  plumose,  colored:  receptacle  naked:  (flowers  purple. )  (gay 
feather.)  -S. 

Vernonia.     Involucre  imbricate,  ovate:  egret  double,  exterior  chaffy  and  short,  in- 
terior capillary:  receptacle  naked:  stigma  2-clefc,  shortish,     (flat-top.)  S. 
Exotic. 

Carthamus.  Involucre  ovate,  imbricate  with  scales,  ovatish-leafy  at  the  apex: 
egret  chaff- hairy  or  none:  receptacle  chaft-bristly.     ( false -safiron.) 


so  CLASS    XVII.       ORDER    II. 

Ctnara.  Receptacle  bristly:  involucre  dilated,  imbricate,  scales  with  fleshy  bases, 
emarginate  and  pointed:  egret  plumose,  sessile,     (garden  arliciioke.) 

AMiwoBiuM.  Sepals  imbricated,  colored,  radiated:  anthers  with  2  bristles  at  the 
base:  chaffs  of  the  receptacle  distinct:  egret  a  toothed  edge. 

Soullicrn. 

Stokesia.  Involucre  follaceous,  sub-imbricate:  florets  of  the  ray  funnel-form  and 
irregular:  receptacle  naked:  egret  4-bristled. 

Stevia.  Involucre  cylindric,  from  a  simple  series  of  leafets:  receptacle  naked: 
egret  chaff'-bristled. 

Brickellia.  Involucre  many-leaved,  imbricate:  receptacle  naked,  dotted:  egret 
hairy  or  scabrous:  akenes  nearly  glabrous,  10-streaked. 

C.     Florets  tubulous;  floicer  discoid. 

Kdhnia.  Involucre  imbricate,  cylindrical:  egret  plumose,  sessile:  receptacle  naked  t 
akenes  hairy,  finely  striated,     (false  boneset.)  «S. 

EuPATORiuM.  Involucre  imbricated  (rarely  simple)  oblong:  style  long,  cloven  half 
way  down:  egret  pilose,  scabrous,  or  rough  papillose:  receptacle  naked:  akenes 
smooth  and  glandular,  5-stiiate.     (boneset,  thorough- wort,  joe-pye.)  S. 

Mikania.  Involucre  4  or  6  leaved,  equal:  4  to6-flowered:  receptacle  naked:  egret 
pilose,     (climing  boneset. )  S. 

Chrysocoma.  Involucre  imbricate,  oblong  or  hemispheric:  style  scarcely  exsert: 
receptacle  naked:  egret  pilose,  scabrous:  akenes  hairy,     (golden  locks. )  .S'. 

Cacalia.  Involucre  cylindric,  oblong,  somewhat  scaly  at  the  base:  receptacle 
naked:  egret  pilose.     (Leaves  mostly  succulent,     (wild  caraway.)  <S. 

Sparganophorus.  Involucre  sub-globose,  imbricate,  with  unequal  scales  recurve* 
spreading  at  the  tips:  receptacle  naked:  akenium  with  the  cup-like  crown  sub-cartila- 
ginous, shining,     (crown-cup.)  S. 

Hymenopapfcs.  Involucre  many-leaved,  spreading;  leafets  sub-oval,  colored:  re- 
ceptacle naked:  egret  chaffy,  many-leaved  (5  to  8?)  segments  very  short,  obtuse, 
awnless. 

PoLYPTERis.  Involucre  many-leaved,  spreading;  leafets  sub-oval,  colored:  recepta- 
cle naked:  egret  chaffy,  about  12-valved;  valves  rigid  and  cuspidate,  the  length  of  the 
akenium. 

Melananthera.  Involucre  imbricate;  leafets  ovate,  close-pressed,  sub-equal:  re- 
ceptacle chaffy;  scales  keeled,  the  lower  part  embracing  the  florets:  egret  consisting 
of  4  or  5  unequal,  unarmed  awns. 

Marshallia.  Involucre  imbricate;  scales  sub-lanceolate,  incumbent:  receptacle 
chaffy:  egret  5,  membranaceous,  acuminate,  nerveless  scales. 

Santoli.na.  Involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical;  scales  keeled,  having  scarious 
;points:  receptacle  chaffy:  egret  none. 

Exotic. 

Aseratum.  Receptacle  naked:  egret  with  5  somewhat  awned  scales  (chaffs:)  leaves 
of  the  calyx  oblong,  in  a  double  row:  corols  4  or  5-cleft. 

Order  II.     Polygamia  superflua. 
A.     Floicers  discoid;  the  ray-florets  being  obsolete. 

Tanacetum.  Involucre  imbricate,  hemispheric:  scales  acuminate:  rays  obsolete) 
3-cleft:  egret  somewhat  marginal:  receptacle  naked.     (Flowers corymbed.)     (tansy.) 

Omalanthus.  Heads  various  in  stamens  and  pistils  in  flowers  surrounding  in  one 
series;  ia  the  rest  perfect  and  fertile:  bony  akenes  wingless,  4-cornered:  egret  crown- 
ing and  repand:  corols  of  staminate  and  perfect  flowers  glabrous,  flat-compressed, 
2-winged,  3-crenate:  rachis  vvithout  bracts. 

Artemisia.  Involucre  imbricate,  ovate,  with  scales  rounded,  converging:  ray-flo- 
rets subulate:  egret  0:  receptacle  somewhat  villose,  or  nakedish.  (Flowers  mostly 
rounded.)     (wormwood,    southern-wood.)  S. 

Baccharis.  Involucre-scales  ovate,  sub-coriaceous,  imbricate,  cylindric,  bell-form 
or  ovate:  pistillate  and  perfect  florets  intermixed:  receptacle  naked:  egret  pilose. 
(Sometimes  the  flowers  are  dioecious.)    (groundsel- tree.)  S. 


CLASS    XVII.       ORDER    ll.  81 

CoNTiA.  Involucre  imbricate,  witli  scales  eub-linear- ovate,  or  hesmispheric /and 
Bub-scarious:  egret  simple,  capillary:  receptacle  naked:  florets  of  the  ray  with  a  3- 
clefl  border,  not  composing  a  ray  in  appearance,     (plowman's  wort.)  S. 

Gnaphalium.  Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  marginal  scales  rounded,  scarious, 
shortish,  glossy,  colored:  receptacle  naked:  egret  pilose  or  plumose,  scabrous:  florets 
of  the  ray  subulate,  of  the  disk  entire.  Sometimes  all  the  florets  are  perfect,  (life- 
everlasting.)  S. 

ANTEN^ARlA.  Heads  dioecious  or  sub-dioecious:  rachis  wholly  without  bracts: 
egret  in  one  series,  in  the  staminate  clavate  at  the  apex;  style  either  very  simple  or 
shortly  bifid. 

Southern. 

Ptekocadlon.  Involucre  imbricate,  with  close-pressed,  downy,  sub-scarious  scales: 
receptacle  naked:  perfect  and  pistillate  florets  intermixed;  the  pistillate  ones  slen- 
der; border  3- toothed:  perfect  oiies  with  a  5- cleft  border:  egret  hairy,  scabrous: 
akenes  angled,  hairy. 

B.     Flowers  radiate;  the  Ugulate  raij-florets  very  manifest. 

(Receptacle  naked.) 

TowNSENDiA.  Ray  florets  ligulate,  disk  florets  perfect,  regular:  leafets  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricate  in  several  series:  egret  in  one  series,  short  in  the  rays;  chaff" subulate, 
unequal;   pilose  in  the  disk,  hairs  enlongated  somewhat  scabrous. 

Madia.  Ray  florets  in  one  series:  corol  of  the  rays  ligulate,  with  the  laminae 
longer  than  the  tube:  bony  akenium  erose,  compressed,  4-sided,  4-ribbed:  disk  small, 
epigynous. 

Erigeron.  Involucre  imbricate,  sub-hemispherical:  egret  pilose,  double;  outer 
egret  minute  and  chaffy:  florets  of  the  ray  liriear,  very  narrow,  numerous,  (flea-bane, 
pride- weed.)  S. 

Diplopappus.  Rays  in  one  series:  egret  in  2  series:  corols  of  the  disk  regular: 
bony  akenium  erose. 

Incla.  Involucre  imbricate,  generally  squarrose;  egret  simple,  scabrous,  sometimes 
a  minute  exterior  chaffy  one:  anthers  ending  in  2  bristles  at  the  base:  ray-florets  nu- 
merous.    Ray-florets  always  yellow,     (elecampane.) 

Aster.  Involucre  imbricate,  the  inferior  scales  generally  spreading:  egret  simple, 
pilose:  receptacle  often  deep-pitted.  Florets  of  the  ray  more  than  10,  except  in  soli- 
daginoides,  and  a  few  other  species:  color  purple  or  white,  never  yellow,  (star-flower. ) 
S. 

Eurybia.  Ray  florets  fertile:  leafets  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricate:  disk  her- 
baceous, narrow  at  the  apex:  tube  and  limb  of  the  florets  of  the  disk  severed:  bony 
akenium  elongated,  prismatic,  glabrous  or  pubescent:  egret  simple,  somewhat  rigid, 
permanent,  scabrous:  receptacle  alveolate. 

Galatella.  Pistillate  rays  sterile:  tlie  leafets  of  the  narrow  involucre  are  narrow, 
the  herbaceous  nerve  under  the  apex  not  expanded:  bony  akenium  cornered,  densely 
hirsute  or  herbaceous:  egret  somewhat  rigid,  dense,  scabrous:  receptacle  torn-alveo- 
late. 

Seriocarpos.  Leafets  of  the  involucre  broad,  sub-cartilaginous  at  the  base,  closely 
imbricate,  abruptly  herbaceous  at  the  apex,  and  mostly  spreading:  florets  of  the  disk 
few,  cylindrically  conic;  tube  and  hmb  passing  into  each  other:  bony  akenium  short, 
ob-pyramidal,  dense,  silky:  egret  simple,  a  little  rigid,  permanent:  receptacle  narrow, 
alveolate,  irregular. 

Tripoi.ium.  Leafets  of  the  involucre  interior  ample,  membranaceous,  colored, 
close-pressed;  exterior  decrease  into  the  peduncle:  bony  akenium  cunei-form,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  glabrous:  egret  simple,  capillary,  dense,  nodular-scabrous:  recep- 
tacle alveolate. 

Solid  AGO.  Involucre  oblong  or  sub-cylindric,  with  oblong,  narrow,  pointed,  strait 
scales,  imbricate,  closed  upon  the  flower:  ray-florets  about  5,  and  fewer  than  10; 
lanceolate,  2-toothed,  equal  to,  or  shorter  than,  the  involucre:  filaments  capillary, 
very  short:  style  thread-form,  equalling  the  length  of  the  stamens:  stigma  cleft' 
spreading:  egret  simple,  pilose,  scabrous:  receptacle  furrowed  with  dots  or  punctures: 
akenes  oblong-ovate.     (Yellow.)     (golden  rod.)  >S. 

Arnica.  Involucre  hemispherical,  with  the  leafets  equal,  longer  than  the  disk: 
receptacle  naked:  egret  simple,  hairy:  florets  of  the  ray  often  without  anthers.  Ray- 
florets  yellow.  S 

11 


bZ  CLASS    XVII.       ORDEa    II. 

Senecio.  Involucre  cylindric:  leafets  with  withering,  blackish  tips,  and  a  few 
small  ecalea  at  the  base:  egret  simple,  capillary,  copious.  Ray-florets  Bometimes 
wanting,     (rag- wort,  fire- weed.)  S. 

Cineraria.     Involucre  simple,  many-leaved,  equal:  egret  simple.  S. 

TussiLAGo.  Involucre  simple,  swelling;  scales  equal,  and  equalling  the  disk,  sub- 
membranous:  pistillate  florets  ligulate  or  without  teeth:  egret  simple,  sessile.  (Some- 
times polygamous.)     (coltsfoot.) 

Nardosmia.  Heads  sub-dioecious:  Btaminate  surrounded  with  one  series  of  pistil- 
late rays;  pistillate  homogamous:  pistillate  with  ligulate  corols:  egret  pilose,  the 
staminate  less  copious  than  the  pistillate. 

BoLTONiA.  Involucre  imbricate:  florets  of  the  ray  numerous:  receptacle  conic, 
punctate:  egret  consists  of  many  minute  bristles  and  generally  2-elongated  bristles  or 
horns:  akenium  flat,  margined,     (false  chamomile.)  S. 

Chrysanthemum.  Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate,  with  the  scales  membranous 
at  the  margin:  egret  none,  or  a  narrow  margin,     (ox-eyed  daisy,  fever-few.)  S. 

Blepharipappus.  Ray  few-flowered,  the  corols  broad  wedge-form,  deeply  3-cleft: 
egret  chaffy,  about  8,  linear  acuminate,  fringe-ciliate:  rachis  bracted. 

Pyrethrum.  Bony  akenium,  wingless,  angled:  egret  crown-like,  diameter  of  the 
bony  akenium  about  equalling  it:  flowers  of  the  disk  5-toothed,  thick,  often  flat-com- 
pressed, 2-winged:  rays  ligulate-oblong;  styles  of  the  disk  not  branched. 

Exotic. 

Belli3.  Involucre  hemispherical;  scales  equal:  egret  0:  receptacle  conical:  ake- 
nium obovate.     (garden  daisy. )  •■ 

Tagetes.  Involucre  simple,  1-leafed,  5-toothed,  tubular:  florets  of  the  ray  about 
5,  permanent:  egret  5  erect  awns,     (marigold.) 

Matricaria.  Involucre  flat,  imbricate,  with  scales  having  scarious  margins:  re- 
ceptacle naked,  terete:  egret  none. 

Southern. 

Brachyris.  Involucre  cylindric-ovate,  closely  imbricate;  scales  agglutinated  to- 
gether; ray  and  disk  florets  about  5  to  each:  receptacle  naked:  egret  very  short, 
chafly:  glumes  5  to  8,  permanent. 

Crinitaria.  Little  head  discoid,  many-(or  few-)  flowered:  rachis  without  bracts; 
egret  pilose  in  two  series:  bony  akenium  not  beaked,  compressed,  silky. 

Donia.  Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate,  squarrose,  glutinous:  ray-florets  30  or 
more,  (yellow:)  receptacle  naked,  deep-pitted:  egret  consists  of  3  or  4  caducous, 
Bomewhat  chaflfy,  bristles. 

BoEBERA.  Involucre  double;  outer  one  many-leaved;  inner  one  8-leaved:  recep- 
tacle naked:  egret  pilose. 

Tricophyllum.  Involucre  oblong-cylindric,  many-leaved,  equal:  ray  florets  oblong: 
receptacle  naked:  egret  chaffy,  minute,  5  to  8-leaved;  leafets  obtuse,  awnless. 

Chrysopsis.  Involucre  imbricated:  (ray-florets  mostly  yellow;)  anthers  naked  at 
the  base:  receptacle  naked:  egret  double;  outer  chaffy,  minute:  inner  scabrous, 
mp.ny  rayed:  akenium  obovate,  villose. 

Pectis.     Involucre  5-leaved:  ray-florets  5:  receptacle  naked:  egret  3  to  5  awns. 

(Receptacle  chaffy  or  hairy.) 

Verbesina.  Involucre  many-leaved;  leafets  arranged  in  double  series:  florets  of 
the  ray  about  5:  egret  2-awned.     (crown-beard.)  iS. 

Anthemis.  Involucre  hemispherical;  scales  with  scarious  margins,  nearly  equal: 
egret  0,  or  a  membranous  margin:  florets  of  the  ray  more  than  5:  receptacle  chaffs 
flat,  with  a  rigid  acuminate  apex:  akenium  crowned  with  a  membranous  border,  or 
egret,     (may-weed,  chamomile.)  S. 

Achillea.  Involucre  imbricate,  ovate,  unequal:  egret  0:  florets  of  the  ray  5  to  10, 
roundish,  dilated.     (Flowers  corymbed.)     (yarrow.)  -S. 

Espeletia.  Involucre  imbricate,  sub-squarrose,  foliaceous:  corols  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  scarcely  toothed:  leceptacle  flat,  chaffy:  egret  0:  akenes  compressed,  flattish, 
somewhat  4-sided. 

Heliopsis.  Involucre  imbricate,  with  ovate-linear  lined  scales:  ray  florets  linear, 
ra*ge:  receptacle  chaffy,  conic;  the  chaffs  lanceolate:  akenes  4-sided:  egret  0.  (sun- 
ray.)  S. 


CLABS    XVII.      ORDER  III.  83 

Helenicm.  Involucre  1-leaved,  many-parted:  e^et  5-ftwned  chaffy  leaves:  recep- 
tacle globose,  naked  in  the  disk,  and  chaffy  in  the  ray  only:  florets  of  tho-ray  haIf-3- 
cleft:  akenes  villose.     (Leaves  decurrent.)     (false  sunflower.)  S. 

Exotic. 

Dahlia.  Receptacle  chaffy:  egret  none:  calyx  double,  outer  one  many-kaved; 
inner  one  1-leaved,  8-parted. 

Southern, 

Zinnia.  Involucre  cylindric-ovate,  imbricate:  rays  5,  entire,  permanent;  receptacle 
chaffy:  egret  2-erect  awns. 

Starkea.     Involucre  imbricate:  receptacle  hirsute:  egret  simple,  sessile,  scabrous. 

EcLiPTA.  Involucre  many-leaved,  sub-equal:  disk-florets  mostly  4-cleft:  ray-florets 
very  narrow,  numerous:  receptacle  bristly:  egret  none:  akenes  rugose,  2-edged,  some- 
what 4-sided. 

SiEGESBECKiA.  Outcr  involucre  5-Ieaved,  spreading:  inner  one  many-leaved,  5- 
angled,  sub-equal;  rays  on  one  side  of  the  flower  only:  receptacle  chaffy;  egret  none: 
akenes  somewhat  4-sided. 

AcMELLA.  Involucre  simple,  leafets  few;  receptacle  oblong,  chaffy;  akeneS  4-sided, 
truncate  at  the  summit,  naked. 

Tetragonotheca.  Involucre  1-leaved,  4-sided,  4-parted,  very  broad:  receptacle 
chaffy:  egret  none. 

AcriNELLA.  Involucre  many-leaved,  sub-equal,  flat:  ray-florets  (8  to  20)  3-toothed, 
widening  towards  the  extremity:  receptacle  naked,  hemispherical:  egret  chaffy:  5  to 
8-awned  glumes. 

BuPHTHALMUM.  Involucrc  leafy:  egret  marginal,  4-toothed  or  obsolete:  akenes  of 
the  ray  margined,  and  sometimes  of  the  disk,     (ox-eye.) 

Order  III.     Poltgamia  frustranea. 

Hei-ianthus.  Involucre  imbricate,  sub-squarrose,  leafy:  receptacle  flat,  chaffy: 
egret  2-leaved,  chaff-like,  caducous,     (sunflower,  Jerusalem  artichoke.)  S. 

Rudeeckia.  Involucie  consisting  of  a  double  order  of  leafets  or  scales:  receptacle 
chaffy,  conic:  egret  a  4-toothed  margin,  or  0.     (cone-flower.)  S. 

Calliopsis.  Bony  akenium  ob-compressed  wholly  bald,  curved  within,  truncate  at 
the  apex,  narrowly  2-winged,  disk  minute  epigynous;  wings  similar,  colored,  very 
entire:  styles  of  the  disk  with  truncate  branches,  pencilled  at  the  apex. 

Wyethia.  Involucre  polyphyllous,  sub-squarrose,  foliaceous:  receptacle  chaffy, 
flat:  egret  deformed,  very  short,  chaffy,  many-leaved,  and  solitary  bristles  in  the  disk 
of  the  lateral  plants. 

BiDENs.  Involucre  with  bracts  at  the  base,  nearly  equal,  with  or  without  ray- 
florets:  receptacle  flat,  chaffy:  egret  consists  of  2,  3,  or  4  strong  awns,  with  reflexed 
and  erect  lateial  prickles:  akenes  4-cornered.     (burr-marygold,  beggar- ticks.)  <S, 

Coreopsis.  Involucre  double,  both  many-leaved  (8  to  12:)  inner  ones  many-leaved, 
sub-coriaceous  and  colored:  akenes  compressed,  emarginated,  2-toothed;  receptacle 
chaffy,  flat:  egret  2-horned.     (tick-seed  sunflower.)  S. 

AcTiNOMERis.  Involucre  simple,  many-leaved,  leaves  sub-equal:  rays  remote  elon- 
gated, (4  to  8:)  receptacle  small,  chaffy:  the  leafets  embracing  the  margin  of  the 
akenes:  akenes  compressed,  margined;  crowned  with  2  permanent  awns.     S. 

Exotic. 
Centacrea.     Involucre  various,  mostly  imbricate,  roundish:  egret  simple,  various: 
receptacle  bristly;  corols  of  the  ray  funnel-shape,  longer,  irregular,     (blue-bottle, 
blessed  thistle. ) 

Soulkem. 

Leptopoda.  Involucre  simple,  many-parted,  rays  20  or  more,  3-cleft,  widening  at 
the  top:  receptacle  naked,  hemispherical:  egret  consists  of  8  to  10  awnless  chaff-like 
valves. 

Baldcina.  Involucre  imbricate,  squarrose-leafy:  ray-florets  somewhat  3-clefl:  re- 
ceptacle hemispherical,  horn-like,  cellular:  egret  chaffy,  awnless,  erect,  about  10- 
leaved:  akenes  immersed  in  the  receptacle. 

Galardia.  Involucre  many-leaved,  flat,  sub-equal:  rays  3-clefl,  widening  towards 
the  top:  receptacle  bristly,  hemispherical:  egret  chaffy:  leafets  8  to  10,  awned. 


84  CLA6S    XVIII.       ORDER    I. 

Order  IV.     Poltgamia  necessaeja. 

SiLPHiuM.  Involucre  Bquarrose:  scales  leafy,  broad:  egret  a  2-horned  margin:  re- 
ceptacle chaffy:  akenes  compressed,  obcordale,  margined,  2-toothed.  (ragged-cup.) 
S. 

PoLTMNiA.  Involucre  double;  exterior  4  or5-leaved;  interior  10-leaved;  leafets  con- 
cave: egret  0:  receptacle  chaffy,     (leaf-cup.)  /S. 

IvA.  Involucre  about  5-leaved  or  5-parted;  styles  2,  long:  akenes  obovate,  naked, 
obtuse:  receptacle  hairy,  or  chaff-bristly:  ray  5- flowered,     (high-water  shrub.)  S. 

Exotic. 
Calendula.     Involucre  many-leaved,  equal:  receptacle  naked:  egret  none:  akenes 
of  the  disk  membranaceous,     (pot  marygold.) 

Southern, 

Chaptalia.  Involucre  sub-imbricated,  mapy-leaved:  pistijlate  florets  in  two  series; 
outer  ones  rayed;  inner  ones  naked:  disk  florets  2-lipped:  receptacle  naked:  egret 
capillary. 

Parthenium.  Involucre  5-leaved:  rays  very  small;  receptacle  chaffy,  minute;  outer 
ecales  dilated:  akenes  obovate,  minutely  3-awned. 

Chrysogonum.  Involucre  5-leaved:  receptacle  chaffy:  egret  1-leaved,  3-toothed: 
akenes  surrounded  by  a  4-leaved  calycle. 

Baltimora.  Involucre  cylindric,  many-leaved:  rays  5:  receptacle  chaffy:  egret 
none:  akenes  3-sided. 

GvMNosTYLUs.  Involucrc  many-leaved,  the  leaflets  in  a  single  series:  pistillate  florets 
apetalous:  akenes  compressed,  somewhat  toothed  at  the  summit,  awned  with  the  per- 
rnaneht  styles. 

Order  V.     Polygyamia  segregata. 

Elephantopcs.  Partial  involucre,  4-flowered,  florets  5-cleft,  ligulate,  perfect: 
receptacle  naked:  down  setaceous,     (elephant- foot.)  S. 

Exotic. 
EcHiNOPs.     Proper  involucre  l-flowered:  corol  tubular,  perfect:  receptacle  setose: 
|?gret  obsolete,     (globe  thistle.) 

CLASS  XVIII.     GYNANDRIA. 
Order  I.     Monandria. 

A.     Aniher  adndte,  siil-terminal,  not  caducous;  masses  of  polUxi,  (iffixcd  by  the 
l>ase,  and  made  up  of  angular  particles. 

Orchis.  Corol  ringent:  lip  broad  entire,  spurred  at  the  base  on  the  under  side: 
pollinia  pedicellate:   glands  of  the  pedicels  contained  in  one  common  little^ pouch. 

Platanthera.  Corol  vaulted,  lips  narrow,  entire,  spurred  at  the  base:  cells  of 
the  anther  widely  divided  at  their  base,  by  the  broad  interposed  stigma:  pollinia  pedi- 
/pglled:  glands  of  the  pedicels  naked. 

IJabenaria.  Corol  ringent:  lips  dilated,  toothed,  lobed  or  fringed,  spurred  at  the 
base:  pollinia  pedicellate:  glands  of  the  pedicels  naked,  distant. 

B.     Anther  parallel  unth  the  stigma;  not  caducous:  masses  of  poUen  affixed  to  the 
summit  of  the  stigma,  and  made  up  of  farinaceous  or  angular  particles. 

GooDYERA.  Corol  ringent-like,  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the  gibbous  lip, 
which  is  undivided  above:  style  free:  constituent  particles  of  the  masses  of  pollen 
angular,     (rattlesnake-leaf,  scrophula  weed.)  S. 

Neuttia.  Corol  ringent-like,  the  2  lower  petals  placed  under  the  lip,  which  is 
beardless;  interior  petals  converging:  style  wingless:  constituent  particles  of  the 
masses  of  pollen  farinaceous.     (ladies' tresses.)  S. 

LisTERA.  Corol  irregular:  lip  pendant,  2- lobed:  style  wingless,  minute,  with  the 
anther  inserted  at  its  base:  pollen  farinaceous,     (lily  orchis.)  S, 

Southern. 
Cranichis.     Corol  5-petalJed,  resupinate,  sub-ringent:  lip  behind,  vaulted:  pollen 
farinaceous. 


CLASS    XVIII.       ORDER   V.  85, 

C.    Anther  inserted,  terminal,  not  caducous;  masses  of  pollen  farinaceons  or  angnlar. 

PoGONiA.  Petals  5,  distinct,  without  glands:  lip  sessile,  hooded,  crested  internal- 
^y:  pollen  ftirinaceous.     (snake-mouth.)  S. 

Triphqra.  Petals  5,  distinct,  equal  and  converging,  without  glands:  lip  upguicu- 
late,  cowled:  styles  spatulate,  even  flattened,  wingless:  pollen  farinaceous,  (three 
bird  orchis.)  S. 

Cymbidium.  Calopogo.v.  Petals  5,  distinct:  lip  behind,  (or  inverted,)  unguicu- 
late:  the  lainina  bearded:  style  free:  pollen  angular,     (grass-pink.)  S. 

Arethusa.  Petals  5,  connate  at  the  base:  lip  below,  growing  to  the  style,  cowled 
above,  crested  within:  pollen  angular,     (arethusa.)  /S'. 

p.     Antlier  moveable^  terminal,  caducous;  masses  of  pollen  at  length  becoming 
wax-like. 

TiPULARiA.  Petals  spatulate,  spreading:  lip  entire,  sessile,  conspicuously  spurred 
below  at  the  base:  style  wingless,  lengthened,  free:  anthers  in  the  form  of  a  lid,  per- 
manent; masses  of  pollen  4,  parallel,     (limodore.)  & 

Malaxis.  Petals  5,  narrower  than  the  lip,  spreading  ordeflexed;  lip  flattened,  un- 
divided, sessile,  often  exterior:  style  lengthened:  masses  of  pollen  4,  parallel,  affixed 
to  the  summit  of  the  stigma.  Flower  turned  upside  down  by  the  twisting  of  the  ped- 
uncle when  the  corol  opens,     (tway-blade.)  &'. 

MicRosTYLis.  Petals  5,  converging,  one  only  deflexed;  2  inner  ones  filiform:  lip 
about  equalling  the  petals  in  length,  erect,  sessile,  concave,  truncate,  and  2-toothed 
at  the  summit:  style  very  minute:  masses  of  pollen  3.     (snake-mouth  tway-blade.) 

Corallorrhiza.  Petals  equal,  converging;  lip  either  unguiculate,  or  with  an  ob- 
solete spur:  masses  of  pollen  4,  oblique,  not  parallel:   style  free,     (corol  root.)  S. 

Aplectrum.  Petals  equal,  converging:  lip  unguiculate,  not  spurred  or  extended  at 
the  base:  masses  of  pollen  4,  oblique,  lenticular:  situated  below  the  summit  of  the 
style,     (putty  root,  Adam  and  Eve.) 

Southern. 

Bletia.  Petals  5,  distinct:  Up  sessile,  cowled,  somewhat  spurred  at  the  base:  style 
free:  masses  of  pollen  4  to  8,  2-lobed. 

Calypso.  Petals  ascending,  1-sided:  lip  inflated,  spurred  beneath  towards  the  point: 
style  dilated,  petal-like:  masses  of  pollen  4. 

Epidendrum.  Masses  of  pollen  4,  parallel,  separated  by  a  permanent  partition: 
each  mass  with  a  granulated  elastic  filament  at  the  base:  style  united  lengthwise  with 
the  claw  of  the  lip  into  a  tube. 

Order  II.     Diandria. 

Cypripedium.  Calyx  colored,  4-sepalled,  spreading:  corol  0.  (by  some  the  calyx  ig 
called  a  corol:)  nectary  large,  hollow,  inflated:  style  with  a  terminal  lobe,  and  petal- 
like appendage  on  the  upper  side,     (ladies' slipper.)  S. 

Order  V.     Pentandria. 
Plants  bearing  seeds  in  follicles;  and  pollen  in  masses,  called  pollinia. 

Asclepias.*  Petals  5,  reflexed:  nectaries  5,  concave,  erect,  containing  little  horns; 
each  stamen  with  a  pair  of  pendulous  masses  of  pollen,  suspended  from  the  top  of  the 
stigma:  follicles  smooth,     (milk- weed,  silk-weed.)  S. 


*Plants  of  this  artificial  order  (Natural  order  Apocyneae  of  Jessieu)  were  placed 
in  class  Pentandria,  order  Digynia,  by  Linneus.  The  celebrated  James  Edward  Smith, 
shewed  us  the  propriety  of  removing  them  to  the  class  Gynandria.  Afterwards  a 
mistake,  committed  by  that  distinguished  naturalist,  Robert  Brown,  induced  botanists 
to  continue  them  in  the  class  Pentandria,  without  questioning  his  accuracy — a  case 
in  point,  showing  the  danger  of  great  men's  errors.  The  stamens  certainly  proceed  from 
the  stigma  only,  in  all  stages  of  maturity,  in  the  Asclepins  syriaciis.  This  I  know  froni 
careful  observations  made  under  a  higli  magnifying  power  for  the  last  dozen  years. 
The  naked  masses  of  glutinous  pollen  resembling  the  same  in  the  family  of  Orchi- 
deae,  may  be  worthy  of  our  attention  also. 


86  CLA6S    SIX.       ORDER    I. 

AcsRATES.  Corol  reflexed:  nectary  S-leaved;  leafets  concave,  ehort,  close- pressed 
to  the  angles  of  the  filaments:  each  stamen  with  a  pair  of  pendulous  masses  of  pol- 
len: follicle  smooth.     Corol  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  purple  tips.  S, 

Apocy.num.  Corol  bell-form:  stamens  with  converging  anlliers,  proceeding  from  the 
middle  of  the  stigma  and  alternating  with  5  nectaries:  stigma  thick,  almost  sessile; 
follicles  in  pairs,  long-linear,     (dogbane,  Indian  hemp.)  S. 

Go.voLOBUs.  Corol  wheel-form,  .5-parted:  nectary  simple,  cylindric,  somewhat 
fleshy,  5-lobed,  depressed;  equal  with  tlie  cases  of  the  anthers,  5-angled,  without 
winged  lateral  margins  or  terminal  membranaceous  bristles:  masses  of  pollen  in  5 
pairs,  even  transverse:  follicles  2.     (false  choak-dog.)     iS'. 

Periploca.  Calyx  minute,  5-cleft,  permanent:  corol  wheel-form,  flat,  5-parted: 
nectary  pitcheiform,  5-cleft,  putting  out  5  threads,  surrounding  the  stamens:  style  1: 
stigma  capitate,  5-cornered:  follicles  in  pairs,  inflated:  seed  comose.     (milk  vine.) 

Exotic. 
HoTA.     Corol  5-cleft:  pollen  masses  fixed  by'the  base,  conniving,  compressed:  stig- 
ma depressed  with  an  obtuse  wart:  follicles  smooth:  seeds  concave. 

SouViem. 

PoDosTiGMA.  Anatherix?  Stigma  on  a  stipe:  masses  of  pollen  10,  smooth,  pendu- 
lous: nectary  5-leaved;  leaves  compressed:  corol  bell-form:  follicles  smooth. 

Enslenia.  Calyx  small,  S-parted;  permanent:  corol  5-parted;  segments  converg- 
ing, erect:  nectary  5-parted,  petal-like,  divided  almost  to  the  base;  segments  truncate, 
■flat,  each  terminated  by  2  central  filaments:  each  stamen  with  a  pair  of  penduloua 
cylindric  masses  of  pollen,  suspended  from  the  top  of  the  conic  stigma:  follicles  in 
pairs,  small. 

Cynanchum.  Calyx  5-toothed,  small,  permanent:  corol  wheel-form:  nectary  simple, 
cylindric,  5  to  20-lobed,  surrounding  the  orifice  of  the  tube:  each  stamen  with  a  pair 
of  pendulous  masses  of  pollen  suspended  from  the  double  stigma:  folhcles  in  pairs: 
seed  comose. 

EcHiTEs.  Contorted.  Calyx  5-parted,  small:  corol  salver-form;  border  5-cleft, 
orifice  naked:  anthers  rigid,  acuminate,  converging  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  proceeding 
from  the  middle  of  the  ring-like  2-lobed  stigma:  follicles  in  pairs,  very  long  and 
straight:  seed  comose. 

Amsonia.     Calyx  5  parted:  corol  funnel-form,  orifice  closed:  follicles  in  pairs,  erect: 
beed  terete,  naked,  and  obliquely  truncated. 
*Passiflora. 

Order  VI.    Hexandria. 

Aristolchia.     Calyx  0:  corol  superior,  1-petalIed,  ligulate,  inflated  at  the  base: 
capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded,     (birthwort.)  jS. 
*Cleome. 

Order  X.     Decandria. 

AsARtJM.     Calyx  somewhat  bell-form,  3  or  4-cleft,  superior:  corol  0:  anthers  pro- 
ceeding from  the  middle  of  the  filaments:  stigma  6-cleft:  capsule  coriaceous,  6-celled, 
crowned  with  the  calyx,     (wild  ginger,  or  white  snake-root. )  S. 
*Calla,  Arum,  Zostera. 

CLASS  XIX.    MONOECIA. 
Order  I.     Mosandria. 

ZosTERA.  Calyx  and  corol  0:  stamens  and  pistils  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  spadix: 
spathe  leaf-like.  Staminate  flowers  with  anthers  ovate  sessile,  alternating  with  the 
germs.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  germ  ovate;  style  2-cleft;  drupe  1-seeded.  (grass 
wrack,  sea  eel-grass. )  <S'. 

Caulinia.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  anthers  sessile.  Pistillate  flowers 
— calyx  0:  corol  0:  style  filiform:  stigma  2-cleft:  capsule  l-seeded.  (Flowers  axil- 
lary.)    (river  nymph.)  S. 

Zan>'ichellia.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx 
1-sepalled:  corol  0:  style  1,  stigma  peltate:  little  carpels  about  4,  each  1-seeded. 

Chara.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  anthers  globose,  sessile.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  style  0:  stigmas  5;  berry  1-celled,  many-seeded,     (chara.) 


CLASS    XIX.       ORDEH    III.  87 

Euphorbia,  t  Involucre  perianth-like,  inflated,  with  alternating  petal-like  segments. 
Staminate  florets  12  or  more,  at  the  base  of  tlie  stipe  of  the  pistillate  flower,  each  con- 
sisting of  an  anther  united  to  a  pedicel  by  a  fjlament.  Pistillate  flower  central,  single, 
stiped;  with  3  two  cleft  st3'les:  cajisule  3-lobed.     (caper,  spurge.)  .S'. 

Najas.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  cylindric,  2-cleft:  stamen  filamentous,  long:  an- 
ther 4-valved;  valves  spreading.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  0:  style  1,  with  2  stigmas: 
nut  4-seeded. 

Order  II.     Diandria. 

PoDOSTEMi'M.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  stamens  affixed  to  a  pedicel. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  germ  ovate:  stigma  1,  sessile:  capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded;  seeds  minute,     (thread-foot.)  S. 

Lem.va.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  1-sepalled:  corol  0:  stamens  seated  on  the  base 
of  the  gerniw  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  l-sepalled:  corol  0:  style  cj'lindric:  stigma 
funnel-form:  capsule  1 -celled,  2  to  4-seeded.  Always  perfeclty  monoecious  in  North 
America,     (duck-meat,  water-flaxseed.)  S. 

*Salicornia,  Hippuris,  Callitriche,  Calla,  Platanus,  Arum,  Fraxinus. 

Order  III.     Triandria. 

«  Typha.  Ament  cylindric,  dense-flowered.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  obsolete, 
3-sepalled:  corol  0:  stamens  3  together,  on  a  chaffy  or  hairy  receptacle,  united  below 
into  one.  Pistillate  flowers — below  the  staminate:  calyx  0:  corol  0:  seed  J,  pedi- 
celled;  the  pedicels  surroun(j|ed  at  the  base  with  long  hairs  resembling  egret,  (cat-tail 
or  reed  mace. )  /S.  • 

Sparganium.  Ament  globose.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-sepalled:  corol  0.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  3-sepalled:  corol  0:  stigma  2-cleft:  drupe  juiceless,  1  or  2-seeded. 
(burr-reed.)  S. 

Carex.  Aments  imbricate,  (usually  in  cylindric  spikes.)  Staminate  flowers — 
glume  single:  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — glume  single:  corol  inflated,  monopetalous, 
2-toothed  at  the  apex:  stigmas  2  or  3:  nut  3-sided,  enclosed  in  the  inflated,  permanent 
corol,  which  becomes  an  utriculus-like  permanent  aril.  Sometimes  dioecious,  (sedge.) 

Scleria.  Staminate  flowers — glume  2  or  6-valved,  many-flowered:  paleas  awnless. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2  or  G-valved,  1-flowered,  paleas  none:  stigmas  1  to  3:  nut 
colored,  sub-globose,     (whip  grass.)  &'. 

Trifsacum.  Staminate  flowers — glume  2-flowered,  outer  one  staminate,  inner  one 
neutral:  paleas  membranaceous.  Pistillate  flowers — glume  1  or  2-flowered,  covered 
with  a  1-leafed  involucre  perforated  with  hollows  near  the  base:  paleas  with  numerous 
thin  membranaceous  valves:  styles  2:  seed  1.     (sesame-grass.)  <§. 

CoMPTONiA.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric,  with  calyx-scales  1-flowered r 
corol  2-petalled  or  none:  filaments  2-forked.  Pistillate  flowers — spike  or  ament  ovate: 
corol  6-petalled,  (the  corol  may  be  called  a  calyx:)  styles  2:  nut  oval,  1-celled. 
(sweet-fern.)  <S'. 

Exotic. 

Coix.  Staminate  flowers — in  remote  spikes:  glume  2-flowered,  awnless:  paleas 
awidess.  Pistillate  flowers — glume  2-flowered:  paleas  awnless:  style  2-parted:  eeed 
covered  with  the  bone-like  cal3'x.     (job's  tear.) 

SotUhern. 
Zea.     Staminate  flowers — glume  2-flowered,  awnless:  paleas  awnless.     Pistillate 
flowers — glume  2-valved,  (number  of  valves  increased  by  cultivation:)  style  1,  very 
long,  filiform,  pendulous:  seed  solitary,  immersed  in  an  oblong  receptacle.     (Indian 
corn.) 

Tragia.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-parted:  corol  none.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx 
5-parted:  corol  none:  style  3-cleft;  capsule  tricoccus,  3-celled:  seed  solitary. 

Manisuris.  Somewhat  polygamous.  Staminate  flowers— glumes  2,  lanceolate, 
flexuous:  corol  a  mere  rudiment.  Pistillate  flowers — glume  2-valved,  the  outer  one 
roundish,  cartilaginous:  corol  2-vdlved.  In  the  perfect  flowers  tbere  are  3  stamens, 
2  styles,  seed  1.     In  some  the  stamens,  styles  and  nectaries  are  wanting. 

*Momordica,  Amaranthus,  Melothria.     Grasses  of  Class  3,  Order  2,  Sec.  E., 
vary  into  this  order. 

tSee  Note  under  the  Species  in  this  work,  under  word  Euphorbia. 


88  CLASS    XIX.       ORDER    lY, 


Order  IV.     Tetrakdria. 


Eriocaulon.  Involucre  many-leaved;  florets  many,  in  an  imbricate  head:  partial 
perianth  superior,  2  or  3-sepalled.  Staminate  flowers  central,  with  monopetalous 
cleft  corols.  Pistillate  flowers  marginal,  ,with  2-petalled  corols:  stigmas  2  or  3:  cap- 
sule 2  or  3-celled,  2  or  3-lobed:  pericarp  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  corol.  (pipe- 
wort.)  /S. 

Alnus.  Staminate  flowers— ament  composed  of  wedge-form,  truncate,  3-flowered 
receptacles:  calyx  a  scale,  3-lobed:  corol  4-parted.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2- 
flowered  scales,  somewhat  3-clelt:  corol  0:  pericarp  compressed,  ovate,  wingless, 
(alder.)  S.  ,  . 

BffiHMERiA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted:  corol  0:  nectary  0.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  0:  corol  0:  styles  2:  pericarp  1-seeded,  compressed.  (Flowers  in  cylin- 
dric  spikes.)     (false  nettle.)  S. 

Urtica.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-sepalled:  corol  0:  nectary  central,  cyathiform. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2-sepalled,  (2-valved:)  corol  0:  seed  I,  glossy,     (nettle.)  S. 

Parietaria.  Polygamous.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  4-clefl,  inferior:  corol  0:  sta- 
mens elastic:  style  1:  seed  1.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  2-sepaIled:  nut  covered  with 
the  dry  elongated  calyx,     (pellitory.)  iS. 

MoRus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted:  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4- 
sepalled:  corol  0:  styles  2:  calyx  becoming  berry-like:  seed  1.     (mulberry.)  S.  • 

Exotic. 
Buxus.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-sepalied:  petals  3,  \Kith  the  rudiment  of  a  germ  . 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-sepallea':  petals  3:  styles  3:  capsule  with  3  beaks  and  3  cells: 
seeds  2.     (box.) 

Souther7i. 

Pachysandra.  Calyx  about  4-sepalled:  corol  none:  filaments  sub-clavate:  styles  3: 
capsules  3-horned,  3-celIed;  cells  2-seeded. 

DioTis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-sepalled:  corol  none.  Pistillate  flowers — 
calyx  1-sepalled,  2-horned:  style  2-parted:  nut  1,  covered  by  the  2-horned  calyx. 

Order  V.     Pentandria. 

Crotonopsis.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted:  corol  5-petalIed.  Pistillate  flowers 
'^calyx  5  parted:  corol  none:  stigmas  3,  twice  2-cleft:  capsule  1-seeded.  (false 
spurge.)  S. 

Amaranthus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3  or  5-sepalled,  or  deeply  3  or  5-parted: 
corol  0:  stamens  3  or  5.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  as  the  staminate:  styles 
2  or  3:  capsule  1-celled,  opening  transversely:  seed  1.  (amaranth,  red  cockscomb. ) 
S. 

Xanthium.  Staminate  flowers — involucre  imbricate:  anthers  in  contact,  but  not 
united:  corol  5-cleft,  funnel-form:  receptacle  chaffy.  Pistillate  heads  2-flowered,  in- 
vested by  a  spinose  involucre;  pericarps  distinct,  1  in  each  cell  of  the  bilocular  and 
finally  indurated,  2-bracted  involucre:  styles  bifid,  persistent,  projecting  through  the 
bracts  of  tlie  involucre,     (sea-burdock.)  iS. 

Ambrosia.  Staminate  flowers — in  little  heads  of  several  florets,  surrounded  by  a 
1-leaved,  lobed,  or  crenate  involucre:  calyx  funnel-form,  5-lobed,  hyaline:  corol  funnel- 
form,  5-lobed,  hyaline.  Pistillate  flowers — single  or  glomerate  in  heads;  1  to  5- 
flowered,  surrounded  by  several  leafy  bracts;  florets  each  with  a  bract  at  the  base: 
calyx  entire  or  ,5  to  10-toothed,  persistent:  corol  closely  contracted  around  the  top  of 
the  ovary  and  lower  part  of  the  style,  minutely  5-toolhed,  persistent:  nut  1-seeded. 
(hog- weed.)  S. 

Southern. 

ScHiZANDRA.  Calyx  9-sepalled:  sepals  in  three  series:  corol  none:  anthers  sub- 
eessile,  cohering  at  the  tips:  berries  1-seeded,  inserted  on  an  elongated,  thread-form, 
receptacle. 

Order  VI.     Hexandria. 

ZiZANiA.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  panicle;  staminate  spikelets 
l-flowered;  glumes  none,  or  very  minute  rudiments:  paleas  2,  herbaceous,  unequal, 
lance-oblong,  awnless:  pistillate  spikelets  l-flowered,  subulate:  glumes  none,  or  a 
minute,  truncate,  cup-form  rudiment:  paleas  2,  herbaceous,  unequal,  linear,  nerved; 


CLASS    XIX.    ORDER    XII.  89 

lower  one  longer,  terminating  in  a  straight  awn:  styles  2:  seed  enveloped  in  the  pli- 
cate paleas.     ( water  oats. )  ^'. 

Hydrochloa.    Pistillate  flowers — glumes  none:  paleas  awnless.  Staminate  flowers — 
glumes  none:  paleas  2,  awnless:  stigmas  2,  very  long:  seed  1,  reniform. 
*Ce!tiS)  Veratrum,  Quercus,  Betula. 

Order  XII.    Poltandria. 
A.     Ste7ns  not  woody. 

Ceratophtllum.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  many-parted:  corol  0:  stamens  16 — 
20,  short,  with  tricuspidaie  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  6-sepalled  or  many- 
parted:  imbricated:  corol  0:  pistil  1,  with  the  stigma  nearly  sessile,  oblique:  nut  1- 
seeded.     (horn  wort.) 

Myriophyllum.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-cleft:  petals  4,  caducous:  stamens  4, 
6,  or  8.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate,  excepting  that  the 
calyx  is  often  4-sepalled:  germs  4:  style  0:  stigmas  4,  hairy:  nuts  4,  sub-globose,  1- 
seeded.     (water  milfoil.)  /S. 

Sagittaria.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-sepalled:  corol  3-petalled:  filaments  mostly 
24.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  as  in  the  staminate:  germs  many:  carpels 
aggregate,  1-seeded,  not  opening,     (arrow-head.)  S. 

Arum.  Spathe  cucullate,  1-leaved:  spadix  not  entirely  covered  with  the  fructifica- 
tion; being  more  or  less  naked  above,  with  pistillate  flowers  beneath,  and  staminate  in 
the  middle:  (sometimes  a  few  are  staminate  beneath:)  berry  mostly  1-seeded,  gene- 
rally cirrose-glandular  beneath.     (Indian  turnip,  wake-robin.)  S. 

Rensselaeria.*  Spathe  convolute:  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  fertile  at  the  base, 
barren  above:  perianth  none:  berry  1-seeded.     (spear  arum.) 

Calla.  Spathe  ovate,  becoming  expanded:  spadix  covered  with  the  fructification: 
stamens  intermixed.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  0:  anthers  sessile.  Pistil- 
late flowers — calyx  and  corol  0:  berries  1-celled,  many-seeded,  crowned  with  the  short 
style,     (water  arum.) 

Exotic. 

PoTERiFM.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-sepalled:  corol  4-parted:  stamens  30  to  50. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate:  pistils  2:  berry  from  the  indu- 
rated tube  of  the  corol.     (burnet.y 

Southern. 

Caladium.  Anthers  peltate,  many-celled,  collected  into  a  spike  at  the  summit  of 
the  spadix:  style  none:  germs  at  the  base  of  the  spadix:  stigma  umbihcate:  berry  1- 
celled,  many-seeded. 

Pitavia.  Flowers  by  abortion,  diclinous:  calyx  4-parted:  petals  4,  longer  than  the 
calyx.     Staminate  flowers — stamens  8,  the  4  opposite  petals  shorter;  abortive  ovaries 

3  or  4,  distinct,  with  the  styles  cohering  above.     Pistillate  flowers — ovaries  4:  styles 
coalescing  above:  stigma  4-lobed:  nuts  4,  or  by  abortion  fewer:  1-seeded. 

B.     Stems  woody. 

Quercus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  loose:  calyx  sub-5-cleft:  corol  none:  stamens 
5  to  10.  Pistillate  flowers — involucre  of  numerous  scales  united  into  a  cup:  perianth 
single,  closely  investing  the  ovary,  6-toothed:  ovary  3-celled,  2  of  them  abortive: 
style  one,  stigmas  2  to  5:  nut  or  acorn  1-celled,  1-seeded,  coriaceous,  surrounded  at 
the  base  by  the  permanent  indurated  involucre,     (oak.)  S. 

CoRYLUs.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindrical,  imbricate:  calyx  a  3-cleft  scale; 
stamens  about  8.  Pistillate  flowers — involucre  2-parted,  lacerated:  stigmas  2:  nuts 
ovate,  surrounded  by  and  included  in  the  permanent  leaf-like  involucre,     (hazle-nut.) 

Fagus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  roundish:  calyx  5  or  G-cleft,  bell-form:  stamens 
5  to  12.   Pistillate  flowers — 2  in  an  ovate  muricate  involucre:  perianth  urceolate,  with 

4  or  5  minute  segments:  ovary  incorporated  with  the  perianth:  stigmas  3:  nuts  usually 
2,  included  in  the  enlarged,  coriaceous,  muricate  4-cleft  involucre,     (beech.)  iS'. 

*  This  is  the  Arum  virginicum  of  Linnaeus,  from  which  Cooper  constructed  a'genus 
Lecontia.  As  that  name  had  been,  given  to  another  plant,  Prof.  L.  C.  Beck  gave  it 
this  name,  as  a  small  memento  of  the  munificent  patronage  extended  to  the  Natural 
Sciences  by  the  Hon.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer. 

12 


90  CLASS    XIX.      ORDER    XV. 

Castanea.  Polygamous.  Staminate  flowers — ament  naked,  linear:  cord  (orcalyi) 
l-leaved,  5  or  6-parted:  stamens  10  to  20.  Pistillate  flowers — usually  3,  within  an 
ovate,  squamose,  or  mucronate  involucre:  perianth  urceolate,  5  or  6-cleft,  having  the 
rudiments  of  10  or  12  abortive  stamens:  ovary  incorporated  with  the  perianth:  stigma 
pencil-form,  exserted,  cartilaginous  and  rigid;  nuts  1  to  3,  included  in  the  enlarged, 
echinate,  4-lobed  involucre,     (chesnut.)  S. 

Betula.  Staminate  flowers— aments  long,  cylindric:  scales  ternate,  the  middle 
one  bearing  the  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers — aments  ovate  oblong:  scales  trifid,  3- 
flowered:  styles  2:  nuts  compressed,  with  a  membranaceous  margin:  1-seeded. 
(birch.)  S. 

Carpinus.  Staminate  flowers — aments  cylindric:  scales  ovate,  acute,  ciliate  near 
the  base:  anthers  shghtly  bearded  at  the  summit.  Pistillate  flowers — aments  oblong, 
loosely  imbricated,  bracteate,  with  the  flowers  in  pairs:  scales  unequally  3-lobed, 
1-flowered,  persistent,  enlarging  and  becoming  foliaceous:  perianth  urceolate,  6- 
toothed,  incorporated  with  the  ovary:  styles  2,  united  at  the  base;  nut  bony,  ovate, 
acute,  sub-compressed,  ribbed,     (hornbeam.)  S. 

OsTRYA.  Staminate  flowers — aments  cylindric:  scales  orbicular-ovate,  acuminate, 
ciliate:  anthers  conspicuously  bearded  at  tiie  summit.  Pistillate  flowers — aments 
linear,  loosely  imbricated,  bracteate,  with  the  flowers  in  pairs:  scales  none,  but  a 
membranous  stipe  or  involucre  enclosing  each  flower:  perianth  slightly  urceolate, 
sub-dentate,  incorporated  with  the  ovary:  siyles  2,  united  at  the  base:  nut  lance- 
oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  included  in  the  enlarged  imbricated  bladder-like  sac. 
(hop  hornbeam.)  <§. 

Platancs.  Staminate  flowers — minute,  in  globose  pedunculate  heads;  stamens 
Intermixed  with  linear  scales,  Snthers  adnate  to  the  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers — 
minute,  in  dense,  globose  pedunculate  heads:  scales  spatulate:  ovary  filiform,  clavate: 
style  wilh  the  stigma  recurved:  nuts  numerous,  terete,  clavate,  mucronate  with  the 
persistent  style,  invested  with  pappus-like  hairs  at  the  base,  (button-wood,  false 
sycamore.)  S. 

LiQuiDAMBAR.  Staminate  flowers — ament  conic  surrounded  with  a  4-leaved  invo- 
lucre: corol  0:  filaments  numerous.  Pistillate  flowers — ament  globose,  suriounded 
with  a  4-leaved  involucre:  scales  l-leaved,  pitcher-form,  ^-flowered:   styles  2:  carpels 

2,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  scales,  1-celled,  many-seeded,     (sweet  gum.)  <S. 
JuGLANS.     Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate:  scales  generally  5-parted:  stamens 

18  to  36.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-cleft,  superior:  corol  4-cleft  or  4-parted:  styles 
1  or  2:  drupe  partly  spongy:  nut  rugose  and  irregularly  furrowed,  (butter-nut,  black 
walnut.)  S. 

Carta.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricate:  scales  3-parted:  stamens  3  to  8. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4-cleft,  superior:  corol  0:  styles  0;  stigma  disk-like,  4-lobed: 
pericarp  4- valved;  nut  sub-quadrangular,  even,     (hickory,  walnut.  S.) 

Order  XV.     Monadelphia. 

A.     Stems  not  woody. 

Acaltpha.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  3  or  4  sepalled,  or  3  or  4-parted:  corol  none: 

stamens  8  to  16.     Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate:  styles  3, 

2-cleft:  capsule  tricoccous,  3-celled.     (Having  large  bracts.)    (three-seed  mercury.) 

s. 

PgYLLANTHUs.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  5  or  6-parted:  filaments  united  in  a 
column;  anthers  3,  and  generally  several  barren  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx 
and  corol  like  the  staminate:  nectary  with  a  12-angled  margin:  styles  3:  capsule  tri- 
coccous.    (le,af- flower.)  S. 

Melothria.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  1-sepalled,  3  to5-toothed:  corol  bell-form: 
filaments  3.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  and  corol  as  in  the  staminate,  superior;  style 
1;  stigmas  3:  berry  3-celled,  many-seeded,     (creeping  cucumber.)  S. 

MoMORDic\,     Staminate  flowers — calyx  5  or  6-cleft:  corol  5  or  6-parted:  filaments 

3.  Pistillate  flowers — style  3-cleft:  berry  gourd-like,  and  bursting  elastically;  seeds 
compressed,     (balsam  apple,  wild  cucumber.) 

SicTos.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-parted:  filaments  3.  Pistil- 
lat«  flowers — styles  3-cleft:  berry  gourd-like,  l-seeded.     (single-seed  cucumber.)  S. 

Exotic. 
Cdcumis.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-parted:  filaments  3.    Pis- 
tillate flowers— calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate:  stigmas  3,  thick,  2- parted:  fruit 


CLASS    XX.       ORD£R    III.  91 

a  fleshy  3  to  6-celled  pepo;  seeds  obovate,  oblong,  compressed,  acute  at  the  base,  not 
margined,     (cucumber,  musk-melon.) 

CucuRBiTA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-cleft:  filaments  3.  Pis- 
tillate flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate:  pistil  3-cleft:  fruit  a  fleshy,  or 
6ub-ligneous  pepo,  3  to  5-celled;  seeds  thickened  at  the  margin,  obovate,  compressed, 
smootli.     (gourd,  squash,  pumpkin,  water-melon.) 

RiciNus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted:  stamens  numerous.  Pistillate  flow- 
ers—calyx  3-parted:  styles  3,  2-clefl:  capsules  echinate,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  (palma 
christi,  or  castor  oil  plant.) 

Southeni. 

Jatropha.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  5-sepailed,  or  wanting:  corol  funnel-form: 
stamens  10,  with  every  other  one  shorter.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  none:  corol  5- 
petalled,  spreading:  styles  3,  2-cleft:  capsule  3-celled,  1-seeded.     (physic  nut.) 

Stillingia.  Staminate  flowers — involucre  hemispherical,  many-flowered,  or  want- 
ing: perianth  tubular,  erose:  stamens  2  or  3,  exsert.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  1- 
flowered,  inferior:  style  3-cleft:  capsule  3-grained.     (tallow  tree.) 

Croton.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  cylindrical,  5-toothed:  petals  5,  or  none:  sta- 
mens 10  to  15.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  5-sepalled,  or  none;  corol  none:  styles  3  or 
6,  2-clefl:  capsule  3-grained,  3-celled,  3-seeded. 

B.     Stems  woody. 

PiNcs.  Staminate  flowers — scales  peltate:  corol  0,  each  bearing  2  sessile  1-celled 
anthers.  Pistillate  flowers — in  strobiles  or  cones,  scales  closely  imbricate,  2-flowered: 
pistil  1:  nut  with  a  membranaceous  wing,  (perhaps  more  properly  a  samara,)  cover- 
ed by  the  oblong,  imbricated,  woody  scales  of  the  cone,     (pine.)  S. 

Thuja.  Staminate  flowers — scales  of  the  ament  imbricate:  anthers  4,  sessile. 
Pistillate  flowers — ament  a  strobile:  scales  2-flowered:  nut  1,  surrounded  with  a  mar- 
ginal wing,     (arbor  vitae.)  .Sf. 

CupREssus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  ovate,  imbricate:  scales  peltate:  anthers  4, 
sessile.  Pistillate  flowers — ament  strobilaceous;  scales  peltate:  1-flowered;  germa  4 
to  8,  under  each  scale:  nuts  angular,  compressed,     (white  cedar.)  S. 

CLASS  XX.    DIOECIA. 
Order  II.     Diandria. 

Valltsneria.  Staminate  flowers — spathe  ovate,  2-parted:  epadix  covered  with 
minute  florets:  perianth  3-parted.  Pistillate  flowers — spathe  2-cleft,  1-flowered:  peri- 
anth 3-parted,  superior:  corol  3-petalled;  stigmas  strap-like,  2-cleft:  capsule  valve 
less,  1-celled:  seeds  numerous,  attached  to  the  sides,     (tape-grass.) 

Salix.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric:  scales  1-fiowered,  with  a  nectarifer- 
ous gland  at  the  base:  stamens  1  to  6.  Pistillate  flowers — ament  and  scales  like  the 
staminate:  stigmas  2;  generally  2-cleft:  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved:  seeds  many,  with 
egret-like  down,     (willow.)  S. 

Fraxinus.  Polygamous.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  0,  or  3  or  4- parted:  corol  0,  or 
4-petalled:  pistil  1:  samara  1-seeded,  with  a  lanceolate  wing.  Pistillate  flowers — 
calyx,  corol  and  pistils,  same  as  perfect,     (ash.)  &'. 

Southern. 

Borta.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-sepalled:  corol  none:  stamens  2  or  3.  Pistil- 
late flowers — stigma  capitate:  berry  1-seeded. 

Ceratiola.  Calyx  bud-like,  imbricated  with  6  to  8  scales:  corol  none:  stamens  2, 
exsert:  stigmas  unequal,  (4  to  6)  2  of  them  larger:  berry  with  2  bony  seeds,  (horn- 
bush.) 

Order  III.     Triandria. 

^     Empetrum.    Staminate  flowers — calyx  bud-like,  imbricated  with  about  9  scales;  the 
.  3  innermost  are   petal-like:  stamens  long.     Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  as  in 
the  staminate:  stigmas  9:  berry  9-seeded;  seeds  bony,     (crow-berry.) 

Exotic. 
Ficns.     Common  receptacle  fleshy,  (becoming  the  fruit);. enclosing  the  apetalous 
florets;  both  staminate  and  pistillate,  either  in  the  same,* or  in  distinct  individual!. 


92  CLASS    XX.       ORDER    IV. 

Staminate  flowers — calyx  3-parted.    Pistillate  flowers — calyx  5-parted:  pistill,  later- 
al: carpels  covered  with  the  closed,  permanent,  somewhat  fleshy  calyx,     (fig-tree.) 

Oeder  IV.     Tetranduia. 

Mfrica.  Staminate  flowers — anient  oblong:  scales  lunulate:  stamens  4  to  6;  antliers 
4-valved.  Pistillate  flowers — scaly  like  the  staminate:  stigmas  2:  drupe  or  berry  1- 
eeeded.     (bay-berry,  sweet  gale. )  S. 

ViscuM.  Staminate  flowers— cal3'x  4-parted:  corol  0:  anthers  sessile,  adhering  to 
the  calyx.  Pistillate  flowers— caly^  adnate  to  the  ovary,  with  the  limb  entire  or  ob- 
solete: petals  4  minute,  superior:  style  0:  berry  1-seeded,  globose:  seed  cordate: 
(parasitic,  adhering  to  the  trees. )     (mistletoe.)  /S'. 

Arcenthobidm.  Staminate  flowers  sessile:  calyx  0:  corol  monopetalous,  2-3,- 
rarely  4-parted,  horn-fleshy;  divisions  ovate,  concave,  spreading:  stamens  2,  3,  4; 
anthers  sessile:  gerin  0;  but  in  its  place  is  a  small  gland,  2,  3,  or  4-lobed.  Pistillate 
flowers — short-pedicelled:  stigma  sessile,  small,  obscurely  lobed:  berry  terete,  1-seeded. 
Plant  leafless,  parasitic,  jointed. 

Southern. 

Maclura.  Staminate  flowers — [not  examined.]  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  none: 
corol  none:  style  1,  filiform,  villous:  germs  numerous,  becoming  berry-like  aggre- 
gate, many-celled,  1-seeded;  seed  obovate,  compressed. 

Broossonetia.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindrical:  calyx  4-parted.  Pistillate 
flowers — ament  globose:  calyx  tubular,  3  or  4-toothed:  germ  becoming  fleshy,  clavate, 
prominent;  style  lateral:  nut  1,  covered  with  the  calyx,     (paper  mulberry.) 

Order  V.     Pentandria. 

Nyssa.  Perfect  flower — calyx  superior,  5-parted:  corol  0:  pistill:  fruit  a  drupe, 
nut  1-seeded.  Staminate  flowers — stamens  5  to  12,  standing  around  a  peltate  gland, 
(tupelo  tree,  pepperidge.)  iS. 

Hamiltonia.  Perfect  flowers — calyx  sub-campanulate,  superior,  5-cleft:  corol  0: 
nectary  with  a  5-toothed  disk:  stamens  5:  pistill:  fruit  a  drupe.  Staminate  flowers 
like  the  perfect,  except  in  wanting  the  pistil,     (american  oil-nut.)  S. 

Xanthoxylum.  Staminate  flowers^calyx 5-parted:  corol  0:  stamens  3  to  6.  Pistil- 
late flowers — pistils  3  to  5:  carpels  equal  to  the  number  of  pistils,  1-seeded.  (prick- 
ly ash,  or  tooth-ache  tree.)  S. 

AcNiDA.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted:  corol  0.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  3- 
parted:  style  0:  stigmas  3,  sessile:  capsule  1-seeded.     (water  hemp.)  S. 

HuMULOs.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-sepalled:  corol  0:  anthers  with  2  pores  at 
the  extremity.  Pistillate  flowers — scales  entire,  oblique,  spreading:  styles  2:  nut  1, 
within  the  leaf-like  scale:  infloresence  strobile-form,     (hop.)  S. 

Exotic. 
Cannabis.     Staminate  flowers— calyx  5-parted.    Pistillate  flowers— calyx  5-sepalled, 
entire,  gaping  laterally:  styles  2:  nut  2-valved,  within  the  closed  calyx,     (hemp.) 

Spinacia.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  5-parted:  corol  0.     Pistillate  flowers — styles 
4:  nut  1,  within  the  indurated  calyx,     (spinach.) 
Southern. 
Iresink.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  2-sepalled:  petals  5:  nectaries  5  or  7.     Pistil- 
late flowers— stigmas  2,  sessile:  capsule  many-seeded,  becoming  downy. 
*Vitis. 

Order  VI.     Hexandria. 
Smilax.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  5   or  6-sepalled,  inferior:  corol  0:  anthers  ad- 
hering to  the  filaments.     Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  staminate:  styles 
minute;  stigmas  3:  berry  3-celled,  1  to  3-seeded.     (green  briar,  Jacob's  ladder.)  S. 

Dioscorea.  Staminate  flowers— calyx  6-parted:  corol  none.  Pistillate  flowers— 
Btyles  3:  capsule  3-celled,  3-winged,  compressed:  seeds  2,  membranaceous.  (Leaves 
generally  alternate.)     (yamroot.)  &'. 

Gleditschia.     Perfect  flowers— calyx  6  to  8-parted,  caducous,  3  or  4  of  the  outer 
segments  smaller:  corol  none:  stamens  5  or  6  (rarely  S:)  legume  long,  flat,  compres- 
sed, 1  or  many-seeded.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  sub-turbinate,  5   lo  S-parted,  with 
3  to  5  of  the  segments  interior:  stamens  6  to  8.     (honey  locust.)  S. 
*Helonias. 


CLASS    XX.       ORDER    XV.  95 

Order  VIII.    Octandria. 

PoPCLUs.  Staminate  flowers — ament  cylindric,  scales  torn:  perianth  turbinate, 
oblique,  entire,  supporting  8  to  30  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers — ament  and  perianth 
like  the  staminate:  stigma  4  to  (i-lobed:  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded; 
seed  with  egret-like  hairs.  (Leaves  having  a  tremulous  motion.)  (poplar,  balm  of 
gilead.)  iS. 

DiosPYKos.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4  to  6-cleft,  dilated:  corol  pitcher-form,  4  to 
6-cleft:  stamens  8,  16  or  24;  often  2  anthers  to  a  filament.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx 
and  corol  like  the  staminate:  stigmas  4  or  5:  berry  8  to  12-seeded.     (date  plum.)  S. 

lIippoPHAE.  Smepherdia.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  4-parted,  caducous,  tubular: 
corol  0:  stamens  8,  enclosed,  alternating  with  8  glands.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  4- 
cleft,  bell-form,  superior:  style  1:  stigma  oblique:  berry  1-seeded.     (sea-buckthorn.) 

Order  IX.     Enneandria. 

Serpicula.  Udora.  Elodea.  The  perfect  flowers  have  3  stamens  only.  Stamin- 
ate flowers — calyx  3  parted:  corol  3-petalled:  stamens  9,  3  of  them  within.  Pistillate 
flowers — calyx  3-parted;  tube  very  long:  petals  3:  barren  filaments  3:  capsule  bladder- 
like,  3  seeded;  seeds  cylindrical,     (ditch-moss.)  ;S. 

Soutliem. 
Hydrocharis.     Staminate  flowers — spathe   2-leaved:  perianth  3-parted:  corol  3- 
petalled:  styles  3,  all  abortive.     Pistillate   flowers — spalhe,  perianth  and  petals,  like 
the   staminate,  and  superior:  stigmas  6,    2-cleft:  stamens  2,  barren;  3  nectariferous 
glands:  capsule  6-celled,  many-seeded,     (frog-bit.) 

Order  X.     Decandria. 

Gtmnocladus.  Staminate  flowers — calyx  tubular,  5-cleft:  corol  5-petalled.  Pistil- 
late flowers — same  as  the  staminate:  style  1;  legume  1-celled,  pulpy  within:  seecl 
roundish,  large  and  hard,     (coffee-bean.) 

Southern. 
Carica.     Staminate  flowers — calyx  minute  or  obsolete:  corol  5-cleft,  funnel-form: 
filaments  alternately  shorter,  enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  corol.     Pistillate  flowers — • 
calyx  5-toothed:  corol  5-petalled:  stigmas  5;  berry  (cucumber- form)  grooved,  l-cel-; 
led,  many-seeded,     (false  papaw  tree.) 

Order  XII.     Polyandria, 

Menispermum.  Staminate  flowers-^-calyx  6-sepalled,  somewhat  2-bracted  cadu^ 
cous:  petals  6  to  9,  glandular,  minute,  retuse:  stamens  16,  20  or  24:  anthers  4-lobed, 
2-celled,  adnate  to  the  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers — calyx  and  corol  like  the  stamin- 
ate: germs  and  styles  3  to  6:  drupes  or  berries  mostly  soUtary,  1-seeded:  nut  wpoly, 
lunulate,  compressed,     (moon-seed.)  jS. 

Datiscai  Staminate  flowers— calyx  5-sepalled:  corol  0:  anthers  sessile,  about  15. 
Pistillate  flowers — calyx  superior,  2-toothed:  styles  3:  capsules  3-angled,  3-horned, 
1-celled,  many-seeded,  pervious,     (false  hemp.) 

CvcAs.  Staminate  flowers — ament  imbricated:  scales  spatulate,  single:  anthers 
globose,  sessile,  on  a  scale.  Pistillate  flowers — spadix  compressed,  2-sided:  perianth 
a  scale. 

Southern. 
Zajiia.     Ament  a  strobile.     Staminate  flowers- — scales  obovate:    anthers  globose, 
sessile  upon  scales,  opening  by  a  fissure.     Pistillate  flowers — scales  peltate:  corol 
none:  germs  2:  styles  none:  berries  2,  1-seeded, 
*Thalictrum. 

Order  XV.     Monadelphia. 

Juniperus.  Staminate  flowers — ament  ovate,  whorled:  scales  peltate:  anthers  4 
to  8.  Pistillate  flowers— calyx  3-parted:  petals  3:  styles  3:  berry  1  or  2-seeded,  con- 
sisting of  the  unequal  tubercles  of  the  calyx.  (Nut  bony,  1-celIed,  with  balsamy 
glands  at  the  base.)    (red  cedar,  savin.)  S. 


"94  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    I. 

Taxus.  StamSnate  flowers— scales  4  to  G,  imbricated:  stamens  many,  8  to  10; 
anthers  peltate,  6  to  8-cleft.  Pistillate  flowers — style  0:  leceptacle  cup-form,  succu- 
lent;  fruit  fleshy,  open  at  the  extremity,  nutl-seeded.     (yew.) 

CissAMPELOs.  Staminate  calyx  4-sepalled:  corol  0:  nectary  wheel-form:  stamens 
5,  with  connate  filaments.  Pistillate  calyx  1-sepalled,  round-ligulate:  styles  3: 
berry  1-seeded. 

Soutficrn. 

ToRREYA.  Staminate  flowers — ament,  sub-globose  at  first,  'at  length  elongated: 
•rachis  naked,  but  when  it  becomes  elongated,  it  is  bracted  at  the  base  with  dry  scales, 
imbricated  4  ways  and  many-flowered:  scales  bearing  the  stamens  are  pedicelled,  sub- 
peltate,  halved,  from  hence  bearing  the  4-celled  pendulous  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers 
— ament  ovate,  bracted  at  the  base  as  in  the  staminate,  but  is  one-flowered:  ovulum 
erect:  seeds  ovate,  at  the  base  bracted  with  dry  scales  not  large;  liie  rest  naked:  testa 
thick,  outside  fleshy  and  leathery,  within  fibrous:  tegmen  crustaceous,  hard:  albumen 
ruminated:  embryo  sub-cylindrical,  short:  cotyledons  connate,     (florida  yew-tree.) 

CLASS  XXI.    CRYPTOGAMIA. 

OrD£R  I.      FiLlCES. 

A.     Capsule  having  an  elastic  ring  at  right  angles  with  its  opening. 

PoLYPODicM.  Sori  (or  clusters  of  capsules,)  round,  scattered  on  various  parts  of 
the  lower  surface  of  the  frond:  involucre  none,     (polypod.)  iS. 

AcROSTicHUM.  Capsules  numerous,  covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond: 
involucre  none.  (TJie  fertile  leaves  differ  in  shape  from  the  barren.  This  genus 
should  be  examined  in  the  young  state:  for  the  scattered  fruit  of  their  genera,  by  be- 
coming confluent  when  old,  often  cover  the  frond.)     (fork-fern.)  S. 

Hypopeltis.  Fruit  dots  roundish,  having  a  cup-form  involucre  beneath,  divided  into 
5  or  6  irregular  segments:  capsules  all  sessile. 

WooDsiA.  Involucre  beneath,  perianth-form,  with  a  hair-like  margin:  capsules 
pedicelled,  included  within  the  involucre:  fruit-dots  roundish,  scattered,  (flower-cup 
fern.)  fir. 

AspiDiuM.*  Sori  scattered,  roundish,  on  various  parts  of  the  whole  lower  surface  of 
the  frond:  involucre  a  kidney-form  or  round  membrane,  fastened  to  the  frond  in  or  near 
the  centre  of  the  fruit-dot,  and  opening  on  all  sides,  or  to  one  side  of  the  fruit-dot, 
and  opening  on  the  other,  (shield- fern.)  S.  (The  involucre,  when  a  little  opened, 
is  often  peltate.) 

AspLENiuM.  Sori  in  lines  parallel  to  each  other,  situated  exactly  upon  the  second- 
ary veins  of  the  frond:  involucres  opening  inwards.  (By  the  secondary  veins  is  meant 
those  of  the  middle  part  of  the  disk,  not  the  larger  ones  at  the  margin  or  midrib. 
The  parallel  lines  of  sori  may  stand  obliquely  with  respect  to  the  midrib,  but  their 
direction  must  be  parallel  to  each  other.)     (spleen-wort,  walking-leaf)  <S'. 

ScoLOPENDRiuM.  Sori  in  strait  or  zigzag  parallel  lines  between  the  secondary  veins 
(or  ribs)  of  the  frond:  involucre  double,  opening  on  the  top  of  the  lines  of  sori,  and 
folding  down  towards  each  side.  (In  the  genus  asplenium,  the  lines  of  sori  lie  across 
the  veins  of  the  frond;  but  in  this  they  are  in  line  with  the  veins,  and  attached  along 
their  sides  or  between  them.)     (caterpillar  fern.) 

Blechnum.  Sori  in  uninterrupted  lines  running  parallel  to  the  midrib  of  the  frond 
on  both  sides:  involucre  opens  inwards.  (The  fruit  of  this  genus,  when  ripe,  often 
covers  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond,  like  the  acrostichum;  it  must  therefore  be 
examined  in  the  young  state.)     (roman  fern.)  <S. 

WooDWARDrA.  Sori  oblong  or  oval,  arranged  in  regular  rows  on  both  sides  of,  and 
parallel  with,  the  ribs:  involucre  vaulted,  and  opening  inwards.  (When  the  leaves 
have  large  segments,  tiie  sori  are  arranged  along  the  midribs  of  the  segments,  (kid- 
ney-fruit fern.)  S. 

Pteris.  Sori  arranged  in  a  continued  line  along  the  very  margin  of  the  frond:  in- 
volucres opening  inwards,  being  formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  fronds.  (When 
the  leaves  are  extremely  small,  the  rows  of  capsules  on  opposite  sides  meet,  and  cover 
the  lower  surface,     (brake.)  &'. 

*The  genus  Athyrium  is  re-united  to  the  Aspidium,  in  accordance  with  Dr.  Terry's 
views.  The  mere  fastening  of  the  involucre  on  one  side  of  the  fruit-dot,  and  openisg 
on  the  other,  not  being  sufficient  for  dividing  a  natural  genus. 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    I.  95 

Adiantum.  Sori  oblong,  arranged  along  the  margin  of  the  frond:  involucre  ia 
formed  by  turning  back  the  margin  of  tlie  frond  over  the  sori,  and  it  opens  inwards. 
(The  lines  of  oblong  spots  are  generally  along  that  margin,  which  may  be  considered 
the  end  of  the  loaf,  or  of  the  segments  of  the  leaf)     (maiden-hair.)  S. 

DicKsoNiA.  Sori  small,  round,  scattered  at  the  margin  of  the  frond:  involucre 
double;  one  part  is  formed  of  the  tiiin  margin  of  the  frond,  turned  over  upon  the 
fruit-dots,  the  other  is  from  the  frond  on  the  inward  side  of  the  fruit-dots;  each  part 
opening  opposite  to  where  it  is  fastened  to  tiie  frond,     (mountain  fern.)  S. 

Cheii.Ainthes.  Fruit-dots  roundisli,  punctate,  distinct,  situated  at  the  margin  of 
the  frond:  involucre  a  roundish  membrane,  formed  by  turning  over  the  margm  of  the 
frond  upon  the  fruit-dots,  and  opening  inwards-  (The  margin  is  always  crenate,  and 
each  fruit-dot  has  its  own  involucre  perfectly  separate  from  the  others.)     (lip-fern.)  S. 

HYMENor'HYLLUM.  Fruit-dots  marginal:  the  capsule  sessile,  inserted  on  a  common 
cylindrical  receptacle,  within  a  2- valved  involucre  of  the  same  texture  as  the  frond- 
valves  have;  exterior  free.  S. 

Onoclea.  Fruit-dots  indeterminate,  presenting  a  berry-like  appearance;  capsules 
covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond:  involucre  formed  by  turning  in  or  roll- 
ing back  the  margin  of  the  leaf,  which  opens  inwards,  in  maturity,  towards  the  mid- 
rib, or  remains  closed.  (The  fertile  leaves  are  contracted,  and  narrower  than  the 
barren  ones.)     (sensitive  polypod.)  iS'. 

Struthiopteris.  Capsules  covermg  the  back  of  the  frond  very  densely:  involu- 
cre scale-like,  marginal,  opening  inwards. 

Southern. 
VrTTARiA.     Fruit-dots  linear  continued  longitudinally  along  the  disk  or  towards  the 
margin  of  the  frond:  involucre  double,  uninterrupted;  one  opening  outwards,  the 
other  inwards. 

B.  Capsule  without  a  ring — leing  cellular-reticulate,  pellucid,  sub-striate,  radiate 

at  the  tip. 

OsMUNDA.  Capsules  globose,  pedicelled,  radiate-striate  or  wrinkled,  having  a  hinge 
at  the  joining  of  the  two  valves,  which  resembles  part  of  the  jointed  ring  of  annulated 
ferns:  the  capsules  either  occupy  the  whole  frond,  to  a  limited  extent,  or  a  panicled 
raceme.  (The  parts  of  the  frond  occupied  by  the  fruit  are  always  more  contracted 
than  the  barren  parts.)     (flowering  fern.)  .S'. 

ScHiz^EA.  Capsules  top-form,  partly  opening  by  an  oblong  lateral  pore;  striate 
longitudinally  and  radiately,  situated  upon  the  back  part  of  a  narrow  spike-form  ap- 
pendage of  the  frond,  surrounded  with  or  interspersed  among,  bundles  of  hairs.  (The 
appendages,  bearing  tlie  capsules,  are  generally  digitate,  and  occupy  the  summit  of 
the  frond.)     (one-sided  fern.) 

Ltgodiusi.  Capsules  covered  with  a  scale-like  veil,  in  two  series,  radiate-striated 
or  wrinkled,  opening  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the  summit;  they  are  situated 
upon  spikelets  which  proceed  from  the  margin  of  the  frond,  each  capsule  being  hid 
under  a  scale  which  falls  off  frequently  in  ripening;  spikelets  mostly  unilateral, 
(fringed  fern,  climbing  fern.)  & 

C.  Capsule  loithout  a  ring — leing  adnate  at  the  base,  sub-globose,  coriaceous,  not 

cellular,  somewhat  2-valved. 

Ophioglossum.  Capsules  round,  1-celled,  opening  transversely;  they  are  placed  on 
a  somewhat  jointed  spike  in  two  close  rows,     (adder  tongue  fern.)  S. 

BoTRYCHiuM.  Capsules  coriaceous,  globose,  1-celled,  smooth,  adnate  to  each  rachia 
of  a  compound  raceme,  (panicle,)  separate,  valves  2,  connected  behind,  opening  trans- 
versely,    (grape  fern.)  S. 

Southern. 

PsiLOTUM.  Bernhardia.  Capsulcs  3-grained,  3-celled;  cells  opening  above:  half 
2-valved:  fruit  in  spikes.     S. 

D.     Sub-order,  Apteres — without  pinnate,  pinnatifid,  or  other  winged,  leaves. 

Ltcopodium.  Capsules  mostly  kidney-form  or  roundish,  2  or  4-valved,  opening 
elastically;  they  are  placed  under  separate  scales  in  a  spike,  or  sometimes  in  the  axils 
of  leaves.  (Very  leafy,  their  stems  being  generally  covered  with  2,  3,  or  4  rows  of 
narrow,  simple,  entire  leaves,     (ground-pine.)  S. 


96  CLASS    XXI.      ORDER    1. 

Equisetom.  Fruit  placed  under  peltate  polygons,  being  pileus-like  bodies,  which 
are  arranged  in  whirls,  forming  a  spike-form  raceme;  4  to  7  spiral  filaments  surround 
the  seed  (probably,)  which  resemble  green  globules.  (Fertile  plants  mostly  leafless; 
the  stems  of  all  are  jointed  with  toothed  sheaths  at  eveiy  joint,  and  usually  longitudi- 
nally striated  and  hollow.)     (scouring  rush,  horsetail.)  S. 

IsoETEs.  Capsules  membranaceous,  1-celled,  not  dehiscent:  fruit-dots  heart-ovate, 
immersed  in  a  swelling,  or  tuberosity,  at  the  base  of  the  linear,  sub-articulate,  grass- 
like frond;  seed  angular,  attached  to  numerous  cross-bars  within  the  capsule,  (quill 
wort. ) 

AzoLLA.  Monoecious.  Staminate?  appendages  by  pairs,  contiguous:  involucre 
sub-globose,  resembling  a  1-celled  capsule:  seeds  numerous,  naked.     S. 

Salvinia.  Involucre  imbricate,  4  to  9,  connate,  resembling  a  1-celled  capsule: 
seeds  inserted  on  a  central  receptacle. 


97 


LOWER  CRYPTOGAMIA. 


Plants  of  the  five  lower  orders  of  CRYPTOGAMIA,  are  not  commonly  made  the 
subject  of  analysis  in  schools.  I  have,  therefore,  removed  the  Genera,  as  well  as  the 
Species,  to  the  ends  of  their  respective  series.  As  they  are  quite  as  interesting  and 
instructive  in  a  ph^'siological  view,  I  shall  give  a  lull  account  of  each  order,  where  I 
treat  of  the  Natural  Method. 

When  the  preceding  paragraph  was  written  for  the  7th  Edition,  the  author  antici- 
pated such  progress  in  this  department,  as  to  enable  him  to  give,  in  this  edition, 
numerous  localities  and  popular  remarks  for  the  relief  of  students.  But  he  is  com- 
pelled to  confess  his  disappointment.  As  this  is  the  only  general  system  in  English, 
hitherto  attempted,  on  the  five  lower  orders  of  American  Cryptogamia,  it  must  serve 
for  the  present. 

ORDER  II.     MUSCI; 

ARRANGED    ACCORDING   TO    BRIDEL.* 

First  Division.     Capsules  without  peristomes. 

Sphagnum.  Base  of  the  calyptre  remains  attached  to  the  capsule,  after  the  upper 
part  has  fallen  off. 

Phascum.  Capsules  terminal,  without  an  opening.  Calyptre  bell-form,  halved, 
subulate,  minute. 

Gymnostomum.    Capsules  terminal.    Calyptre  cowled  or  halved,  subulate,  caducotis. 

ScHisTiDiUM.  Capsules  terminal.  Calyptre  mitre-form,  or  bell-conic,  split  at  the 
base  into  many  subequal  divisions. 

Anoectangium.     Capsule  lateral.     Calyptre  halved,  subulate. 

Second  Division.     Capsules  with  peristomes. 

A.     Mouth  surrounded  by  a  single  peristome:  fruit  terminal. 
1.   Teeth  solitary,  free  (disconnected)  at  the  base,  entire. 

Tetraphis.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  4,  pyramidal:  calyptre  mitre-form,  split  into 
many  divisions  at  the  base. 

Grimmia.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  IG,  pyramidal,  easily  reflexed:  calyptre  mitre- 
form. 

Weisisa.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  erectish,  narrow,  imperforate:  calyptre  halved, 
subulate. 

Trematodon.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  lance-linear,  perforate:  germ  nodding, 
with  a  long  horn-like  epophysis  at  the  base:  calj'ptre  cowled. 

2.   Teeth  solitary,  free  at  the  base,  split  from  the  apex  towards  the  base. 
DiCRANUM.     Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  indexed,  2-cleft,  the  divisions  equal:  calyp- 
tre hood-form. 


*Arrangcd,  with  few  exceptions,  according  to  the  Methodus  Muscorum  A.  Sam. 
Eb.  a  Bridel. 

Mosses  may  be  gathered  whenever  the  capsules  have  arrived  to  their  usual  size. 
But  they  must  be  put  in  a  closet,  until  tlie  lids  of  the  capsules  become  reddish-brown, 
before  they  are  examined.     Then  the  lids  may  be  removed,  and  the  teeth  examined. 

13 


98  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    II. 

Campylopus.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  2-cleft,  sub-perforate:  caljptre  mitre- 
form,  torn-fringed  at  the  base. 

Tkichostomum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  split  even  to  the  base  into  2,  3,  or  4 
parls,  divisions  fihform:  calyptre  halved,  hood-form. 

Calymperes.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  short,  split;  mouth  closed  by  a  'spongy 
membrane:  calyptre  large,  mitre-form,  involving  the  capsule:  at  length  laterally  split. 

3.    Teeth  solitary,  ticisted  together  like  a  rope  at  the  top. 

Barbdla.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16  or  3'<i,  capillary,  somewhat  connected  at  the 
base,  and  spirally  twisted  at  the  lop;  calyptre  hood-form. 

SvNTRicHiA.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16  or  !f2,  twisted  spirally  in  the  form  of  a 
spike,  and  arising  from  a  bioad  reticulate  membrane:  calyptre  hood-form. 

4.    Teeth  approach  each  other,  or  unite,  in  pairs. 

DinvMODON.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  32,  they  approach  each  other  in  pairs,  but 
remain  distinct:  calyptre  hood-form. 

Splachnum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  attached  to  each  other  in  pairs  so  that 
they  can  hardly  be  separated  without  lacerating  their  cuticles,  reflexed,  and  at  length 
close  pressed  to  the  back  of  the  capsule;  the  capsule  has  an  apophysis:  calyptre  bell- 
form,  with  a  sub-lacerated  base. 

B.     Mouth  swrrounded  by  a  double  peristome  (except  2  species  of  Orthotrichum; ) 
fruit  terminal. 

Orthotrichum.  Peristome  s'ttigle  or  double.  When  single,  the  teeth  are  16,  ar- 
ranged in  pairs;  after  the  falling  of  the  lid  they  aie  reflexed.  When  double,  the  outer 
teeth  are  as  when  single,  and  the  inner  teeth  are  8  or  16,  linear,  distant:  calyptre 
conic  or  bell-form,  keeled,  pilose  upwards;  rarely  glabrous. 

Ulota.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  arranged  in  pairs,  after  the  falling  of  the 
lid  they  are  easily  reflexed;  teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  are  8,  linear,  distant:  calyptre 
conic,  smoothish,  hairy  above,  often  split  into  a  fringe  at  the  base. 

Bartramia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  wedge-form;  the  inner  peristome 
consists  of  a  membrane  folded  into  16  carinate  plaits  or  folds;  the  divisions  are  bifid, 
receiving  the  inflexed  apexes  of  the  teeth;  calyptre  hooded. 

Bryum.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  acute:  the  inner  peristome 
consists  of  a  membrane,  divided  or  folded  by  keel-like  furrows,  and  extended  into  16 
broadish  processes,  with  ciliate  hairs  interposed:  calyptre  hood-form:  capsule  equal. 

Akrhenopterdm.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristone  16,  broadish,  acute:  the  inner 
peristome  consists  of  a  keel-furrowed  membrane,  split  into  broad  processes,  with 
ciliate  hairs  interposed:  calyptre  oblong,  laterally  sessile:  capsule  unequal,  arcuate, 
nodding. 

M^?1UM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  ascending  or  erect,  with  very 
long  apexes  arching  outwards;  the  inner  peristome  consists  of  a  membrane  extended 
into  16  perforated  or  forked  divisions,  ciliate  hairs  interposed?  calyptre  acutely  conic: 
capsule  unequal,  nodding. 

TiMMiA.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  broadish,  acuminate:  the  inner  peris- 
toBje  consists  of  a  membrane  torn  into  16  divisions,  opposite  to  the  teeth,  irregularly 
perforated  and  anastomosing,  rarely  the  divisions  ate  alternately  free;  calyptre  late- 
raJly  fissile. 

DiPLocoMiUM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,. obtuse,  short:  the  inner  peristome 
consists  of  16  ciliate  hairs  approaching  each  other  in  pairs,  not  connected  by  any 
membrane. 

Meesia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristom  16,  short;  the  inner  peristome  consists  of 
ciliate  hairs  connected  wholly  by  net  work. 

DiPHYSciuM.  The  outer  peristome  seems  as  if  almost  obliterated,  it  consists  of  16 
very  minute  scales  surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  germ;  the  inner  peristome  consists 
of  a  conic  truncate  membrane,  in  16  plicate  folds,  which  alternate  with  the  scales. 

Buxbaumia.  Peristome  three.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  truncate,  very 
short,  unequal,  fugaceous:  the  two  inner  peristomes  consist  of  sub-conical  membrana- 
ceous cylinders,  constructed  of  filaments  laterally  adhering  together,  and  torn  at  the 
top:   the  innermost  is  the  longest,  folded  in  16  plaits  and  dehiscent  at  the  apex. 

Funaria.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  cohering  together  at  the  apex  and  twist- 
ed obhquely;  the  inner  peristome  consists  of  16  membranaceous  ciliae  opposite  to  the 
teeth,  lying  flatly. 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    lit.  99 

C.  Mouth  surrounded  by  a  single  peristome:  fruit  lateral. 

1.     Teeth  entire. 

Pterioynandrum.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  equally  distant,  acute,  erectish: 
calyptre  hood-form,  glabrous. 

Lasia.  Teeth  of  the  peristome  16,  equally  distant,  acute,  erect:  calyptre  hood- 
form,  pilose  above. 

2.     Teeth  split. 
Leucodon.     Peristome  a  membrane  divided  into  teeth,  each  of  which  is  split  almost 
to  its  base:  calyptre  hood-form. 

D.  Movth  surrounded  hj  a  double  peristome;  fruit  lateral. 
1.     Teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  free  at  the  base. 

Neckera.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free;  cilia  of  the  inner  peris- 
tome alternate  with  the  teeth  (rarely  opposite;)  calyptre  hood-form,  glabrous. 

Cryphaea.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free;  cilia  of  the  inner  peris- 
tome alternate  with  the  teeih:   calyptre  mitre-form,  or  conic,  glabrous. 

PiLOTRicHUM.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  erect,  free;  cilia  of  the  inner  peris- 
tome alternate  with  the  teeth:  calyptre  mitre-form,  or  conic,  hirsute. 

2.      Teetliof  the  inner  peristome  connected  by  a  mcmJ/rane  at  the  base. 

Climacidm.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  acute;  inner  peristome  consists  of 
cilia,  arising  from  a  very  short  membrane,  which  are  united  at  the  apex  in  pairs  by 
transverse  bars. 

Leskia.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  subulate,  inflexible;  inner  peristome 
consists  of  a  membrane  extended  into  16  linear  uniform  processes:  calyptre  hood-form. 

Pterigophyllum.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  lance-linear;  inner  peristome 
consists  of  a  membrane  split  into  16  linear  uniform  (rarely  deformed)  processes: 
calyptre  mitre-form,  entire,  glabrous. 

Hypnum.  Teeth  of  the  outer  peristome  16,  acute,  leflexile;  inner  peristome  consists 
of  a  membrane  extended  into  16  processes,  with  smaller  capillary  ones  interposed: 
calyptre  hood-form,  glabrous. 

3.     Inner  peristome  without  tectli  or  cilia. 
Fontinalis.     Teeth  of  the  peristome  iQ,  broadish,  acute,  erect;  inner  peristome  a 
reticulate  conic  membrane. 

E.     Mouth  surrounded  by  a  single  peristome;  fruit  arises  from  the  duplicature  of  a  leaf. 

FtssiDENS.  Peristome  simple:  teeth  16,  2-cleft,  broadish,  inflexed;  the  divisions 
somewhat  unequal  diverging. 

F.     Mouth  closed  by  a  horizontal  membrane. 

PoLYTRTCHUM.  Peristome  very  short;  teeth  16,  32,  or  64:  mouth  of  the  germ  cover- 
ed by  a  dry  membrane,  which  is  connected  to  it  by  the  teeth  of  the  peristome: 
calyptre  very  small  with  a  large  villoseor  hairy  covering. 

Catharinaea.  Peristome  very  short;  leetli  32  or  64;  mouth  of  the  capsule  cover- 
ed by  a  dry  membrane:  calyptre  glabrous  or  hirsute,  with  scattering  hairs. 

ORDER  III.     HEPATICAE. 

Blazia.  Capsule  1-valved  with  no  elevations  of  the  seeds  upon  the  columella  (as 
in  Anthoceros)  crowned  with  a  tube  opening  outwardly  at  the  apex. 

Targionia.  Perianth-like  organ  globose,  arising  from  the  under  side  of  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  frond;  at  length  opening  vertically  into  two  valves:  capsule  globose 
sub-sessile,  included  in  the  perianth,  opening  irregularly  at  the  extremity  and  filled  with 
spiral  filaments. 

Sphaerocarpus.  Calyxes  numerous,  large,  fascicled,  in  a  minute  frond,  globe-tur- 
binate,  reticulate,  sub-diaphanous,  perforated  at  the  apex  including  the  capsule,  which 
is  sessile  at  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  and  spherical:  seeds  numerous,  sub-globose 
sharp-muricate:  frond  reticulate,  sub-diaphanous,  of  the  substance  of  the  calyx  and 
very  green. 


100  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    !V, 

Cakpobolus.  Capsules  round-oblong,  compressed,  tapering;,  cleft  or  dehiscent  at 
the  apex:  seeds  minute,  globose,  free  among  eacli  other:  caly^  largish,  2-cleft:  frond 
round-oblong,  with  folds  converging  towards  a  centre;   margins  elevated,  crenate. 

RicciA.  Capsules  sub-globose,  imbedded  in  ilie  frond,  not  dehiscent;  furnished 
with  a  short  tube,  scarcely  prominent,  becoming  brownish  and  perforated  at  the  apex. 
This  aquatic  genus  has  the  habit  of  the  most  succulent  and  tender  lichens. 

Anthoceros.  Capsules  long,  horn-form,  subulate,  longitudinally  dehiscent  into  2 
valves  when  mature;  imbedded  and  nourished  in  a  linear  tleshy  receptacle:  after  the 
opening  of  the  capsule  geeds  appear  attached  to  a  columella.  Around  the  fleshy  re- 
ceptacle (or  perhaps  calyx)  within  tiie  substance  of  the  frond,  appear  heaps  of  red- 
dish bodies  resembling  anthers.  The  substance  of  the  frond  is  made  up  of  hexahedral 
pells.     In  habit  this  genus  resembles  mosses. 

Marchahtia.  Receptacles  pedicelled,  radiate-lobed,  disk-like  or  bell-form,  with  the 
jnside  downwards,  to  v/jiich  the  globose  4-valved  capsules  are  attached,  with  their 
apexes  downward.  The  umbrella-like  receptacle  is  elevated  one  or  two  inches  by  a 
ptipe  attached  to  the  centre  of  its  lower  side,  among  tlie  capsules  and  many  pilose  ap- 
pendages. The  frond  is  leafy,  reticulate,  furnished  with  a  midrib,  and  beset  with  vil- 
|ose  roots  on  the  under  gide  which  attach  themselves  to  stones  in  brooks,  to  damp 
earth,  &c. 

JuNGEKMANNi*.  CapsuIcs  4-valved,  globoge,  elevated  by  peduncles  or  stipes  from 
within  a  bell-form  calyx.  The  fionds  are  made  up  of  fjner  leaves  than  those  of  the 
Marchantia,  and  are  often  mistaken  for  mosses  among  which  they  generally  gTo.v{. 

ORDER  IV.     ALGAE. 

ARRANGED    ACCOKDHIG   TO    AGARDH. 

Tribe  I.     Diatomeae. 

Bodies  of  various  forms,  flat  and  crystalline,  and  separating  into  fragments. 

PiATOMA.  Filaments  jointed,  hyaline,  rigid,  simple,  united  in  pairs  longitudinally, 
at  length  separating  into  articulations  cohering  by  their  alternate  angles. 

Tribe  II.     Nostochinae. 
Individuals  numerous,  globular  or  filiform,  suspended  in  a  gplatine  of  a  definite  form. 
Palmella.     Minute  or  small,  somewhat  diaphanous  gelatinous  plants:  filled  with 
solitary  granules  unmixed  with  filaments. 

ALcyoNiDKiM.     A  spongy,  fleshy,  lobed  frond,  filled  with  granules.     Marine. 
NosTQC.     Plants  roundish  or  shapeless,  gelatinous.     Substance  composed  of  curved, 
moniliform,  simple  filaments,  lying  irregularly  in  a  gelatinous  nidus. 

Rivularja,  a  gelatinous  sub-globose  frond,  filled  with  filaments,  radiating  from  a 
common  centre,  continuous,  placed  on  a  globple,  and  marked  with  annulations  inside. 

Tribe  III.     Cokfervoideae. 

FiUnncnls  jointed  cither  cxicrnally  or  internally,  separate,  and  not  combined  in  any  definite 

form. 

Trentep'holea.  Filaments  flexible,  colored,  bearing  capsules,  which  generally 
proceed  from  the  last  articulation  which  is  inflated.     Inundated  or  fluviatile. 

Scytonema.  Plant  not  gelatinous,  coriaceous.  Filaments  short,  forming  dark 
dense  tufts,  beaded  internally,  or  filled  with  annular  transverse  bodies.  On  rocks  or 
inundated,  rarely  marine. 

Mesogloia.  Frond  filiform,  cylindrical,  gelatinous,  with  compact,  somewhat  mo- 
niliform branches  radiating  from  a  medullary  pith,  and  bearing  capsules. 

Batrachospermom.  Frond  filiform,  gelatinous,  sending  out  from  the  primary  fila- 
ment moniliform  gemmiferous  branches. 

Draparnaldia.  Filaments  green,  jointed,  very  gelatinous.  Ramuli  pencillate 
fascicled.     Fructification — a  granular  mass  in  the  articulations  of  the  main  filaments. 

Syngbya.  Filaments  without  a  mucous  matrix,  freely  floating,  flexible,  motionless 
with  a  continuous  tube,  annulated  inside. 

Bangia.  Filaments  capillary,  mostly  simple,  tubular,  continuous.  Fructification — 
granules  disposed  in  regular  transverse  series  or  strata. 

Zygnema.  Filaments  jointed,  simple,  gelatinous,  compressed,  fragile,  separating 
at  the  joints. 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    IV.  101 

MouGEOTiA.  Filaments  articulated,  connected  like  a  net,  with  irregularly  placed 
granules,  and  thecae  attached  to  the  angles  of  the  meshes. 

CoNFKRVA.  Filaments  uniform,  jointed,  membranaceous,  simple  or  branched, 
mostly  green.  Fructification — granules  scattered  in  the  articulations.  Salt  and  fiesix 
water. 

Cekamium.  Filaments  jointed,  sub-dichotomous,  red,  articulations  veined  or  dia- 
phanous.    Fructification — capsules  with  an  involucre  of  short  ramuli.     Marine. 

PoLYsii'HONiA.  Filaments  jointed,  longitudinally  striated,  with  internal  parallel 
lubes.  Fructification — double  ovate  capsules,  and  granules  in  swollen  branchlets. 
Marine. 

EcTocARPUS.  Filaments  jointed,  much  branched,  fuscous.  Fructification — lanceo- 
late pods  or  ovate  capsules,  solitary  or  racemous.     Marine. 

Sphacf.llaria.  Filaments  jointed,  branciied,  olivaceous,  distichous  or  dichoto- 
mous;  apex  of  the  branches  sphacellate  or  hyaline,  abrupt.  Fructification  is  granules 
in  the  modified  apex,  or  capsule.     Marine. 

Tribe  IV.     Ulvaceae. 

Frond,  memhranous,  continuous,  tubular  or  flattened,  never  ribbed ,  herbaceous  rarely  pur- 
ple: seed  heaped  or  scattered  granulations. 

Vaucheria.  Filaments  dichotomous  or  irregularly  branched,  somewhat  rigid. 
Fructification — a  granulated  mass  within  the  frond,  and  external  dark  vesicles  vari- 
ously sinuated. 

CoDiUM.  Frond  spungy,  of  a  determinate  figure,  formed  of  filaments  densely 
packed,  which  are  tubular  and  continuous,  and  colored  by  a  granular,  green  powder. 
Coniocystas  clustered  at  the  surface  of  the  frond. 

SoLENiA.  Frond  tubular,  membranous,  with  a  striated,  areolated  surface.  Seeds 
very  minute  and  compact. 

Ulva.  Root  scutate.  Frond  plain,  ribless,  flabellaform  or  wedge-shaped,  or  linear 
and  diciiotomous.  Fructification  naked  immersed — granules  distributed  in  fours 
throughout  tiie  frond. 

I'oRPiiYRA.  Frond  flat,  purple,  with  the  membrane  of  equal  texture.  Fruit  two 
fold — first  sori  of  oval  seeds  collected  in  a  disorderly  manner:  second,  two  parallel 
lines  marked  on  each  side  by  a  globule. 

Tribe  V.     Florideae. 

Frond  coriaceous,  rarely  membranaceoxis,  flat  orflliform,  continuous,  purple  or  pink:  seeds 
purple,  included  in  capsules  or  clustered  in  dots. 

Ptilota.  Root  scrutate.  Fronds  compressed  or  plane,  pinnate.  Fructification — 
a  cluster  of  naked  granules.,  surrounded  by  a  linear  cleft  involucre. 

Rhouomela.  Frond  either  flat  or  foljaceous,  and  somewhat  ribbed  or  filiform. 
Fruit  two-fold;  first  lomenta  filled  longitudinally  with  globules  of  sporaceous  matter, 
second,  capsules  with  a  few  pyriform  seeds  sessile  in  the  capsule  (blackish  when  dry.) 

Chonhria.  Frond  continuous,  gelatinus-cartilaginous.  Fructification  double — 
naked  granules  immersed  in  the  substance  of  the  ramuli  and  external  tubercles. 

Sphakrococcus.  Root  scutate.  Frond  sub  inernbranaceous  or  cartilaginous.  Fruc- 
tification unifi)rm — tubercles  or  capsules. 

Halymenia.  Frond  flat  or  tubular,  somewhat  membranous.  Fruit,  dot-like  tuber- 
cles half  immersed  in  the  laminae  of  the  frond. 

Delesseria.  Root  scutate.  Frond  plane,  membranaceous,  with  or  without  ribs. 
Fructification  double — tubercles  and  clusters  of  naked  immersed  granules. 

Tribe  VI.     Fdcoideae. 

Frond  coriaceous,  continuous,  olite-green,  flat  orflliform:  seed  black,  in  capsules, 
bordered  or  immersed. 
Lemanea.     Frond  filiform,  torulose,  tubular.    Cliains  of  seeds  adhering  to  the  inner 
surface  of  the  filament,  pencilled,  moniliform.     In  fresh  water. 

Charuaria.  Root  scutate.  Frond  filiform,  of  an  olive  color  and  cartilaginous 
substance.  Fructification — clavate,  pyriform,  concentric  filaments  constituting  the 
whole  frond. 

ScTTosiPHOX.  Root  scutate.  Frond  filiform,  tubular,  sub-coriaceous.  Fructifica- 
tion— naked  pyriform  granules  covering  the  whole  frond. 


102  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER.    V. 

Sporachnus.  Root  mostly  scutate.  Frond  plane,  with  distichous  branches,  bear- 
ing, in  most  instances,  delicate  pencil-like  deciduous  tufts  of  confervoid  filaments. 
("Receptacles  composed  of  concentric,  clavate,  articulated  corpuscles.") 

ZoNARiA.  E,oot  downy.  Frond  plane,  ribless,  flabelliform  or  wedge-shaped,  or 
linear  and  dichotomous.  Fructification — adnate  tubercles  collected  into  parallel  lines 
on  the  frond. 

Laminaria.  Root  fibrous.  Stipes  dilated  into  a  plane  frond.  Fructification — 
naked  granules  immersed  and  forming  irregular  groups  in  the  frond. 

LiCHiNiA.  Fronds  minute,  tufted,  greenish-black  when  growing.  Fructification- 
solitary  tubercles  with  a  poie,  at  length  scutelliform. 

FoRCELLARiA.  Frond  cylindrical.  Fructification  concealed  in  the  swollen  extre- 
mities of  the  frond,  capsules  in  the  centre,  and  pyriform  grandles  in  the  circum- 
feience. 

Fucus.  Root  scutate.  Frond  plane  or  compressed,, (rarely  filiform)  dichotomous. 
Fructification — tubercles  contained  in  a  common  mucose  receptacle,  and  filled  with 
seeds  and  filaments. 

Cystoseira.  Root  scutate.  Stypes  cylindrical.  Lower  leaves  plane;  upper  ones 
filiform,  furnished  with  pinnate  vesicles.  Fructification — tubercles  in  common  recep- 
tacles, the  receptacles  with  several  loculaments. 

ORDER  V.     LICHENES; 

ARRANGED    ACCORDING    TO   ACHARIUS. 

Tribe  I.     Idiothalami. 

Apothecia  differing  in  color  from  the  rest  of  the  plant,  and  formed  of  a  distinct 
substance. 

$  1.     ApoUiecia  simple,  entirely  formed  of  a  sub-reniform,  pulverulent,  or  cartilaginous 

substance.     Homogenii. 

**  Apothecia  destitute  of  a  raised  margin. 

Spiloma.     Plant  crustaceous,  spreading,  plane,  adnate,  and  uniform.     Apothecia 

composed  of  minute  bodies,  collected  into  a  compact,  homogeneous,  sub-pulverulent, 

naked,  and  shapeless,  colored  mass. 

SoLORiNA.  Plant  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  lobed,  separate  beneath,  and  veiny  or 
fibrous,  with  down.  Recept.  adnate,  roundish,  not  edged,  covered  by  a  colored 
membrane,  and  containing  a  solid,  cellular,  bladdery  parenchyma. 
*  *Apothecia  with  a  raised  border. 
Lecidia.  Plant  various,  crustaceous,  spreading,  adnate,  uniform  or  foliaceous. 
Apothecia  scrutelhform,  sessile,  surrounded  by  a  cartilaginous  membrane;  the  disk  of 
the  same  nature  as  tlie  raised  border. 

CALicroM.  Plant  crustaceous,  plane,  spreading,  adnate,  uniform.  Apothecia  cup- 
shaped,  sessile  or  stipulate,  cartilaginous,  containing  a  compact  pulverulent  mass, 
plane  or  convex,  and  forming  a  naked  disk. 

Gyrophora.  Plant  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  or  cartilaginous,  peltate,  mostly  mono- 
phyllous,  free  beneath.  Apothecia  sub-scutelliform,  sessile,  or  adnate,  covered  with 
a  black  cartilaginous  membrane;  the  disk  warty  or  plaited  on  circles,  or  bordered. 

§  2.  Apothecia  sub-simple,  included,  formed  of  a  single  covering,  containing  a  capsular 
body  or  nucleus.  Heterogenii. 
Endocarpon.  Plant  crustaceous,  adnate,  of  some  determinate  figure,  or  foliaceous 
and  peltate.  Apothecia  globose,  concealed  in  the  substance  of  the  plant,  surrounded 
by  a  thin  membrane,  furnished  with  a  slightly  prominent  orifice,  and  containing  a 
nucleus. 

Tribe  II.     Ccenothalami. 

Apothecia  partly  formed  from  the  substance  of  the  plants. 

4  1.     Apothecia  included  in  loart-Uke  processes,  formed  from  the  substance  of  the  plant. 
Phvmatoidei. 
Thelotrema.     Plant  crustaceous,  cartilaginous,  plane,  spreading;  adnate,  uniform, 
with  wart-like  receptacles,  furnished  with  a  wide  pore,   and  bordered.     Apothecia 
mcluded,  and  containing  a  nucleus  within  a  double  covering. 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    V.  103 

PvRENULA.  Plant  crustaceous,  piano-expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Recept.  wart- 
like, formed  of  the  tliallus,  enclosing  or  surrounding  at  the  base  a  solitary  thalamium, 
with  a  simple,  thick,  papillose  peritiiecinm,  containing  a  globose  cellular  nut. 

Variolaria.  Plant  crustaceous,  plane  spreading,  adnate,  uniform.  Apothecia 
wart-like,  formed  from  the  crust  (resembling  Soredia, )  sub-marginate,  white,  including- 
a  naked  nucleus. 

§  2.     Apothecia  scutelliform,  stih-sessile,  the  disk  of  a  peculiar  color,   different  from  the 
border,  which  is  formed  from  the  crust,     Discoiijei. 

Urceolaria.  Plant  crustaceous,  spreading,  adnate,  uniform.  Apothecia  shield- 
like, the  disk  concave,  colored,  immersed  in  the  crust;  border  formed  froni  the  crust, 
and  the  same  color. 

Lkcanora.  Plant  crustaceous,  spreading,  adnate;  plane,  uniform.  Apothecia 
shield-like,  thick,  adnate,  and  sessile,  the  disk  plano-convex,  colored;  border  thickish, 
somewhat  free,  formed  from  the  crust,  and  ilie  same  color. 

Parmelia.  Plant  foliaceous,  between  coriaceous  and  membranaceous,  spreading, 
appressed,  orbicular,  lobed,  and  stellate,  variously  divided,  fibrous  beneath.  Apothecia 
shield-like,  attached  by  a  central  point;  the  disk  concave,  colored,  with  a  border 
formed  from  the  crust. 

BoRRERA.  Plant  cartilaginous,  branched,  and  lacinate;  the  segments  free,  chan- 
nelled beneath,  and  cilliate  at  the  margin.  Apothecia  shield-like,  with  a  colored  disk; 
the  border  formed  from  the  frond. 

Cetraria.  Plant  cartilagino-membranaceous,  ascending,  or  spreading,  lobed, 
smooth,  and  naked  on  both  sides.  Apothecia  shield-like,  obliquely  adnate  with  the 
margin,  the  disk  colored,   plano-concave;  border  inHexed,  derived  from  the  frond. 

Sticta.  Plant  foliaceous,  coriaceo-caitilaginous, spreading,  lobed,  free  and  pubes- 
cent beneath,  with  little  cavities  or  hollow  spots.  Apothecia  shield-like,  fixed  by  a. 
cential  point,  the  disk  colored,  plane;  border  formed  from  the  crust. 

Peltidea.  Plant  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  spreading,  sub-adnate,  lobed,  with  woolly 
veins  beneath.  Apothecia  orbicular,  adnate,  on  produced  portions  of  the  frond,  the 
disk  colored:  border  very  thin,  formed  from  the  frond. 

Nephroma.  Plant  foliaceous,  coriaceous,  membranous,  expanded,  lobed,  beneath, 
separate,  and  naked  or  viUose.  Recept.  resupinate,  formed  of  tiie  ascending  length- 
ened lobes  of  the  thallus.  Fertile  laminae  reniform.  entirely  attached  to  the  ihallus 
and  its  lower  side,  and  surrounded  by  an  elevated  inflected  margin. 

Roccella.  Plant  coriaceous,  cartdaginous,  branched,  lacinaled,  round  or  flat,  erect 
or  pendulous,  woolly  inside.  Recept.  shield-like,  thick,  growing  into  the  thallus. 
Fertile  lamina  forming  a  disk,  plano-convex,  colored,  and  cartilaginous,  in  the  inside 
hyaline,  and  of  a  similar  nature,  surrounded  by  a  margin,  which  is  elevated,  sessile, 
and  as  deep  as  the  disk,  and  which  contains  a  compact,  black  powdery  moss,  whick 
is  hidden  within  the  substance  of  the  thallus. 

EvERNiA.  Plant  branched,  lacinate,  angular,  or  compressed,  sub-erect,  or  pendu- 
lous, with  a  central  filament  within.  Apothecia  shield-like,  sessile,  the  disk  concave, 
colored;  border  formed  from  the  frond. 

0  3.     Apothecia  sub-globose,  terminating  Uie  branches  or  podetia,  or  scattered  sessile  and 
emarginate.     Cephaloidea. 

♦Apothecia  covered  by  the  mass  of  fructification. 

Cenomyce.  General  receptacle  sub-cartilaginous,  foliaceous,  lacinate  sub-imbricate, 
free,  (rarely  adnate,  uniform,  or  wanting.)  Apothecia  or  podetia  orbicular,  immar- 
ginate,  at  length  capiluliform,  bearing  thick  colored  masses  of  fructification. 

BjEomyces.  Plant  crustaceous,  spreading,  plane,  adnate.  Ai)othecia  on  short, 
soft,  solid,  simple  podetia,  capituliform,  solid,  emarginate,  colored,  convex,  reflexed 
at  the  margin. 

IsiniuM.  Plant  crustaceous,  plane,  spreading,  adnate,  uniform.  Apothecia  on 
short,  soft,  solid,  simple  podetia,  orbicular,  convex,  solid,  terminal;  the  disk  sub-im- 
mersed, having  a  border  formed  from  the  substance  of  the  podetia. 

Stkreocaulon.  Plant  shrubby,  cartilagenous,  branched.  Apothecia  turbinate, 
eessile,  solid,  plane  above,  at  length  sub-globose,  with  a  border  formed  from  the 
frond. 


104  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    VI. 

*  *Apothecia  clothed  with  the  substance  of  the  frond,  and  containing  a  pulvendent  mass. 
Spaerophoron.     Plant   cartilaginous,    fibrous    within,    solid,    shrubby,    branched. 
Apothecia  sessile,  terminal,  sub-globose,  bursting  irregularly,  and  containing  a  black, 
globular,  pulverulent  mass. 

Tribe  III.     Homothalami. 
Apothecia  entirely  formed  of  the  substance  of  the  frond. 

At-ECTORIA.  Plant  cartilaginous,  sub-filiform,  fibrous,  and  somewhat  fistulose  VVith- 
in,  branched,  prostrate  or  pendulous.  Apothecia  shield-like,  thick,  sessile,  bordered, 
wholly  formed  from  the  frond. 

Ramalika.  Plant  cartilaginous,  fibrous,  and  nearly  solid  within,  branched  some- 
what shrubby,  mostly  soderiferous.  Apothecia  shield-like,  thick,  sub-pedicellate  and 
■sub-peltate,  plane,  bordered,  wholly  formed  from  the  substance  of  the  frond. 

CoRNicuLARiA.  Plant  cartilaginous,  fibrous  and  nearly  solid  within,  branched, 
shrubby.  Apothecia  orbicular,  terminal,  obliquely  peltate,  at  length  convex,  sorae- 
Tvliat  inflated;  the  border  dentate. 

UsNEA.  Plant  much  branched,  filiform  mostly  pendulous,  furnished  within  with  a 
bundle  of  elastic  fibres.  Apothecia  orbicular,  terminal,  peltate,  often  ciliate  at  the 
border. 

CoLLEMA.  Plant  sub-gelatinous,  homogeneous,  crustiform,  foliaceous,  or  some- 
what branched,  membranaceous  or  cartilaginous  when  dry.  Apothecia  shield-like 
bordered,  formed  from  the  substance  of  the  frond;  the  disk  sometimes  differing  in 
color  when  dried. 

Tribe  IV.     Athalami. 

Lichenes  destitute  of  Apothecia,  and  whose  fructification  is  unknown. 

Lepraria.  Whole  plant  crustaceo-pulverulent,  spreading,  adnate,  uniform.  Apo- 
thecia unknown. 

Tribe  V.     Pseddo-Lichenes. 

Apothecia  black,  corenous,  imbedded  in  a  receptacle-     Seeds  in  slender  tubular  cells, 

lying  in  a  pulp,  not  spontaneously  emitted. 

Opegrapha.  Plant  crustaceous,  flat,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Receptacle  ob- 
long and  elongated,  sessile,  covered  with  a  cartilaginous  dark  membrane,  enclosing  a 
solid  parenchyma.     Disk  linear,  edged  on  each  side. 

Verrucaria.  Plant  crustaceous,  plane,  expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Reopt.  hemis- 
pherical, roundish  at  the  base,  growing  into  the  thallus,  with  a  double  perithecium; 
exterior  somewhat  cartillaginous  and  thick,  having  alone  a  little  pimple  or  perfora- 
tion; inner  very  fine,  and  membranous.     Kernel  cellular. 

PoRiSA.  Plant  crustaceous,  cartilaginous,  piano-expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Re- 
cept.  wart-like,  formed  out  of  the  thallus,  and  not  margined.  Thalamium  imbedded 
sn  the  substance  of  the  wart,  with  a  simple  very  thin  perithecium,  and  a  colored  orifice 
thicker  at  the  surface  of  the  wart.     Kernel  roundish,  cellular. 

Arthonia.  Plant  crustaceous,  piano-expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Recpt.  innate, 
aessile  of  an  irregular  roundish  figure,  witliout  an  edge,  covered  by  a  somewhat  car- 
tillaginous membrane,  and  containing  a  solid  uniform  kernel. 

Graphis.  Plant  crustaceous,  piano-expanded,  adnate,  uniform.  Recept.  long,  im- 
mersed in  the  thallus,  with  a  simple  cartillaginous  perithecium,  which  forms  an  edge 
all  around  the  linear  kernel,  which  is  naked  at  top  and  bottom,  and  cellular  inside. 

ORDER  VI.     FUNGI. 

arranged  according  to  fries  of  sweden.* 

agaricinae. 

Seed-bed  distinct.     Receptacle  longer  ok  expanded,  superior. 

Pileate. 

Recqitacle  dilated,  occasionally  branched,  having  a  tendency   to  an  orbicular  form. 

Seed  buds  inferior. 
Agariccs.     Seed-beds  in  lamellae.     Lamellae  simple,  parallel. 

*  According  to  Schwinitz,  a  system  of  Fungi  and  Lichens  for  Germany,  Sweden, 
&c.,  is  a  system  for  N.  America;  on  account  of  their  similarity.  lam  indebted  to 
Loudon  for  Fries'  system;  also  for  many  other  improvements  in  this  order. 


'$ 


CLASS   XXI.       ORDER    VI.  105 

Canthahellus.  Sefid-bed  veined.  Veins  dichotomous,  sub-parallel:  Bomelimes 
anastomosing. 

Meuumus.  Seed-bed  veined.  Veins  flexuose,  or  forming  very  irregular  pores. 
Plants  sessile,  resupinate  or  effused. 

ScHizoi'uvLLUM.     Seed-beds  in  lamella?.     LamelltB  bifid  lengthwise,  revolute. 

D.¥DALEA.  Seed-bed  sinuous,  composed  of  anastomosing  lamellae  or  flexuose  elon- 
gated pores. 

PoLYPORUS.  Seed-bed  porous,  not  separable  from  the  substance  of  the  pileus,  nor 
the  pores  from  each  other.  Pores  sometimes  lacerated  in  age.  Pileus  very  rarely 
witii  a  central  stipe. 

Favolus.     Pores  ample,  with  four  or  six  angles  resembling  an  honey-comb. 

Boletus.  Seed-bed  tubular.  Tubes  separable  from  the  pileus  and  from  each  other. 
Pileus  always  with  a  central  stipe. 

FisTunNA.     Seed-bed  tubular.     Tubes  loose,  the  young  ones  closed. 

HyDxNum.     Seed-bed  subulate,  subulae  loose. 

SisTOTREMA.  Pileus  carnose,  irregularly  stipitate.  Seed-bed  composed  of  dentate 
interrupted  lamellaEe. 

Phlebia.     Seed-bed  rugose,  formed  of  long  or  confluenent  papillte. 

Thelephora.  Plants  with  very  few  exceptions  more  or  less  adnate,  thin,  coriace- 
ous, very  rarely  funnel-form.     Seed-bed  covering  the  outer  surface. 

ClavUa. 

Receptacle  longf  simple,  or  branched,  icith  a  tendency  to  a  cylindricalform,  not  margined. 

Seed-bed  superior. 

Clavaria.  Plants  carnose,  cylindrical,  simple  or  branched.  Seed-bed  smooth,  oc- 
cupying almost  the  whole  surface,  confluent  with  stipes. 

Calocera.  Plants  branched  or  simple,  cylindrical,  homogeneous,  corneous,  gelatin- 
ous, viscid.     Growing  on  wood. 

Geoglossum.  Seed-bed  shortj  club-shaped,  mostly  compressed,  stipitate.  Stipes 
elongated,  smooth  or  hairy.     Plants  black  or  dull  green. 

Spatularia.  Seed-bed  club-shaped,  separate,  compressed,  running  down  the  stipes 
on  each  side,  bearing  the  asci  at  the  upper  end. 

MiTRATA.  Seed-bed  clavate,  ovate,  closely  surrounding,  at  the  base,  the  stipe  which 
is  distinct. 

Typhula.  Seed-bed  thin,  sub-cylindrical,  persistent,  terminating  the  capillary 
stipes. 

PisTiLLARiA.     Simple  contiguous,  linear  or  clavate.     Seeds  emerging  at  the  end. 

Elvcllaceae. 
Hymenium  distinct,  superior,  margined.     Receptacle  urceolate  or  rejlexed,  always  inferior. 

Morchella.  Pileus  lacunose,  confluent  with  the  stipes  either  at  the  margin  or  a 
little  above  it.     Seed-bed  occupying  the  wJiole  outer  surface. 

Verpa.     Pileus  conicle-deflexed,  equal.     Seed-bed  smooth  or  rugose. 

Leotia.  Pileus  ovate-conicle  or  orbicular,  wholly  occupied  by  the  seed-bed,  the 
margin  free  but  closely  embracing  the  stipes. 

Receptacle  cupulate,  equal.     Seed-bed  discoid,  ichen  young  somcicliat  closed,  surrounded 
by  the  margin  of  the  receptacle. 

Peziza.  Pileus  mostly  carnose,  sessile  or  stipitate,  more  or  less  cup-shaped  at 
length.     Sometimes  plane.     Seed-bed  occupying  the  disk. 

Bulgaria.  Cupula  closed  at  first.  Seed-lubes  immersed  with  paraphyses,  becom- 
ing separate  and  bursting  out.     Gelatinous. 

Ditiola.  Seed-bed  becoming  plaited  and  deliquesecnt.  Cupula  open.  Veil  uni- 
versal.    Corky. 

Cenangium.  Seed-bed  smooth,  persistent,  rarely  deliquescent.  Cupula  closed,  but 
opening  finally.     Somewhat  coriaceous. 

Stictis.     Seed-bed  smootli,  immersed.     Cupula  obliterated.     Seed-bed  persistent. 

Treniellini. 

Trf.mella.  Receptacle  gelatinous  homogeneous,  fructifying  in  all  directions, 
without  papillae.     Seeds  nearly  emerging. 

14 


106  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    VI. 

ExiDEA.  Receptacle  gelatinous,  homogeneous,  covered  on  the  upper  surface  only 
by  a  papillose  hymenium.     Seeds  emitted  with  elasticity. 

Dacrymyces.  Receptacle  gelatinous,  homogeneous,  filled  with  assurgent  flocci, 
and  seeds  placed  in  layers  inside.     When  you"gr  compact,  but  finally  deliquescent. 

Agyrium.  Receptacle  spherical,  smooth,"  compact,  waxy,  when  humid,  gelatinous, 
finally  crumbling  away  in  seeds. 

Hymenella.  Receptacle  flattened,  adnate,  smooth,  like  soft  leather,  very  thin, 
persistent. 

Naematelia.  Receptacle  gelatinous,  surrounding  a  compact  heterogeneous  nu- 
cleus.    Seeds  emerging. 

AcRosPERBiUM.  Elongated,  somewhat  clavate,  with  a  coat'of  a  similar  substance, 
distinctly  fructifying  at  the  end. 

ScLEROTi0M.  Sub-globose,  or  without  regular  form  within,  homogeneous,  vesicu- 
lose,  carnose,  or  corneous.     Sporules  unknown. 

Periola.     Rootless,  fleshy,  covered  entirely  by  a  villose  persistent  coat. 

Acinula.     Rootless,  smooth,  with  a  distinct  farinaceous  granular  coat. 

Erysiphe.  Sporangium  epiphyllous,  very  minute,  globose,  furnished  with  white 
radiating  subjacent  filaments,  and  containing  sporuliferous  bodies. 

Phallus.  Stipes  issuing  from  a  volva.  Pileus  furnished  with  large  cells  filled  with 
a  sporuliferous  shining  substance. 

Tuber.  Envelope  closed,  marbled  with  veins  inside.  Sporangia  stalked,  scattered 
among  the  veins.     Subterraneous. 

Rhizopogon.  Envelope  sessile,  bursting  with  irregularity  with  anastomosing  veins 
inside.     Sporangia  sessile.     Aboye  ground. 

NiDULARiA.  Common  peridium  simple,  flocculent,  furfuraceous,  disappearing. 
Sporangia  globose,  with  seeds  in  heaps  in  the  middle. 

Myriococcum.  Peridium  simple,  flocculent,  furfuraceous,  disappearing.  Sporangia 
globose,  with  seeds  in  round  heaps. 

PoLYANGiuM.  Pcridium  simple,  membranous.  Sporangia  oblong,  filled  with  a 
grumous  mass. 

CarpobolL 
Envelope  protruding  a  solitary  separate  sporangium. 

Attractobolus.  Peridium  cupulae-form,  with  a  lid.  Sporangium  fusiform,  with 
mucous  seeds. 

Thelebolus.  Peridium  sessile,  urceolate-ventricose  with  an  entire  orifice.  Spo- 
rangium papillae-form  with  mucous  seeds. 

PiLOBOLUs.  Stipes  or  receptacle  pellucid,  watery.  Peridium  a  roundish  vesicle, 
bursting  elastically,  placed  on  the  apex  of  the  receptacle. 

Sphaerobolcs.  Peridium  double,  both  stellate;  the  inner  membranous  by  inver- 
sion throwing  out  with  elasticity  a  globose  sporangium,  bearing  in  the  middle  heaped 
seeds. 

Pyrenomycetes. 

Envelope  genuine,  forming  the  receptacle.     Seeds  disposed  in  seed-tubes  in  regxdar  rows. 

Sphneriacei. 

Sphaeria.     Receptacle  0.     Spherules  sessile  or  slightly  immersed. 
LoPHiuM     Perithecium    vertical,    compressed,  dehiscing    by  a  longitudinal  some- 
what closed  cleft.     Seed  tubes  crumbling  away. 

Cytisporei. 

Sphaeronema.  Perithecium  opening  by  a  pore,  enclosing  in  a  very  thin  bag  some 
mucous  seeds,  which  burst  forth  and  become  indurated  in  a  globose  form.     Naked. 

Septaria.     Cloud-like  spots  on  dead  leaves:  seeds  with  partitions,  or  septa. 

Cytispora.  Cellular — many-celled;  cells  deformed,  membranous,  united  at  the 
ends.  Nucleus  gelatinous,  filled  with  sporules,  propelled  through  the  common  elon- 
gated orific. 

Phoma.  Nucleus  grumous,  enclosed  in  a  tubercle.  Seeds  emitted  by  a  simple 
orific  without  regularity. 


CLASS    XXT.       ORDER    VI.  107 

Phacidiacei. 
PerWiecmm  finally  bursting,  with  an  open  disk.     Seed  tubes  erect,  fixed. 

DoTHiDEA.  Nucleus  enclosing  immersed  cellules.  True  perithecium  obliterated. 
Seed-tubes  erect,  remaining  for  a  long  time. 

Rhytisma.  Perithecium  deformed,  bursting  into  transverse  fragments  by  means  of 
a  flexuous  crack. 

Phaciueum.  Receptacle  0.  Perithecia  sessile,  depressed,  bursting  from  the  centre 
towards  the  circumference  in  several  acute  segments.  Sporuliferous  cells  elongated, 
fixed. 

Hysterium.  Perithecia  mostly  oblong,  black,  corneous,  bursting  by  a  longitudi- 
nal slit.     Sporuliferous  tubes  erect.     (Crust  none. ) 

Xylomacei. 
Seed  tubes  obsolete.     Seeds  innate. 
AcTYNOTHTRiCTM.     Perithecium  buckle-like,  with  radiating  fibres  covering  the  fusi- 
form seeds. 

Leptostroma.  Perithecium  uniform,  without  an  orifice,  but  entirely  separating 
and  exposing  a  very  thin  disk. 

Trichospermi. 
Envelope  genuine,  forming  a  receptacle.     Seeds  intermixed  with  flocci. 

Lycoperdinei. 
Envelope  of  a  determinate  figure,  fleshy  ichen  young.     Flocci  copious. 

Onygena.  Sub-globose  with  a  fibrous  stipe.  Peridium  crustaceous,  fragile,  with 
interwoven  fibres.     Sporules  naked,  compactly  clustered. 

TuLosTOMA.  Globose  stipitate.  Involucrum  none.  Peridium  opening  by  a  bordered 
pore  in  the  summit.     Sporules  scattered  in  it. 

Scleroderma.  Sporangium  globose  or  prolonged  into  a  stipe.  Peridium  single, 
coriaceous,  mostly  warty,  bursting  at  the  apex  or  sub-dehiscent.  Seeds  connected 
into  little  contiguous  distinct  globules  mixed  with  filaments, 

Lycoferdon.  Sporangium  globose.  Peridium  single,  membranaceous,  scaly,  with 
warts  or  soft  spines  bursting  irregularly  at  the  apex,  and  containing  a  mass  of  seeds 
and  filaments. 

BovisTA.  Sporangium  globose.  Peridium  double;  the  outer  one  adnate;  cracking, 
somewhat  fugacious;  inner  one  bursting  at  the  apex,  and  containing  a  mass  of  fila- 
ments and  pedicellated  seeds. 

Geastrum.  Globose  sessile.  Involucrum  coriaceous,  stellate.  Peridium  mem- 
branous.    Seeds  on  stalks  from  the  first. 

Tric/iocisti. 

Envelope  regular,  when  young  pulpy.     Seeds  having  numerous  flocci  scattered  among 
them. 

Craterium.  Peridium  oblong,  stipitate,  operculate,  containing  a  cellulose,  fila- 
mentuous,  sporuliferous  mass. 

Stemonitis.  Cylindrical  or  sub-globose.  Peridium  fugacious.  Filaments  forming 
a  reticulated  mass,  perforated  by  the  stipes  to  which  they  are  attached.  Seeds  inter- 
mixed. 

Cribraria.  Globose  stipitate.  Peridium  crumbling  to  pieces  entirely  or  for  the 
most  part. 

Arscyria.  Mostly  cylindrical.  Peridium  fugaceous,  except  a  small  portion  at  the 
base.     Filaments  abundant,  reticulated,  fixed  at  the  base.     Seeds  intermixed. 

Leangium.  Minute  sub-globose  or  irregular.  Peridium  single,  membranaceous, 
bursting  into  sub-regular,  persistent,  expanding  segments.  Filaments  attached  at  the 
base  and  surrounding  a  columella. 

Trichia.  Minute  sub-globose  or  irregular.  Peridium  single,  membranaceous, 
bursting.     Filaments  involute,  attached  at  the  base,  and  expanding  elastically. 

Physarum.  Sporangium  minute,  mostly  stipitate  sub-globose.  Peridium  single, 
membranaceous,  bursting  and  deciduous  in  distinct  portions.  Seeds  mixed  witii  a 
mass  of  filaments. 


108  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    VI. 

FuUginoidei. 
Envelope  somemhat  deformed,  sessile,  when  young  pulpy,  se^ds  separated  lyfiocd. 

Lycogai,a.  Sessile  globose  or  sub-irreguj^r,  pulpy  when  young.  Peridium  single, 
fragile,  variously  dehiscent.     Seeds  mixed  with  a  few  filaments. 

Spuwaria.  Form  irregular,  roundish,  effused.  Peridium  soft,  at  length  membra- 
naceous, fragile.  Seeds  contaii^ed  in  the  folds  of  a  branched,  elongated,  membra- 
naceous, persistent  process. 

Liceoidei. 
^locci  obsolete. 

DicHospoRiuM.  Flattened  hemispherical.  Peridium  membranaceous,  coated  with 
a  layer  of  granules.     Seeds  in  globoge  masses. 

LicEA.  Peridium  mernbranaceous,  sessile,  fragile,  inclosing  a  pulverulent  mass  of 
seeds  unmixed  with  filaments.     (No  subjacent  membrane.) 

Mucoroidei. 
Peridium  formed  offlocci  loosely  looven  together,  vanishing  in  the  middle.     Seeds  in  heaps. 

MucoR.  Peridium  membranaceous,  globose  stipitate,  pellucid,  at  length  opake. 
Pedicel  simple  or  branched,  tubular,  articulated. 

Thamnidium.  Stipes  branched  at  the  base;  branches  bearing  solitary  globules  at 
their  end.     Peridium  globose. 

AscoPHORA.  Peridium  membranaceous,  stipitate,  bursting  at  length,  turned  inside 
ont,  convex  and  sub^persistent.  Pedicel  simple  or  branched,  tubular,  pellucid,  arti- 
culated. 

Pensporia. 
Persiporium  thin,  somewhat  mernhranous,  bursting.     Seeds  immersed,  scarcely  distinct. 

EuROTiuM.  Peridia  membranous,  sub-globose,  with  an  articulated  floccoge  innatq 
receptacle.     Seeds  naked  in  masses. 

Hyphomycetes. 
Cephalotrichi. 
Receptacle  distinct,  covered  over  icilh  fiocci,  with  seeds  scattered  among  them. 
Cf.ratium.     Filaments  very  short,  pellucid,  simple,  minute,  attached  to  a  membra- 
naceous, phcate,  simple  or  branched,  filiform  receptacle. 

IsARiA.  Filaments  minute  and  pellucid,  attached  to  an  elongated,  simple  or 
branched,  clavate,  carnose  receptacle. 

Stilboidei. 
Fibres  grown  together  upon  the  receptacle.     Seeds  enclosed  in  a  separate  naked  head. 

Stilbum.  Minute.  Stipes  slender,  bearing  a  little  round  solid  head,  which  is 
pellucid  and  semifluid  at  first,  at  length  more  dense  and  opake. 

hiomycetes. 

Fibres  genuine,  somewliat  separated  by  divisions.     Receptacle  none.     Upon  putrescent 

organic  matter. 

Byassacd. 

Opake  fibres,  bearing  seeds  inside,  ichen  fertile  jointed,  when  sterile  contiguous. 
Repel  moisture. 

ToRULA.  Thallus  composed  of  branched,  rigid,  fragile,  moniliform,  sub-opake 
filaments,  the  articulations  minute,  globose. 

MoNiLiA.  Fibres  numerous,  erect,  opaque,  distinctly  articulated,  permanent. 
Articulations  ovate. 

Racodium.  Thallus  composed  of  branched,  decumbent,  interwoven,  persistent,  sub- 
opake  filaments,  among  which  are  sometimes  granules  of  moniliform  filaments. 

Cladosporium.  Thallus  composed  of  erect,  rigid,  sub-opake,  jointed,  simple  or 
branched,  aggregate  filarpents.  Seed^  oyate,  attached  in  a  series  to  the  filaments, 
deciduous. 


n . 


CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    VI.  109 


Heltcospokium.  Fibers  erect,  rigid,  nearly  simple,  opake.  Seeds  spiral,  remotely 
jointed:  some  that  are  fugacious  scattered  among  them. 

OzoNuiM.  Thallus  composed  of  decumbent,  branched,  entangled  filaments:  pri- 
mary ones  thick,  irregular;  ultimate  ones  fine-jointed. 

Mucedines. 
Flocci  pellucid,  loitli  dissepiments,  hearing  seeds  on  the  outside. 

Sepedonium.  Thallus  formed  of  entangled,  filaments,  spreading  within  putrefying 
fungi.     Seeds  scattered,  globose.     (Bright  yellow.) 

AcREMONiuM.  Thallus  composed  of  decumbent,  entangled,  branched,  pellucid  fila- 
ments.    Seeds  globose,  solitary,  pedicellate. 

Sporotrichdm.  Thallus  minute,  tufted  or  ejfpanded.  Seeds  scattered  among  the 
branched,  tubular  jointed  filaments. 

Trichothecium.  Filaments  minute,  branched,  forming  a  tufted  thallus.  Seeds 
scattered,  sub-globose,  didymous. 

Bqtrytis.  Thallus  composed  of  decumbent,  entangled,  branched,  pellucid  filaments. 
Seeds  globose,  solitary,  pedicellate. 

Aspergillus.  Thallus  composed  of  miriute,  pellucid,  scattered  or  tufted  filaments, 
apex  of  the  main  filament  mostly  clavate,  on  which  is  ahead  of  (often  beaded,) 
seeds. 

Stachylidium.  Thallus  composed  of  tufted,  pellucid  filaments:  sterile  ones  pro- 
cumbent: fertile  ones  erect,  whorled,  with  ramuU  near  the  top,  among  which  the 
seeds  are  collected. 

Penicillium.  Thallus  composed  of  tufted  pellucid  filaments:  sterile  ones  procum- 
bent; fertile  ones  erect,  bearing  a  terminal  pencil-like  tuft  of  erect  ramuli,  to  which 
the  seeds  are  attached. 

Trichoderma.  Seeds  collected  in  the  centre,  free,  the  filaments  woven  into  a  web- 
}ike  covering,  at  length  opening  at  the  apex  and  discharging  the  globose  seeds. 

Phlyleriaceac. 
Fibres  spurious,  contiguous,  bearing  seeds  inside.     Receptacle  none.     On  living  leaves. 

RuBiGo.  Fibres  infundibuliform  or  clavate,  twisted,  situated  in  patches  upon  sickly 
leaves. 

Erineum.  PeridesB  flocciform,  sub-diphanous,  various,  sub-simple,  aggregate-ces 
pitose,  parasitic  on  living  leaves.     Seeds  sometimes,  but  rarely  evident. 

Coniomycetes. 
Seeds  naked,  iciihout  any  heirogeneous  receptacle. 

Tuherculariae. 
Seeds  naked,  simple,  scattered  over  the  receptacle. 

ExospoRicM.  Dots  one  3Cth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  black,  heaped,  bursting  beneath 
the  cuticle,  bristly. 

Entophytae. 
Seeds  naked,  separate,  loithout  a  receptacle. 


FusiDiuM.  Thallus  plane,  effused.  Filaments  short,  branched.  Seeds  fusiform, 
scattered. 

PoLYTHRiNciuM.  Black  dots,  which  magnified,  are  roundish  tufts  of  filaments, 
smallest  near  the  margin:  filanjents  semitransparent,  clavate,  articulated,  erect, 
simple. 

Stilbospora.  Black.  Receptacle  0,  or  a  pulverulent  mass  intermixed  with  naked 
seeds,  the  whole  bursting  through  tlie  bark  in  the  manner  of  a  Stromatospheeria. 

Sporidermium.  Composed  of  long-linear  or  clavate,  semi-opake  bodies,  level-top- 
ped, transversely  partitioned:  under  the  eye  black,  on  Thelephora,  &c. 


110  CLASS    XXI.       ORDER    VI. 

Hypodermia. 
Parasites  upon  living  plants. 
Uredo.     Epidermis  of  the  leaf  forming  a  pseudo-peridium.     Seeds  1-celIed,  free, 
mostly  globose.  .  .  ,  ,  . 

Aecidicm.     Peridium  membranaceous,  bursting  through  the  epidermis,  and  dehis- 
cent at  the  apex,  with  a  dentate  or  lacerate  orifice. 

PucciNiA.     Epidermis  of  the  leaf  forming  a  pseudo-peridium.     Seeds  fixed  by  a 
pedicel,  one  or  many-celled. 


Ill 


NORTH   AMERICAN   PLANTS. 


SPECIES, 

ACCORDING   TO    AN    ALPHABETICAL   ARRANGEMENT   OF   THEIR    RESPECTIVE    GENERA. 


A. 

Abies,  PiNus. 
15 — 12.     Abu'tilon.     74.     Mai.  muc.  nut. 

■acicennae,  Gaert.  (1)  (indian  mallows,  y.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate, 
toothed,  tomentose;  peduncles  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles:  carpels  2 -awned, 
truncate,  inflated.     Mich. 

nvttuUii,  T.  (ZI-)  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  softly  pubescent,  irregularly  serrate; 
peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered.  shorter  than  the  petiole;  carpels  8,  pubescent,  obtuse 
and  pointless,  3-seeded.     Arkansas. 

texeiisis,  T.  (HI)  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acute,  softly  pubescent,  serrate;  peduncles 
somewhat  racemose  at  the  upper  part  of  the  branches,  1-flowered;  carpels  8,  pubes- 
cent, acute,  erect,  3-seeded.     Texas. 

15 — 10.     Aca'cia.     93.     Leg.  nut.  asc.  aper. 
Soidhern. 
farnesia'na,   (black  thorn.     W.  y.    h.)  spinous:   leaves  bipinnate;   leafets  8-paired: 
spikes  globose,  sessile.     Flowers  fragrant,  legumes  fusiform.     10  f.    New   Orleans. 
lu'tea,  Leavenworth.  (W.   y.   Ju.  21-)  unarmed,   glabrous:   leaves  bipinnate:   leafets 
very  numerous,  oblong-linear:  spikes  sub-globose,  solitary:  peduncles  axillary,  very 
long:  legume  obovate,  large.     Resembles  Schrankia  uncinata. 
cool'eyi,  Ea.  (W.  w.  21-)  leaves  bipinnate,  very  irritable:  legumes  linear:  elongated, 
smooth:  spikes  capitate.     Described  by  Torrey,  but  not  named. 

19—15.     Acal'ypha.     96.     Euph.  ton.  irri.  sto. 

vir'ginica,  (three-seeded  mercury.  O.  g.  Au.  0.)  hairy:  pistillate  flowers  at  the  base 
of  the  staminate  spike:  involucres  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  toothed:  leaves  short- 
petioled,  lance-oblong,  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate.  Coarse  and  unsightly.  Varies 
nmch  in  the  density  of  its  leaves  and  in  height.     10  i.   <S'. 

car 'uU Ilia' na,   Wr.   (O.   g.    Ju.    2X-)   leaves   on  long  petioles,  lance-oval,   acuminate, 
acutely    serrate,    nerved,    slightly    cordate    at    the  base:    fruit-bearing   branches 
generally  naked:  capsule  echinate.     The  existence   of  this   species  in  the 
Northern  Slates  is  questioned.     18  in.      S.     T.  P.  O. 

(1)  Sida  Abutilon. 
Abutilon.  Gr.  a  negative,   bous  cattle,    (or  aboulcs)  unfit  for  cattle's  food;  though  it 

appears  otiierwise. 
Acacia.  Gr.  akakia,  from  aliaio  to  shaipen,  in  allusion  to  its  thorny  habit. 
Acalypha.  Gr.  a  not  kalos  agreeable  and  aphe  to  touch,  disagreeable  to  handle. 


112  ACER,    ACERATES. 

8 — 1.     A'cEU.*    C5.     Aceri.  nut.  ton.  sug. 

rubrum,  (red  maple,  soft  maple.  O.  r.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  palmate,  5-Iobed,  cordate  at 
the  base,  unequally  gash-toothed,  glaucous  beneath,  dividing  incisions  between  the 
lobes  acute:  flowers  in  fives,  in  sessile  umbels,  with  long  pedicels:  germs  glabrous. 
50  f.  S.    Mich. 

da'sycar'pum,  (1)  (white  maple,  silver  maple.  O.  g-y.  ^.)  leaves  palmate-5-lobed, 
truncate  at  the  base,  unequally  gash-toothed,  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  ob- 
tusely sinuate:  flowers  glomerate;  pedicels  short:  germs  downy.  50  f.  S-  P.  B. 
T.     Mich. 

barbatum,  Mx.  (2)  (hairy  maple,  w-g.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  short-3-lobed,  un- 
equally serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  and  hairy  at  the  nerves:  peduncles  hairy,  stamin- 
ate  ones  branching,  pistillate  ones  simple:  calyx  bearded  within;  wings  of  the  cap- 
sules erect.     Small.     15  f.     S.     T.  Y. 

sacckari'num,  (sugar  maple,  rock  maple,  hard  maple.  O.  r-y.  M.  ^.)  leaves  palmate- 
5-lobed,  at  the  base  sub-cordate,  acuminate,  obtusely  sinuate,  sinuate-toothed, 
glaucous  beneath:  peduncles  in  a  nodding  corymb.     Large  tree.     50  f.     S.     Mich. 

ni'grum,  Mx.  (sweet-tree,  black  maple.  W.  y.  Ap.  Tj.)  leaves  palmate  5-lobed, 
cordate  with  the  sinus  at  the  base  closed,  lobes  spreading  somewhat  sinuate-toothed, 
downy  beneath:  flowers  corymbed:  capsules  turgid,  sub-globose.  Large  tree,  af- 
fording almost  as  much  sugar  as  the  last.     50  f.     S.     T. 

striatum,  Mx.  (3)  (striped  maple,  false  dogwood,  moose-wood.  O.  g.  M.  ^.)  lower 
leaves  roundish,  upper  ones  3-cuspidate-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous:  ra- 
cemes simple,  pendant.     Smajl  tree,  with  a  greenish-striped  bark.     15  f.     S.  T. 

Mich. 

spicatum,  Lk.  (4)  (mountain  maple  bush.  A.  y-g.  M.  ^.)  leaves  sub-5-lobed, acute, 
toothed,  pubescent  beneath:  racemes  compound,  erect.  15  f     S.     T.  O.  N.    Mich. 

macTophhyl'lum,  Ph.  (W.  g-y.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  digitate-5-lobed;  sinus  rounded,  lobes 
somewhat  3-lobed,    repand-toothed,    hairy   beneath:  racemes  erect:    filaments  9, 

hirsute.     40  f  West  of  Rocky  Mountains. 

cir'cina'tUTH,  Ph.  (W. )  leaves  orbicular,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  7-lobed,  unequally 
acute-toothed,  glabrous  both  sides,  nerves  and  veins  hairy  at  the  axils. 

glabrum,  T.  &  J.  (W.)  leaves  roundish,  5  or  7-lobed,  truncate  at  the  base,  lobes 
acutely  toothed,  glabrous  both  sides:  corymbs  peduncled:  fruit  glabrous,  with  broad- 
ovate  diverging  wings.     R. 

tripartitum,  fi.  (^'.)  leaves  sub-reniform-orbicular,  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  segments  in- 
cisely  toothed,  the  middle  one  cuneiform,  often  slightly  lobed,  the  lateral  ones 
somewhat  rhomboid;  racemes  corymbose;  fruit  glabrous,  with  very  short  and  broad 
cuneate  oval,  diverging  wings.  A  shrub  with  whitish  smooth  branches.  Rocky 
Mountains. 

grandidentalum,  N.  (^0  leaves  slightly  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  rather  deeply 
3-lobed;  the  sinuses  broad  and  rounded,  lobes  slightly  acute,  with  few  sinuous 
indentations;  corymb  nearly  sessile,  few-flowered,  the  pedicels  long  and  nodding; 
fruit  glabrous,  with  small  diverging  wings.  A  shrub  or  low  tree,  with  pale,  smooth 
branches  and  small  leaves.     Rocky  Mountains. 

18 — 5.     Acer'ates.  (5)    47.     Asd.  acr.  stim.  sud. 

tir'idiflo'ra,  Ph.  (green  milkweed,  E.  g.  Ju.  21-)  stem  simple,  erect,  hirsute;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  obtusish,  sub-sessile,  downy-hirsute  both  sides:  umbels  lateral,  soli- 
tary, sub-sessile,  nodding,  sub-globose,  dense  flowered:  no  little  horn  in  the  necta- 
rines.    Dry.     3  f.     S.     H.  C. 

Ian' ceola' ta,  Ives.  (E.  g.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  decumbent,  hirsute:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
sub-sessile:  umbels  hirsute,  lateral,  solitary,  sessile,  sub-globose,  dense-flovvered, 
nodding:  no  little  horn  in  the  nectaries.  Dry  sandy  plains.  A  very  distinct  and 
well  defined  species.     30  i.  S.  H.  C.  Mich. 

lon'gifo'lia  E.  Mx.  (E.  w-r.  M.  2/.)  stem  decumbent:  leaves  alternate,  linear:  umbels 
lateral,  erect:  nectary  very  short:  no  little  horn  in  tlie  nectaries.     2  f.     Mich. 


*The  species  negundo  now  constitutes  a  new  genus;  which  see  in  the  species  part. 

cer.  Lat.  acer  hard  or  sharp;  pikes  and  lances  being  made  of  it. 

cerates.  Gr.  a  without  and  kerns  horn;  it  having  no  nectary  horn. 

(1)  eriocarpum,  Mx.     (2)  carolinianum,  Wr.    (3)  pennsylvanicum,  W.     (4)  mon- 

num,  W.  pennsylvanicum,  Wm.     (5)  Asclepias,  Gomphocarpus. 


ACERATES,    ACONITUM.  113 

Southern. 

nultaWia'na,  T.  (W.  g.  7i.)  small,  decumbent,  hirsute:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  scatter- 
ed, acutish,  short  petioled;  umbels  terminal:  nectaries  entire,  close-pressed:  masses 
of  pollen  short:  no  little  horn  in  the  nectaries.  6  i.  This  is  the  lanuginosa  of 
Nuttall. 

obotuta,  E.  (E.  If.)  leaves  6bovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  tomentose  on  the  under  sur- 
face: umbels  sub-sessile,  terminal  and  axillary.     2 — 3  f. 

17 — 2.     A'chille'a.     55.     Anthe.  sec-  slim.  ton. 

miWefo'lia,  (yarrow,  milfoil.  O.  w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  2-pinnatifid,  downy:  the  divisions 
linear,  toothed,  mucronate:  involucre  and  stem  furrowed.     15  i.  .Si. 

ptarniica,  (sneeze-wort.  w.  Au.  2{.)  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  equally  and  sharply 
serrate,  glabrous.     Damp.     15  i.  Y.     Pun.  sal. 

sctacca,  P.  (W.  w.  Ap.  2i.)  leaves  bipini'ate;  leafets  setaceous-linear,  mucronate, 
pilose,  crowded:  corymb  compound,  fasiigiale.     18  i. 

Suuthern. 

iomentosa,  W.  (W.  y.  J.  21-)  leaves  2-pinnatifid,  villose;  divisions  crbwded,  lance- 
linear,  entire:  corymbs  compound. 

asplenifolia,  V.  (r.  21.)  radical  leaves  2-pinnatifid,  cauline  ones  gashed  with  divisions 
ovate,  serrate-mucronate,  obtuse. 

12 — 1.     AcHLYs.     78.     Berb.  ref.  ton. 

triphjlla,  Do.  {li.)  leaves  radical,  long-petioled,  terete:  scape  longer  than  the  leaves, 
erect:  spike  terminal.     Fort  Vancouver,  Oregon. 

Acfmaniherum,  Agrostis. 

15 — 5.     Achyran'thes.     30.     Amaran.  diu.  ast. 

Southern. 

repens,  E.  (1)  (forty-knot.  E.   March.   Zf.)  stem  prostrate,   hairy;  leaves   opposite, 

petioled,  lanceolate:  flowers  in  sessile,  ovate,  axillary  heads.     Charleston,   S.  C. 
Jicoi'dca,   W.  (E.  Ju.  7S-)  stem  creeping,  glabrous:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  petioled: 
flowers  in  spherical,  pubescent  heads.     Charleston,  S.  C. 

17 — 2.     Acmel'la.     55.     Helian.  sec-  stim.  ton. 
Southern, 
repens,  E.  (E.  y.  S.  Zf.)  stem  creeping:  leaves  lance-ovate,  toothed,  3-nerved,  sub- 
pubescent:  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  very  long,  1-flowered.     18  i. 
oc' culenta' lis?  N.  (E. )  stem  creeping,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  crenate,  obsoletely 
3-nerved,  smooth,  petioled,  peduncle  axilhiry,  grooved:  involucre  minute.     Resem- 
bles a  Rudbeckia.     Peduncles  3  inches  long. 

20—5.     Acni'da.     29.     Cheno.  ton.  nut. 

can'nahi'na,  (water  hemp.  L.  w-g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate:  capsules  smoothish, 
acute-angled.     Damp  or  wet,  both  on  salt  marshes  and  inland.  3  f.  &'.  H.  N.  Mch. 

ruscocar'pa,  (w-g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance-oval:  capsules  rugose,  obtuse-angled.  Damp, 
o. 

12 — 5.     Acom'tom.     61.     Ran.  acr.  caus.  poi. 

uncina'tum,  (monk's  hood.  W.  b.  J.  Zf.)  stem  flexuose:  leaves  palmate,  3  to5-parted; 
divisions  rhomb-lanceolate,  gash-toothed:  u 
vex,  beaked.     Cultivated.     2  f.     S.     M.  P. 


divisions  rhomb-lanceolate,  gash-toothed:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  lengthened,  con- 


Achillea.  From  a  Greek  physician,  Acliilles,  who  used  it  in  medicine. 
Achlys.   Gr.  achlus  shady  places;  growing  in  shady  places. 
Achyranthes.   Gr.  achuron  chaffy  and  anthos  a  flower. 
Acmella.  Gr.  acme,  point,  on  account  of  the  prickly  taste  of  the  leaves. 
Acnida.  Gr.  a  without  and  knide  a  nettle  or  sting;  a  stingless  nettle. 
Aconitum.   Gr.  akone  a  clift'  or  rugged  rock,  its  place  of  growth. 
(1)  Gomphrena  polygodoides,  L.Illecebrum  achyrantha,  Wr.  and  puleginoides.  Mi. 
15 


114  ACONITUM,    ACTINOMERIS. 

napellus,  (wolf's  bane.  b.  J.  21.)  leaves  shining,  5-parted;  the  divisions  3-parted  by 
gashed  incisions,  sub-divisions  linear:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  lanceolate,  ascending, 
2-cleft;  spur  strait,  obtuse.     2  f.     West  of  Rocky  Mt.     Cultivated. 

nasutum,  Sr.  (W.  )  nectaries  erect,  spur  arched:  helmet  conic,  beak  bent  down: 
racemes  sub-panicled;  divisions  of  the  leaves  broadish.     West  of  Rocky  Mt. 

columbianum,  N.  (21.  w.  b.)  petals  erect,  with  the  spur  arcuate;  helmet  narrow  and 
oblong:  beak  small  and  acutely  projecting;  stem  attenuated;  panicle  small  and 
racemose;  leaves  palmate,  5  to  7-cleft;  segments  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  incisely 
and  sharply  toothed;  petioles  very  short.     Oregon. 

6 — 1.     A'coRus.     7.     Aroi.  war.  acr.  aro.  cat.  ast. 

calamus,  (sweet  flag,  calamus.  O.  g-y.  J.  2X.)  spike  protruding  from  the  side  of  a 
sword-form  leaf-like  scape.  Water  or  wet.  Root  strongly  aromatic.  2  f.  S.  O. 
T.  B.    Mch. 

21 — 1.     Acros'tichum.     5.     Fill.  sec.  stim. 
Southern. 
aureum,  Mx.  (forkfern.  Ju.  Zf.)  frond  pinnate;  leafetsstiped,  bases  wedge-form,  lance- 
oblong,  entire,  acuminate;  the  upper  ones  fruit-bearing.     Very  large,    4  or  5  feet 
high. 

12 — 1.     Actae'a.     61.     Ran.  acr.  caus.  poi.  antis.  exp.  cat. 

rubra,  W.  (1)  (baneberry.  O.  w.*"M.  Ti-)  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens,  acute; 
pedicels  of  the  hemispheric  raceme  less  than  the  general  peduncles  when  mature. 
Berries  red.     Bw.  MS.  2  f.     &'.     Mch. 

alba,  Bw.  (necklace  weed,  white  beads.  O.  w.  M.  21-)  petals  equalling  the  stamens, 
truncate:  pedicels  of  the  oblong  raceme  as  large  as  the  general  peduncle,  when 
mature.     Berries  white.     The  leaves  of  both  species  are  decompound.     2  f.     Mch. 

arguta,  N.  (Zf.  W.)  raceme  oblong,  sometimes  divided  towards  the  base,  loose:  pedi- 
cels longer  than  flowers,  filiform,  scarcely  thickened  in  fruit;  petals  oblong,  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  fruit  sub-globose,  red;  leafets  doubly  and  incisely  serrate. 
Oregon. 

17^2.     Actinel'la.  (2)  55.     Helian.  sec.  stim.  ton. 
Southern, 
acau'lis,  (W.  y.  J.  21.)  pilose:  scape  l-flowered,  naked:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  en- 
tire: rays  8  to  10:  chaffs  of  the  egret  5  to  7,  ovate,  short-awned.  6  i. 

ActinocMoa,  Atheropogon. 

17. — 3.     Actinome'ris.     55.     Helian.  sec.  stim.  ton. 

squarro'sa,  N.  (W.  w.  y.  Au.  2i-)  stem  erect,  winged,  pubescent  and  panicled  above: 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous:  involucre  spreading,  loose:  receptacle  sub- 
globose,  at  length  squarrose.     3  f.     iS.     H.  K.    Mis. 

So2ithcrn. 

heiianthoi'des,  (W.  y.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  UHder  side  white- villose: 
corymb  simple,  compact.     Stem  winged. 

alata,  (E.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3-nerved,  opposite,  decurrent. 

pauciflora,  N.  (W.)  simple?  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  serrulate,  decurrent:  pe- 
duncles few-flowerad,  long  and  naked.     Florida. 

Acorus.  Gr.  a  without  «&  kore  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  it  being  once  supposed  good  for 
sore  eyes. 

Acrostichum.     Gr.  akros  highest  and  stikos  order,  from  the  row  of  leafets  at  the  top. 

Actaea.  From  Acteon,  a  hunter  of  antiquity;  or  from  Gr.  aktaia,  the  elder,  from  its 
resemblance  to  that  plant. 

Actinella.     A  diminutive  of  Actinea,  of  aktin  a  ray,  from  its  wide  spread  rays. 

Actinomeris.     Gr.  aktin  a  ray  and  meris  a  part,   the  flower  being  imperfect,  with  re- 
spect to  rays. 
(1)  brachypetala,  Dc.  ameiicana,  Ph.   spicata,  Mx.  pachypoda,  E.     (2)  Actinea, 

Galardia. 


ADIANTUM,    AESCULUS-  115 

Addia,  Borya. 
21—1.     Adian'tum.     5.     Fib.  sec.  stim.  ton.  pec. 

pedatum,  (maiden  hair.  O.  J.  2i.)  frond  pedate,  with  pinnate  branches;  leafets  halv- 
ed; upper  margin  gashed — barren  segments  toothed,  fertile  ones  entire:  stipe  cap- 
pillary,  very  glabrous.     Woods.     1  f.     iS'.     Mch.     Makes  cappellaire. 

16 — 5.     Adlumia.     93.     Fum.  diu.  ape.  dia. 

ciJT/josrt,  Raf.  (chmbing  colic- weed.  O.  y.  w.  J.  $.)  stem  climbing,  leaves  cirrous: 
racemes  axillary,  corymbed,  nodding;  corol  monopetalous,  gibbous  both  sides  of 
the  base.  S.  Cultivated.     This  is  the  Corydalis  fungosa  of  Kent.     Mch. 

12—13.     Ado'nis.     61.     Ran.  acr.  caus.  poi.  emm. 
Exotic. 
autumna'lis,  (pheasant's  eye.  Au.  0.)  flowers  5  to  8-petaIled:  fruit  sub-cylindrip: 
pet9,ls  erose,  or  emarginate. 

8^4.     Adox'a.     84.     Saxi.  ast. 
Southern, 
moschatel'lina,  {t\ihero\is  moschatel.  W.   g.)  peduncles  about  4-flowered:  filaments 
united  in  pairs  at  the  base;  anthers  roundish. 

3 — 2.     Aje'gilops.     10.     Gram.  ton.  far.  ton. 

Southern. 

hystrix,  N.  (W.  Zf.)  spike  squarrose,  with  long,  recurved,  divergent  awns;  glumes 
smooth,  generally  4-parted  to  the  base;  segments  mostly  2-cleft,  unequally  2-awn- 
ed:  spikelets  about  4-flowered:  dorsal  valves  of  the  paleas  terminated  by  2  or  3  un- 
equal awns.     6  i. 

16 — 10.     Aeschtnom'ene.     93.     Sega.  ant.  ap.  nut. 

hispida,  W.  (false  sensitive  plant,  y-r.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect;  stem  and  petioles  tuber- 
cle-hispid: leaves  in  many  pairs;  leafets  linear,  obtuse;  stipules  membranaceous, 
half  arrow-form;  racemes  simple,  few-flowered:  loments  hispid.  Wet.  30  i.  S. 
T.  P. 

Southern. 

viscid'ula,  (y.  21.)  stem  prostrate,  slender,  viscid-hairy:  leafets  7  or  9,  obovate: 
peduncles  generally  2-flowered:  loment  hairy;  joints  deeply  notched.     Sandy.  3  f. 

glaber'rima,  Poir,  glabrous:  stem  erect,  terete:  leafets  linear:  30 — 35  pair:  pedun- 
cles few  flowered:  legumes  glabrous,  punctate;  10  to  12  jointed,  straight  or  round- 
ish.    Carolina. 

7 — 1.     Ae'sculus.     66.     Hippo,  ton.  art.  feb.  gan. 

glabra,  (little  buck-eye.  W.  y.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  in  fives,  glabrous:  corol  4-petalIed, 
spreading;  claws  as  long  as  the  calyx:  stamens  longer  than  the  corol:  fruit  spinose. 
30  f.     S.     Lexington.     Dr.  Short.  Mch. 

Exotic. 

hippocas'tanum,  (horse-chesnut.  r.  y.  w.  J.  >;.)  fruit  prickly:  corol  5-petalled:  leafets 
7,  wedge-obovate,  acute,  toothed.     Flowers  speckled. 

Adiantum.     Gr.  a  not  and  diaino  to  moisten,  from  water  sliding  off"  easily. 

Adonis.     From  Adonis  the  favorite  of  Venus,  who  was  reported  to  have  been  changed 

into  a  flower. 
Adoxa.  Gr.  a  not  and  doxa  glory,  from  its  diminutive  appearance. 
Aegilops.   Gr.  digos,  goat  and  o/;s  appearance,  from  its  roughness. 
Aeschynomene.   Gr.  aischanomai  to  be  bashful,  on  account  of  its  sensibility. 
Aeeculus.  Lat.  esca  food;  a  term  anciently  applied  to  a  differen^' ruit  tree. 


no  PAVIA,    AGRIMONIA. 

S.  G.     Pa' VIA. 
Southern. 

macTosta' chya,  (W.  w.  Ap.  >>,)  stamens  much  longer  than  the  4-petalled  corol: 
raceme  very  long:  leafets  5.     By  rivers  in  Georgia. 

rubra,  (b-r.  ^.)  stamens  shorter  than  the  4-petalled  corol:  leafets  5,  oblong-oval, 
acute  at  both  ends;  petioles  and  leafets  glabrous,  with  the  axils  of  the  nerves  hairy 
beneath. 

kyhrida,  (w-r.  ^.)  stamens  shorter  than  the  3-petalled  coroh  petals  glabrous:  leafets 
5,  oblong-oval,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  pubescent.     Georgia. 

fiava,  (w-y.  \.)  stamens  siiorter  than  tiie  4-pelalied  corol:  petioles  hairy,  flattish 
above:  leafets  5  to  7,  oblong-oval,  acute  at  both  ends:  the  under  side,  and  the  nerves 
on  the  upper  side,  hairy.     Virginia.     Kentucky.     Very  large  tree.     Dr.  Short. 

dis' color.  Ph.  (W.  w.  y.  r.  M.  '^  ■)  leaves  in  five  divisions,  acuminate  at  each  end, 
downy  beneath,  unequally  serrulate:  claws  of  the  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx:  fruit 
not  awned.     4  f. 

cali/oniica,  N.  (w.  h,  )  stamens  longer  than  the  corol;  petals  4  to  5:  panicles  short 
and  dense;  leaves  in  5  divisions,  divisions  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptical-oblong, 
acuminate,  sub-cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  serrulate,  glabrous,  paler  and  some- 
what glaucous  beneath.     California. 

5 — 2.     Aethu'sa.     60.     Umbel,  ton.  nar.  if  nau,  poi. 

Soulher7i, 

divaricata,  (fool's  parsley,  E.  w.  0.)  stem  erect,  slender:  leaves  biternate:  segments 

narrow-linear:  umbels  terminal,  without  involucres;  partial  umbels  3  to  5-flowered. 

Fruit  hispid. 
lep'toplnjl'la,  (W.  r.  w.  0.)  leaves  biternate,  gashed;  margin  of  the  acute  segments 

entire:  umbel  3-parted,  sessile;  partial  umbels  naked,  few-flowered.     ]  f 
pinna'ta,  N.  (1)  (W.)  leaves  cut  pinnate:   segments  distant,  in  few  pairs,   linear, 

entire,  terminal  one  very  long:  fruit  oval-oblong.     Arkansas. 
cynapium,  (E.)  leaves  all  uniformly  pinnate:  leafets  pinnatifid,  shining. 

Afzclia,  Sevmeria. 

Agathyrus,  Sqnchus. 

16—10.     Agati.     Legu.  ant.  aper.  nut. 

grandiflora.  De\v.  {h  )  leaves  abruptly  pinnate,  with  numerous  leafets:  stipules 
lanceolate,  caducous:  racemes  axillary,  2  to  4-dowered,  flowers  very  large;  legumes 
pendulous,  a  foot  or  more  long.     Southern  Florida.     Bit.  ton. 

6 — 1.     Aga've.    15.     Brom.  ref.  cath. 

pirginica,  (agave.  W.  y-g.  S.  2i-)  stemless:  leaves  with  cartilaginous  serratures: 
scape  very  simple.     /S'.     P.  K. 

17 — 1.     Ager'atum.     53.     Helian.  sec-  stim. 

piexican%tm,  (  b.  J.  0.)  hispid:   leaves  cordate,  ovate,  crenate,  rugose:  corymb 

compound:  chaff's  of  the  egret  lanceolate,  awned.     Cultivated.     From  Mexico. 

11 — 2.     Agrimo'nia.     92.     Rosa.  ton.  ast.  ref.  feb.  gas.  ves. 

cvpato'ria,  (agrimony,  O.  y.  Ju.  2i-)  cauline  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate,  the  terminal 
leafet  petioled:  leafets  obovate,  gash-toothed,  almost  glabrous:  flowers  sub-sessile: 
petals  rarely  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  fruit  hispid.     2  f.     S.     Mch. 

Pavia.  Lat.  peacock,  from  its  ocellate  feathers. 

Aethusa.     Gr.  aUhousa,  beggarly,  from  its  habit  and  appearance. 

Agave.     Gr.  agavos,  admirable,  from  its  beautiful  appearance. 

Ageratum.     Gr.  a,  without,  gcras,  old  age,  as  it  never  changes  color. 

Agrimonia.     Gr.  agros  a  field  and  monos  alone,  from  its  being  the  chief  of  wild  herbsj 

in  the  opinion  of  ancient  physicians. 

(1)  Cynosciadium.     Dc. 


AGRIMONIA,    AGROSTIS.  117 

parviflo'ra,  A.  (dotted  agrimony,  W.  y.  Ju.  21.)  cauline  leaves  pinnate:  leafets  mostly 
lanceolate,  serrate;  terminal  ones  sessile;  petals  once  and  a  half  the  length  of  the 
calyx.     P.  Y.  P. 

striata,  (W.  2S-)  spikes  wand-like:  fruit  reflexed,  turbinate,  furrow-striate:  at  the  apex 
appearing  as  if  crowned,  hispid.     Canada. 

Soiithcrn. 
suaveolevs,  (W.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  very   hispid:   leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  leafets 
numerous,  narrow,   lanceolate,  acutely  toothed,  scabrous  above,  and  pubescent  be- 
neath: fruit  turbinate,  smoolii  at  the  base.     5  f.      Wet.     St.  Louis. 

10 — 5.     A'grostem'ma.     82.     Gary.  em.  ton. 

githago,  (1)  (cockle,  O.  r.  J.  0.)  hirsute:  calyx  longer  than  the  corol:  petals  entire. 
-S.     Mch. 

Exotic, 
corona'ria,  (rose  campion.  Au.  $.)  tomentose:  leaves  lance-ovate:  petals  emargmate. 

3 — 2.     Agros'tis.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod. 

stricta,  W.  (bent  grass.  E.  J.  21')  panicle  elongated,  strait:  glumes  equal:  paleas 
smaller  than  the  glumes,  unequal,  with  an  awn  at  the  base  of  the  outer  one  longer 
than  the  flower.     Y.  N. 

tuLga'ris,  S.  (red-top.  O.  J.  ![.)  panicle  with  smoothish  branches,  spreading  in  matu- 
rity:  outer  palea  3-nerved;  stipule  sliort,  truncate.     18  i.     Mch. 

alba,  (white-top,  bonnet  grass,  O.  J.  ZC-)  panicle  with  liispid,  spreading,  lax-branches: 
outer  palea  5-nerved:  stipule  oblong.  18  1.  Var.  dcxumbens,  (florin  grass,)  stem 
decumbent.  This  variety  is  comsidered  as  a  distinct  species  by  some,  and  called 
stolonifcra.     S.     Mch. 

lat' erifio' ra,  Mx.  (W.  Au.  21.)  culm  erect,  branched  above,  sending  off"  shoots  at  the 
base:  panicle  lateral  and  terminal,  dense;  glumes  acuminate:  paleas  longer  than 
the  glumes,  equal,  hairy  at  the  base,  awnless.  Root  creeping.  Leaves  broad,  with 
scabrous  margins  and  compressed  sheaths.  2  f — mericuna,  perhaps  a  synonym",  is 
too  vague  in  its  application  to  be  retained.  Var.  fiUforinis,  has  a  very  slender 
panicle,  and  the  paleas  nearly  equalling  the  glume — sometimes  the  culm  is  sub-de- 
cumbent.    Swamps.     ,Sf.     Y.  P.  O.  N.     Mch. 

sobolif'era,  M.  (Au.  2_f.)  stems  setiding  off  shoots,  and  sometimes  decumbent,  at  the 
base;  but  mostly  erect,  branched:  panicle  contracted,  filiform,  simple;  branches  com- 
pressed: paleas  longer  than  the  equal  glumes,  hairy  at  the  base,  valves  equal,  awn- 
less. mucronate.     Resembles  Var.  fiiiformis  of  the  lateriflora.     Woods.      P.  Y.  N. 

temiiflo'ra.  W.  (W.  Ju.  2_[.  )  culm  almost  simple,  hairy  at  the  joints;  branches,  when 
present,  close-pressed:  stipules  obsolete:  panicle  contracted,  with  filiform  branches: 
paleas  considerably  longer  than  the  glumes;  the  lower  valve  with  an  awn  twice  as 
long  as  the  flower.     3  f     Woods.     .S'.     P.  N.     Mch. 

sylvatica,  T.  (A.  2_[.)  culm  erect,  mucli  branched,  diff"use,  smooth  (glabrous?)  stipule 
lacerated:  panicle  with  filiform  branches:  paleas  longer  than  the  glumes,  with  awns 
thrice  as  long  as  the  flower.     The  difl'usa.     M.  3  f 

com/iressa,  T.  (S.  21-)  whole  plant  glabrous:  culm  erect,  compressed,  simple:  panicle 
oblong,  sub-contracted,  with  capillary  branches:  glumes  equal,  shorter  than  the 
paleas,  acute:  paleas  sub-obtuse,  smooth  (glabrous?)  at  the  base.  Stem  sending oiF' 
shoots  at  the  base.     18  i.     Swamps  in  sandy  plains.     Y. 

sero'tina,  T.  (S.  21.)  culm  filiform,  much  compressed:  leaves  narrow,  keeled,  erect: 
panicle  attenuated;  branches  capillary,  erect,  with  alternating  branchlets:  glumes 
unequal,  half  as  long  as  the  awnless  paleas.     18  i.     Swamps  in  sandy  plains. 

juncea,  Mx.  (Oc.  21.)  leaves  strait,  erect,  setaceous,  convolute:  panicle  long-pyra- 
midal, whorled:  flowers  awnless;  glumes  half  as  long  as  the  paleas.  The  indica 
ofM.  2f     S.     P.  Y. 

virginica,  (S.  2/?)  culms  sub-cespistose,  numerous,  procumbent  at  the  base  and  assur- 
genl  above:  leaves  dichotomous,    involute,    rigid:  panicles  lateral  and  teiminal, 

Agrostemma.     Gr.  agros  a  field,  and  stemma  a  garland,  from  its  beauty. 
Agrostis.     Gr.  agros  a  field,  it  being  eminently  an  occupant  of  fields. 
(1)  Lychnis.  Do. 


118  AGROSTIS,    AIRA. 

Bpike-foim — kterai  ones  concealed:  glumes  equal,  and  about  equalling  the  paleas. 
No  stipules;  stamens  minute.     Has  been  mistajsen  for  pun  gens.     Sandy.     S.     M. 

longifolia,  T.  (2i-)  panicle  contracted,  spiked,  generally  concealed:  paleas  much 
longer  than  the  glumes,  sub-equal,  glabrous,  without  spots  or  awns:  leaves  filiform, 
very  long,  recurved  at  the  tips,  Torrey  intioduces  this  species  to  conjoin  the  sup- 
posed two  species  inzoliita  and  aspera.     3  f.     Sandy.     N. 

clandes' tina,  SI.  (W.  S.  2X.)  panicle  spiked,  partly  concealed:  paleas  unequal,  much 
longer  than  the  glumes,  hairy  and  spotted,  slightly  awned:  leaves  very  long,  rigid: 
stipule  bearded.     2  f.     Sandy.     S.     P.  N.  T. 

spi'ca-ven'ti,  W.  (bent-grass.  J.  0.)  panicles  spreading:  awn  of  the  outer  palea 
straight,  stiffly  erect,  very  long.     P. 

canina,  W.  (brown  bent-grass.  Ju.  2_[.)  culm  prostrate,  sub-ramose:  glumes  elongated: 
paleas  with  recurved  awns  on  their  backs.  Wet.  These  two  last  species,  Pursh 
says,  were  introduced. 

cryptandria,  T.  &  J.  (W.)  panicle  pyramidal,  with  spreading,  sub-alternate  branches, 
hairy  at  the  axils:  flowers  sub-racemed,  unarmed:  lower  glumes  very  short:  upper 
one  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  paleas:  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat.  3  f.  Very 
abundant  at  Buffalo.     Aikin. 

Sotithern. 

arachnoides,  E.  (Ap.  2X-)  stem  erect:  panicle  long,  slender:  glumes  scarcely  longer 
than  the  paleas;  the  outer  palea  with  a  long  weak  spider  web-like  awn  on  the  back. 
6i. 

tricliopodes,  E.  (F.  S.)  panicle  long,  diffuse;  capillary:  paleas  equal;  the  outer  one 
with  a  short  awn:  leaves  linear,  flat.     3  f.     Stipules  long,  membranaceous. 

dispar,  Mx.  ( W.)  erect,  large:  panicle  loose,  somewhat  in  a  whorled  pyramid,  many- 
flowered:  glumes  unawned,  with  the  outer  valve  largest,  and  one  of  the  inner  very 
small. 

pauciflora,  Ph.  (Ju.  If.)  panicle  with  filiform,  1-flowered  branches:  paleas  awned, 
twice  as  long  as  the  unequal  glumes,  hirsute:  sheaths  villose.     18  i. 

airoides,  T.  &  J.  (W. )  panicle  pyramidal,  with  branches  somewhat  in  pairs,  spread- 
ing; naked  at  tiie  axils:  flowers  solitary,  unarmed;  glumes  unequal,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  nearly  equal  paleas:  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat. 

£a£spilo'sa,  T.  &J.  (W. )  caespitose:  culm  branched,  somewhat  incurved:  leaves 
involute,  sub-dichotomous,  pungent:   panicle  coniracted:  flowers  awned.     4  i. 

brevifolia,  N,  (W. )  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  solid,  compressed,  cespitose  culms: 
panicle  with  alternate,  close-pressed  racemes:  glumes  equal,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  paleas.     1  f. 

3—2.     Ai'ra.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod. 

Jlexuosa,  (hair-grass.  O.  J.  2f.)  panicle  spreading,    trichotomous:  branches  flexuose: 

glumes  a  little  shorter  than  the  florets,  and  about  the  length  of  the  awn:  leaves 

setaceous:  culm  nearly  naked.     20  i.     .S'. 
£aespitosa,  (J.  2X-)  panicle  diffuse:  florets  about  the  length  of  the  glumes:  awn  short, 

straight:  leaves  flat.     Wet.     18.  i.    .  P.  W.    Mch. 
■arislulata,  T.  (Au.  7i-)  panicle  capillary,   spreading:  branches  whorled  and  flexuose: 

glumes  2-flowered,  shorter  than  the  florets:   superior  floret  pedicelled;   outer  palea 

truncate,  laciniate,   with  an  awn  a  little  below  tlie  middle,    scarcely  exsert.     3  f. 

Onondaga  lake.     jS. 
pumila,  Ph.   (J.  21.)  panicle  small,  fastigiate,  few-flowered:   pedicels  short:   florets 

awnless,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes:  valves  with  membranaceous  margins: 

leaves  flat,  smooth:   culm  erect,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves.     1  i.     In  close 

tufls.     P. 

Southern, 
capillacea,   Lk.  panicle  capillary,- very  large,  diffuse:  florets  not  awned,  longer  than 

the  glumes;  one  on  a  footstalk.     8  i. 
oUusata,  Mx.  (March.  If.)  leaves  flat:   panicle  contracted:   flowers  smooth,  obtuse: 

inner  glume  obliquely  truncate.     2  f.     P.  W.  Y. 
agualica,  W.  (water  hair  grass.  M.   2i.)  panicles  spreading,   half-whorled:  flowers 

beardless,   obtuse,   smooth,   longer  than  the  glumes:    leaves  flat:    culm  creeping. 

Water. 

Aira.  Gr.  deadly  instrument;  but  no  poisonous  plant  is  now  included  in  the  genus,  if 
ever. 


AJUOA,    ALLlUiVI.  119 

13 — 1.     A'jUGA.     42.     Lab.  ton.  sto. 

cha'maepVOnjs,  W.  (bugle,  y.  J.  f^.)  leaves  3-cleft:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  shorter 
than  the  leaves:  stem  diffused. 

4 — 1.     Alchemil'la.     92.     Caly.  aro.  ton. 

alflina,  (lady's  mantle.  A.  w.  21.)  leaves  digitate,  serrate  at  the  extremities,  white 
satiny  beneath.     Mts.  N.  Plampshire. 

6 — 1.     Ale'tris.     16.     Asph.  sti.  ton.  ex.  sto.  rhu. 

farinosa,  (false  aloe,  unicorn  root,  false  star  grass.  W.  y.  2X-)  steniless:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  withering  at  the  tips;  scape  with  alternate  pedicelled,  mostly  farinaceous- 
flowers.  This  plant  grows  plentifully  in  Brimfield,  (Mass.)  Here  the  inhabitants 
use  the  root  as  a  tonic,  which  at  the  same  time  serves  as  a  moderate  cathartic. 
The  root  is  intensely  bitter.     Meadows.     S.     C.  D.  N.  K.     Michigan. 

aurea,  Mx.  (yellow  star-root.  y.  Ju.  TJ.)  flowers  sub-sessile,  short-tubular,  sub-cam- 
panulate;  fertile  corols  rugose,  very  scabrous;  leaves  lance-ensiform,  acute.  ;Sf. 
P.  Y. 

6 — 13.     Alis'ma.     13.     Alizm,  stim.  acr.  hyd. 

planta'go,  (1)  (water  plantain,  mad  dog  weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  2X-)  leaves  ovate  or  heart- 
ovate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acuminate,  5  to  9-nerved;  fruit  3-cornered:  flowers 
whorled.  Var.  parvifloni,  flowers  smaller:  leaves  about  5  or  7-nerved.  Difference 
scarcely  sufficient  for  a  variety.     Wet  and  water.     »??.     Michigan. 

natans,  W.  (L.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  ovate,  obtuse:  peduncles  solitary.     Water  or  wet. 

4 — 1.     Allio'nia.     32.     Nycta.  cat. 
Southern, 
otata.  Ph.  (W.  Au.  §J.)  stem  diffused,  dichotomous:  leaves  ovate, .a  little  scabrous  or 
naked:  flowers  terminal,  fascicle-racemed,   involucre  half  5-cleft;  divisions  round, 
acutish,  net-veined. 
muUiflora,'?.&,5.{'W.)  pulverulently  pubescent:  leaves  broad-cordate,   acute,  very 
entire:  involucre  7  or  8-flowered,  5-clefi:  flowers  sub-pentandrous:  stamens  scarcely 
exsert.     Flowers  very  large.     Near  Rocky  Mt. 

6 — 1.     Allium.     16.     Aa^h.  stim.  exp.  abs. 

canaden'se,  (meadow  garlic,  W.  M.  Ti-)  scape  naked,  terete;  leaves  linear:  head 
bulbiferous.     18  i.     S.     P.  O.  T.  W.  N.  K.     Michigan. 

vinede,  (field-garlic.  W.  p.  J.  210  cauline  leaves  rounded,  fistulous:  umbels  bulbife- 
rous: stamens  alternately  tricuspidate.     8  i.     T.  Y.  P.  K. 

tiiflorum,  (mountain  leak,  W.  A.  M.  21.)  scape  naked,  terete,  shorter  than  the  leaves: 
leaves  lanceolate,  nerved:  umbels  few-flowered. 

cer'nuuin,  Roth.  (W.  r.  Ju.  21.)  scape  naked,  quadrangular,  umbelliferous;  leaves 
linear,  nearly  flat:  umbels  cernuous:  stamens  simple:  germ  6-toothed.  18  i.  S. 
M.  H.  K.     Michigan. 

tricoccum,  A.  (tliree-seed  leek.  W.  A.  w.  J.  2£.)  scape  naked,  nearly  terete:  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  flat,  smooth:  umbel  globose:  seeds  solitary.  P.  W.  N.  K.  Mi- 
chigan. 

Exotic, 
cepa,  (garden  onion,    Ju.  2i-)  scape  naked,  swelling  towards  the  base,  longer  than  the 

terete  leaves. 
fistuLosum,   (welch  onion.   Zf.)  scape  naked,  equalUng  the  terete  ventricose  leaves. 

Ajuga.     Gr.  a  privative  and  zugon  a  yoke,  not  paired. 
Alchemilla.     So  called  because  it  was  celebrated  by  the  alchemists. 
Aletris.     Gr.  aeliar,  meal;  its  corol  being  lined  with  meal. 
Alisma.     From  the  Celtic,  alls,  water:  its  place  of  residence. 
AUionia.     In  honor  of  Allioni,  an  Italian  botanist. 
Allium.     Gr.  alco  to  avoid  on  account  of  its  disacrreeable  odor. 
(1)  trivialis  Ph. 


120  ALLIUM,    ALTH.BA. 

schanopra' sum,  (cives.  Ju.  2^.)  scape  naked,  equalling  the  leaves  which  are  terete- 
filiform. 

olera'ceum,  (striped  onion.  Zf.)  stem  terete-leaved,  bulb-bearing:  leaves  scabrous,  semi- 
terete,  sulcale  beneath:  stamens  simple. 

asculo'jdcum,  (shallot.  Ju.  2i.)  scape  naked,  terete:  leaves  subulate:  umbels  globose: 
stamens  tricuspidate. 

porrum,  (leek.  Ju.  2X.)  stem  flat-leaved,  umbelliferous:  stamens  tricuspidate:  leaves 
sheathing  at  the  base. 

sativum,  (garlic.  Ju.  71.)  stem  flat-leaved,  bulb-bearing:  bulb  compound;  stamens  tri- 
cuspidate. 

fragrans,  (false  snow-drop.  w.  M.  2X.)  scape  terete:  leaves  linear,  keeled,  obtuse, 
contorted:  peduncles  naked;  stamens  flat. 

senescens,  (false  narcissus,  21.)  scape  naked,  2-edged:  leaves  linear,  convex  under  side, 
smooth:  umbel  round:  stamens  subulate. 

Sonthem. 

striatum,  Ph.  (W.  w.  March.  Zf.)  scape  naked,  slightly  3-angled:  leaves  linear,  con- 
cave, streaked  on  the  back:  corol  expanding:  stamens  simple,  included. 

mutabile,  Mx.  (g-r.  M.  21-)  scape  terete:  leaves  linear,  flat;  umbel  many-flowered: 
stamens  simple,  included:  seeds  solitary.     2  f. 

stellatum,  leaf  linear,  channelled,  keeled  under  side:  flowers  in  fastigiate  umbels, 
numerous:  spathe  acute:  the  3- outer  petals  shorter,  sub-obluse:  capsule  turbinate 
3-sided:  cells  2-seeded. 

angulosum,  (W.  2i-)  scape  naked,  2-edged:  leaves  linear,  channelled,  sub-angular  be- 
neath: umbel  fastigiate.     Damp. 

19—4.     Al'kus;  W.  (1)     99.     Betu.  ton.  gar. 

incana,  W.  (  ^ .)  leaves  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  beneath:  axils  of  the  veins  naked: 
stipules  lanceolate.     P. 

undulata,  W.  (2)  (waved  alder.  Muh.  says  it  grows  in  New-England.  T) .)  leaves  ob- 
long, acute,  rounded  at  the  base:  petioles  and  veins  hairy  beneath;  axils  of  the 
veins  naked:  stipules  ovate-oblong. 

serrulafa,  (alder,  O.  r-g..'Ap.  ^.)  leaves.obovate,  acuminate:  veins  and  their  axils  hairy 
beneath,  stipules  oval,  obtuse.     9  f.     S.     Mich. 

glutinosa^  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  round-wedge  form,  obtuse,  glutinous:  axils  of  the  veins 
downy.     D.   N.  ^ 

glauca,  Mx.  (A.  March.  ^ .)  leaves  obwng,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  glaucous  beneath; 
axils  of  the  veins. naked:  stipules  naked.     Called  black  alder. 

3 — 2.     ALOPtcuRus.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod. 

pratensis,  (meadow  grass;  foxtail,  W.  J.  2i.)culm  erect,  smooth:  spike  cylindric: 
paleas  as  lojig  as  the  glumes.     T.  P.  Y.  N. 

geniculatus,  M.  (3)  (floatyig  foxtail.  W.  Ju.  H.)  culm  ascending,  geniculate;  spike 
cylindrical:  glumes  a  little  connate  at  the  base,  hairy  on  the  back  and  margin:  pa- 
leas  truncate:  styles  free.     18  i.     /S.     Wms.  C.  N.  O.  T.  Y.  Mich. 

Alsinc.     Stellaria. 
15 — 12.     Althje'a.     74.     Mai.  muc.  cat. 

offlcina'lis,  (marsh-mallows,  r-y.  Ju.  Zf-)  leaves  downy,  oblong-ovate:  obsoletely  3- 
lobed,  toothed.     6  f.     P.  B.     Cultivated. 

Exotic, 
ro'sea,    (hollyhock.  $ .)  stem  erect:  leaves  rough,  heart-form,  5  to  7-angled;  crenate. 
Jicifolia,  (fig-hollyhock.   ,J.)  leaves  7-lobed,  sub-palmate,  obtuse. 

Alnus.  Derived  from  the  Celtic  al  near,  Ian  river  side — Lat.  alnus. 
Alopecurus.  Gr.  alopcx  a  fox  and  oura  a  tail. 
Althaea.  Gr.  alllia,  to  cure,  from  its  many  excellent  properties. 
(l)Betula,  L.     (2)  crispa.     (3)  aristulatus,  Mx. 


ALYSSUM,    AMBROSIA.  121 

14 — 1.     Alys'sum.     63.     Cruc.  ant.  nut. 

hyperbo'reum,  W.  (VV.)  stem  herbaceous:  leaves  hoary,  toothed;  stamens  4,  2-forked. 
Canada. 

Exotic. 

saxatUe,  (basket  of  gold.  y.  >>.)  stem  woody,  panicled:  leaves  lanceolate,  very  sof\, 
repand. 

19 — 5.     Amaran'thus    30-     Amaran.  ast. 

atbus,  W.  (white  coxcomb,  W.  g-w.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  axillary,  triandrous:  leaves 
obovate,  retuse;  stem  4-cornered,  simple.     Common  garden  weed.     18  i.     Y.  P.  C. 

grte'cizans,  W.  (W.  g.  Au.  0.)  glomerules  axillary,  triandrous:  flowers  3-cleft:  leaves 
obovate,  emarginate:  stem  teretish,  branching.     P.  T. 

oZem'ceus,  (pot  amaranth.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  axillary,  branching:  leaves  wrinkled, 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  emarginate.  Sometimes  the  flowers  are  pentandrous.  18  i-2  f. 
C.  W.  Y.  P.  N. 

hy'hridus,  W.  (W.  Ju.  %.)  racemes  pentandrous,  doubly  compound,  heaped  together, 
erect:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate.     P.  C.  Y.  B.  N.     Mich. 

panicula'tus,  W.  (Ju.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  triply-compound:  branches  spread- 
ing, pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  lunceolate.  P. 

retrojkx'us,  W.  (rough  amaranth.  O.  Au.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  triply-compound, 
compact,  erect:  branches  pubesent:  leaves  ovate,  undulate. 

hypochondria' CVS,  W.  (spleen  amaranth.  Au.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  compound, 
compact,  erecl:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate.  Leaves  red.  (False  prince's- 
feather.)     P.     Cultivated. 

spinosus,  W.  (Au.  0.)  racemes  pentandrous,  terminal,  compound:  axils  spinose.     P. 

pu'milus,  R.  (dwarf  amaranth,  g.)  glomerules  axillary:  flowers  pentandrous:  calyx 
5-sepalled,  concave:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse^  smooth  and  fleshy,  sometimes  retuse. 
Scarcely  twelve  inches  high.     Y.  C. 

sanguin'eus,  (g.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  pentandrous,  in  decompound,  erect,  clustered  ra- 
cemes: leaves  ovate-lanceolate.     C. 

blitum,  (g.  Ju.  0.)  racemes  triandrous,  sub-spiked:  flowers  Ssepalled;  leaves  ovate, 
retuse:  stem  spreading,  or  prostrate.     B. 

Exutic. 

meliinchol'ims,  (love-lies-bleeding,  r.   0.)  glomerules   axillary,  peduncled,  roundish; 

leaves  lance-ovate,  colored. 
tri' color,  (three-colored   coxcomb.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  sessile:  leaves  lance-oblong, 

colored. 
lividus,  (lead  amaranth.  Ju.  0.)  glomerules  triandrous,  sub-spiked,  roundish:  leaves 

oval,  retuse:  stem  erect. 

6 — 1.     Amakyl'lis.     17.     Ama.  sti.  poi.  eme. 

atamasco,  (atamasco  lily.  w.  &,  r.  J.  2X-)  spathe  2-cleft,  acute:  flower  pedicelled: 
corol  bell-form,  sub-equal,  erect:  stamens  declined.     S.  P. 

Exotic. 
Jormosis' sima,  (jacobea.  H.)  spathe  1-flowered:  corol  ringent-like:  petals  declined. 

19 — 5.     Ambro'sia.     55.     Amb.  ton.  sec-stim. 

trifda,  W.  (great  bitter-weed.  O.  g-y-  Au.  0.)  bristly,  rough:  leaves  3-lobed,  serrate; 

lobes  oval,   lanceolate,  acuminate:  fruit  6-spined,  beneath  the  apex.     From  5  to  8 

feet  high.     Mich. 
datior,  W.    (hogweed,    Roman  wormwood.   O.   Ju.   #.)  leaves    doubly  pinnatifid, 

smoothish:  petioles  long,  ciliated:   racemes  terminal,    panicled:  stem  wand-like. 

1  to  4  f.     S.     Mich. 

Alyssum.  Gr.  alusso,  to  be  mad,  from  its  being  supposed  to  cure  mental  maladies. 
Amaranthus.  a,  not,  and  maraino,  wither,  from  the  durability  of  the  flowers. 
Amaryllis.     From  the  nymph  Amaryllis,  mentioned  in  Virgil. 
Ambrosia,  a,  primitive,  and  brotos,  mortals,  it  being  the  food  of  the  gods. 
16 


123  AMBROSIA,    AMORPHA. 

artemisifolia,  W.  (S.  0.)  leaves  doubly-pinnatifid,  hoary  beneath,  at  the  summit  pin- 
natifid:  racemes  terminal  in  threes:  branches  level-topped.     <S.     Y.  P.. 

panicuUita,  W.  (J.  0.)  leaves  glabrous,  doubly  pinnatitid,  piniiatifid  at  the  summit: 
racemes  terminal,  solitary:  branches  level-topped.     P. 

heterophylla,  W.  (S.  0.)  cauline  leaves  pinnatitid,  sub-toothed,  petioled;  on  the  up- 
per branches  lanceolate  sessile:  petioles  long  ciliate:  racemes  terminal,  solitary: 
stem  panicled.     P. 

bidenta'ta,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  -^.)  very  hirsute:  leaves  closely  sessile,  simple,  oblong,  one- 
toothed  on  each  side  above  the  spreading  base:  fruit  4-cornered,  4-spined  below  the 
ape.x. 

acantliicarpa,  H.    (  )  very  branching,  hispid  with  rigid  rough  bristles:  leaves 

bipinnatifid  with  linear  segments:  racemes  terminal:  fruit  everywhere  covered  with 
long  rigid  subulate  spreading  spines.     Columbia  river. 

Southern, 
hispi'da,  Ph.  (w.  0.)  white-hispid  on  all  parts;  leaves  2-pinnatifid:  divisions  gashed; 

racemes  sub-panicied,  terminal.     Flowers  large.     1  f. 
tomentosa,  N.  (W.  H.)  leaves  2-pinnatifid,  under  side  white-downy:  spike  solitary. 

18  !• 

Amelancliier,  Aronia. 

^melius.     EcLiPTA. 

4 — 1.     Ammann'ia.    91.     Sali.  ast.  vul.  irr. 

romos'ior,  (w-p.  Au.)  stem  erect,  thick,  sub-terete:  leaves  lanceolate,  dilated  at  the 
base;  lower  flowers  compactly  whorled.     Salt  meadows.     6  i.     Y.  C. 

hu'milis,  Mx.  (w-r.  Au.  0.  $.)  stem  procumbent  at  the  base,  branched,  slender, 
quadrangular:  leaves  lanceolate,  slender  at  the  base:  flowers  solitary.  Stem  led. 
6i.     P.  - 

Ammi.     Sison.     Discopleura. 

17 — 1.     Ammobium.     53.     Cicho.  sec-stim. 

alatum,  (  w.  Z{.)  stem  winged:  leaves  oblong,  undulate,  decurrent.     Culti- 

vated.    From  N.  Holland. 

Ammyrsine.     Leiophyllum. 

16 — 10.     Amor'pha.     93.     Leg.  nut.  antis.  aper. 

frulicosa,  (Var.  emarginata,  T. )  (W.  Ju.  \.)  smooth  sub-arborescent:  leaves  petioled, 
emarginate:  spikes  aggregated,  long:  calyx  hoary,  pedicelled,  one  of  the  teeth  acu- 
minate, the  rest  obtuse:  legume  few-seeded.     6  f.     iS.     P.  K. 

glabra,  (^.)  somewhat  woody,  glabrous:  leaves  oval-oblong,  lowerones  distant  from 
the  stem:  calyx  glabrous,  with  four  teeth  obtuse,  and  one  acuminate,  banner  glan- 
dular outside:  legume  few-seeded. 

canescens,  N.  (lead  plant.  W.  b.  fpl)  somewhat  woody,  white-villose:  leafet^  near 
each  other,  sub-sessile,  oval-ovate,  mucronate:  spikes  aggregated:  flowers  sub-ses- 
sile: teeth  of  the  calyx  equal;   ovate,  acute.     18  i.     Galena,  Mich. 

Sou^em. 

jmbes'cms,  Ph.  (w.  J.  Tj  ?)  small  shrubby;  leaves  on  very  short  petioles,  obtuse  at  each 
end,  hairy:  spikes  long,  panicled,  hairy:  calyx  sub-sessile  with  acuminate  teeth. 
3f. 

nana,  N.  (W.  p-b.  M.  \.)  leafels  sub-ovate  or  oval,  mucronate  and  smooth:  spikes 
solitary  and  aggregated:  flowers  pedicelled:  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceously  acumi- 
nate: legume  1-seeded.     On  grassy  woodless  hills.     9  i. 

earoliniana,  (broom,  Tj.  Ju.  b.)  nearly  glabrous;  leafets  elliptical  or  oblong,  petiolate 
dotted,  the  lowest  pair  approximate  to  the  stem:  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels: 

Ammannia.  in  honor  of  John  Ammann,  a  Russian  botanist. 
Ammobium.     Gr.  aminos,  sand,  bio,  to  live — it  growing  naturally  in  sand. 
Amorpha,     Gr.  a,  priv.  and  morphe,  shape,  from  the  absence  of  wings  and  keel  of  the 
corol. 


AMORPHA,    ANAOALLIS.  133 

calyx  villose  on  the  margin;  teeth  short;  the  two  upper  obtuse,  the  three  lower 
longer  and  commonly  equal,  acuminate,  or  subulate  arislate.     N.  Carolina.  4  to  5  f. 

californica,  N.  (  ^.  May.)  pubescent,  leafets  elliptical  oblong,  obtuse,  rather  distant, 
conspicuously  dotted  with  brownish  glands  beneaih;  petioles  furnished  with  minute 
glandular  scales,  stipules  broad,  and  membranaceous;  spike  short  and  solitary:  teeth 
of  the  villose  calyx  all  acute  and  short;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate.  California. 
A  shrub. 

lavigata,  N.  (>^.b.)  glabrous  and  very  smooth;  leaves  large,  leafets  distant,  elliptical- 
oblong,  attenuated  below;  the  conmion  petioles  short;  stipules  minute:  bracts 
rather  long  and  subulate,  caducous:  calyx  very  glandular,  the  teeth  acute;  the 
three  lower  ones  longer  and  acuminate;  banner  about  the  length  the  of  calyx: 
legume  1 -seeded.     A  large  shrub.     Arkansas. 

paniailata,  T.{\.  p.)  whole  plant  canescently-tomentose,  except  the  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves,  which  are  nearly  glabrous  and  shining;  leaves  on  distinct  petioles, 
leafets  7  to  8  pairs,  elliptical-oblong,  large,  petiolale,  very  obtuse,  and  often  emar- 
ginate  at  each  end,  dotted  and  prominently  veined  beneath,  spikes  numerous,  vir- 
gate  in  a  large,  nearly  naked,  exserted  branching  panicle;  flowers  sub-sessile;  teeth 
of  the  glandular  and  tomentose  calyx  unequal;  the  two  upper  triangle-ovate,  and 
shorter,  the  three  lower  triangular-subulate:  banner  one-third  longer  than  the  calyx, 
truncate.     Arkansas,  Texas. 

5 — ].     Ampelop'sis.     Mx.     72.     Vit.  ton.  acr. 

quinquefolia,  Mx.  (1)  (false  grape,  creeper.  O.  w.  Ju.  T>.)  leaves  in  fives,  toothed: 
stem  rooting,  chmbing.     S.     Mich. 

Amphicarpa.     Phaseolus. 

18 — 5.     Amso'nia.     47.     Ascl.  acr.  stim.  em.  sud. 

Southern. 

latifolia,  Ph.  (W.  b.  Ap.  21.)  stem  glabrous:  leaves  lance-oval,  upper  ones  acuminate, 

pubescent  on  the  under  surface  of  the  nerves.     2  f. 
salicifulia,  Ph.  (b.  M.)  Stem  smooth:  leaves  lance-linear,   acute  at  each  end,   very 

glabrous. 
anguslifolia,  Mx.  (b.  Ap.)  stem  hairy:  leaves  narrow-linear,  numerous,  erect,  hairy. 
2  f. 

11 — I.     Amyg'dalus.     92.     Amyg.  acr.  ton.  poi. 

Exotic. 

persica,  (peach,  r.  M.  ^.)  serratures  of  the  leaves  all  acute,  flowers  sessile,  solitary. 

15  f.     Putamen  with  prusic  acid. 
nana,  (flowering  almond.    \>.)  leaves  ovate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sharply  serrate.  3f 

8 — 1.     Amy'ris.     94.     Amy.  cath.  ast.  aro. 
Sotithern, 
floridana,  (w.  \.)  leafets  1-paired,  with  a  sessile  terminal  leafet,  ovate,  entire,  obtuse, 
glabrous:  flowers  sub- panicled:  berry  sub-globose;   tapering  at  the  base.     In  West 
Florida. 

Anabasis,  Salsola. 

5 — 1.     A^AGAL'LIs.     3.5.     Prim.  acr.  ton.  epi. 

areensis,  (red  chickweed,  scarlet  pimpernell,  r.  J.  0.)  stem  spreading,  naked,  pro- 
cumbent: petals  entire,  flat,  with  hairs  at  the  margin.     &     C.  P.  T.  Y.  B. 

Ampelopsis.     Gr.  ampelos,  the  vine,  and  ops,  appearance,  from  its  resembling  the 

grapevine. 
Amphicarpa      Gr.  amphi,  both,  and  karpos,  fruit,  it  producing  fruit  above  and  below 

ground. 
Amsonia.     Named  by  Walter.     Probably  in  honor  of  a  friend. 
Amygdalus.   Gr.  amugdalos,  the  almond  tree,  which  belongs  to  this  genus. 
Anagallis.   Gr.  anagcLas,  to  laugh,  from  its  supposed  exhiliarating  qualities. 

(1)  Hedera  quinquefolia,  L.     Cissus  hederacea,  P.     Vitis  quin.  Lk. 


124  ANCHUSA,    ANDROMEDA. 

Anantherix.     Podostigma. 

Anatherum.     Andropogon. 

5 — 1.     Anchu'sa.     43.     Bora.  emol.  ast. 

Exolic. 

officinalis,  (buglos.  y.  Zf.)  leaves  lanceolate:  spikes  imbricate,  one-sided:  bracts  ovate. 

Andrewsia.     Centaurella. 

5 — 1.     An'droce'ra.     N.  38.     Solan,  acr.  poi. 

Southern. 

lohata,  N.  (W.  J.  %.)  prickly,  hirsute:  leaves  in  pairs,  lobe-pinnatifid:  segments 
obtuse,  obsoletely  crenate,  undulated:  racemes  lateral,  many-flowered.  The  Sola- 
num  heterandrum  of  Ph. 

10 — 1.     Androm'eda.     51.     Eric.  ast.  din. 

hypnoides,  W.  (moss-bush.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  imbricate  subulate,  glabrous:  peduncles 
solitary,  terminal,  l-9owered;  corol  nodding,  globose-bell-fbrm.  Small,  creeping. 
White  Hills. 

mariana,  W.  (W.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  entire,  sub-acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous, 
leathery,  paler  beneath:  flower-bearing  branches  almost  leafless;  peduncles  fasci- 
cled: corol  ovate-cyhndric:  c^lyx  leafy:  antliers  beardless:  capsule  ovate,  and 
resembling  the  form  of  a  pine-apple.  One  variety  has  narrow  lanceolate  leaves. 
S.     P.  Y. 

polifolia,  Mx.  (W.  wild  rosemary.  A.  r-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  convex, 
revolute,  white-glaucous  beneath  and  hoary-glaucous  above:  flowers  aggregate, 
terminal:  corol  sub-globose:  anthers  bearded  towards  the  top.  One  foot  high.  Wet. 
T.  D.  B.  N.     Mich. 

artorea,  W.  (sorrel  tree.  W.  w.  Ju.  h.)  branches  terete;  leaves  oblong,  acuminate, 
mucronate-serrate,  glabrous:  panicles  terminal,  many  spiked:  corol  ovate-cylindric, 
pubescent:  anthers  linear,  beardless.  About  40  feet  high,  with  acid  leaves.  S. 
P.  Charleston,  S.  C. 

panicvlata,  M.  (1)  (white  bush,  pepper  bush.  O.  w.  J.  \ .)  pubescent:  leaves  obovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  sub-entire:  flower  bearing  branches  terminal  panicled,  nakedish: 
glomerules  peduncled:  corol  sub-globular,  pubescent:  anthers  obtuse,  beardless.  A 
shrub  running  into  several  varieties — flowers  small.     S. 

racemosa,  W.  (W.  w.  J.  '^.)  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  membranaceous, 
glabrous:  spikes  terminal,  one-way,  elongated,  simple  or  branched:  bracts  linear, 
acute:  corol  cylindric:  calyx  acute,  with  bracts  at  the  base:  anthers  doubly  4- 
bearded  at  the  apex.     A  middling  sized  sliruh,  odoriferous.     Wet.     S.     P.  Y.   K. 

cnbjculuta,  W.  (leather  leaf  O.  w.  M.  ^ .)  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  obsoletely  ser- 
rulate, sub- revolute,  with  scaly  dots,  rust-colored  beneath:  racemes  terminal,  leafy, 
turned  one  way:  pedicels  short  solitary,  axillary:  calyx  acute,  2-bracted  at  the 
base:  bracts  broad-ovate,  acuminate:  corol  oblong-cylindric.  Wet.  2  f.  &.  T. 
Mich. 

Soulhern. 

augustifolia,  (E.  Ap.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  with  scaly  dots:  bracts  2  and 
minute,  acute:  racemes  terminal,  leafy,  secund:  peduncles  solitary,  axillary. 

nitida.  W.  (E.  w.  r.  March.  ^.)  very  glabrous:  branches  flexuous,  3-angled;  leaves 
oval,  acuminate,  entire,  3-nerved:  peduncles  clustered,  1 -flowered,  axillary:  corol 
cylindrical;  anthers  at  the  base  2-hornod.     5  f.     Charleston,   S.  C. 

rhornboidnli?,  P.  (E.)  flower-bearing  branches  3-angled:  leaves  rhomboid  and  lanceor 
late,  entire,  glabrous,  terminated  by  a  gland:  peduncles  clustered,  axillary. 

axillaris,  (E.  w.  March.  ^.)  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  lucid, with 
spiny  serratures:  racemes  axillary,  closely  flowered:  corol  oblong-ovate:  anthers  at 
the  summit,  2-horned.     3.  f. 

Anchusa.  Gr.  agchousa,  to  strangle,  because  as  some  say  it  strangles  serpents. 

Androcera.  Gr.  aner,  (andros,)  stamen,  and  keros,  a  horn,  in  allusion  to  the  coni- 
form appearance  of  one  of  the  anthers. 

Andromeda.     From  Andromeda  the  daughter  of  Cepheus,  who  was,  like  this  plant, 
confined  in  a  marsh. 
(1)  Lyonia  paniculata,  N.     ligustrinae,  L. 


ANDROMEDA,  ANDROPOGON  125 

acuminata,  Ph.  (E.  w.  Ap.  Tp.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  tapering  towards 
the  apex  and  acuminate,  nearly  entire,  coriaceous,  reticulate:  racemes  axillary: 
corol  cylindrical:  anthers  unawned,  gibbous  near  the  base.     II  f. 

floribunda,  Ph.  (E.  vv.  M.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  oblong  ovate,  acute,  slightly  serru- 
late, coriaceous:  racemes  secund,  axillary,  and  forming  terminal  panicles. 

ferruginea,  (w.  J.  T^.)  shrubby:  leaves  coriaceous,  distant  on  long  petioles,  ohovate, 
generall}' obtuse,  entire,  with  dust-like  scales,  and  veiny  beneath:  pedicels  aggre- 
gate, 1-flowered,  axillary:  corol  globose:  anthers  unawned.  Sand.  4f.  J\ew 
Orleans. 

rigida,  Ph.  (J.  T^.)  leaves  crowded,  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
scaly  and  tomentose  beneath,  without  veins:  pedicels  aggregate,  axillary,  1- 
flowered:  corol  nearly  globose:  anthers  unawned.     18  f. 

Jrondosa,  M.  (w.  M.  ^.)  pubescent:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  to- 
mentose; flower-bearing  branches  paniculate,  leafy:  corol  globose:  anthers  awned. 
4  f. 

speciosa,  {w.  ^.)  leaves  oval-obtuse,  mucronate,  crenate,  reticulate:  racemes  naked, 
aggregate:  corol  campanulate:  anthers  4-awned.  4  f. 

tetragona,  (W.  w.  M.  >).)  leaves  imbricate,  keeled,  naked  at  the  margin:  peduncles 
axillary,  solitary,  filiform,  1-flowered:  corol  nodding,  bell-form. 

stelteriajia,  H.  (  )  stem  filiform,  j)rocumbent;  leaves  4-6:  rays  linear,  very  spreading, 
obtuse:  keel  flat  above  with  the  back  obtuse:  peduncle  short  terminal,  sub-solitary 
curved:  cal3'x  5-sepalled;  corol  broad,  bell-form;  style  ovate-acuminate;  anthers 
awned,  two  very  long.     R. 

lycopodioidcs,  H.  (  )  stem  filiform,  diffused,  vaguely  branched;  leaves  4-ways,  close- 
ly imbricate,  ovate,  short,  thick,  obtusely  keeled;  peduncles  somewhat  in  pairs, 
axillary:  corol  campanulate.     R. 

(upressina,  H.  (  )  stem  sub-erect,  very  branching  sub-pinnately:  leaves  4-ways, 
close  pressed,  imbricate,  broad  lanceolate,  keeled:  peduncles  lateral,  solitary. 

3 — 2.     Andropo'gon.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

scoparius,  Mx.  (broom-grass.  O.  Au.  2^.)  spikes  simple,  lateral  and  terminal,  pedun- 
culate, in  pairs:  rachis  hairy:  abortive  floret  neuter:  valves  awned.  purpurascens. 
W.  S.     Mich. 

virginicus,  (bent  grass.  W.  2i-)  culm  compressed:  superior  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth: 
spikes  short,  2  or  3  from  each  sheath,  partly  concealed  at  the  base:  rachis  sub-terete: 
abortive  flower  a  mere  pedicel  without  valves:  perfect  flowers  monandrous.  P.  Y. 
H.  M.  C.     Mich. 

furcatus,  W.  (forked  spike.  O.  Au.  2X.)  spikes  digitate,  generally  by  fours:  abortive 
flower  staminiferous,  avvnless,  resembling  the  perfect  one,  the  awn  of  which  is  sub- 
contorted.     iS.    Mich. 

macrourus,  Mx.  (indian-grass.  S.  Zf.)  spikes  fasciculate,  in  dense  lateral  and  terminal 
fastigiate  panicles:  flowers  monandrous:  awn  straight:  abortive  floret  without 
valves.     ;S'.     P.  Y.  B.  N. 

nutans,  (1)  (beard-grass.  O.  Au.  2X.)  panicle  oblong,  branched;  nodding  spickelets  by 
pairs:  glumes  hairy,  rufescent:  awn  contorted.     Mich. 

Southern. 

secundus,  E.  (S.  2_f.)  panicle  sparingly  branched,  erect,  secund:  peduncles  3-flower- 

ed;  staminate  flower  subulate,  villous:  the  perfect  sessile  one,  with  one  valve  very 

villous. 
ciliatits,  E.  (W.  S.  21-)  panicle  oblong,  terminal:  branches  glabrous:  flowers  in  pairs: 

glumes  hairy:  paleas  ciliate,  with  a  contorted  awn.  3  f.     nutans?     P. 
melano carpus,  (S.)  spikes  clustered:  flowers  solitary,  with  an   involucre:  awn  very 

long.     3  f 
ternarius,  Mx.  (A.)   branches  remotely  alternate,  3-spiked:  spikes  conjugate;  hair  of 

the  involucre  shorter  than  the  glume;  flowers  triandrous. 
argenteus,  E.  (Oc.  21.)  panicle  long,    slender;   branches  solitary,  and  in  pairs:  spikes 

conjugate,  longer  tlian  the  sheath,  covered  with  white  silvery  hairs. 

Andropogon.  Gr.  aner  (andros,)  a  man,  and  pogon,  a  beard,   from   a  fancied  resem 
blance  in  the  little  tuft  of  hairs  upon  the  flower,  to  the  beard  of  a  man. 
(1)  avenaceus,  M.x. 


126  ANDROPOGON,    ANEMONE. 

vaginatus,  E.  (Oc.  21.)  panicle  slender,  close  pressed;  spikes  solitary,  conjugate, 
shorter  than  the  sheaths:  flowers  in  pairs;  the  perfect  one  awned;  the  awn  straight, 
scabrous. 

tetrastachyus,  E.  (Oc.)  panicle  slender,  erect:  spikes  solitary,  4-cleft:  flowers  in  pairs; 
the  perfect  one  awned;  leaves  hairy.     3  f. 

bicornis,  W.  (  )  spikes  conjugate,  panicled;  panicle  bracted,  corymbed,  fastigiate: 
flowers  ternate,  a wnless;  middle  one  perfect,  sessile;  lateral  one  neutral,  pedicel- 
led;  ciliae  of  the  rachis  very  long. 

Mlaucus,  T.  (W.)  smooth,  glaucous:  culm  sub-simple:  joints  smooth:  panicle  terminal, 

•^  much  exsert,  oblong;  spikes  alternate,  crowned:  awns  long,  twisted:  abortive  floret 
neuter  unarmed,  1-valved.     2  f. 

5 — 1.     Androsa'ce.     35.     Prima,  acr.  ton. 
Southern. 

.occidentalis,  ?h.  (W.  0.)  very  slenderly  pubescent:  leaves  (or  involucres)  oblong- 
spatulate,  entire:  perianths  angled:  capsule  shorter  than  tlie  calyx. 

>cannata,  T.  &  J.  (w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  crowded,  lance-ovate,  acute,  entire,  keeled;  mar- 
gin ciliate:  umbels  few-flowered;  leafets  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong:  corol  ex- 
ceeding the  ovate  calyx;   divisions  obovate  entire.     James'  Peak. 

septenirionalis,  (W.  =^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed,  glabrous,  shining:  perianth  angled, 

shorter  than  the  corol. 

12 — 12.     Anem'one.*     61.     Ranun.  acr.  cau.  poi.  taenia. 

virginiana,  (wild-flower,  thimble  weed,  O.  g-w.  Ju.  21.)  stem  dichotomous:  leaves  in 
threes,  ternate,  upper  ones  opposite:  leafets  gash-lobate  and  serrate-acute:  pedun- 
cles solitary,  1-flowered,  elongated:  carpels  oblong,  wooly,  mucronate,  in  heads. 
18  i.     <S.     Mich. 

uconitifolia,  Mx.  (I)  (O.  W.  J.  If.)  stem  dichotomous:  radical  leaves  palmate;  cau- 
line  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  3-cleft;  the  lower  ones  ternate,  with  the  lobes  acute- 
lanceolate,  gash-serrate;  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered.  carpels  in  globose  heads, 
naked,  subulate-beaked.     Flowers  large.     1.5  i.     .S*.     Mich. 

memorosa,  (low  anemone,  wood  anemone.  O.  r-w.  M.  Zf.)  stem  1-flowered:  cauline 
leaves  in  threes,  ternate:  leafets  wedge-form,  gash-lobed,  toothed,  acute,  corol  5-6- 
petalled:  carpels  ovate,  with  a  short  style,  hooked.  A  variety,  qulnquefulia,  has 
lateral  leafets  deeply  2-cleft.     6  i.     8.     R.  Mich. 

■narcissifiora,  W.  (\V.  w.  Ap.  Zf.)  flowers  unibelled,  involucred:  radical  leaves  palmate 
many-cleft,  gashed;  divisions  linear;  involucres  sessile,  gashed;  umbels  few- 
flowered:  pedicels  longer  than  the  involucre.     Canada. 

■cuneifolia,  Vh.  (2)  (w.  Ap.  Zf.)  stem  1-flowered,  involucred:  leaves  ternate;  leafets 
sessile,  wedge-form,  truncate-crenate  at  the  apex:  involucre  3-leaved:  corol  5- 
petalled:  carpel  head-globose,  acuminate,  wooly. 

patens,  W.  (M.  p.  Zf.)  soft-silky:  late  leaves  3-parted  or  3-nerved;  segments  wedge- 
form,  gash  3-cleft,  lobes  lance-linear:  involucre  linear,  many-cleft;  flowers  erect; 
calyx  5  or  6-sepalIed,  bearded,  with  long  awns.     Rocky  Mts.  Upper  (-anada. 

nlpina,  (W.  w.  Zf.)  silk-villose:  leaves  long-petioled,  biternately  pinnatifid:  leafets 
with  linear  acute  divisions  conforming  to  involucres:  flowers  erect:  sepals  6,  spread- 
ing, bearded  with  long  awns.     Rocky  Mts. 

^aldensis,  (W.  b.  ZT.)  leaves  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  ternate-parted,"with  segments 
3-parted  with  linear  obtuse  divisions,  short-petioled,  conforming  to  involucres: 
petioles  and  scape  villose:  flower  solitary:  sepals  6 — 8  spreading  obtuse,  sub-pilose 
outside.     R. 

deltoidea,  (W.  w.  Zf.)  leaves  ternate;  leafets  rhomboid,  entire  or  trifid,  gash  serrate, 
acute,  (leafets  and  involucres  sessile:)  sepals  5  or  6,  obovate.     W.  of  Rocky  Mis. 

richardsoni,  Hk.  (W.  Zf.)  sub-pilose  leaves  reniform,  3 — 5-parted;  lobes  subtrifid, 
acutely  toothed;  involucre-like  leaves  round- wedge-form,  sessile,  3-cleft  and  toothed: 

Androsace.  Gr.  aner,  (andros,)  a  man,  and  sakos,  a  shield,  so  called  from  the  large 

round  hollowed  leaf  of  the  common  Androsace. 
Anemone.  Gr.  anemos,  the  wind,  from  its  opening  its  flowers  in  the  windy  days  of 

spring. 

*  Species  A.  thalictroidcs,  is  returned  to  the  genus  Thalictrum. 

U)  pennsylvanica,  L.     (2)  paryiflora,  Hk. 


ANEMONE,    ANOTIS.  127 

sepals  6,   spreading:   fruit  compressed,  glabrous;  styles  long,  deflexed,  hooked. 
Rocky  Mts.     Hudson  Bay. 
multijidfi,   (w.  r.  y.  21- )    pilose  leaves  3-parted;   segments  wedge-form,  in  3-parted 
linear  acute  divisions;  involucre-like  leaves  pelioled:  sepals  5  to  8,  sub-coriaceous, 
oval,  silky  outside.     Canada.     Rocky  Mis. 

Exotic, 
hortensia,  (garden  anemone.)  radical  leaves  digitate:  divisions  3-cleft;  cauline  ones 
ternate,  lanceolate,  connate,  sub-divided:  carpels  wooly.  , 

Southern, 
caroliniana,  W.  E.  (1)  (W.  w.  March  Zf.)  leaves  ternate:  leafets  notched  and  serrate: 

involucie3-leaved,  each  3-cleft:  sepals  14  to'20,  oval;  the  outer  one  sub-coriaceous. 
waltcri.  Ph.  (21-)  radical  leaves  palmate,  long-petioled:  scape  long,  erect,  1-flowered: 

petals  3:  root  tuberous. 

Anemone.     Hepatica. 
5 — 2.     Ane'thum.     60.     Umb.  stom.  aro.  con.  col. 
Exotic, 
graveolens,  (dill.)  fruit  compressed:  plant  annual. 
foeniculum,  (fennel.)  fruit  ovate:  plant  perennial. 

5 — 2.     Angel'ica.     60,     Umb.  stom.  sti.  sto.  root  acr. 

triquinaia,  Mx.  (2)  (angelica.  O.  w.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  terete,  pubescent  above:  leaves 
ternate,  very  smooth;  partitions  quinate:  leafets  oblong;  ovate,  equally  serrate: 
lower  ones  2-lobed  at  tlie  base.     4  f.     S.     Mich. 

atropurpurea,  (high  angelica.  O.  g-w.  J.  2i.)  stem  smooth,   colored:   leaves  ternate; 

partitions  sub-quinate;  leafets  ovate,  acute,  gash-serrate,  sub-lobed;  3  terminal  ones 

confluent:   petioles  very  large,  inflated.     Wet  meadows.     Root  purplish.     This  is 

k      the  true  aromatic  angelica.   4  f.     <S'.     Probably  synonymous  witli  the  last.     Tully. 

Mich. 

lucida,  {21)  leafets  equal,  ovate,  gash  serrate:  radical  leaves  3-pinnate,  cauline  ones 
2-pinnate.     18  i.     Canada.     S. 

Exotic. 
axchangelica,   (archangel.     ^.)   leaves  with  the  odd  terminal  leafet  lobed.     N.  W. 

Coast. 
gmelini,  stem  glabrous  terete:  leaves  gash-ternate,  segments  3-parted  with  the  lobes 

ovate,  serrate,  cuneate  at  the  base:   leaves  of  the  involucels  nearly  equalling  the 

flowering  umbels.     N.  W.  Coast. 

12 — 12.     Anno'na.     76.     Ann.  aro. 

glabra,  (Ju.  i-j.  T>.)  calyx  large,  bell-form:  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous:  peduncles 
2-flowered,  opposite  to  the  leaves;  fruit  subcoriic,  obtuse,  smooth.  16  f.  Ever- 
green tree.     Carolina. 

4 — 1.     Ano'tis.     57.     Cinch,  feb.  ton. 
Southern, 
lanceolata,  Dc.  (  )  glabrous:  stem  erect,  4-cornered,  corners  subalated:  leaves 

sessile  lanceolate,  acute:  stipules  lanceolate  membranaceous:  corymbs  trichotomous 
terminal. 
rotundifoUa,  Dc.  (     W.  2_C.)  stem  prostrate,  branching,  branches  4-cornered:  leaves 
sub-orbicular,  short  petioled;  stipules  very  small;  flowers  axillary. 


Anethum.  Gr.  aiio,  upward,  and  theino,  to  shoot  from  its  quick  growth. 
Angelica.  Lat.  angelica,  angelic,  from  the  supposed  virtues  of  its  root  and  seeds. 
Anotis.  Gr.  a,  without,  notos,  vapor  or  humor,  on  account  of  growing  on  high  frozen 

mountains. 

(1)  tenella.  Ph.        (2)  Ferula  canadensis.     See  Ferula. 


128  ANTENNARIA,    APARGIA, 

17—2.     AsTEN^rA'RiA.     55.     Inula,  ton.  sec-sti. 
A  sub-genus  of  Gnaphalium,  which  see. 

17 — 2.     An 'THEMIS.     55.     Helian.  ton.  sec-stim. 

arvensis,  (corn  chamomile,  W.  w-y.  J.  ^.)  receptacle  conic,  chaff  lanceolate:  akenes 
crown-margined:  leaves  2-pinnate,  sub-divided;  segments  lance-linear:  stem  and 
peduncles  pubescent;  leaves  somewhat  distant;  flowers  few.  Scarcely  odorous. 
Introduced.     8  i.     T.  Y.  O.  P. 

cotuUi,  (mayweed.  O.  w.  J.  0.)  receptacle  conic,  chaff  bristly:  akenes  naked:  leaves 
2-pinnate,  leafets  subulate,  3-parted:  flowers  smaller  than  the  last,  more  numerous, 
very  odorous.     Introduced.     10  i.     S.     Mich. 

Exotic, 
nobilis,  (chamomile,  w.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  2-pinnate;  leafets  3-parted,  linear-subulate, 
sub-villose:  stem  branching  at  the  base.     Fragrant.     In  1820 1  saw  this  plant  grow- 
ing wild  very  extensively,  in  cultivated  fields  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.     4  i. 

Anthcricum,   Narthecium. 

Anthopogon,  Gvmnopogon. 

2 — 2    An'thoxan'thdm.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  odor. 

odoratum,  (sweet  vernal  grass.  O.  M.Z(.)  spike  oblong-ovate;  florets  sub-peduncled, 
shorter  than  the  awn.  An  American  variety,  allissimum,  is  larger,  and  of  a  darker 
green.     Ives.     An  elegant  substitute  for  the  Leghorn  grass.    Dewey.    10 — 18  i.  S. 

13 — 2.     An'tirrhi'num.     37.     Scro.  acr.  ton.  ant. 

€toin«,  W.  (creeping  snap-dragon,  y.  Ju.  0.)  procumbent  pilose:  leaves  alternate, 
hastate,  entire:   peduncles  solitary,  very  long.     P.  T. 

linaria,  (snap-dragonj  toad-flax.  W.  y.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  scattered, 
lanceolate-linear,  crowded  together:  spikes  terminal,  dense-flowered:  calyx  glabrous, 
shorter  than  the  spur.     Flowers  large.     Naturalized.  1 — 2  f.     T.  P.  B.  N. 

canadense,  W.  (flax  snap-dragon.  W.  w-b.  J.  Z(.)  rising  in  a  curve,  glabrous,  sim- 
ple: leaves  scattered  irregularly,  erect,  narrow,  linear,  obtuse,  remote:  flowers  ra- 
cemed:  scions  procumbent.     Flowers  small.     S.     C.  Y.  T.  P.  B.  N.     Mich. 

Exotic. 
trianthopliOTum,  (three-birds..)  leaves  whorled,  lanceolate,  3-nerved:  stem  decumbent: 
acemes  terminal,  few-flowered.     Flowers  large. 

5 — 1.     Anychia.     Amar.  ast.  ton. 

dichotoma,  Mx.  (fork  duckweed.  O.  w.  Ju.  2X- )  stem  dichotomous,  very  branching, 
spread;  leaves  oval,  lanceolate-glabrous,  erect.  About  6  or  8  inches  high,  very 
slender:  branches  axillary:  leaves  obtusish:  flowersmostly  longer  than  the  stipules. 

baldwinia,  T.  (0.  )  stems  branched  from  the  base,  diffusely  procumbent;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  ciliate-scabrous:  stamens  5.     Florida. 

Anychia,  Queria. 

17 — 1.     Apar'gia.    53.     Cicho.  ann.  sec-sti. 

xiuiumnalis,  W.  (1)  (false  hawkweed.  y.  J.  21-)  scape  branching,  scaly:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, runcinate-pinnatifid,  smoolhish.     Naturalized.     N.  B.     Newfoundland. 


Antennaria.     In  allusion  to  the  awns  of  the  egret,  which  resembles  the  Antennae  of 

some  insect. 
Anthemis.     Gr.  antlios,  flower,  because  of  the  abundance  of  its  flowers. 
Anthoxanthum.     Gr.  antlios,  a  flower,  and  xanlhos,  yellow,  from  the  spikes  inclining 

to  that  color  in  maturity. 
Antirrhinum.     Gr.  anti,  like,  and  rhis,  rhinos,  nose,  because  the  corol  resembles  the 

snout  of  some  animal. 
Apargia.  Gr.  apargia,  probably  the  name  for  the  succory. 

(1)  Leontodon. 


AFARGIA,    APOGOX.  129 

Southern, 
orontium,  W.  (Ju.    0.)  erect,  branching,  hairy:  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate:  flowers 

sub-spiked:  involucre  digitate,  longer  than  the  tailless  corol.     E.  P. 
tenellum,  Pii.  (W.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  small,  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  linear,  acute; 

flowers  axillary,  short-peduncled:  involucre  bell-form. 

4 — 2.     Apha'nes.     92.     Rosa.  ref.  ton. 

Southern. 

arvensis,  (parsley-piert.  M.  0-)  ^^'^^^s  3-parted:  divisions  3-cleft,  hairy:  flowers  ax^ 
illary,  glomerate:  monandrous. 

Apios,  Phaseolus. 

5 — 2.     A'piUM.     60.     Umbel,  stim.  sto.  aro.  col. 

Exotic. 

petrosellnum,  (parsley.  Ju.  (J.)  cauline  leaves  linear:  involucre  minute. 
gratcokns,  (celery.  Ju.  $.)  stem  channelled:  cauline  leaves  wedge-form. 

18 — 1.     Aplec'trum.     (1)  21.     Orch.  em.  nut.  in  salep. 

hyemale,  W.  (putty  root,  Adam  and  Eve.  Wi  g-p.  M.  21-)  leaf  single,  radical,  lance- 
oval,  many-nerved:  lip  3-cleft,  not  produced  at  the  base.     C.  N.  K.     Mich. 

18 — 5.     Apo'cynum.     47.     Apocy.  acr.  erne.  sud.  diu. 

androsacmjfolium,  (dog-bane.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  erect  and  branching:  leaves  ovate, 
glabrous:  cymes  lateral  and  terminal:  tube  of  the  corol  longer  than  the  calyx,  with 
a  spreading  li'.nb.     3  f.     Leav(?s  downy  when  young.     iSi.     Mich.  bit.  eme. 

cannabVnum,  Mx.  (2)  (Indian  hemp.  O.  g-y.  J.  71.)  stem  erect  and  branching:  leaves 
oblong-oval,  hoary  beneath,  and  downy  when  young,  (more  or  less  glabrous  in 
maturity:)  cymes  lateral  and  terminal;  pubescent  when  young,  (more  or  less  gla- 
brous in  maturity:)  tube  of  the  corol  about  equal  to  the  calyx,  with  an  erect  limb.  3  f. 

Jnjpericifulium,  A.  (3)  (St.  John's  dog-bane.  W.  ^-vf.  Ju.  2_(.)  stem  erectish  and  branch- 
ing: leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  mucronate;  lower  ones  sub-cordate  at  the  base; 
cyme-panicles  mostly  shoiter  than  the  leaves:  tube  of  the  corol  about  equal  to  the 
calyx.     3  f.     P.  Y.  O.  N.  T.     Mich.  ton.  eme—. 

Remark.  Dr.  Torrey  says  he  follows  R.  Brown  in  the  species  of  this  genus,  in 
which  he  finds  some  confusion.  Brown  seems  to  have  forced  in  an  additional  species, 
not  found  in  nature.  See  Darlington,  page  31.  The  two  first  species  have  lately 
been  much  used  in  the  cure  of  diseases,  under  the  name,  Wandering  Milkweed,  by  a 
peculiar  class  of  practitioners,  called  Thompsonians. 

17—1.     Apo'gon.     53.     Cicho.  sec-  stim. 
Southern. 

humilis,  E.  (y.  Ap.  0?)  stem  branching,  glabrous:   radical  leaves  oblong,  harrow, 

sub-ovate,  sessile:  cauline  ones  strap-form,  acute,  entire,  sessile,  slightly  glaucous: 

flowers  terminal,  sub-umbelled.     G— 12.  i.  S. 
bjrntum,  N.  (W.  y.  %.)  glabrous  glaucous:  leaves  deformed  entire,  or  petioled  runci- 

nate,  with  remote  divisions,  cauline  ones  clasping:  stem  sub-divided,  few-flowered: 

involucre  glabrous:  flowers  sub-umbelled.     6  i. 


Aphanes.     Gr.  a,  priv.  phainomai,  to  appear,  from  the  low  stature  of  the  plant. 

Apium.   Celtic  apon,  water,  from  the  habitation  of  some  species. 

Aplectrum.  From  Gr.  «,  without,  d^wA plectra ,  a  spur,  from  the  form  of  the  corol. 

Apocynum.  Gr.  upo,  far  from,  and  kiion^  (kunos,)  a  dog,  it  being  supposed  destruc- 
tive to  those  animals. 

Apogon.  Gr.  «,  without,  andi  pagan,  beard. 

(I)  Corallorhiza.     (2  &  3)  pubescens.  Br. 

17 


130  APTERIA,    ARABIS. 

3—1.     Apte'ria.     N.  13.     Xyrid.  asc.  poi. 

selacea,  N.  (W.  w.  «&  p.  0.)  stem  with  minute,  ovate,  remote  scales:  flowers,  spikes 
with  bifid  branches.     6  i.     St.  Louis  and  in  Florida. 

12 — 5.     Aquile'gia.     61.     Ran.  acr.  cau.  poi. 

canadensis,  (wild  columbine.     O.  r.  &  y.  Ap.  2_C.)  horns  strait:  stamens  exsert:  leaves 

decompound.     Growing  frequently  in  crevices  of  rocks.     15  i.     Mich. 
brecistyla,  Hk.   (W.)  sub-pubescent;  spur  incurved,  shorter  than  the  limb:  stipe  short 

inclined:  stamens  rather  shorter  than  the  coral.     Upper  Canada. 
hptocera,  N.   (y.  J.)  calyx  straight,  very  long,  slender,  divisions  acute  large,  much 

longer  than  the  stamens  and  styles:   stem  few-flowered:   divisions  of  the  leaves 

wedge-form,  gash  3-cleft.     R. 
formosa,   Fis.  (If-   r.)  spur  stiaight,   much  longer  than  the  limb:  sepals  lanceolate, 

acute,  3  times  the  length  of  the  petals;  style  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Oregon. 

Exotic, 
vulgaris,  (garden  columbine,  J.  Z£.)  horns  incurved,  leafy:  stem  and  leaves  glabrous: 
leaves  decompound.     The  nectariferous  horns  become  numerous  by  culture;  one 
hollow  horn  within  another.     15  i. 

Southern. 
coerula,  T.  &  J.  (W.  b.  J.  21-)  hc^rns  straight,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  limb  of  the 
petals:  stamens  and  styles  shorter  than  the  corol;  nectaries  acute:  segments  of  the 
leaves  deeply  lobed.     18  i.     R. 

14 — 2.     Ar'abis.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut. 

sagittata,  (wall  cress,  w.  J.  #.  Q.)  leaves  sub-dentate,  rough,  with  the  pubescens 
often  branched;  radical  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  attenuated  into  a  petiole;  stem-leaves 
lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate:  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx:  siliques  straight  and 
erect.     18  i.     C. 

laevigata,  (1)  (W.  w.  M.  If.)  stem-leaves  linear,  oblong,  sagittate,  smooth:  lower 
ones  obovate:  pedicels  erect:  siliques  very  narrow  and  long,  at  length  pendulous. 
2  f.     O.  T.  D.  C. 

canadensis,  W.  (2)  (sickle  pod.  O.  w.  J.  Z(.)  stem  leaves  sessile,  oblong,  lanceolate, 
narrow  at  the  base,  pubescent:  pedicels  pubescent,  reflexed  in  the  fruit:  siliques 
pendulous,  sub-falcate,  nerved.     2  f     S.     T.  P. 

alpina,  W.  (w.  21-)  sub-diff"use,  branching:  leaves  many-toothed,  villose,  lanceolate, 
acute:  radical  ones  sub-petioled:  cauline  ones  heart-clasping:  pedicels  longer  than 
the  sub-glabrous  calyx.     Upper  Canada.     Said  to  have  been  found  near  Troy. 

rtptans,  W.  (Ju.  K..)  leaves  roundish,  entire,  hirsute;  having  creeping  shoots.     P.  Y. 

stricta,  Hk.  (Bristol  wall  cress,  w.  Zf.)  radical  leaves  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base, 
sub-lyrate-pinnatifid,  hispid,  with  ramose  hairs;  cauline  ones  few,  lanceolate,  some- 
what tapering  to  the  base;  petals  oblong  erect,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the  glabrous 
calyx:  silique  elongated,  erect.     Canada,  Troy? 

petrea,  H.  (O.  w.  A.  $.)  stem  erectish  or  diffused,  glabrous:  radical  leaves  rather 
long-petioled,  entire,  toothed  or  lyrate-pinnatifid;  cauline  ones  lanceolate  sub- 
petioled,  entire  or  toothed:  petals  obovate  unguiculate;  siliques  exsert-spreading. 
Hooker  says  this  our  A.  lyrata  is  the  European  A.  petrea,  which  I  here  adopt. 

dentata,  T.  (0.  w.  Ap.)  stellately  pubescent:  radical  leaves  obovate,  tapering  at  the 
base  into  a  petiole  as  long  as  the  limb,  irregularly;  sharp  toothed;  cauline  ones, 
oblong,  clasping:  flowers  minute:  petals  spatulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx; 
silique  short,  spreading,  on  very  narrow  pedicels,  pointed  with  a  nearly  sessile 
stigma;  stem  branched  from  the  base.     Ohio,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Mississippi. 

ambigua,  D.  (#•)  leaves  nearly  glabrous,  the  radical  ones  sinuate-lyrate;  middle  ones 
oblong-oval  and  toothed,  attenuate  at  the  base;  the  uppermost  linear-oblong  and 
entire:  stem  nearly  simple:  silique  somewhat  erect,  two  inches  long.  Unalaschka, 
Sitcha. 

Apteria.  Gr.  a,  without,  pteris,  wing;  from  the  wingless  corol. 
Aquilegia.  Lat.  aquila,  an  eagle,  its  nectaries  resembling  eagles'  claws. 
Aiabis.     From  Arabia,  this  genus  being  first  used  by  physicians  of  that  country. 
(1)  TurritislcevigataW.     (2)  falcata  Mx. 


ARACIS,    ARBUTUS.  131 

rupestris,  N.  (0.)  more  or  less  hirsute;   radical  leaves  oblong  spatulate;  cauline  ones, 

lanceolate,  clasping,  sparingly  toothed:   petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:   eilique 

very  long  and  narrow.     One  and  a  half  to  two  feet  high.     Oregon. 
spatliulata,  N.  (2X.  May.  w. )  hirsute,  somewhat  cespitose:  leaves  spreading,  about  twice 

the  length   of  the  calyx;    siliques  rather  short,  diverging,  pointed  with  a  distinct 

slender  style.     4  inches  high.     High  hills  of  the  Platte. 
heterophylla,  N.   (0.)  nearly  smooth,   radical  leaves  spatulate,  toothed;   upper  ones 

linear,   sessile,  entire:   siliques  long  and  spreading:  petals  linear-oblong,  exceeding 

the  calyx.     Maine,  New  Hampshire. 
sparsijhra,  N.  (p.     )  somewhat  pilose  toward  the  base,  much  branched:  cauline  leaves 

oblong,  clasping,  entire;  flowers  minute;  siliques  very  long,  flat,  spreading.  Rocky 

Mountains. 
puberuUi,  N.    (2/.)  somewhat  cespitose,   more  or  less  pubescent  with  dense  stellate 

hairs;  leaves  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile;  siliques  flat,  straight,  pendulous:  the 

pedicels  about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals:  seeds  with  a  slight  margin:  stem  a 

span  high.     Oregon. 
microphylla,  N.  (p.     )  smoothish  and  somewhat  cespitose:  leaves  linear,  rather  acute; 

cauline  ones  very  few,  sessile;   stem  filiform,  very  few-flowered:    silique  long,  flat, 

spreading.     Rocky  Mountains. 
canescens,  N.  (If.  p.         )  cespitose,  densely  and  canescently  pubescent  with  stellate 

hairs:  leaves  entire,  linear,  dense,  crowded  about  the  root;  those  of  the  stem  much 

snialler,   sessile:   silique,  broadly  linear,   flat,   nearly  straight,   pendulous,  acute; 

stigma  sessile.     A  span  high.     Rocky  Mountains. 

Arabis  Cardamine. 
16 — 10.     A'rachis.     93.     Leg.  nut.  asc.  ape. 
Exotic. 
Aypo^£Ea,  (pea-nut,  false  ground-nut.  ^.)  stem  pilose,  procumbent:  leaves  pinnate, 
abrupt:   flowers  axillary.     Peduncles  become  elongated,  and  deposit  fruit  under 
ground  to  ripen.     T. 

5 — 5.     Ara'lia.     59.     Aral.  stim.  res. 

spinosa,  W.  (shot-bush,  angelica  tree.  W.  w.  y-w.  Au.  ^.)  woody:  stem  and  leaves 
thorny,  leaves  doubly  pinnate;  leafets  slightly  serrate:  panicles  very  branching: 
umbels  numerous.     5 — 10  f.     S.     P.  H. 

Mspida,  Ms.  (bristle-stem  sarsapilla.  A.  w.  J.  ^.)  low,  sub-shrubby:  stem  and 
petioles  rough  with  bristles:  leaves  doubly  pinnate:  leafets  ovate,  gash-serrate, 
unarmed,  glabrous:  umbels  with  long  peduncles.  Neglected  fields.  20  i.  T.  M. 
N.     Mich.    Sud.  col. 

racemosa,  W.  (spikenard.  O.  w.  J.  2X0  branches  spreading:  petioles  3-parted,  the 
partitions  3  to  5-leaved;  leafets  often  heart-form:  branchlets  axillary,  leafy:  umbels 
many,  sub-panicled,  leafless  above.     Damp.     4  f.     iS'.     Mich.     fra.  pec. 

nudicaulis,  W.  (wild  sarsaparilla.  O.  w.  M.  2i.)  hardly  a  proper  stalk,  1-leafed;  the 
leaf  twice  ternate,  or  once,  and  quinate:  leafets  oblong-oval:  scape  naked,  shorter 
than  the  leaf;  umbels  few.     Woods.     1.5.     24  i.     »?>.    Mich.  ton.  res. 

erinacea,  (L. )  stem  very  spinous:  leaves  sub-palmate,  very  acute,  lobes  gashed;  petioles 
and  nerves  spinous:  the  little  umbels  globose,  disposed  in  racemes. 

10 — 1.     Ar'butus.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

uva-ursi,  W.  (1)  (bear-berry,  kinnikinnick.  O.  w-r.  M.  ^.)  stem  procumbent:  leaves 
wedge-obovate,  entire:  berry  5-seeded.  Dry,  barren  sand-plains,  &c.  Very  abun- 
dant  about  the  great  lakes.     Schoolcraft.     T.  N.  R.     Mich,  nar-  ton. 

lauTJfolla,  W.  (W.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  acutely  serrate,  gla- 
brous: racemes  axillary,  1-sided,  sessile,  solitary. 

Arachis.     Gr.  arakos,  a  kind  of  rooting  plant,  used  by  the  ancients:  after  which  thia 

was  named,  as  it  produces  its  fruit  under  ground. 
Aralia.     A  name  of  an  unknown  Canadian. 
Arbutus.     Lat.  arbutus,  Pliny's  name  for  the  wild  strawberry-tree. 

(1)  Arctostaphylos.     SI. 


132  ARBUTUS,    ARENARIA. 

menziesii,  Ph.  (W.  T-.)  becoHiing  woody:  leaves  broad-ovate,  entire,  glabrous,  having 
long  petioles;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  panicled,  dense-flowered. 

tomentosa,  Ph.  (W.  T^,)  becoming  woody:  blanches  hispid:  leaves  oval,  acute,  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  white-downy  bonealli,  having  shoit  petioles:  peduncles  axillary, 
of  the  length  of  the  leaves,  bearing  Jiead-racemes:  flowers  bracted. 

filpina,  (strawberry-tree,  w.  M.  ^-.)  stem  procumbent;  leaves  obovate,  acute,  rugose, 
serrate:  racemes  terminal.     Canada. 

5 — 2.     Archemo'ra.     go.     Umb.  sto.  or  nar.  if  nau. 

pmbigJia,  Ph.  (water  drop-wort,  W.  w.  Au.  2|.)  leaves  gash-pinnate,  3 — 5  pairs, 
acute,  leafets  lance-linear,  often  falcate  and  mostly  entire:  fruit  ovate:  stem  smooth. 
3—5  f.     Y.  P.     Mich.     Probably  rigida. 

rigida,  (W.  yv.  S.  Zf.)  leaves  gash -pinnate,  smooth;  leafets  lance-oblong  entire,  or 
with  remote  teeth:  stem  lerete,  striate.     2 — 4  f.     P.  Y.     Mich. 

fricuspidatum,  (Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  gash-pinnate,  lower  leafets  lanceolate,  upper  ones  obo- 
vate.    2-3  f. 

20 — 4.     Arceutho'bium.     58.     Lora.  ast. 

oxycedris,  M.  Bieb.  (false  mistletoe.)  leafless;  very  branching,  branches  opposite; 
obtusely  4-cornered:  flowers  terminal,  sometimes  lateral,  very  small.  Resembles 
the  Salicornia  in  its  articulated  branches.  Parasitical,  growing  on  the  Pinus  pon- 
derosa.     R. 

17 — 1.     Arc'tium.     .54.     Cardu.  sec-  stim.  cat.  if  nau. 

lappa,  (burdock.  O.  r.  Au.  2i.)  cauline  leaves  heart-form,  pelioled,  toothed:  flowers 
panicled,  globose:  involucre  smooth.     Mich.     lihe.  gout,  h  bit-  cat. 

10 — 3.     Arena'ria.     82.     Cary.  emol.  ton- 

serpyll^olia,  W.  (thyme-leaved  sand-woit.  W.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  dichotomous,  spread- 
ing: leaves  ovate,  acute,  sub-ciliate:  calyx  acute,  sub-striate:  petals  shorter  than 
the  calyx.     5  i.     .S'.     P.  H.  O.  C.  T.    Mich. 

glabra,  Mx.  (w.  O.  2^.)  very  glabrous,  sub-erect,  filiform,  many  stems:  leaves  sub- 
ulate-linear, flat,  spreading:  pedicels  1-flovvered,  elongated,  divaricate:  sepals  oval, 
obtusish,  smooth,  shorter  than  die  petals.     4 — 6  i.     iSliawangunk,  White  Mts.    N. 

stricta,  Mx.  (W.  A.  w.  M.  2|-)  glabrous,  erect,  many  stems:  leaves  subulate-linear, 
erect:  panicles  few-llowered:  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  which  is  oval- 
lanceolate,  apparently  striate.     Dry.     6 — 12  i.     N.  T.  D.  Jl.  Mich. 

squarrosa,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  Z(.)  turfy:  lower  leaves  scaly-imbricate,  channelled,  glabrous: 
stems  few,  very  simple:  flowers  few,  terminal,  erect:  petals  much  larger  than  the 
roundish  calyx.     6  i.  Y. 

thymifolia,  Ph.  (Labrador.  L.  ^.)  stem  dichotomous,  diffuse:  leaves  oval,  sub-acute; 
peduncles  alternate,  axillary,  soHtary,  elongated:  calyx  acute:  petals  of  the  length 
of  the  calyx. 

macrocarpa,  (W.  2i.)  cespitose:  leaves  crowded,  linear-subulate,  flat;  margin  ciliate: 
peduncles  terminal,  l-tlovvered:  sepals  linear:  petals  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  capsule  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
fasciculata,  W.  (0.)  sub-glabrous,  cespitose:  stems  straight-erect:  leaves  subulate, 
pungent,  striate:  flowers  dense-fascicled:  calyx  subulate,  striate:  petals  very  short. 
Canada. 

laricifolia,  W.  (W.  2X-)  pubescent,  cespitose-many-Btemmed:  leaves  setaceous:  little 
stems  1  to  3-flowered,  erect:  sepals  linear,  sub-hirsute,  half  as  long  as  the  petals. 
Canada. 

juniperina,  W.  (W.  210  sub- pubescent,  erect,  many-stemmed:  leaves  subulate,  some- 
what 3-sided,  pungent:  panicle  terminal,  dichotomous,  many-flowered:  sepalslance- 
ovate,  striate,  mucronate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals.     Newfoundland.     D. 

Archemora.     Gr.  arche,  the  conqueror,  moros,  fool,  on  account  of  its  poisoning  those 

who  are  foolish  enough  to  eat  it.     Called  fool's  parsley. 
Arceuthobium.     Gr.  arkeuthos,  juniper  tree;  bius,  life,  on  account  of  its  living  on  the 

juniper  or  cedar  trees. 
Arctium.     Gr.  arctos,  a  bear,  from  the  rough  bristly  fruit. 
Arenaria.     Lat.  arena,  sand,  from  its  native  soil. 


ARENARIA. 


133 


propinqua,  Ilk.  (W.  2X.)  cespitose,  glandular-hair j:  leaves  linear-subulate,  acute, 
3-nervecl:  calyx  acute,  3-nerved,  scarcely  longer  tlian  the  petals,  and  sliorter  than  the 
capsule.     Probably  the  verna  is  a  variety  of  this.     Rocky  Mts.  and  west  of  them. 

rubella,  Hk.  (W.  21-)  stems  cespitose,  numerous:  peduncles  terminal,  pubescent,  1- 
flowered:  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse,  3-nerved:  petals  lance-oval,  and  shorter 
than  the  4-valved  capsule,  or  the  lanceolate  acute  3-nerved  calyx.     II. 

rossii,  Hk.  (W.  21-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  3-sided-subulate.  obtusish,  beardless,  nerve- 
less, scarcely  equalling  the  flower:  peduncles  1-flowered,  elongated:  petals  oblong, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  obsoletely  3-nerved  calyx.     R. 

franklinii,  Douglas,  (W.  Zf.)  branches  erect,  level-topped,  numerous,  fragile:  leaves 
shining,  subulate-setaceous:  flowers  fascicled:  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
scarious:  broad-nerved,  exceeding  the  oblong  petals.     W.  R. 

buxifolia,  Hk.  pubescent:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sessile:  stem  creeping:  peduncles 
dichotomous,  somewhat  2-flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,  short,  obtuse, 
membranaceous  at  the  margin;  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx:  capsule  ovate, 
obtuse,  equalling  the  calyx.     Canada. 

laterijlora,  Hk.  (sand-wort.  W.  w.  J.  21.)  minutely  pubescent:  stem  erect,  slender, 
simple  or  fork  branched:  leaves  oblong,  oval,  obtuse,  ciliate,  spreading:  peduncles 
lateral  and  terminal,  elongated,  2  to  4-flowered;  pedicels  alternately  hracted:  divi- 
sions of  the  calyx  oval,  obtuse  nerveless:  about  half  as  short  again  as  the  corol. 
6— lOi.     N.  T.  R.     Hudson's  Bay.     Mich. 

peploides,  Hk.  (sea  chickweed,  Ju.  21.)  glabrous:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  fleshy: 
flowers  sub-solitary,  short-peduncled:  divisions  of  the  calyx  obtuse,  exceeding  the 
corol.     8 — 12  i.     Lower  Canada,  Labrador.     Y. 

obtusa,  T.  (1)  W,  A.  21.)  cespitose,  many-stemmed:  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtusish, 
keeled,  a  little  1-sided:  slem  simple,  mostly  1-flowered:  peduncles  with  glandular 
hairs:  nectaries  oblong-obtuse,  3nerved:  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
capsules  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     D. 

congesta,  N.  (2j:.)  cespitose,  glabrous;  leaves  long  linear-subulate,  pungent:  flowers 
in  roundish  heads,  with  crowded  membranous  bracts:  sepals  ovate,  membranaceous 
obscurely  3-nerved,  about  half  the  length  of  the  oblong  petals:  stem  simple,  a 
foot  high.     Rocky  Mountains. 

hooJceri,  N.  (  )  stem  branched  from  the  base,  cespitose,  3  inches  high,  fastigiate- 
pubescent:  leaves  subulate-setaceous:  flowers  fascicled:  sepals  lanceolate-subulate,, 
1-nerved,  membranaceous,  rather  shorter  than  the  oblong,  obtuse  petals.  Rocky 
Mountains. 

nardifolia,  Ledeb.  (2{.)  cespitose:  leaves  fascicled,  linear-setaceous,  very  narrow, 
mucronate,  glabrous:  stems  erect,  glabrous,  1  to  3-flowered:  petals  obovate,  longer 
than  the  very  obtuse,  ovate  5-nerved  sepals.     Arctic  Sea-shore. 

pungens,  N.  (2i.)  cespitose:  minutely  glandularly  pubescent:  leaves  subulate,  chan- 
nelled, pungent,  the  lower  ones  squarrousely  imbricated  and  crowded:  flowers  few, 
sub-pannicuiate:  sepals  lanceolate,  obscurely  3nerved,  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate 
petals.     Rocky  Mountains. 

Imella,  N.  (-§.)  erect,  slender,  somewhat  branched  from- the  base:  leaves  filiform, 
subulate,  acute:  peduncles  minutely  glandular-pubescent:  petals  oblong,  nearly 
twice  the  length  of  the  acute  3-nerved  shortish  sepals.     Oregon,  Arkansas. 

greenlandica,  Spren.  (2X.  Ju.  Aug.)  cespitose,  glabrous;  stems  two,  decumbent  at  the 
base,  ]  to  o-tiowered:  leaves  very  narrow,  linear,  obtuse:  pedicels  filiform,  nearly 
erect:  petals  obovate-cuneiform,  entire  or  with  a  sligiit  notch,  twice  the  length  of 
the  rather  oblong,  very  obtuse,  membranaceously-margined,  nerveless  sepals.  Green- 
land to  i\.  Y. 

hirta,  Worm.  (21.)  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse  2-furrowed,  minutely  hirsute^ 
stems  2  to  3-flowered:  sepals  3-nerved,  acute,  shorter  than  the  capsule:  petals  ob- 
long, a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx.     3  i.     Green. 

ciliate,  Lin.  (  )  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  bullate-rugose,  more  or  less  nerved  and 
ciliate:  stems  procumbent:  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  nerved  shorter  than  the  petals, 
as  long  as  the  ovate  6  valved  capsule.     Green. 

macrophyUd,  Hk.  (  )  stem  slender,  erect,  dichotomously  branched:  leaves  spreading, 
lanceolate,  acute  at  eacli  end,  glabrous:  peduncle  terminal  or  lateral,  2  or  3-flower- 
ed: sepals  ovate,  sharply  acuminate,  longer  than  the  petals  and  capsules.     Oregon. 

(1)  arctica  of  Hk.     Rocky  Mts.     James. 


134  ARENARIA,    ARISTOLOCHIA. 

Southern. 

patula,  Mx.  (W.  ![■)  pubescent:  stems  filiform,  panicled,  many-flowered:  leaves  se- 
taceous: subulate,  spreading:  petUls  sub-emarginate,  longer  than  the  acute  striate 
calyx.     K. 

pitcheri,  N.  (0.)  erect  and  slender,  glabrous,  fastigiately  branched,  few-flowered: 
leaves  linear-filiform,  obtuse,  not  fascicled:  peduncles  slightly  glandular-pubescent: 
petals  oblong,  somewhat  exceeding  the  lanceolate,  strongly  rive  (sometimes  three) 
nerved  sepals.     Texas,  Arkansas. 

■brevifolia,  N.  (^.  w.)  glabrous,  not  cespitose;  stems  filiform,  erect,  simple,  2  to  3- 
flowered:  leaves  minute,  erect,  lanceolate,  subulate,  nerveless:  sepals  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, with  scarious  margins,  about  the  length  of  the  3-nerved  capsule:  petals  obovate- 
oblong,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     2  to  4  i.     Georgia. 

18—1.     Arethu'sa.     21.     Orch.  nut.  emo. 

ibulbosa,  W.  (arethusa,  r.  J.  Zf.)  leafless:  root  globose:  scape  sheathed,  1 -flowered- 
calyx  with  the  superior  divisions  incurved:  lip  sub-crenulate.     Flowers  large,  sweet- 
scented.     Damp.     T.  N.  Mich. 

Arethusa,  see  Triphora  and  Pogonia. 
12 — 1.     Argemo'ne.     62.     Papa.  s.  nar.  ano.  cat.  h.  diu. 

-.mexicana,  W.  (Prickly  poppy,  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  pinnatifid,  gashed,  spinose:  flowers 
axillary.     Var.  albiflora,  leaves  pinnatifid:  flowers  large.     S.     P.  H.     Platte  river. 

3 — 2.     Aeis'tida.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.    > 

.dichotoma,  Mx.  (beard  grass,  poverty  grass.  O.  S.  ^.  Z[.)  cespitose:  culm  dichotom- 

ous:  flowers  racemose-spiked:  lateral  awns  very  short,  intermediate  ones  contorted. 

8—12  i. 
.stricta,  Mx.    (Zf-)    culm  and  leaves  straight,  erect:   leaves  pubescent:  raceme  long, 

somewhat  spiked,  crowded:  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  paleas,  spreading.     3f.     S.  P. 

Mich. 
jpurpurascens,  (S.  Tl-)  culm  filiform,  erect,  simple:  leaves  very  narrow,  flat:  flowers 

in  a  long-spiked  panicle:  awns  nearly  equal,  twice  the  length  of  the  paleas.  2  f.  <S. 

Southern, 
.spiciformis,  E.  (S.  21-)  flowers  crowded  together,  somewhat  spiked:  the  middle  awn 

villous  at  the  base.     3  f. 
.gracilis,  E.    (S.    2X-)   stem  very  slender:  flowers  in  spikes:  spikelets  few-flowered, 

somewhat  remote,  appressed:  lateral  awns  short,  erect;  the  intermediate  ones  long- 
er, expanding.     1  f. 
.Lanosa,  M.  (S.  2i-)  panicle  erect,  appressed:  flowers  in  racemes:  glumes  longer  than 

the  paleas:  sheaths  of  the  leaves  woolly.     2 — 4  f. 
oligantha,  Mx.  (J.  Zf-)  culm  straight,  sub-ramose:  leaves  convolute-filiform:  flowers 

solitary,  distant:   awn  long,  divaricate.     &'.     P. 
jfasciculuta,  T.    (W.)    culm  filifoim,   erect,  branched:  leaves  narrow,    flat,  smooth: 

panicle  long,  sub-spiked:  flowers  in  fascicles:  glume  shorter  than  the  paleas:  awns 

nearly  equal,  spreading,  longer  than  the  flower. 
jtaUens,  (W.)  panicle  few-flowered,  pedicelled,  alternately  2-flowered,    approximate; 

awn  capillary,  very  long:  leaves  filiform. 
tuberculosa,  N.  (       )  culm  erect,    dichotomous,  joints  tumid,  with  small  tubercles  in 

the  axils:  panicles  rigid:  glumes  keeled,   with  long  subulate  points:  paleas  stiped; 

awns  smooth,  convolute.     3  f. 

18 — 6.     Aristolo'chia.     23.     Aris.  ton.  stim.  asp.  ano. 

sipho,  Hr.  (birthwort.  W.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  heart-form,  acute:  stem  twinijig:  pedun- 
cles 1-flowered,  furnished  with  an  ovate  bract:  corol  ascending;  limb3-cleft,  equal. 
A  very  high  running  vine,  with  large  leaves:  flowers  yellowish  brown.     P.  K. 

Arethusa.     From  the  celebrated  fountain  of  that  name  near  Syracuse,  or  from  one  of 

the  Hesperides. 
Argemone.  Gr.  argema,  the  cataract,  a  disorder  of  the  eyes,  which  it  was  said  to  cure. 
Aristida.  Lat.  arista,  an  awn,  characteristic  of  the  genus. 
Aristolochia.  Gr.  aristos,  best,  and  locheia,  parturition. 


ARISTOLOCHIA,    ARONIA.  135 

serpentina,  (W.  p.  J.  IfO  leaves  heart-form,  oblong,  acuminate:  stem  zigzag,  ascend- 
ing; peduncles  radical:  lip  of  the  corol  lanceolate.  (The  Virginia  snake-root.)  There 
is  a  variety  with  very  long,  narrow  leaves.  Tonic  and  diaphoretic.  Bw.  P.  Y.  D. 
O.  H.  K.     Ant-poi.  res-bit.  sto. 

Southern, 
tomentosa,  Sims.  (A.  g-y.)  stem  twining:  leaves  roundish-cordate,  downy  beneath: 

corol  villous;  border  3-cleft,  nearly  equal. 
hastata,    N.  (A.)  stem  flexuose,    simple,    erect:  leaves  somewhat  cordate,    hastate, 

acute:  flowers  on  scapes:  lip  of  the  corol  ovate. 

11 — 1.     Armenia'ca.     9iJ.     Pom.  ref.  ape.  ton. 
Exotic, 
vulgaris,  (apricot,    fp.)  leaves   sub-cordate;   stipules   palmate.     Var.   precox,   (early 
apricot,)  fruit  small,  yellow.  Var.  /?ersicoi</es,  (peach  apricot,)  fruit  sub-compressed. 
dasycarpa,  (black  apricot.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate:  petioles  glan- 
dular: drupe  globose,  pubescent. 

17 — 2.     Ar'nica.     55.     Inu.  ton.  sec-  stim. 

midicaulis,  (y.  J.  >>.)  hairy:  radical  leaves decusssate  and  opposite,  oblong-oval,  sub- 
dentate:  stem  nearly  leafless,  divided  at  the  top  into  several  l-flowered  branches. 
VV^oods.     18  i. 

doronicum,  W.  (A.  y.  Ju.  Tj .)  leaves  remote,  toothed,  woolly-hirsute  beneath;  radi- 
cal ones  petioled,  oblong,  narrow  at  the  base;  cauline  ones  alternate,  lance-oblong: 
stems  one  flowered.     7  i. 

plantaginea,  Ph.  (A.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  glabrous:  leaves  entire,  glabrous  both  sides,  acute, 
3-nerved;  radical  ones  lance-spatulate,  terminating  in  a  narrow  petiole  at  the  base; 
cauline  ones  oposite,  lanceolate,  sessile:     stem  l-flowered.     7  i. 

maritima,  W.  (W.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate;  lower  ones  serrate:  stem  leafy,  many- 
flowered. 

SoutJiern, 

fulgens,  Ph.  (W^.  y.  Ju.  21.)  hairy;  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish,  tapering  to 
the  base:  petioles  3-nerved:  cauline  leaves  opposite,  remote,  linear;  stem  l-flower- 
ed.    1  f 

claytoni,  Ph.  (E.  y.  Ju.  T;'.)  hirsute;  radicalleaves  decussately  opposite,  oblong-ovate, 
sub-dentate;  stem  somewhat  leafless;  top  divided  into  l-flowered  peduncles.     2  f. 

11 — 5.     Aroni'a.     92.     Pom.  ref.  ape.  ton. 

botryapium,  P.  (1.)  (shad-bush,  june-berry.  O.  w.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  oblong-oval,  cuspi- 
date, glabrous  when  mature,  (when  first  expanded  lanceolate  and  downy:)  flowers 
racemed:  petals  linear:  germs  pubescent:?  segments  of  the  calyx  glabrous  without, 
and  hairy  within.     8—30  f.     Mich. 

sanguinea,  (2)  (bloody  choak-berry.  W.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends, 
mucronate;  serratures  very  slender:  racemes  few-flowered:  calyx  glabrous:  petals 
linear,  obtuse.     3—6  f.     T.  B.     Mich. 

ovalis,  P.  (3)  (medlar  bush.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  round-oval,  acute  glabrous:  flowers  ra- 
cemed: petals  obovate:    germ,   and  segments  of  the  calyx,   pubescent.     Var.   of 

botryapium?     T.     Mich. 

Southern. 

ainifolia,  N.  (W.  M.  >>.)  smooth:  leaves  loundish,   upper  part  toothed,    pinnately 

nerved,  sub-glaucous  beneath:  raceme  simple,  elongated.     Fruit  black  and  sweet. 

Armeniaca.     From  Armenia,  whence  it  was  brought. 

Arnica.     This  is  said  to  be  a  variation  ofptarmica,  derived  from  Gr.  ptairo,  to  sneeze. 

Others  derive  it  from  Gr.  ars,  (arnos,)  a  lamb,  the  leaf  of  this  plant  resembling 

the  coat  of  the  lamb. 
Aronia.     Gr.  aronia,  the  medlar  tree. 

(1)  Pyrus  botryapium,  W.  Mespilus  canadensis,  L.  Amelanchier,  Med.  (2)  Py- 
rus  sanguinea.  Ph.  (3)  Mespilus  canadensis.  Var.  obovalis,  Mx.  Crataegus  spicata, 
Lk. 


136  ARRHENATHERUM,    ARTEMISIA. 

3 — 2.     Arrhenath'erum.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

avenaceum,  (J.  2X.)  panicle  equal,  nodding:  awn  as  long  again  as  the  flower:  culm 

geniculate,  smooth:  root  nodose.     3  f. 
pennsylvanicum,  (Ju.  2{.)  panicle  attenuated:  branches  short,  alternate:  awn  twice 

as  long  as  the  florets:  seeds  villose. 

Southern, 
hentuckiensis,  T.   (W.  Zf.)  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled,   not  alternate:  upper 
floret  has  the  superior  valve  furnished  with  a  short  awn  a  little  below  the  tip. 

17—2.     Artemi'sia.     55.     Anth.   ton.  sec-  stim.sto.  dysp. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (wild  wormwood.  O.  w.  y.  Au.  2{.)  sub-decumbent,  scarcely  pubescent: 
leaves  flat,  linear-pinnatifid:  branchlets  spike-flowered:  flowers  sub-hemispheric: 
involucre  scarious.     Receptacles  smooth.     3 — 4  f.     Mich. 

caudata,  (W.?  L.  S.  21.)  stem  snnple,  herbaceous,  much  branched,  pyramidal:  radical 
and  cauline  leaves  bipinnate,  pubescent,  upper  ones  pinnate,  with  sub-setaceous, 
alternate,  divaricate,  somewhat  convex  segments:  flowers  pedicelled,  erect,  globe- 
ovate.     2  f     >S. 

chineiisis,  W.  (W.  S.  2i.)  hoary:  lower  leaves  wedge-form,  obtuse,  3-Iobed;  upper 
ones  linear,  obtuse:   flowers  globose,  peduncled,  nodding. 

spWuimea,  Ph.  (S- ZC-)  small,  silky-pubescent:  lower  leaves  linear,  upper  ones  pin- 
natifid;  divisions  few,  linear,  a^ute:  flowers  racemed,  short-peduncled,  hemispheric: 
involucre  scarious. 

gnaphaluides,  N.  (W.  S.  If.)  white-dbwny:  stem  simple,  herbaceous:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  sub-entire,  downy  both  sides:  flowers  raceme-glomerate,  pedicelled,  nodding, 
involucre  oval-o»blong:  the  pistillate  florets  6  or  7.     2  f.     Mich. 

vulgaris,  (W.  mugwort.  common  tansey.  S.  Zf.)  leaves  downy  beneath;  cauline  ones 
pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceolate,  sub-toothed,  acute;  floral  ones  undivided,  linear- 
lanceolate:  flovveis  sub-sessile,  oblong  erect:  involucre  downy.     R. 

lona-ifolia,  N.  (W.  Zf.  &  >?.)  stem  simple:  leaves  mostly  entire,  lance-linear,  acumi- 
nate; margin  refle.xed;  under  side  white-downy:  floweis  cylindric-ovate,  erect,  in 
sessile  conglomerate  racemes,     ludoviciana?  N.  R. 

indica,  aro.  asp.  W.  (Zf.  fp.)  somewhat  woody:  erect,  raceme-panicled,  ovate;  panicle 
leafy,  spreading,  racemes  before  flowering  pendulous;  florets  naked;  outer  scales  of 
the  Involucre  leafy  acute;  inner  ones  membranaceous  obtuse:  leaves  ash-tomentose 
beneath;  inferior  ones  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  trifidj  top  ones  simple,  divisions  lance- 

'  olate,  inferior  sub-dentate  or  gashed.     Canada. 

purshiana,  Bess.  (Zf.  ^.)  ascending,whitish;  heads  in  an  ovate  panicle,  which  is  leafy 
and  straight;  florets  naked,  leafets  white  beneath:  cauline  leaves  lance-cuneate 
mucronale,  entire.     A.  R. 

douglassii,  Bess.  (Zf.)  sub-fruticose,  straight,  whitish:  heads  in  spiked  hemispheric 
panicles;  panicle  sub-foliaceous,  florets  naked,  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  inner 
ones  scarious  at  the  apex,  leafets  whitish  beneath:  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  acute 
entire.     R. 

arctica,  Bess.  (  )  cespitose:  heads  raceme-spiked,  glomerate  globose;  peduncles 
wooly  at  the  tip;  florets  sub-pilose  at  the  apex:  scales  of  the  involucre  fuscous 
scarious  above:  leaves  somewhat  silky,  cut-pinnate  below,  trifid  above,  divisions  of 
the  radical  ones  tri-quinate,  of  the  upper  ones  undivided,  linear,  obtuse.     A. 

lindLeyana,  Bess.  (  ^ . )  whitish  above,  spike  with  panicled  sub-hemispheric  heads,  erect: 
florets  naked;  scales  of  the  involucres  scarious  at  the  apex,  outermost  foliaceous; 
leaves  sub-linear  white-tomentose  beneath.     R. 

hookeriana,  Bess.  (Zf-  t-)  erect:  heads  thyrse-panicled,  globose,  nodding,  scarcely 
leafy:  heads  white-woolly  with  scales  scarious  at  the  margin,  rounded:  leaves 
whitish,  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  divisions  and  floral  leaves  lance-linear  acute.     R. 

glomerata,  H.  (  )  densely  cespitose  silky-villose:  branches  short,  closely  foliate: 
leafets  short,  3 — 5-cleft-palmate,  divisions  short-acuminate,  lower  ones  sessile,  cau- 
line ones  broad-petioled:  flowers  capitate,  receptacle  naked.     A. 

caespilosa,  Bess.  (L.  )  heads  raceme-spiked,  glomerate,  globose:  peduncles  wooly  at 
the  apex;  florets  fine-hairy  above;  scales  of  the  involucre  fuscous,  scarious,  a  little 

Arrhenatherum^     Gr.  arrlien,  stamen,  and  aiheros,  beard  of  chaff. 

Artemisia.     From  Artemisia,  the  wife  of  Mausolus,  or  from  Artemas,  a  name  of  Diana. 


ARTEMISIA,    ARUM.  137 

Wftolly  on  the  back;  leaves  somewhat  ^ilky,  radical  ones  lorlg-petioletlj  cauline  ones 
cut-pinnate  below  and  trifid  above,  divisions  of  the  lower  3 — 5-gash-cleft,  of  those 
below  undivided  linear  obtuse.     A. 

mickavxinna,  Bess.  (  )  herbaceous  heads  in  globose  racemes,  nodding:  stem  very 
simple:  florets  naked,  lateral  scales  of  the  glabrous  involucre  scarious,  shining: 
leaves  white  downy  beneath,  pinnatifid,  divisions  of  tlie  lower  ones  gash-toothed, 
those  of  the  upper  and  floral  ones  lance-linear.     R. 

prescottuma,  Bess.  (21-  ^  • )  heads  in  globose  spikesj  sub-erect,  on  very  simple  branches; 
florets  naked;  scales  of  the  involucre  scarious  at  the  margin,  shining:  leaves  whitish 
beneath,  revolute  at  the  margins,  pinnatifid  or3-clefl:  divisions  diverging;  divisions 
and  leaves  linear-filiform  at  the  summit.     R. 

chamissoniana,  Bess.   (  )   herbaceous;   heads  large,  in  globose  racemes:  stem  very 

simple:  florets  chiefly  peduncled  at  tlie  base  and  hairy  at  the  apex:  leaves  sub- 
glabrous,  lower  ones  bi-pinnatifid  and  petioled,  upper  ones  pinnatifid  and  sessilej 
divisions  lance-linear,  somewhat  gash-toothed.     R.   A. 

cana,  W.  (W.  S.  2i.)  hoary;  leaves  long,  lance-linear,  acute,  nerved,  whitish  both 
sides;  lower  ones  wedge-form,  acutely  3-lobed:  flowers  oval,  in  glomerules;  axillaryj 
sessile.     R. 

frigida,  W.  (W.  Oc.  21.)  leaves  hoary,  pinnate;  leafets  3-parted,  linear,  acute:  floral 
ones  pinnate,  3-parted;  stem  ascending:  flowers  globose,  nodding. 

Exotic. 

pontica,  (romari  artemisia.)  leaves  downy  beneath;  cauline  ones  bipinnate;  leafets 
linear:  branches  simple:  flowers  roundish,  peduncled,  nodding. 

absinthium,  ton.  sto.  (wormwood.  21.)  stem  branching,  panicled:  leaves  hoary,  radical 
ones  triply  pinnatifid:  divisions  lanceolate,  toothed,  obtuse;  cauline  ones  2-pinna- 
tifid,  or  pinnatifid:  divisions  lanceolate,  acutish;  floral  ones  undivided,  lanceolate* 
Naturalized  in  most  mountain  districts  of  New  England,     gozit.  dysp.  epi. 

abrotanum,  ath.  (southern-wood.  2{..  and  Tp.)  stem  straight:  lower  leaves  bipiunatei 
upper  ones  capillary,  pinnate:  involucre  pubescent,  hemispheric. 

Soulher7i. 

Santonica,  W.  (W.  S.  21.)  cauline  leaves  glabrous:  branches  undivided:  spikes  1-sided, 
reflexed;  flowers  sub-sessile,  5-florets. 

eampestris,  W.  (field  wormwood.  W.  S.  2X.)  cauline  leaves  setaceous-pinnate,  gla- 
brous; radical  ones  pinnate,  with  3-cleft  hoary  divisions:  Stem  procumbent,  branch- 
ing, wand-like;  flowers  ovate,  peduncled. 

biennis,  W.  (W.  ^.)  leaves  glabrous;  radical  ones  3-parted-pinnate:  lower  cauline 
ones  pinnatifid;  upper  ones  linear,  undivided:  stem  straight:  flowers  roundish,  sub- 
sessile,  erect. 

serrata,  N.  (W.  2X.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends;  margin  serrate;  upper 
side  smooth,  under  White-downy:  flowers  panicled,  erect:  involucre  small,  dyliri- 
drical-ovate.     5  f.  - 

columbiensis,  N.  (wild  sage.  W.  Z[.  ^.)  canescent,  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  flat, 
hoary  both  sides,  entire:  flowers  oblong,  glomerate,  axillary,  sessile,  all  perfect. 
10  f.     Highly  aromatic. 

cernua,  pum.  N.  (1)  (W.  11.)  stem  much-branched:  radical  leaves  3-cleft;  lower  ones 
lacinated,  hoary,  pubescent  when  young:  upper  ones  entire,  lance-hnear,  smooth: 
racemes  panicled,  nodding:  florets  pedicelled,  sUb-globose,  inclined:  involucre 
scarious.     8  f 

ludomciana,  N.  (W.  2i.)  stem  simple:  lower  leaves  sub-gash-pinnatifid;  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  entire,  hairy  above,  downy  beneath:  flowers  ovate,  erect,  sessile:  invo- 
lucre pubescent:  panicle  simple.     2  f. 

nuitaUiana,  Bess.  (21.  ^.)  heads  in  a  globose  panicled  raceme:  outer  scales  of  the 
involucre  linear-oblong,  margined:  stem  erect:  panicle  spreading:  lower  leaves  gla- 
brous, cauline  ones  undivided  at  the  base  and  trifid,  divisions  and  branches  lanceo- 
late acute.     Red  River. 

19 — 2.     A'rOm.     7.     Aroi.  acr.  exp.  r.  amy.  if  dty. 
dracontium,  W.  (green-dragon,  W.    J.  7i.)  stemless:  leaves  pedate;  leafets   lanceo 

Arum.  Formerly  aron,  supposed  to  be  an  ancient  Egyptian  word. 
(1)  dracunculoides.  L.  dracunculus,  Ph. 

18 


138  ARMM,    ASCLEPIAS 

late-oblongj  entire;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  oblong-convolute  spathe.  River 
alluvion.     12—18  i.     P.  T.  N.  O.  M.     Mch.     poi— .  if  green. 

atrorubens,  W,  (brown-dragon.  M.  Zf.)  steinless;  leaves  lernate;  leafets  ovate,  acumi- 
nate: spadix  cylindrical:  spathe  sessile,  ovale,  acuminate,  spreading  horizontally- 
above.     Spathe  dark-brown:   disagreeable  smell.     P. 

tripkyllum,  W.  (Indian  turnip,  wild  turnip,  wake  robin.  O.  p.  g.  &  w.  M.  2|.)  sub- 
caulescent:  leaves  lernate;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate:  spadix  club-form:  spathe  ovate, 
acuminate,  peduncled,  with  the  laminse  as  long  as  the  spadix.  One  variety,  virens, 
has  a  green  spathe;  another,  a<fo/?H/7>tt/-eM/n,  has  a  dark- purple  spathe;  another,  a^ 
bum,  has  a  white  spathe.     1 — 3  f.     Wet.     J\lch.     r.  dried,  amy-sago. 

Southern. 
quinatum,  N.  (21.)  stemless:  leaves  quinale,  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
walteri,  (Ap.)  stemless:  leaves  sagittate,  triangular:  angles  divaricate,  acute. 

3 — 2.     Arun'do.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

phragmites,  Linn,  (reed-grass,  If.  Aug.)  spikelets  3  to  G-flowered:  glumes  shorter 
than  the  florets:  paleas  awnless;  the  lower  linear  lauceolate  with  a  long  slender 
acumination,  which  is  involute  and  resembles  an  awn.     Mich.     P.  communis. 

Southern. 
aroides,  Mx.  (2X.)  P^"''^'^  ^"^'^O''^'"^^''^^'    incurved:  glumes  2-flowered,  glabrous,  un- 
equal: paleas   membranaceous,   of  the   length   of  the  glumes:  hairs   equalling  the 
paleas:  leaves  flat,  scabrous. 

18 — 12.     AsARUM.     23.     Aris.  ton.  stim.  exp.  pec. 

canadense,  (1)  (white  snakeroot,  wild  ginger,  false  colt-foot.  O.    g-p.  M.  21.)  leaves 

broad  kidney-form,  in  pairs:  calyx  woolly,  deeply  3-parted;  divisions  sub-lanceolate, 

reflected.     Root  aromatic  and  stiinulent.     Bw.     .S.     Mch. 
virginicum,  W.  (M.  2i-)  leaves  solitary,  round  heart-form,  glabrous,  leathery:  flowers 

sub-sessile:  calyx  glabrous  above,  short  bell-form.     Leaves  speckled,  smooth.     S. 

P. 

Southern. 

ari/olium,  (p.  March.  H.)  leaves  sub-hastate,  cordate:  calyx  urceolate,  border  3- 
clefl,  converging,  pubescent  within. 

18 — 5.     AscLE'riAs.     47.     Ascl.  acr.  eme.  stim.  jjle.  cat.  jme. 
I.      [.caves  opposite. 

syriaca,  (common  milkweed,  swallow  wort.  O.  w-p.  Ju.  2X-)  stem  very  simple:  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  gradually  acute,  downy  beneath:  umbels  sub-nodding,  downy, 
flowers  in  large  close  clusters,  sweet  scented— pollinia  are  fly-traps.  3 — 5  f.  iS. 
Mch. 

obtusifolia,  Mx.  (2)  (W.  p.  J.  2f.)  leaves  chspmg,  oblong,  round-obtuse,  sometimes 
mucronate,  waving:  umbel  terminal,  long-|)edimclod,  many-flowered,  glabrous;  the 
horn  of  the  nectary  exsert.     Flowers  large.    2 — 3  f.     K     C.  P.  Y.     Mch. 

phytoLaccoidcs,  Ph.  (6.  w-g.  Ju.  21.)  stem  erect,  simple:  leaves  broad-ovate,  acute, 
glabrous,  paler  beneath:  nectaries  truncate,  internal  margin  2-loothed:  umbels 
lateial  and  terminal,  long-peduncled,  nodding.  The  horn  of  the  nectary  is  very 
long  and  slender.     'M'.     S.     Mich. 

periplucafolia,  N.  (3)  (w-g.  Ju.  2S-.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  somewhat  distant,  lance-ovate, 
narrowing  upwards,  very  aculf,  .smooth  on  both  sides,  margin  rough:  unjbels  most- 
ly 2,  naked,  lateral:  root  round-tuberous:  segments  of  the  neclanes  oblong-linear. 
2  f.     ^^     Y. 

Arundo.   Lat.  arundo,  a  reed,  from  areo,  to  dry,  because  it  soon  becomes  dry. 
Asarum.  Gr.  «,   without,  and  sairo,  to  adorn;  not  being  used  in  ornamental  cha[)lets 

by  the  ancients.     Boerhaave. 
Asclepias.   Asclepias  is  the  Greek  name  of  the  Acsculuiiius  of  the  Latins,  the  god  of 

medicine. 

(1)  carolinianum,   Wr.    latitolium.   Sy.      (2)  purpnrascens,    VVr.      (3)  acuminata. 
Ph.  cordata,  Wr.  laurifblia,  Mx. 


ASCLEPIAS,     ASCYRUM.  139 

amotna,  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  TJ.)  stem  simple,  a  little  liaiiy  on  two  sides:  leaves  sub-ses- 
sile,oblong-oval,  pubescent  beneath:  terminal  umbels  and  nectaries  erect,  appendages 
exsert.     D.ujip.     ,S?.     C.  Y.  P. 

jiuqjurasnns,  \V.  (p.  Ju.  21-)  stem  simple,  leaves  ovate,  villose  beneatli;  umbels 
erect;  liorn  of  nectaries  resupinate.     Siiades.     2  f.     .S'.     Y.  N.  Mcli. 

jndchra,  "\V.  (r.  Ju.  ZT.)  leaves  lanceolate,  hairy  under  side:  stem  divided  towards  the 
top:  umbels  erect  in  pairs.     Flowers  small:  bark  very  sliowy. 

varie<rata,  W.  (1)  (W.  w.  Ju.  7X-)  stem  simple  erect:  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  rugose, 
naked:  umbels  sub-sessile,  pedicelled,  tomentose.  The  umbels  dense.  S.  Y.  P. 
N. 

incarnata,  W.  (O.  r.  Ju.  Zf-)^^^"^  erect,  downy,  branching  above:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sub-downy  both  sides;  umbels  mostly  double  at  their  origin:  the  little  horn  of  the  nec- 
tary exsert.  A  variety  vidchra,  is  more  liairy.  Var.  gtnhra,  almost  glabrous:  with 
two  opposite  longitudinal  hairy  lines  on  the  stem:  leaves  glabrous,  with  rough  mar- 
gins, midrib  glandular  below.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  Aikin.  Var.  alba,  has 
white  flowers.     Damp.     3  f     -S.     Mich. 

parvifiora,  (2)  (w.  Ju.  2_f-)  smoothish;  stem  weak,  erect,  simple:  leaves  petioled, 
oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  membranaceous:  umbels  terminal,  lax  flowered; 
pedicels  capillary.     The  bark  is  a  good  substitute  for  flax.     1 — 2  f.     S. 

quadrifolia,  Ju.  (O.  \v.  p-w.  M.  21.)  stem  erect,  simple,  smooth:  leaves  ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  petioled:  those  in  the  middle  of  tlie  stem  are  largest,  and  mostly  in 
fours:  umbels  2  to  4,  terminal,  lax-flowered:  pedicels  filiform.  Flowers  small  and 
sweet  scented.     18  i.— 2  f.     6'.     Shades.     T. 

2.     Leaves  not  opposite. 

rcrticiUafa,  Mx.  (dwarf  milkweed.  O.  g-p.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  very  simple,  mark- 
ed with  lines,  and  small  pubescence:  leaves  very  narrow-linear,  straight,  glabrous, 
whorled,  scattered:   horn  of  the  nectary  exsert.     2  f     iS'.     Mich. 

tiibcrosa,  W.  (buttelly-weed.  colic-root,  pleurisy-root,  white-root.  O.  y.  Ju.  ZC-)  stem 
erectisli,  at  the  top  spreading-branched,  very  rough-haired:  leaves  scattered,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rough-haired:  umbels  terminal,  sub-corymbed.  A  variety  decumbens, 
has  a  decumbent  stem:  leaves  sub-linear,  hirsute;  another  Var.  co?-</ate,  has  broad 
cordate  leaves.     Cathartic,   diaphoretic,  expectorant.     Bw.     18  i. — 2  f.     S.  Mich. 

pavpcrcuh,  Mx.  (r.  g.  M.  2^.)  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  very  long,  remote,  glabrous, 
with  the  margin  pubesceyt:  umbels  few- flowered.     3 — 4  f.     N.  Jersey. 

F^outhem. 

connivens,  Baldwin,  (J.  H.)  leaves  oblong,  oval,  nuicronate.  slightly  hairy,  sessile: 
leaves  of  the  nectary  usually  long,  incurved,  coiinivent  at  the  summit.     J — 2  f 

tomeutosa,  E.  (IS.)  leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  acute,  tomentose:  umbels  sessile,  with 
the  horns  exsert.     1 — 2  f 

amplexicaulis,  Mx.  (p.  w.  Ap.  2{.)  very  glabrous:  stems  decumbent:  leaves  sessile, 
cordate,  strongly  veined,  glaucous,  appressed:  umbels  terminal  and  axillary.  1  to 
2f. 

nivea,  (Ju.  2X-)  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  nearly  glabrous:  umbels  erect,  lateral,  soli- 
tary: stem  simple. 

an'titstifolia,  E.  (g.  w.  M.  2X-)leaves  scattered,  strap-shaped,  slightly  pubescent:  um 
bels  solitary,  terminal;  horns  included.     8 — 18  i.     Cliarleston,  S.  C. 

cinerea,  Wr.  (J.  11.)  leaves  long,  linear,  opposite:  umbels  few,  terminal,  naked:  horns 
short.     3  f 

speciosa,  T.  &  J.  (W. )  slenderly  tomentose:  leaves  heart-ovate,  obtuse,  opposite, 
short-petioled:  umbels  axillary,  terminal  and  solitary:  nectaries  erect,  lanceolate, 
straight,  acute;  horn  short,  incurved,  compressed.     Flowers  very  large. 

12—3.     AscYRUM.     68.     Hyp.  cat.  feb. 

crux-andreic,  W.  (3)  (W.  petcr's  wort.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  many  stems,  diffuse:  leaves  sub- 
lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse:  corymb  terminal:  flowers  sub-sessile,  2-styled:  stem 
sub- terete,  2  feet  high:  petals  narrow.  \'zr.  amrustifolimn,  W.  leaves  oblong  linear, 
crowded:  flowers  lateral  and  terminal,  erect,  2-bracted  near  the  base;  styles  1  or  2, 
connivent:  larger  sepals  acute,  oval-ovate.     Sand.     8  i.     S.     P.  Y. 


Ascyrum.     Gr.  a,  without,  and  skuros,  rough,  on  account  of  its  sleekness. 
(1)  hybrida.  Mx.     (2)  perennis,  Wr.  debilis,  Mx.     (3)  multicaule,  Mx. 


140  PORCELTA,    ASPIDIUM. 

SouOiem. 

(implexicaule,  Mx.  (Ap.  y.  Zf.)  erect,  sparingly  branched,  with  the  branches  compress- 
ed: leaves  ovate,  oblong,  clasping:  outer  sepals  cordate:  styles  3  to '4.     1 — 2  f. 

pumihnn,  Mx.  (March,  y.  2|.)  stem  small,  simple,  quadrangular:  leaves  oval,  obtuse, 
fascicled:  pedicels  long,  (half  an  inch)  reflexed:  styles  1  or  2,     Georgia. 

slans,  Mx.  (1)  (W.  K)  stem  woody,  winged,  straight,  branches  straight:  leaves 
oval-ovate,  obtuse,  glaucous:  inner  sepals  heart-orbicular:  stamens  united  at  the 
base:  styles  2.     K. 

fnicrosepalnm,  T.  (March,  Ap.  )  stem  nearly  terete,  much  branched:  leaves  very 
small,  oblong-linear,  crowded:  flowers  erect,  on  long  peduncles:  sepals  much 
shorter  than  the  obovate  unqual  petals:  styles  3,  long,  distinct.  1  f.  Flowers 
large.     Georgia  and  Florida. 

Asimina,  Porcelia. 

6 — 1.     Aspar'agus.     12.     Smil.  diu.  dem.  edi. 

Exotic. 

officinalis,  (asparagus.  Ju.  21.)  stem  herbaceous,  unarmed,  sub-erect,  terete:  leaves 

bristle-form,    soft:  stipules  sub-solitary.     Naturalized  in  the  northern  and  southern 

(Jistricts.     4  f.     C.  P.  B. 

G — 1.     AsPHottf'Lus.     16.     Asph.   stim.  exp.  abs. 
Exotic. 

luteus,  (asphodel,  king's  spear.  2X.)  stem  leafy;  leaves  3-sided,  striate. 
T-amosus,  {21.)  stem  branching,  naked:  leaves  ensiform,  carinate,  smooth. 

21 — 1.     Aspi'dium.     5.     Fil.  sec-stim  r.  ath. 
1.     Frond  ternate. 

cicutarium,  W.  (2)  (If.)  leafets  pinnatifid;  divisions  acuminate,  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
entire:  the  lower  and  outer  divisions  of  the  sides  elongated:  fruit  dots  in  rows.     P. 

2.     Frond  pinnate. 

aQTOstichoidcs,  W.  (3)  (O.  J.  to  Au-  21.)  leafets  lanceolate,  sabre-form,  acute,  ciliate- 
serrate:  on  the  upper  side  eared  and  dagger-pointed,  on  the  lower  side  wedge-form 
at  the  base;  the  upper  fruit  bearing  ones  smaller:  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy;  fruit-dots 
solitary,  but  at  length  becoming  coniluent.     Mich. 

Iqncastriensc,  M.  (VV.  Zf.)  frond  pinnate;  divisions  nearly  opposite;  segments  tri- 
angular-ovate, acutely  serrate:  stipe  naked.  Rather  long  and  narrow.  Fructifica- 
tion chiefly  confined  to  the  upper  divisions,  and  in  large  blackish  dots.  Wet  Mea- 
dows.    West  Cambridge.     Bw. 

3.     Frond  suh -pinnatifid;  involucre  [indusium]  halved,  kidney-form. 

fioveboracensc,  W.  (4)  (Ju.  If-)  frond  pinnate:  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 
divisions  oblong,  obtusish.  sub-entire,  ciliate;  fruit  dots  marginal;  stipe  smooth, 
Damp  woods.     N.   W.  Y.  T.  P.  O.  C.     Mich. 

cristatuni,  W.  (W.  Z(.)  frond  lanceolate-ovate,  glabrous,  pinnate;  leafets  sub-cordate- 
oblong,  pinnatifid;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  tooth-serrate;  stipe  chaffy.  A  variety, 
callipteris,  largish:  leafets  alternate,  divisions  oblong,  unequally  appressed-serrate: 
frond  bearing  the  fruit,  at  the  top.     P.  Y.  O. 

Asparagus.     Gr.  spnrasso,   to  tear,    on  account  of  the  strong  prickles,   with  which 

some  of  the  species  are  armed. 
Asphodelus.     Gr.  «,  privative,  sphaUo,  to  excel,  as  none  excelled  it  in  beauty. 
Aspidium.     Gr.  aspis,  a  small  shield,  from  the  shape  and   position  of  the  involucres. 

(1)  Hypericum  tetrapetalum,  Lk.  (2)  Polypodium  cicutarium,  L.  appendicula- 
tum,  Sw.  (3)  Auriculatum,  Sh.  Nephrodium  acrostichoides,  Mx.  N.  B.  Linneus 
placed  the  genus  Aspidium  under  the  genu?  Polypodium.  (4)  Nephrodiuirj  ^.helyp- 
teroides. 


ASPIEIUM,    ASTLENIUM.  141' 

4.     Frond  douhlij  or  triply  pinnate,  involucre  halved,  kidney-form. 

aculeatiim,  W.  (A.  Au.  2i-)  frond  doubly  pinnate:  the  lesser  leafets  ovate,  sub-sabre- 
form,  acute,  da^rger-serrate,  the  base  of  the  upper  ones  truncate,  of  the  lower  ones 
short  wedge-form:  the  upper  ones  bear  the  fruit:  stipe  and  rachis  chafty.     V. 

viarginale,  W .  (1)  (O.  Ju.  2i-)  frond  doubly  pinnate:  lesser  leafets  oblong,  obtuse, 
decurrent,  crenate;  more  deeply  crenate  at  the  base:  fruit-dots  marginal:  stipe 
chafiy.  2—3  f  K 
Jilix-vias,  W.  (W.  Ju.)  frond  doubly-pinnate;  lesser  leafets  oblong,  obtuse-serrate; 
serratures  beardless:  fruit-dots  of  the  middle-rib  approximate:  stipe  and  rachis 
chaffy.  3  or  3  feet  liigh.  A  variety,  erosum,  lesser  leafets  erose-serrate,  more 
remote.     Rocky  hills.     iS.     AV.  N.  P.  Y. 

intermedium, 'W .  (J.  Z{.)  frond  doubly-pinnate:  lesser  leafets  linear,  gash-pinnatifid; 
divisions  at  the  apex  sub-mucronate-serrate:  stipe  chaffy.  Resembles  the  next 
species  in  many  respects.     P.  W,  T.  O.     Mich. 

spinulosum,  W.  (W.  Ju.  Zf.)  frond  doubly-pinnate;  lesser  leafets  oblong:  decurrent, 
running  together,  gash-toothed;  divisions  mucronate-serrate:  stipe  chaffy:  involucre 
glandular.     Large.     W.  P.  T. 

dilatatum.  W.  (2)  (Ju.  If.)  frond  doubly-pinnate:  lesser  leafets  oblong,  distinct,  gash- 
pinnatifid;  divisions  mucronate-serrate:  stipe  chafJy:  involucre  smooth.  Leaves 
more  compound,  larger  and  broader  than  the  filix-feinina.     S.     P.  O. 

goldianum,T.  (W.  Ju.)  frond  broad-ovate,  smooth,  bipinnate;  divisions  lanceolate,, 
pinnatifid;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  with  remote  uncinated  serratures;  the  lowest 
decurrent  on  the  rachis:  fruit-dot  near  the  central  nerve;  stem  chaffy.     2  f. 

5.     Frond  doubly  or  triply  pinnate;  involucre  attached  to  one  side  of  the  fruit- dot. 
These  come  under  the  Athyrium  of  Roth. 

■thehjpteris,  (snuff-box  fern.  W.  Ju.  Zt'.)  frond  pinnate;  leafets  lance-linear,  pinnatifid, 
glabrous:  divisions  ovate,  acute,  entire:  fruit-dots  marginal  contiguous,  at  length 
confluent.     P.  Y.     Mich. 

bulbiferum,  (W.  Ju.  21.)  frond  bipinnate,  lance-oblong:  leafets  opposite,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, serrate;  lower  one  pinnatifid:  rachis  bulb-bearmg:  fruit-dots  roundish.  P.  Y. 
\V.  O.     Mich. 

asplenoides,  (W.  Ju.  H.)  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  lance-linear,  gash-serrate;  serratures-- 
2  or  3-toothed;  terminal  ones  more  acute:  fruit-dots  oblong,  lunate.     Tall.     P.  Y. 
O.  C.  B.     New  England,  Mich. 
JUix-femina,    (Ju.  If.)  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  lance-oblong,  gash-serrate:  serratures 
2  or  3-toothed,  acutish:  fruit-dots  oblong,  straight.     Tall.     P.     Mich. 

angustum,  (Ju.  Zt'.)  frond  bipinnate;  leatets  lanceolate,  gash-serrate,  sub-bidentate: 
lower  one  elongated  above:  fruit-dots  oblong,  sublunate.     C.  Y.  W.  P. 

atomarium,  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  decurrent,  ovate-oblong,  pinnatifid;  divisions 
toothed:  fruit-dols  scattered.     About  a  span  high.     P. 

tenue,  (W.  Jn.  U.)  bipinnate:  leafets  ovate,  decurrent,  toothed:  fruit-dots  solitary, 
near  the  teeth  of  the  leafets.     Small.     Rocks.     S.     P.  Y.  T.  O.     Mich. 

rufidulum,  (J.  21.)  frond  bipinnate:  leafets  chaff-bristly  beneath,  oblong,  obtuse,  cre- 
nate, coadunate;  fruit-dots  at  length  confluent.  Small.  In  tufts  on  rocks.  4  to  8  L 
C.  Y.  W.  P.  T.     Mich. 

21 — L     Asple'kium.     5.     Fil.  sec-stim. 

rliizopliyllum,  W.  (walking  leaf  O.  Ju.  Zf.)  frond  lanceolate,  stiped,  sub-crenate^ 
heart-form  ears  at  the  base:  apex  very  long,  linear-filiform,  rooting.  Var.  pinnati- 
fduin,  leaves  with  the  crenatures  so  deep  as  to  become  sub-pinnatifid.  Barton. 
Woods.     T.     Mich. 

.augustifolium,  W.  (3)  (swamp  spleenwort.  W.  Ju.  Z[.)  frond  pinnate:  leaves  alternate, 
upper  ones  sub-alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  sub-iepand;  base  of  the  upper  ones 
truncate,  of  the  lower  ones  slightly  rounded.     2— 3  f     W.  Y.  P.  O.     Mch. 


Asplenium.     Gr.  a,  without,  and  spleen,  the  spleen,  because  it  was  used  in  curing 

the  spleen. 

(1)  Nephrodium  marginale,  Mx.        (2)  Nephrodium  cristatum,  Mx.        (3)  pyc- 
piQcarpon,  SI. 


142  ASTLEMUM,    ASTER. 

ebenum,  W.  (1)  (ebony  spleenwort.  O.  Ju.  21.)  frond  pinnate;  leafets  sessile,  lanceo 
late,  serrulate,  cordate  at  the  base,  auricled  above.  6 — 10  i.  Rocks  and  dry 
places. 

melanotaulon,  W.  (2)  (Ju.  Zf.)  frond  pinnate:  leafets  roundish,  obtuse  crenate,  at  the 
base  wedge-form:  stipe  particolored:  stem  black,  polished.  3—5  i.  B.  C.  W.  Y. 
P.  T.  H.     Rocks.     Mch. 

thelijp(eroidcs,W.  (3)  (silvery  spleenwort.  O.  Ju.  2(.)  frond  pinnate:  leafets  sessile, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  obtusely  serrate: 
fruit- dots  parallel,  at  length  confluent.     2  f.     W.  T.   P.  O.  C.     Mch. 

ruta-muraria,  W.  (dwarf  spleenwort,  W.  Ju.  21- )  frond  bipinnate  at  the  base,  simply 
pinnate  at  the  apex,   obtusely  denticulate.     Rocks.     I — 2  i.     W.  Y.  T.  P.     Mich. 

montanum,  W.  (4)  (W.  Ju.  21.)  frond  glabrous,  bipinnate:  leafets  lanceolate,  pinna- 
tifid; divisions  2  or  3- toothed.     2  f.     W.  T. 

17 — 2.     As'ter.     49.     55.     Ast.  ton.  sec-slim. 
1.     Leaves  entire. 

hyssopif alius,  W.  (star  flower.  W.  w.  y.  p.  Au.  to  Oc.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3- 
nerved,  punctate,  acute:  margin  scabrous:  branchlets  level-top-corymbed,  compact: 
rays  about  5-flowered:  involucre  imbricate,  twice  as  short  as  the  disk.  12  to  24  i. 
high.     S.     Y.  C. 

solidaginoides .  W.  (5)  (W.  w.  Au.  2X.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obsolete-3-nerved, 
entire,  obtuse;  margin  scabrous:  branches  level-top-corymbed:  flowers  sessile,  ag- 
gregate: rays  5-'flowered:  invofucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  imbricate;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  close-pressed,  sub-reflexed  at  the  apex.  About  2  feet  high:  scales  of  the 
involucre  white,  with  green  tips:  rays  long  and  white.     S. 

ledifolius,  Ph.  (6)  (wood  aster.  O.  y.  w.  S.  and  Oc.  2S-)  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  without  nerves,  roughish,revolute  margin;  branches  corymbed: 
branchlets  filiform,  1-flowered,  nakedish:  involucre  lax,  imbricate,  twice  as  short  as 
the  disk:  leafets  very  acute:  rays  about  20-flovvered.  A  variety,  unifurus,  {7)  has 
a  very  simple  stem,  bearing  but  one  flower.  About  a  foot  high;  sometimes  the 
leaves  have  a  small  indenture  on  each  side. 

rigidus,  W.  (8)  (p.  y.  Au.  H.)  leaves  linear,  mucronate,  sub  carinate,  rigid;  margin 
fough-ciliate;  the  cauline  leaves  reflexed;  the  branch  ones  spreading,  subulate: 
stem  erect,  somewhat  branched  above;  branchlets  1-flowered,  corymbed:  involucre 

1^ imbricate,    twice  as  short  as  the  disk:  scales  obtusish,    carinate;  rays  about  10- 
"^  flowered,  reflexed.     Hardly  a  foot  high.     -S'.     N.  H.  C.  T.  Y.     Mch. 

linarifolius,  W.  (9)  (W.  p.  y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  thick-set,  nerveless,  linear,  mucronate, 
dotted,  carinate,  rough,  stifl".  those  on  the  branches  recurved:  stem  sub-decumbent: 
branches  level-topped,  1-flowered:  involucre  imbricate,  of  the  length  of  the  disk. 
A  little  lower  than  the  preceding  species,  and  flowers  smaller:  stem  rough,  purplish. 
S.  N. 

graminif alius,  Ph.  (p.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  narrow-linear,  nerveless,  punctate,  glabrous, 
erect:  terminal  branchlets  nakedish,  1-flowered:  involucre  lax,  nearly  equalling  the 
disk.     6  i.     T.  N. 

Unifalius,  W.  (flax-leaved  star-wort.  W.  S.  2X-)  leaves  linear,  without  nerves,  dotted, 
rough,  reflexed-spreading:  branches  level-top-corymbed,  leafy:  involucre  imbricate, 
short:  rays  abotit  equal  to  the  disk.     About  18  or  24  inches  high.     /S.     N.  P. 

subulatus,  Mx.  (sea  aster.  L.  Au.  21.)  very  glabrous,  small-flowered:  stem  panicled: 
branches  many-flowered:  leaves  linear-subulate:  involucre  cylindric:  ligulate  florets 
of  tlie  ray  minute.     Salt  marshes.     5'.     C.  B. 

foliolosus,  A.  (10)  (Au.  IS.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  acuminate: 
stem  pubescent,  panicled,  erect:  branches  few-flowered:  involucre  imbricate:  scales 
linear,  acute,  close-pressed.  Flowers  small;  hardly  distinct  from  the  next  species. 
S.     P. 

tennif alius,  W.  (W.  w.  Au.  2X0  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends:  mar- 
gins hispid:  stem  glabrous,  branching,  erect;  branchlets  1-flowered:  involucre  im- 
bricate; scales  oblong,  acute,  lax.     S.     Y.  C. 

Aster.     Gr.  aster,  a  star,  from  its  radiated  appearance.     A  large,  neglected  genus. 

(1)  trichomanoides,  Mx.  (2)  trichcmanes,  Mx.  (3)  acro.stlchoides,  Sw.  (4)  Ad- 
iantum  nigrum,  Mx.  (5)  Conyza  linifolia,  L.  (6)  nemoralis,  A.  (7)  uniflorus, 
Mx.  (8)  linarifolius,  in  Bank's  collection.  (9)  Inula  linarifolia,  N.  (10)  cordifo- 
lius,  Mx. 


ASTER.  143 

dumosus,  W.  (O.  w.  y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  linear,  glabrous;  those  of  the  branchlets  are 
the  shortest:  branches  panicled:  involucre  cylindric,  closely  imbricate.  A  variety 
called  tiulaceus,  has  pale  violet  rays,  and  a  pubescent  stem.  Another  variety,  alius, 
has  white  rays,  and  a  glabrous  stem.     Flowers  small.     S,     Y.  N. 

ericoides,  W.  (W.  w-y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  linear,  very  glabrous;  those  of  the  branchlets 
subulate,  approximate;  cauline  ones  elongated:  involucre  somewhat  scurfy:  leaves 
acute:  stem  glabrous.  Flowers  small.  .S. 
mullijlunis,  W.  (O.  w-y.  Au.  to  iNov.  21-)  leaves  linear,  smoothish:  stem  very 
branching,  diffuse,  pubescent;  branchlets  one  way:  involucre  imbricate;  scales 
oblong,  scurvy,  acute.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  last.     S.     Mich. 

paludosus.  W.  (VV.  y.  Au.  Nov.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  subulate,  glabrous,  with  the  mar- 
gins scabrous:  peduncles  few,  1-flowered:  involucre  squarrose,  the  lower  scales 
leaf  like.     12—18  i.     S. 

Jlexuosus,  N,  (I)  (L.  y.  w-p.  Au.  Zf-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  subulate-lineai,  some- 
what fleshy,  sub-reflexed;  stem  slender,  very  branching;  branches  and  branchlets 
spreading,  bristle-form,  1-flowered:  scales  of  the  peduncles  divaricate,  subulate: 
involucre  imbricate,  scales  close-pressed,  acute.  Resembles  the  last:  flowers 
smaller.     Salt  marshes.     S. 

concolor,  W.  (W.  r-b.  Au,  If.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  white  pubescent  both  sides: 
stem  very  simple,  erect,  pubescent:  raceme  terminal:  involucre  imbricate,  scales 
lanceolate,  silky,  close-pressed.  About  a  foot  high:  ray  and  disk  colored  alike.  S. 
Y.  P. 

cornifolius,  M.  «&  W.  (W.  w.  Au.  21')  glabrous;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
short  petioled;  margin  rough:  stem  glabrous:  panicle  few-flowered;  branches  2- 
flowered;  involucre  sub-imbricate. 

humilis,  VV.  (2)  (W.  w.  Au.  2X.)  leaves  sub-rhomboid,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  sub-petioled,  glabrous;  margin  hispid:  corymb  divergingly  dichotomous, 
nakedish,  few-flowered:  involucre  las-imbricate:  rays  8-flowered.  About  a  foot 
high.     Flowers  large.     -S'.     P.  T.  O.     Mich. 

amygdidimis,  Mx.  (3)  (O.  w.  S.  Zf.)  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  acumi- 
nate; margin  rough:  stem  simple,  level-top-corymbed:  involucre  lax- imbricate; 
scales  lanceolate,  obtuse.     Rays  large.     &'.     Mch. 

salic.if alius,  A.  &  W-  (4)  (r-b.  Au.  21.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sub-entire,  glabrous: 

stem  glabrous,  panicled  at  the  top:  involucre  lax-imbricate:  scales  acute,  spreading  at 
their  tips.     4—6  f.     Flowei  middle-sized.     Y.  T.  O.  N. 

aestivus,  W.  (b.  Ju.  to  S.  2i.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-clasping,  tapering  to  the  apex; 
margin  rough:  stem  brandling  from  its  base,  erect,  hispid;  branchlets  pilose:  invo- 
lucre scaly:  scales  lax,  linear,  acute,  equal.  About  2  feet  high:  the  flowers  re- 
sembUngthe  last.     Y.  T. 

nova-angliae,  (O.  b-p.  Au.  H.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  pilose,  clasping,  auricled  at 
the  base:  stem  sub-simple,  pilose,  straight  and  stiff":  flowers  sub-sessile,  terminal, 
crowded:  scales  of  the  involucre  lax,  colored,  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  disk.  Jn 
rich  soil  it  grows  10  feet  high:  flowers  large.     S.     Mich. 

cyancus,  Hn.  (.5)  (W.  b-p.  Au.  ZX-)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  clasping,  smooth:  stem 
wand-like-panicled,  very  glabrous;  branches  |racemed:  scales  of  the  involucre  lax, 
lanceolate,  equalling  tiie  disk,  inner  ones  colored  at  the  apex.  '6 — 4  f.  Flowers 
many  and  large.     This  is  the  handsomest  of  all  asters.     »S'.     T.  N. 

phlugifolbts.  W.  (6)(VV.  w.  p.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  lanceolate,  heart-form,  clasping,  pu- 
bescent beneath,  rough  margin:  stem  very  simple,  pubescent:  panicle  terminal,  lax, 
few-flowered:  scales  of  the  involucre  lax,  imbricate,  lanceolate.  From  18  to  24 
inches  high.     Y.  T. 

2.     Leaves  mure  or  less  cordate  and  ovate,  serrate  or  toothed. 

undulatys,  (7)  (W.  S.  21.)  stem  leaves  heart-oblong,  clasping,  undulate,  scabrous, 
toothed  near  the  summit:  branches  of  the  panicle  expanding,  few-flowered:  involu- 
cre sub-squarrose.     Flowers  large.     3  f     iS.     C.  N. 

sagiltif alius,  Wedem.  (b.  Zf.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  sessile,  serrate  in  the 
middle;  radical  ones  oblong,  heart-sagittate,  serrate,  petioled:  stem  glabrous, 
branching,  scales  of  the  involucre  lax,  imbricate,  lanceolate.     S. 

(1)  sparsiflorus,  Ph.  (2)  infirmus,  Mx.  divaricatus,  W.  cornifolius,  L.  probably  a 
variety  of  cornit'ulius.  (3)  umbellatus,  A.  Inula  amygdalina,  N.  (4)  praealtus.  Lb. 
(5)  lubricaulis,  Lb.  spurius,'W.  nova-angliae,  A.  (6)  amplexicaulis,  Mx.  (7)  diver 
sifolius,  Mx.  patens,  W. 


144  ASTER. 

■diversifolivs,  Mx.  (1)  (y.  p.  S.  Z[.)  leaves  nearly  entire,  undulate,  pubescent,  sub- 
scabrous;  lower  ones  cordate,  ovate,  with  winged  petioles:  upper  ones  lance-oblong: 
panicle  loose,  the  branches  slender,  racemose.     3  f.     S.     T.  N.  Mch. 

paniculatus,  A.  (O.  b-p.  Au.  to  Nov.  21-) leaves  ovate  lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  petioled, 
glabrous:  radical  ones  ovate-heart-form,  serrate,  rough,  petioled;  petioles  naked: 
stem  very  branching,  glabrous;  branclilets  pilose:  involucre  lax,  sub-imbricate-  2 — 
4  f.     Flowers  smallish,  numerous.     .S.     Mch. 

■cordifolius,  L.  (W.  w.  S.  7i-)  leaves  heart-form,  pilose  beneath,  sharp- serrate,  petiol- 
ed: petioles  winged;  stem  panicled,  smoothish:  panicles  divaricate:  involucre  lax, 
sub-imbricate.     Flowers  small.     T.  N.     Mch. 

€orymbosus,  A.  (W.  w.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  ovate,  sharp-serrate,  acuminate,  smoothish; 
lower  ones  heart-form,  petioled;  petioles  naked:  stem  glabrous,  level-top-corymbed 
above:  branches  pilose:  involucre  oblong,  imbricate:  scales  obtuse,  very  close- 
pressed.     12 — 14  i.     Flowers  rather  large.     T.  N.     Mch. 

macrophyUus,  A.  (W.  w-b.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  serrate,  rough;  upper  ones 
ovate-heart-form,  sessile;  lower  ones  heart-form,  petioled;  petioles  sub-margined: 
stem  branching,  diffused;  involucre  cylindric,  closely  imbricate:  scales  oblong,  acute. 
1—2  f.     Flowers  largish.     S.     T.  N. 

■adnatus,  (  p.)  scabrous;  small  leaved:  leaves  heart-oblong,  acute,  entire,  adnate 
above  the  middle  of  the  stem;  radical  ones  oblong:  branches  elongated,  about  1- 
flowered.     Alabama. 

3.     Leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  lower  ones  serrate. 

/implexicaulis,  W.  (2)  (O.  b.  S.  Zf.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  clasping,  heart-form, 
serrate,  glabrous:  stem  panicled,  glabrous;  branchlets  1-2-flowered:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  closely  imbricate.     Flowers  middle-sized. 

jjrenanthoides,  W.  (W.  b.  2_(.)  leaves  clasping,  spatnlatc-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate 
in  the  middle,  heart-form  at  the  base:  branchlets  pilose;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  scurfy.     W.  Y.  P. 

lavi^atus,  W.  (O.  r-p.  S.  to  Nov.  It-)  leaves  sub-clasping,  broad-lanceolate,  sub- 
serrate,  smooth:  stem  very  branching,  glabrous;  branchlets  many-flowered:  scales 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  lax,  nearly  equalling  the  disk.     /S.     P.  Y. 

versicolor,  W.  (y-w.  Au.  21.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  broad-lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  gla- 
brous; radical  ones  serrate  in  the  middle;  stem  very  branching,  glabrous;  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  lax,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Flowers  many  and  large, 
elegant.     -S'.     P.  Y. 

mulabilis,  W.  (p-y.  Au.  to  Oc.  IS.)  leaves  sub-clasping:  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, entire;  lower  ones  lanceolate,  at  the  base  narrow,  serrate;  branchlets  wand- 
like: involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  lax:  stem  glabrous.     Y.  N. 

Imcis,  W.  (W.  b-p.  S.  to  Nov.  li-)  leaves  sub-clasping,  remote,  oblong,  entire,  shin- 
ing; radicle  ones  sub-serrate:  branches  simple,  1-flowered:  involucre  imbricate,  the 
leafets  somewhat  wedge-form,  acute,  thickened  at  the  apex:  stem  glabrous,  angu- 
lar.    Y.  V. 

concinnus,  W.  (b-p.  S.  to  Nov.  21.)  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping:  lower  ones 
sub-serrate,  glabrous:  stem  simple,  panicled  at  the  top:  involucre  closely  imbri- 
cate.    P. 

j)uniceus,  (O.  p.  Au.  to  Nov.  2X-)  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  serrate,  roughish:  branches 
panicled:  involucre  lax,  exceeding  the  disk,  the  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  sub-equal: 
stem  hispid.  A  variety,  purpureus,  (3)  seven  feet:  stem  deep  purple.  Another 
variety,  rvfusccns,  (4)  tall;  from  green  becoming  redish.  From  3  to  10  feet  high: 
flowers  large.     Damp.     S.     O. 

novi-belgii,  (W.  w-p.  Au.  2_C.)  leaves  sub-clasping,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  rough  at  the 
margin;  lower  ones  sub-serrate,  branches  sub-divided:  involucre  lax-imbricate,  the 
leafets  linear-lanceolate:  stem  terete,  glabrous.     Y.  C.   N. 

hellidijlorus,  W.  (r.  y.  1[.)  leaves  clasping,  narrow-lanceolate,  scabrous  above,  sub- 
serrate  beneath:  stem  very  branching:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-spreading. 
C. 

spectabilis,  W.  (b.  Au.  24^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  roughish,  sub-clasping:  lower  ones  ser- 
rate in  the  middle:  branches  corymbed:  leafets  of  tlie  involucre  lax,  foliaceous, 
somewhat  wedge-form,  acutish,  scurfy.     About  2  feet  higli:  flowers  large.     P. 

(1)  undulatus,  W.  tardifolius,  Wr.       (2)  pennsylvanicus,  Lb.       (3)  amoenus.  Lb. 
(4)  hispiduB,  Lb. 


I 


ASTER.  145 

serotinus,W.  (b.  S.  2i.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glabrous;  margin 
rough;  lower  ones  serrate:  branches  corymbed,  glabrous;  branchlets  1-flowered: 
scales  of  tiie  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spreading.  About  three  feet:  flowers 
large.     T. 

tardijlonis,  W.  (b.  Oc.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  serrate,  glabrous,  spatulate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  deflected  at  the  margin  and  both  sides:  branches  divaricate; 
involucre  lax,  the  leafets  lanceolate-linear,  sub-equal,  glabrous.  Flowers  not  middle 
size.     Y. 

llandtis.  Ph.  (p.  Oc.  21.)  leaves  somewhat  clasping,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  glabrous:  stem  branching  in  a  pyramid  form:  branches  axillary,  racemed, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  leaf:  peduncles  downy,  not  winged;  involucre  lax,  sub- 
equal,  shorter  than  the  disk.     Flowers  largish.     Canada. 

acunnnatus,  Mx.  (w.  S.  2_f.)  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  narrow  and  entire  at  the  base, 
unequally  serrate  above,  long-acuminate:  stem  simple,  ilexuous,  angular:  panicle 
divaricately  dichotomous;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  linear,  leaves  large.  A 
variety,  called  elutior,  has  a  higher  stem:  panicles  manj'-flowered  and  leafy.  Ano- 
ther variety,  pvntilus,  has  a  lower  stem:  corymb-few-flowered,  naked,  scarcely 
higher  than  the  leaves.  Commonly  12  inches  high;  and  upwards;  flowers  middle 
size.     Probably  a  variety  of  prenanthoides.     -S.     P.  W.  N. 

conyzoidts,  W.  (I)  (O.  \v.  Ju.  IX-)  leaves  oblong,  3-nerved,  narrow  and  acute  at  the 
base;  upper  ones  sessile,  sub-eniire;  lower  ones  petioled,  serrate:  stem  simple, 
corymbed  at  the  lop:  involucre  cylindric,  scurfy:  rays  5,  very  short.  About  20 
inches  high:  flowers  small. 

nxuiiflorus,  N.  (r.  Zf.)  stem  simple,  smooth:  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  sub-acuminate, 
sharply-serrate;  upper  side  scabrous:  corymb  simple,  few-flowered:  peduncles  hairy 
or  naked,  l-9owered:  involucre  imbricate;  scales  ciliate. 

radula,  W.  (w.  S.  H.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate,  rugose,  very  rough: 
stem  erect,  angular,  simple:  corymb  terminal:  involucre  imbricate:  leafets  lanceo- 
late, obtusish,  somewdiat  scurfy.     Flowers  mid-size.     P. 

strictus.  Ph.  (2)  (y-r.  S.  2X.)  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  serrate,  rough:  stem  1 
or  few^-flowered  above:  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  close-pressed,  oblong, 
acute,  nearly  equalling  the  disk.     Four  to  seven  inches  high:  flowers  middle  sized. 

tradcscanti,  W.  (3)  (w-p.  Au.  IS.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  sessile,  glabrous:  branches 
wand-like:  involucre  imbricate:  stem  terete,  glabrous,  3  to  4  feet  high:  flowers 
small.     Mich. 

recurvatus,  W.  (4)  (b.  S.  IS.)  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base: 
lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle:  stem  branching,  glabrous,  recurvate:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lax,  imbricate,  linear-lanceolate,  sub-equal.     Resembles  the  last. 

junceus,  A.  (r.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  sessile,  glabrous;  lower  ones  sub- 
serrate;  those  of  the  branchlets  lanceolate:  stem  panicled,  glabrous:  branches  wand- 
like: involucre  imbricate.     2 — 6  f.     S.     Y. 

dracunculoides ^  W.  (5)  (w.  S.  7S-)  leaves  linear-acuminate,  entire;  lower  ones  linear- 
lanceolate,  sub-serrate:  branches  corymbed:  involucre  imbricate:  stem  smoothish. 
About  3  or  4  feet  high.     S'.     Y. 

miser,  W.  (W.  w.  S.  IS.)  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous:  involucre 
imbricate;  leafets  acute:  florets  of  the  disk  and  ray  equal:  stem  sub-villose.  Y.  O. 
C.  T.     Canada.     Mich. 

cminens,  VV.  (y.  r.  S.  ZfO  leaves  lance-linear,  acuminate,  scabrous  at  the  margin; 
lower  ones  sub-serrate:  stem  panicled:  branchlets  1-flowered;  involucre  lax-imbri- 
cate,  with  lanceolate  leafets.     T.     Mich. 

simplex,  W.  (w.  y.  21- )  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  at  the  margin;  cauline 
ones  serrate  at  the  apex;  those  of  the  branches  entire:  stem  glabrous,  panicled  at 
the  apex:  involucre  lax-imbricate,  with  linear-subulate  leafets. 

polyplujllus,  AV.  (w.  y.  r.  IS.)  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire;  radical  ones  oblong,  sub- 
serrate:  stem  very  branching,  hairy:  involucre  lax-imbricate.     C. 

lanceolutus,  W.  (w.  p.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  lance-linear,  sessile,  mostly  entire,  glabrous: 
lower  ones  lanceolate,  sub-serrate:  stem  branching,  diff'ase,  very  glabrous;  involucre 
imbricate,  with  lanceolate  somewhat  spreading  leafets.     C. 

fragilis,  W.  (w.  If.)  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  entire;  radical  ones  oblong,  serrate; 

(1)  marylandicus,  M.\.     Conyza  asteroides,  L.      (2)  biflorus,  M.\.      (3)  vimineus, 
Lb.         (4)  salicifolius.  Lb.         (5)  arlemisiflorus.  Lb. 
19 


146  ASTER. 

branches  coryinb-panicled:  involucre  imbricate,  with  close-pressed  scales:  stem 
very  glabrous.     2  f. 

coUlnsii,  N.  (W.  )  fine  haired,  rough:  leaves  uniform,  wedge-oblong,  serrate,  tor- 
tuous-spreading: corymb  compound:  involucre  cylindrical  witli  close-pressed  oblong 
scales:  rays  about  5- dowered.     West  Florida,  Ware. 

atews,  Aikin.  (p.  y.  2{.)  involucre  sub-ovate;  scales  linear  acutish,  reflex-spreading 
towards  the  apex:  rays  numerous,  narrow:  receptacle  flat,  sub-alveolate,  naked: 
akenium  oblong,  minutely  pubescent:  egret  pilose;  hairs  finely  scabrous:  leaves 
ovate,  slenderly  acuminate,  tapering  to  the  petiole,  sharp  serrate,  scabrous  above, 
glabrous  and  j)aler  beneath;  serratures  sub-mucronate;  upper  leaves  lanceolate, 
sub-entire;  petioles  winged,  clasping:  stem  angled,  flexuous,  glabrous  below,  pubes- 
cent above:  corymlied-panicle  terminal,  loose;  peduncles  bracted,  about  1-llowered. 
Flowers  large;  rays  lilac-purple,  disk  yellow,  becoming  brownish:  stem  sometimes 
decumbent:  root  fibrous:  dark  shady  grounds,  on  borders  of  streams,  &c.  Height 
12  to  20  inches! 

shurlii,  Boot.  (b.  O.  IS.)  flowers  in  a  spreading  panicle:  leaves  nearly  glabrous 
above,  scabrous  and  sparingly  pilose  beneath:  radical  leaves  heart-oblong,  pubescent 
when  young,  remotely  and  deeply  crenate;  oauline  leaves  mostly  on  long  ciliate 
petioles,  entire,  cordate-lanceolate;  floral  leaves  ovate  and  lanceolate,  sessile  minute 
and  entire:  stem  branching  above.    Oliio  and  Ky.     Riddell's  catalogue. 

oolcntangiensis,  Riddell.  (b.  O.  2/.)  panicle  terminal,  elongated,  few- flowered:  leaves 
acuminate,  scabrous  above,  rough  and  pubescent  beneath;  radical  leaves  long  pe- 
tioled,  ovate,  obliquely  cordate.,  remotely  serrate;  lower  cauline  leaves  lanceolate, 
remotely  serrate,  on  winged  petioles;  upper  leaves  lanceolate,  half  clasping,  entire: 
stem  simple,  strigose.     Uolentangy  river.     O. 

Exotic. 

chinensis,  (china  aster.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  thickly  toothed,  petioled;  cauline  ones  ses- 
sile, at  the  base  wedge- form;  floral  ones  lanceolate,  entire:  stem  hispid:  branches 
1-flowered:  involucre  foliaceous.  A  variety  has  \ery  full  flowers,  various-colored, 
and  very  short  rays.     Cultivated. 

Southern. 

tortifolius,  Ms.  (Au.  2i.)  leaves  cuneate,  obovate,  acute,  entire  pubescent,  twisted, 
expanding:  flowers  nearly  sessile,  aggregate:  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceo- 
late, close-pressed.     2  f. 

grandiflorus,  W.  (p.  y.  Oc.  21..)  leaves  sub-clasping,  linear,  subulate,  rigid  reflexed, 
with  the  margin  ciliate  and  hispid:  stem  hairy;  branches  1-flowered:  involucre 
squarrose;   the  scales  linear-lance(jlate.     2 — 3  f. 

exilis,  E.  (p.  y.  S.  2i.)  very  glabrous:  stem  slender,  tall,  somewhat  branched:  leaves 
very  long,  linear,  subulate:  head  in  racemes:  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear, 
half  as  long  as  the  ray.     4 — 5  f. 

racemosus,  E.  (p.  y.  S.  11.)  leaves  lance-linear,  sub-pubescent  beneath,  margin  sca- 
brous: branches  slender,  long:  heads  nearly  sessile  crowded  towards  the  summit  of 
the  branches.     2  f 

squarrosus,  W.  (b.  y.  S.  !(•)  leaves  very  numerous,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  reflexed, 
rigid,  margin  hispid:  stem  branching,  hairy;  branches  1-floweied:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  hairy,  loose.     2  f. 

reticulatus,  Ph.  (w.  Au.  Z(.)  leaves  sessile,  oblong,  lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
hoary  and  tomentose,  3-nerved,  reticulately  veined  beneath:  flowers  racemed:  scales 
of  the  involucre  very  acute.     3  f 

virgatus,  E.  (b-p.  S.  2i-)  leaves  lance-linear,  clasping,  very  glabrous:  stem  sub- 
branched:  branches  virgate,  erect:  heads  racemose:  scales  of  the  involucre  very 
acute,  slightly  squarrose.     3 — 4  f. 

carolinianus,  Wr.  ( W.  p.  Oc.  Zf.)  stem  shrubby,  flexuous,  much  branched,  pubescent: 
leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end;  scalesof  the  involucre  lance- 
linear,  very  pubescent,  sub-squarrose.     10 — 12  f 

suradosus,  JVIx.  (p.  y.  Oc.  21.)  stem  simple,  pubescent  towards  the  summit:  leaves 
ob-lanceolate,  acute,  sub-serrate,  scabrous  above;  upper  ones  small:  flowers  few, 
large:  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  ovate,  reflexed,  very  pubescent.     12 — 18  i. 

diicoideus,  E.  (p.  S.  2i>)  stem  erect,  sub-villose:  leaves  spatulate-ovate,  acute,  serrate, 
hairy,  pale  beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate,  villose,  loose,  sub-squarrose; 
florets  of  the  ray  none.     2 — 3  f. 


ASTER,    ASTRAGALUS.  147 

scaher,  E.  (p.  y,  S.  2f.)  lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  cordate,  acute,  entire;  upper 
ones  sessile,  clasping,  lance-ovatc,  tapering  to  an  acute  point;  all  the  leaves  sca- 
brous, undulate:  panicle  loose,  long;  the  branches  racemose.     3f. 

dichotovivs.  E.  (\v.  p.  y.  Oc.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  oval,  obtuse,  pubescent:  corymb  sub- 
dichotomous:  branches  naked,  long.     2  f. 

ohovatus,  N.  (w.  y.  M.  21.)  leaves  sessile,  oval,  or  obovate,  obtuse,  sub-rugose,  very 
pubescent:  corymb  paniculate:  scales  of  the  involucre  closely  imbricate.     3  f. 

canescens,  Vh.  (1)  (W.  p  Au.  2i.)  white  pubescent:  leaves  linear:  panicle  corymbed, 
very  branching,  leafy;  involucre  imbricate,  very  acute,  longer  than  the  disli. 

pauciflorus,  N.  ( VV.  w.  Au.  2S-)  stem  simple,  3  to  6-fiovvered:  leaves  linear,  smootii, 
those  of  the  stem  subulate,  and  somewhat  clasping:  peduncles  axillary  and  termi- 
nal, about  1-flowered:  involucre  and  peduncle  viscidly  pubescent.  On  the  margin 
of  salt  springs.     10  i. 

inontanus,  N.  (W.  A.  p-b. )  leaves  lance-linear,  sessile,  entire,  silk-villose,  obsoletely 
3-nerved:  stem  erect,  slender;  branches  ]-tloweied:  involucre  hemispherical,  with 
lance-Hnear,  acute,  erect  leafets.     Mich. 

oblongifuLius,  N.  (VV.  p.  2i.)  stem  and  leaves  finely  scabrous:  leaves  mostly  lance- 
oblong,  somewhat  clasping,  not  hairy:  stem  with  sub-fastigiate  few-Howered 
branches:  involucre  hemispherical,  with  squarrose,  acute,  oblong-linear  leafets. 
1  f. 

sparsiflorus,  Mx.  (  )  sub-glabrons:  leaves  linear,  entire,  reflexed:  stem  slender, 
much  branched;  branches  expanding,  setaceous,  1-flowered:  scales  of  the  involucre, 
close-pressed.     L. 

heterupliijUuSjW.  (VV.  7S-)  leaves  glabrous;  cauline  ones  ovate,  sub-cordate,  acuminate, 
deeply  serrate,  entire  at  the  apex;  those  of  the  branches  oblong  ovate,  sub-serrate; 
those  of  the  branchlets  lanceolate,  minutely  reflex  spreading:  stem  panicled,  gla- 
brous:  involucre  closely  imbricate. 

adulterivus,  W.  (W.  y.  p.  71-)  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate;  lower  ones  sub-serrate, 
glabrous;  those  of  the  brandies  linear,  squarrose:  involucre  squarrose,  shorter  than 
the  disk;  scales  wedge-linear. 

peregrinus,  Ph.  (W.  p-b.  If.)  leaves  sessile,  remote,  lance-oblong,  gradually  acute, 
glabrous:  stem  erect,  sub-simple,  glabrous,  hirsute  towards  the  top,  and  1  to  3- 
flowered  at  tlie  suminit:  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  villose,  very  acute, 
lax,  of  the  length  of  the  disk:   rays  numerous. 

gracilis,  N.  (\V.  b.  2i.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  remotely  gash-serrate,  acute,  somewhat 
clasping,  nearly  smooth,  with  scabrous  margins:  stem  minutely  hairy,  corymbed 
at  the  top:  peduncles  filiform,  2  and  3-flowered;  lateral  pedicels  longer:  involucre 
cylindric,  squarrose-imbricated,  with  linear-oblong,  sub-acute  scales.  Rays  about 
12,  longer  than  the  involucre.     1  f. 

albus,  N.  (2)  (W.  w.  Au.  2_f.)  simple:  flowers  fastigiate-corymbed:  peduncles  (flower- 
bearing  branches)  nearly  naked,  one-flowered:  leaves  lance-oblong,  entire,  scabrous, 
attenuated  below.     1  f. 

16 — 10.     Astrag'alus.     93.     Leg.  nut.  ape.  aso.  gum."* 

secundus,  Mx.  (3)  (one  sided  milk  vetch.  A.  p.  Ju.  21.)  caulescent,  procumbent:  leaf- 
ets ovate,  pubescent:  spikes  peduncled:  legumes  one-way,  straight,  accuminate 
both  ends,  pedulous.     Canada. 

canadensis,  W.  (woolly  milk  vetch.  W.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  caulescent,  diffuse:  leafets  (21) 
glabrous  both  sides:  legume  sub-cylindric,  mucronate.  On  the  islands  near  Troy. 
30  i.     S.     P.  Y.  T.  R.     Mich. 

purshii,  II.  (y.  J.  2|.)  very  hirsute:  stem  short,  diffused:  stipule  lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate: leafets  6  to  8-pairs  oblong:  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  leaves:  flowers  lax  head 
racemed,  spreading;  bracts  linear-subulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels:  calyx 
long  membranaceous:  wings  tapering  and  equalling  the  banner:  germ  sub-sessile, 
linear,  very  hairy.     R. 

drummoiidii,  H.  (y.  &  w.  21-)  erect:  stem  furrowed:  stem  leaves  and  peduncles  be- 
neath with  short  hairs:  stipules  ovate  and  very  acuminate:  leafets  13  to  15-paired, 
oblong,  obtuse,  tapering  into  the  petiole:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  racemes 

Astragalus.  Gr.  astragalos.     This  was  a  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  one  of  their 
leguminous  plants,  but  it  is  not  known  to  which. 
(1)  biennis,  N.     (2)  Inula,  N.     (3)  labradoricus.  Ilk. 
*Gum  tragacanth  is  produced  from  some  species. 


148  ASTRAGALUS. 

long  lax:  bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the  pedicels:  calj'X  black-hirsute:  legumes 
Btiped,  one-sided,  cylindric,  a  little  falcate.     A. 

alpinus,  Ph.  (I)  (A.  p.  Ju.  21.)  caulescent,  procumbent:  flowers  pendulous,  racemed: 
legumes  acute  at  both  ends,  hairy.     R.     Canada. 

pauciflorus,  Hk.  (W.  p.)  decumbent,  hoary,  prossed-pilose:  stipules  opposite,  lower 
ones  entire:  leafets  in  3  to  5  pairs,  oblong,  acute:  peduncles  a  little  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  2  to4-flowered;  flowers  small  in  lax  racemes:  bracts  pedicelled:  teeth 
of  the  white-hairy  calyx  equalUng  the  tube.     Rocky  Mt.     Drummond. 

adsurgens,  Hk.  (W.)  elongated,  prostrate  or  ascend'ing,  somewhat  glabrous:  leafets 
in  8  to  12  pairs,  oblong:  stipules  ovale,  acuminate,  membranaceous:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  oblong:  flowers  erect;  banner  one  third  longer  than 
the  wings:  legumes  straight,  erect,  somewhat  3-sided.  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
west  of  it. 

sucatmbens,  Doug.  (W.)  hirsute  in  all  parts:  stem  procumbent,  flexuose,  ramose: 
stipules  small,  acuminate;  leafets  in  5  pairs,  obovate:  racemes  capitate:  legumes 
falcate.     West  of  Rocky  Ml.     Flowers  large. 

diaplmmis,  Doug.  (W.)  prostrate,  difluse:  leafets  in  5  to  9  pairs,  obovate;  flowers 
capitate,  lax:  bracts  minute,  acuminate:  legumes  falcate,  sub-reflexed,  diaphan- 
ous.    West  of  Rocky  Mt.     Flowers  small. 

lentisinosus,  Doug.  (W.)  prostrate,  sub-glabrous:  leafets  8-paired,  obovate:  legumes 
ovate,  acuminate,  membranaceous,  curved  and  inflated  at  the  base.  Rocky  Mt.  and 
west  of  it. 

inflcxus,  Doug.  (W.)  diffuse,  prostrate,  downy  villose:  stem  flexuose:  leafets  9  or  10 
paired,  obtuse,  legumes  ovate,  ^ovvny,  curved.     West  of  Rocky  Mt. 

irlareosus,  Doug.  (VV.  b-p.)  depressed,  downy:  stem  short  (.5  inclies):  leafets  linear- 
oblong,  in  6-pairs:  calyx  long-cylindric,  with  black  hairs.  West  of  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    Flowers  large. 

IfLznuinni,  (2)  (W.  b.  J.  2i-)  stem  diffuse  and  ascending,  grooved.-  cauUne  bracts 
membranaceous,  acuminate:  leafets  sub-pubescent,  oblong,  C  to  8  pairs:  peduncles 
axillary  and  terminal,  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  thick  grooved,  in  sub-oval 
crowded  spikes:  bracts  acuminate:  legumes  oblong,  pubescent  when  young.  1  f, 
R, 

caryo carpus,  H-  (p.  Zf.)  stem  many-edged,  prostrate  and  ascending,  sub-hirsute  with 
close-pressed  hairs:  stipules  distinct,  ovate  acute;  leafets  9  to  12  paired,  oval:  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  the  leaves:  racemes  capitate,  lax:  legumes  inflated-nut-form, 
ridgy,  mucronate,  glabrous,  many-seeded:  calyx  densely  hirsute.     A. 

moUissimus,  T.  &  J.  ( W.  y-w.  2i.)  almost  stemless,  erect,  silk-downy:  stipules  not 
attached  to  the  petioles,  opposite  to  the  leaves:  leafets  11  to  l4  pairs,  ovate-oblong, 
mucronate:  peduncles  larger  than  the  leaves:  flowers  in  spikes,  erect:  legumes  ob- 
long, curved,   glabrous. 

leptopliyLlus,  N.  (Y.  J.  If.)  erect  glabrous;  leafets  linear,  remote:  racemes  oblong: 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:   legumes  glabrous.     R. 

mortoni,  N.  (y.  21.)  sub-glabrous,  erect:  leafets  (i  to  8  pairs,  oblong-obtuse:  racemes 
dense-flowered  nodding,  peduncled,  about  equalling  tiie  leaves:   germs  villose.     R. 

glaber,  Mx.  (w.  Ap.)  caulescent,  glabrous:  leafels  numerous,  small,  oval,  slightly 
fringed:  spikes  3  to  6-flowered,  on  long  peduncles:  pods  distant,  terete,  incurved. 
2  f 

obcordatus,  E.  (JLi.  w.)  glabrous:  leafets  small,  15  to  19  in  number,  obcordale:  pedun- 
cles long,  bearing  8  to  12  flowers  at  the  top.     Stem  decumbent? 

galegaoides,  N.  (W.  w.)  stem  sub-erect:  leafets  about  21,  lance-oblong,  sub-pubescent 
beneath:  peduncles  axillary,  longer  tlian  the  leaves:  spike  crowded:  flowers  pedi.^ 
celled,  one-sided:  legumes  stiped,  pendulous,  3-sided,  inflated,  smooth:  calyx  hair}', 
with  subulate  segments:  strong-scented.     The  7Y;r;e7nosMs,  Ph.     2f. 

hyjjo glottis,  (W.  M.)  stem  .procumbent:  leafets  oblong:  spikes  ovate,  peduncled, 
longer  than  the  leaves:  legumes  erect,  ovate,  channelled.  Perhaps  anorlhern  plant. 
Red  River. 

vagintitus,  Dc.  (p.  &  w.)  erect,  pubescent:  stipules  united  together  and  opposite:  leaf- 
ets lance  linear:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  densely  spiked,  nodding: 
legumes  linear,  straight.     A. 

gradlis,  N.  (W.  M.  Zf.)  pubescent:  stem  slender,  erect:  leaves  sub-sessile;  leafets 
oblong-linear,  13  to  SI,  remote:  racemes  peduncled.  longer  than  the  leaves:  legume 
very  short,  nodding,  oval-ovate,  somewhat  3-sidcd,  hairy,  1-celled:    teeth  of  the 

(1)  Phac^,  Hk.     (2)  adsurgens?  Hk. 


ASTRAGALUS.  149 

cal}'x  minute.     2  f.     Nuttall  says  it  is  the /ereeZ/j^s  of  Pursh,  which  is  called  Ervum 
multiflorum  by  the  same  author  in  one  place,  and  Dalea  parviflora  in  another. 

micrantkus,  N.  (W.  b.  M.Q-  2i-)  liecumbent:  leafetf?  oval,  emaruinate,  glabrous:  pe- 
duncles about  l2-flowered,  longer  than  the  petioles:  legumes  falcate,  2-keeled,  gla- 
brous: seeds  truncate.     7  i. 

goniatus.  N.  (p.)  decumbent,  nearly  glabrous:  stem  angular:  leafets  7 — 10  pairs,  linear 
oblong,  obtuse:  stipules  linear-lanceolate:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes 
capitate:  bracts  oblong,  shorter  than  the  villous  calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
as  long  as  the  tube;  legumes  oblong,  triquetrous,  bicarinate,  clothed  with  long 
white  hairs,  a  little  longer  than  the  caij'x.  4  i.  Legume  4  i.  long.  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

missouriensis,  N.  (M.  v.)  steniless:  leafets  lance-ovate,  silky-silvery:  scapes  equalling 
tlie  leaves:  flowers  in  heads:  bracts  lanceolate,  of  the  length  of  the  silky  calyx. 
Missouri.     Oxytropis  argenlata  is  a  synonyme. 

argopliyllus,  N.  (p.)  villous  with  long  white  silky  hairs:  cespitose:  stem  short  and 
decumbent:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  membranaceous:  leafets  7 — 8  pairs, 
lanceolate-ovate  and  acute;  or  obovate  and  obtuse:  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  racemes  short,  loose,  somewhat  capitate,  3 — S  flowered:  bracts  long  and 
subulate:  flowers  pedicellate:  calyx  tubular;  teeth  subulate,  about  one  third  the 
length  of  the  tube:  legume  hirsute,  oblong,  with  a  broad  curved  point,  transversely 
wrinkled,  tiie  lower  suture  slightly  introliexed.     Kocky  Mountains. 

shortianus,  N.  (w. )  slemless,  canescent,  with  appressed  shining  hairs:  leafets  5 — 7 
pairs,  roundish-elliptical  or  ovate,  very  obtuse:  stipules  ovate,  obtuse:  peduncles 
shorter  llian  the  leaves:  raceme  oblong:  calyx  cloj^ed  with  white  hairs,  with  rather 
long  subulate  teeth:  legume  lai-ge  and  turgid,  cymbiform,  with  a  short  curved  point, 
black  and  transversely  wrinkled.     Rocky  Mountains. 

plattensis,  N.  (p.)  st.em.s  numerous,  nearly  prostrate,  hirsute  with  whitish  spreading 
hairs:  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acute:  leafets  8 — 12  pairs,  elliptical  or  oblong:  pedun- 
cles shorter  than  the  leaves:  racemes  short:  bracts  about  twice  as  long  as  the  pedi- 
cels: calyx  pilose,  with  darkish  hairs,  oblong:  legume  thick  and  fleshy,  broadly 
ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  compressed,  pilose.  Plains  of  the  Platte.  A.  caryo- 
carpus  Torr.  is  a  synonyme. 

trichocalyx,  N.  (  )  stems  numerous,  decumbent,  somewhat  pilose,  with  appressed 
hairs:  stipules  lanceolate:  leafets  10 — IG  pairs,  ellipiical-oblong,  obtuse:  peduncles 
about  the  length  of  the  leaves:  racemes  short  and  crowded:  bracts  a  little  longer 
than  the  pedicels:  calyx  densely  villose,  with  mostly  whitish  hairs;  the  teeth  subu 
late,  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  tube:  legume  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy,  gla- 
brous, finely  wrinkled  transversely.     Arkansas,  Texas. 

pachycarpus,  T.  (  )  procumbent,  diffuse,  canescently  hirsute  with  appressed  hairs: 
stipules  ovate,  acuminate:  leafets  8—16  pairs,  elliptical  and  oblong-obovate:  pedun- 
cles much  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  lanceolate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  short 
pedicels:  legumes  ovate,  coriaceous,  very  turgid  and  dilated  laterally,  somewhat 
curved,  with  a  short  beak,  inflexed  at  each  suture,  2-celled,  slightly  wrinkled  trans 
versely.     6 — 10  i.  branched.     Arkansas. 

distorttis,  T.  (May.  b. )  scarcely  pubescent,  prostrate:  leafets  8 — 12  pairs,  oblong  or 
obovate,  sometimes  elliptical,  usually  emarginate:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves: 
spikes  roundish  or  oblong,  10 — 20-flowered,  loose:  calyx  clothed  with  blackish 
hairs;  the  teeth  broad,  acuminate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  legumes 
oblong,  somewhat  inflated,  often  somewhat  twisted,  abruptly  pointed,  scarcely 
reticulated;  upper  suture  slightly  inflexed;  the  lower  one  deeply  sulcate.  8  to  15  i. 
Arkansas,  Texas. 

Icptucarpns.  T.  (April,  p-b.)  erect  or  assurgent,  branched  from  the  base,  somewhat 
pubescent:  leafets  6 — 8  pairs,  cuneate-elliptical,  refuse:  stipules  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  ovate,  few-flowered,  loose:  bracts 
subulate,  lather  minute:  calyx  campanulate;  the  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the 
tube:  legumes  linear,  verv  narrow,  elongated,  membranaceous,  glabrous,  2  celled; 
ll_12-s"eeded      1  f     Texas. 

reflexus,  T.  (p.)  assurgent:  stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  hairy:  leafets  6—7 
pairs,  cuneate-obovate,  emarginate:  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  ovate,  few-flowered;  the  flowers  spreading:  bracts 
minute:  calyx  campanulate;  the  teeth  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube:  legumes 
ovate-oblong,  ratlier  acute,  reflexed,  thick  and  coriaceous,  corrugated  transversely, 
glabrous,  2-celled:  the  upper  suture  nearly  straight  and  prominently  ridged,  the 
lower  deeply  reflexed;  cells  3— 4-seeded.     1  f.     Texas. 


160  ASTRAGALUS,    ATRAGENE. 

multicaulis,  N.  (w-p.)  canesrent:  stems  much  branched  from  the  base  and  cespilose: 
leafet8  3 — 6  pairs,  mostly  obovate,  obtuse:  stipules  ovate,  membranaceous:  racemes 
3 — 5-flowered,  shorter  tliaii  llie  leaves:  bracts  subulate;  calj^s  campanulate;  the 
teeth  broadly  subulate,  as  lonir  as  the  tube:  legumes  oblong,  very  hairy,  much 
curved,  acute,  inflated,  partly  2-celled,  the  upper  suture  sulcate.     4 — 5  i. 

o'regumis,  N.   (  )   dwarf  and   decumbent,   canescent  with  appressed  hairs:  leafeta 

17 — 21,  broadly  obovate  or  obcordate:  stipules  membranaceous:  peduncle  terminal, 
very  short:  spike  somewhat  capitate:  bracts  linear,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
blackish  villose  calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube. 
6  i.     Rocky  Mountains. 

jiavus,  N.  (y. )  somewhat  canescent  with  appressed  hairs,  diffusely  branched  and 
decumbent:  leafets  2—5  pairs,  oblong  or  lanceolate-linear,  rather  acute,  nearly 
glabrous  above:  stipules  united  opposite  the  leaves:  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves:  spikes  at  length  elongated  and  loose:  calyx  campanulate:  the  teeth  subulate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  legumes  mostly  included  in  the  calyx,  oblong-ovate, 
much  compressed  contrary  to  the  sutures,  with  a  broad  and  rather  deep  furrow 
below,  partly  2-celled.     C — 8  i.     Rocky  Mountains. 

spicatus,  N.   (  )  pubescent,  erect:   leafets   about   10  pairs,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse: 

stipules  ovate,  acuminate:  peduncles  rather  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  oblong: 
bracts  ovate,  about  the  length  of  the  pedicels:  flowers  reflexed:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
short,  the  upper  ones  widest:  legumes  cylindrical-oblong,  terete,  pubescent,  with  a 
short,  subulate  point.     Kocky  Mountains. 

trislis,   N.   (  )   somewhat  pubescent,    dwarf  and   decumbent:   leafets  8 — 10  pairs, 

obovate-oblong,  glabrous  above:  stipules  ovate-lanceolate:  peduncles  stout,  shorter 
than  the  leaves:  spikes  oblong,  dense,  the  flowers  reflexed:  bracts  oblong-lanceolate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  blackish  villose  calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  triangular: 
ovary  villose,  straight.      Rocky  Mountains. 

leucopliyUus,  T.  (  )  canescent,  erect,  tall:  leafets  14 — 18  pairs,  oblong-linear, 
rather  acute:  stipules  small,  subulate:  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves:  spikes 
oblong,  dense;  the  flowers  erect-spreading:  bracts  subulate,  a  little  longer  than  the 
pedicels:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  tube. 
Cahfornia. 

Exotic. 

glaux,  (milk-vetch.  0.)  caulescent,  diffuse;  the  little  heads  peduncled,  imbricate, 
ovate;   flowers  erect:   legume  ovate,  callous,  inflated. 

depressus,  (trailing  vetch.  21- )  sub-caulescent,  procumbent:  leafets  obovate:  raceme 
shorter  than  the  petiole:  legume  terete,  lanceolate,  leflesed. 

16 — 10.     AsTR0PHi.\.     93.     Legu.  ape.  ant.  nut. 

liltoralis,  N.  (Z(.)  silky  pubescent:  leaves  pinnate  small;  leafets  in  2  or  3  pairs,  linear- 
spatulate:  racemes  about  5-flowered:  seeds  globose,  brown. 

3 — 2.     Atherop'ogon.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

apludoidcs,  M.  (1)  (hair-beard.  W.  S.  H-)  spikes  short,  numerous,  (20  to  40,)  re- 
flexed downwards:  cnhn  terete,  glabrous,  geniculate:  leaves  hairy  at  the  base: 
sheaths  hairy.     1   f     8.     P.   T.     Mich. 

oligostachyum,  N.  (W.  21.)  spikes  2  or  3,  sub- terminal,  many-flowered:  glumes  and 
paleas  pilose;  outer  palea  3-awned,  the  2  lateral  awns  shorter  and  arising  near  the 
middle  of  the  valve— neutral  valve  3-awned.     10  i.     S. 

Atliyrum,  Aspidium. 

12 — 12.     Atrag'ene.     6J.     Ran.  acr-  cau.  poi — . 

americana,  Sims.  (2)  (false  virgin-bower,  b-p.  M.  If.)  stem  climbing,  6-angled: 
leaves  in  fours,  ternate,  with  climbing  petioles:  leafets  glabrous,  heart-ovate,  acu- 
minate: carpels  caudate,  with  awns  plumose?  T.  N. 

Atheropogon.  Gr.  a^Aer,  a  bristle,  a.nd  pogon,  a  beard,  its  awns  being  very  scabrous. 
Atragene.  Gr.  Athragene,  a  name  adopted  by  Theophrastus  for  our  Clematis  vitalba. 

DeCandolle.  f         J  f 

(1)  Chloris  curlipendula,  Mx.     (2)  pennsylvanica,  M.    Clematis,  verticillaris,  Do. 


ATRAGEXE,    AVENA.  151 

Columbiana,  N.  (b.  Mar.)  peduncles  1-flowered:  leaves  opposite,  triple-gashed;  leafets 
ovale,  acute,  obsolctely  crenale:  divisions  of  calyx  ovale  acuinuiate,  with  stamens 
about  twice  as  long.     il. 

5 — 2.     Atre'ju.     CO.     Unib.  sto.  nar.  if  nau. 

americana,  (1)  (W.)  stem  furrowed:  leaves  many-cleft  into  linear  divisions:  umbels 
5  to  8-rayed.     Red  River. 

5—2.     A'triplex.     29.     Chen.  nut.  ton. 
halimus,  W.  (orache.    \.)  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong-sub-rhomboid,  entire. 

hortcnsis,  (fjardcn  orache.  Ju.  -0.)  stem  erect,  heibaceous:  leaves  triangular, 
toothed   of  an  uniform  color:   calyx  of  the  fruit  ovale,  netted,  entire.     3  f.     Y.  C. 

laciiiiata,  W.  (L.  J.  0.)  stem  erect,  herbaceous:  leaves  triangular,  deep-toothed,  white 
beneath:  calyx  of  tiie  fruit  rhomboid,  3-nerved,  denticulate.     S.     C. 

areniiria,  N.  (2)  (sand  orache.  Ju.  0.)  stem  herbaceous,  spreading:  leaves  entire,  ob- 
long-ovate, sub-sessile,  white-silvery  beneath;  upper  ones  acute  or  acuminate: 
flowers  axillary,  glomerate:  calyx  of  the  fertile  flowers  muricate,  dentate,  retuse. 
Stem  reddish,  angular,  very  branching;  about  a  foot  high.     iS.     Y. 

patula,  (spreading  orache.  W.  Ap.  0.)  stem  herbaceous,  spreading:  leaves  triangular- 
hastate,  smooth  above,  irregularly  toothed;  upper  ones  entire:  fruit  bearing  calyx 
sub-muricate  on  the  sides.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  lachduta,  T.     6*.     C.  B.  N. 

hastata,  W.  (Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  herbaceous:  leaves  triangular-hastate,  deeply  tooth 
ed,  uniform  colored:  calyx  of  the  fruit  sinuate-toothed:  middle  tooth  elongated. 
Perhaps  introduced. 

Southern. 

angvstifolia,  (L.J.  0.)  stem  herbaceous,  divaricate:  lower  leaves  hastate,  slightly 
toothed;   upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire:  calyx  of  the  fruit  lance-hastate,  entire. 

canescens,  N.  (W.  M.)  dioecious,  dusty-whitish;  stem  shrubby,  diff"use:  leaves  oblong- 
linear,  entire,  obtuse,  tapering  towards  the  base;  young  leaves  acute.  3  f.  Calli- 
gonum  canescens  of  Pursh. 

argentca,  N.  (W.  Q,)  stem  herbaceous,  erect:  leaves  deltoid,  sub-cordate,  sub-obtuse, 
entire,  white-dusty  and  shining  both  sides:  fruit  somewhat  peduncled,  oval,  com- 
pressed, obtuse,  acutely  toothed  at  the  margin.     ]  f. 

5 — I.     A'tropa.     38.     Solan,  poi.  r.  f.  &  h.  nar-|-. 
Exotic, 
belladonna,    (deadly  nightshade,   w-y.  Zf.)  stem  herbaceous,  brachiaie:  leaves  ovate, 
entire.     Berries  black  and  poisonous. 

3 — 2.     Aulaxan'thus.     10.     Gram,  far- ton. 

Southern. 

cUiatuB,  E.  (S.  K?)  stem  erect:  leaves  linear,  ciliate:  panicles  slender,  compact.  Sand. 

2  f. 
rvfus,  E.  (Au.")  stem  erect:  leaves  very  glabrous:  panicle  large,  slightly  compressed: 
hairs  on  the  glumes  reddish  yellow.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  ciLlatus,  E. 

Aulaxia,  Aulasan'thds. 
3—2.     Ave  NA.     (3)     10.     Gram,  far- ton. 

praecox,  (dwarf  oats.  J.  ^.)  panicle  in  a  dense  raceme:  florets  as  long  as  the  glumes: 
awnexsert:  leaves  setaceous.     Sand.  4  i.     E.  Ithaca. 


Atrema.  Gr.  a,  without,  and  trema,  a  hole,  or  atrenia,  quietly,   tranquilly. 

A  triplex.   Lai.   utripltx,  from  its  dark  color. 

Alropa.  From  Atropus,  one  of  the  three  fates,  from  its  deadly  qualities. 

Aulaxanthus.   Gr.  uulax,  a.  farrow,  and  anthos,  Aower. 

Avena.  Lat.  aveo,  to  covet,  because  cattle  are  so  fond  of  it. 

(1)  Coriandrum  americanum,  N.     (2)  patula?  M.     (3)   See  Danthonia. 


153  AVENA,    AZALEA. 

moUh,  Ph.  racemes  somewhat  in  a  compact  spike:  glumes  2-flowerecl;  flowers  awn ed 
and'beardless— awns  straight,  of  tlie  length  of  the  flowers:  leaves  and  culm  with 
soft  pubescence.  r-  a  :,     a  ^ 

striata,  Ph.  (A.)  panicle  compact,  few-flowered;  glumes  o-tlowered;  flowers  longer 
than  the  glumes,  almost  beardless:  valves  outwardly  striate,  with  a  long  awn  upon 
the  back:  seed  naked. 

Exotic. 

saliva,  (oats.  J.  #.)  panicled:  glumeg  2-seeded:  seeds  smooth,  one  of  them  awned. 
First  discovered  in  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez.  A  variety  is  awnless,  and  has 
black  seeds. 

sterilis,  (animated  oats.  Ju.  ^.)  panicled:  glumes  about  5-flowered:  florets  hairy,  the 
middle  ones  awnless.  When  dry,  the  heads  are  set  in  motion,  if  moistened,  by  the 
untwisting  of  the  awns. 

elatior,  (J.  U-)  panicle  sub-contracted,  nodding:  glume  2-flowered;  florets  perfect, 
sub-awnless,  staminate  awned:  culm  geniculate,  glabrousi  root  creeping.  Intro- 
duced. 

13 — 2.     Avicen'nia.     45.     Polom.  ton. 

Soutlicm. 

lomerdosa,  W.  (mangle.  ^ .)  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  tomentose  beneath.  Flowers  in 
sub-sessile  clusters.     20  f.        ^ 

5 — 1.     Aza'lea.     50.     Eric.  diu.  dem. 

procumhens,  W.  (tiailing  honeysuckle,  r.  Ju.  h.)  leafy-flowered:  branches  diffuse, 
procumbent:  leaves  opposite,  elliptic,  glabrous:  margin  revolute:  corol  bell-form, 
glabrous:  filaments  enclosed,  equal.  Flowers  small:  resembles  Ledum  buxifolium: 
all  tlie  other  species  resemble  the  Rhododendron,  to  which  Don  annexed  them. 
3_4  i.     N.     White  Mts. 

calendulacca,  Mx.  (r.  &  y.  Ap.  ^.)  sub-naked-flowered:  leaves  oblong,  pubescent 
both  sides,  and  when  full-grown  become  rough-haired:  flowers  abundant,  large,  not 
viscous:  teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong:  corol  with  a  hirsute  tube  sliorter  than  its  divi- 
sions. A  variety,  Juinwiea,  has  a  flame-colored  flower;  another,  crocea,  has  a  saf- 
fron-colored flower.     4  f     P'. 

cancscens,  Mx.  (A.  N.  r.  J.  ^.)  sub-naked-flowered:  leaves  obovate-oblong,  pubescent 
on  the  upper  side,  and  downy  beneath;  nerves  not  bristle-bearing:  flowers  not  vis- 
cous: tube  of  the  corol  scarcely  shorter  than  its  divisions:  teeth  of  the  calyx  very 
short,  round-obtuse:  stamens  scarcely  exsert.     S.     Catskill  mountains. 

arborcscens,  (r.  'H.)  flowers  leafy:  leaves  obovate,  sub-obtuse,  smooth  both  sides, 
glaucous  beneath,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  nerve  almost  smooth:  flowers  not  viscous; 
tubes  longer  than  the  segments:  calyx  leafy,  with  oblong  acute  segments:  filaments 
exsert.     1 5  f. 

kispida  ?h.  (A.  w.  r.  Ja.  fp .)  flowers  leafy:  branches  straight,  very  hispid:  leaves 
long-lanceolate,  hispid  above,  smooth  beneath,  glaucous  botii  sides,  nerve  bristly 
beneath:  margin  ciliate:  flowers  very  viscous:  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  seg- 
ments: teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong,  rounded:  filament  exsert.     12  f 

nudiflora,  W.  (I)  (early  honeysuckle,  pinxter  blomachee.  O.  r.  M.  >;.)  sub-naked- 
flowered:  leaves  lancoolate-oblong,  or  oval,  smooth  or  pubescent,  uniform-colored; 
nerves  on  the  upper  side  downy,  and  beneath  bristly;  margin  ciliate:  flowers  abun- 
dant, viscous;  iheir  tubes  longer  than  their  divisions:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short, 
oval,  sub-rounded:  stamens  very  much  exsert.  A  variety,  coccinea,  has  scarlet 
flowers  and  lanceolate  leaves;  another  ruiilans,  has  deep-ied  flowers  and  minute 
calyx;  another,  carnea,  has  pale-red  flowers,  witli  red  bases  and  leafy  calyx:  ano- 
ther, alba,  has  white  flowers,  with  a  middling  calyx:  another,  papUionacca,  has  red 
flowers,  with  the  lower  divisions  white,  calyx  leafy;  another,  partita,  has  flesh- 
colored  flowers,  5-parted  to  tiie  base:  another,  polijandriu,  has  rose-colored  flowers, 
with  from  10  to  20  stamens.     Woods.     2 — Q^ 

Avicennia.     In  honor  of  Avicenna,  an  Arabic  physioian  of  repute. 

Azalea.     G,r.  azaleas,  dry,  from  jts  rcsUlence  in  dry  and  .sandy  situations,  or  Hie  brittle 

dry  nature  of  its  wood.  '•_.  ;, 

(1)  penclymeuoides,  Mx. 


AZALEA,    BOLLOTA.  153 

niiida,  (swamp  honeysuckle,  swamp  pink.  w.  J.  ^.)  leafy- flowered:  branches  smooth- 
ish:  leaves  few,  oblanceolate,  sub-mucronate,  leathery,  glabrous  both  sides,  and  the 
upper  side  shining;  nerve  bristle-bearing  beneath;  margin  revolute-ciliate:  flowers 
viscous;  tube  a  little  longer  than  the  divisions:  calyx  very  short:  filaments  exsert. 
Leaves  dark-green.     Swamps.     C.  Y. 

tiscosa.  W.  (white  honeysuckle.  W.  \v.  J.  ^.)  leaf}'- flowered:  branches  hispid: 
leaves  obloiig-obovate,  acute,  botli  sides  glabrous  and  one-colored:  nerve  bristle- 
bearing;  margin  ciliate:  flowers  viscous;  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  divisions:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  very  short,  rounded:  filaments  scarcely  longer  than  the  corol.  Flowers 
very  sweet-scented.     5  f     B.  N. 

glauca,  Lk.  (fragrant  honeysuckle,  w.  J.  Tp .)  leafy-flowered:  branchlets  hispid: 
leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  both  sides  glabrous,  and  glaucous  beneath;  nerve  bristle- 
bearing,  margin  ciliate:  flowers  very  viscous;  tube  of  the  corol  twice  as  long  as  its 
divisions:  calyx  very  short:  filaments  about  equal  to  the  divisions  of  the  corol. 
Rather  lower  than  tiie  other  species:  flowers  abundant.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  vis- 
cosa.     S.     P. 

Southern. 
bicolor,  Ph.  (r.  w.  M.  '^.)  naked  flowered:  leaves  obovate,  covered  on  both  sides  with 
fine  whitish  hairs;  the  nerve  not  bristly:  flowers  small,  not  viscid;  the  tube  scarcely 
longer  than  tbe  segments  of  the  corol:  calyx  very  short;  one  of  its  segments  nar- 
row, and  4-times  longer  than  the  rest:  filaments  longer  than  the  tube:  smaller 
branches  hairy  and  hispid.     2 — 8  f 

21 — 1.     Azol'la.     5.     Fill,  sec-sti. 

caroliniana,  (VV.  0.)  leaves  distichous,  imbricate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  spreading. 
Floating  leaves,  reddish  beneath.     Lake  Ontario,  Cayuga  Marsh. 

B. 

17 — 2.     Bac'charis.     55.     Inu.  ton.  e.  feb. 

Jialimifolia,  Mx.  (groundsel  tree.  w.  S.  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  gash-toothed  above: 
panicle  compound,  leafy:  fascicles  peduncled.  The  whole  shrub  covered  with 
white  powder.     Sea  coast,  and  river  alluvion.     6—12  f.     S.    Y. 

Southern. 

angustifolia.  Ms.  (L.  S.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  very  entire:  panicle  compound, 

many-flowered.     S — 10  f. 
sessilijiora,  Mx.  (S.)  leaves  smooth,  cuneate-obovate,  toothed  near  the  summit:  heads 

axillary,  sessile,  scattered:  scales  of  the  involucre  rufous  at  the  tips.     3 — 5  f. 

17 — 3.     Balduin'a.     55.     Inu.  ton.  sec-sti. 

SouthcTTi. 

tiniflora,  N.  (y.  Ju.  Z[.)  stem  1-flowered,  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  narrow,  obovate, 

entire:  egret  as  long  as  the  akenium.     2  f 
multiflora,  N.  (y.  S.  If'?)  stem  branching,    many-flowered,  glabrous:  leaves  linear; 
leaves  of  the  involucre  acuminate:  egret  short,  cup-form.     30  i.     Elliott  considers 
these  two  species  as  belonging  to  diflerent  genera — the  latter  he  proposes  to  call 
Actinospermum. 

13 — 1.     Ballo'ta.     42.     Labia,  stim.  ton. 
Exotic. 
nigra,  (false  motherwort,  false  hoarhound.  2X-)  Naturalized,  and  grows  wild  about 
New  Haven.     Leaves  heart-form,  undivided,  serrate:  sepals  acuminate.     Ives.     C. 

Azolla.  Gr.  azo,  to  make  dry,  olio,  (ollumi)  to  kill;  in  allusion  to  its  withering  sud- 
denly, when  removed  from  a  marsh,  &c. 

Baccharis.  From  Bacchus,  to  whom  the  original  plant  (probably  by  Dioscorides) 
was  dedicated. 

Balduina.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Wm.  Baldwin,  of  Savannah,  Geo. 

Ballota.  Gr.  hnlln,  to  send  forth,  and  ous,  (otos)  the  ear,  its  sprouts  resembling  two 
ears. 

20 


154  BALTIMORA,  BARBAREA. 

Balsamorhiza,   Espeletia. 
17 — 4.     Baltimo'ra.     55.     Inu.  sec-sti. 
Southern, 
recta,  W.  (y.  Ju.  -^.)  scabrous:  stem  dichotomous:  leaves  opposite,  ovate,   acumi- 
nate, serrate,  petioled.     It  is  doubtful  whether  this  grows  north  of  the  West  India 
Islands. 

10 — I.     Bapti'sia.     V.   (1)     93.     Leg.  r.  &  h.  asc.  cat.  eme.  dye. 

tinctoria,  (wild  indigo.  O.  y.  Ju.  H.)  very  glabrous  and  branching:  leaves  ternate, 
sub-sessile;  leafets  wedge-obovate,  round-obtuse,  (becoming  black  in  drying:)  sti- 
pules obsolete,  oblong,  acute,  much  sliorter  than  the  petioles:  racemes  terminal: 
legumes  ovate,  long-stiped.     2 — 3  f.     (S*.     Mich. 

ccETulea,  Mx.  (2)  (spiked  indigo  weed.  W.  b.  Ju.  71.)  glabrous:  leaves  ternate,  short- 
petioled;  leafets  oblong-wedge  form,  obtuse:  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  twice  as 
long  as  the  petioles:  racemes  spiked,  elongated:  legumes  acuminate.  S.  C.  H. 
Canandaigua. 

alba,  W.  (W.  w.  J.  Zf.)  branches  spreading:  leaves  ternate,  petioled:  leafets  lance- 
olate, wedge-form  at  the  base,  obtuse,  rnucronate,  glabrous:  stipules  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles:  racemes  terminal.     2  f.     D.     Mich. 

leucoyhaea,  N.  (       r-y.     )  Description  not  received.     See  Addenda.     Mich. 

Southern. 
perfoUata,  M.  (y.  Ju.  2_C.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  perfoliate,  oval,  entire,  glaucous: 

flowers  axillary,  solitary,  legumes  sub-globose,  inflated. 
lanceolata,  Wr.    (y.  Ap.  21-)   pubescent:  leaves    ternate,  cuneate,  lanceolate  obtuse: 

flowers  axillary,  solitary;  the  terminal  ones  racemed.     1 — 2  f.     The  uniflora  of  Ph. 

Florida. 
villosa,  Wr.  (y-w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  ternate,  lanceolate,   hairy:  stem  and  calyx  villose: 

stipules  linear:  racemes  terminal. 
mollis,  Mx.  (Zf.)  stem,  leaves,  and  calyxes,  minutely  hairy:  leaves  ternate;  leafets 

lance-rhomboid:  stipules  leafy,  lanceolate:  racemes  in  terminal  spikes:  teeth  of  the 

calyx  acute. 
bracteata,  M.  (W.  w.  Ap.)  pubescent:  branches  spreading:  leaves  ternate,  petioled; 

leafets  lanceolate:  racemes  axillary,  reclined:  bracts  large,  broad-subulate,  perma- 
nent.    2  f     The  Icucopluee?     N. 
simplicifolia,  Croom.  (y.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  siuiple,  rhomb-ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  without 

stipules:  stem  angular:  legumes  pedicelled.     Florida. 
sphaerocarpus,  N.  (W.  y.  21-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  sessile;  leafets  lance-oblong  and 

ovate,  obtuse:  stipules  subulate,  minute:  legumes  very  short,  sub-globose:  spikes 

long,  terminal.     Arkansas. 
viicrophylla,,  N.  (y.  Zf-)  leaves  simple,  sessile,  round-cuneate;   upper  ones  clasping: 

stipules  roundish:  flowers  axillary,  solitary:  legumes  short,  sub-globose.     Florida. 

14 — 2.     Barbare'a.     Br.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut. 

vulgaris,  (3)  (water  radish,  water  rocket.  O.  y.  M.  ZC-)  lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid, 
with  the  terminal  lobe  roundish;  upper  leaves  obovate,  toothed.  Banks  of  rivers. 
Wet  lands. 

precox,  Br.  (4)  (winter  cress.  ZJ!.)  lower  leaves  lyrate,  with  a  termimal  ovate- 

lobe,  upper  ones  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  linear  oblong  terminal-lobes.     Canada.    C. 

11 — 1.     Barto'nia.     88.     Laoas.  ton — . 

la£vicaulis,  H.  (W.  J.  w.)  petals 5:  stamens  5,  petalloid:  bracts  0:  stem  very  smooth, 
seeds  winged.     R. 

Baltimora.     In  honor  of  Lord  Baltimore,  the  settler  of  Maryland. 
Baptisia.     Gr.  hapto,  to  dye,  as  it  is  often  used  as  a  color. 
Barbarea.     So  named  from  its  being  called  the  herb  of  St.  Barbary. 
Bartonia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  Philadelphia. 

(1)  Podalyria,  W.  Sophora,  Wr.     (2)  austrahs,  W.     (3)  Erysimum  barbarea,  L. 
(4)  Erysimum  precox,  S. 


BARTONIA,    BELLIS.  165 

parvijlora,  Dg.    (       )  petals  5:  stamens  5 — 7,  petaloid:   bracts  0:  stem   scabrous: 

seeds  winged.     R. 
albicaulis,  Dg.  (y.  ^.)  petals  5,  obovate,   small:  stamens  petaloid,    or  none:  bracts 

none:  stem  very  smooth,  sliining,  white.     R. 

Bartonia,  as  changed  to  Centaurella. 
13—2,     Bart'sia.     36.     Rhinan.  ton—. 

pallida,  (white  painted  cup,  A-  w-y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  alternate,  linear,  undivided;  upper 
ones  lanceolate;  floral  ones  sub-oval,  sub-toothed  at  the  summit;  all  are  3-nerved: 
teeth  of  tha  calyx  acute.     White-hills. 

acuminata,  Ph.  (W.  7i.)  leaves  alternate,  long-linear;  floral  leaves  ovate,  long-acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved,  all  undivided:  flowers  shorter  than  the  bracts:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
acute. 

tenuifolia,  Ph.  (W.  y.  Ju.  If.)  very  hirsute;  leaves  alternate,  linear,  gash-pinfiatifid; 
divisions  filiform:  bracts  (yellow,)  membranaceous,  oblong,  obtuse,  tooth-hastate 
at  the  base  on  each  side,  longer  than  the  flowers:  calyx  short,  hairy,  with  subulate 
teeth.     1  f. 

alpina,  W.  (p.  Zf.)  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  sub-cordate,  obtuse-serrate,  rugose:  an- 
thers hirsute.     6  i. 

gymnandra,  W.  (W.  b.  Zf.)  leaves  sub-opposite,  ovate',  crenate;  a  pair  of  radical  ones 
petioled:  spike  oblong;  the  whorled  bracts  compact.     7  i. 

Note.     The  coccinea  is  removed  to  Nuttali's  new  genus,  Euchroma. 

5 — 1.     Bat'schia.     43.     Bora,  pec — . 

eanescens,  (puccoon,  false  bugloss.  W.  y.  Ju.  24^.)  whitish-villose:  leaves  all  oblong: 
calyx  very  short:  divisions  of  the  corol  entire.  A  red  substance  covering  the  root 
is  the  puccoon  paint  of  the  Indians.     S.     P.  H.  N.     Mich. 

gmelini,  Mx.  (W.  r-y.  Ap.  2I0  hirsute:  floral  leaves  ovate:  segments  of  calyx  long 
sub-lanceolate.     Dry  woods.     10. — 16  i.     iS.     Mich. 

Southern. 

longiflora,  N.  (W.  y.  Ju.  2_f-)  hirsute,  erect;  leaves  approximating,  long-linear:  mar- 
gin reflexed:  fascicles  fastigiate:  tube  of  the  corol  sub-pentangular;  border  flat,  with 
fringed  crenatures. 

decumbens.  N.  (W.)  hirsute:  stem  decumbent:  segments  of  the  calyx  and  leaves  linear: 
flowers  scattered:  lobes  of  the  corol  fi'inged-crenate,  shorter  than  the  tube. 

3 — 2.     Beckman'nia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Southern, 
crucaeformis,  Ju.  (W.  Ju.)  panicle  2-rowed,  1-sided,  linear:  glumes  1  or  2-flowered, 
with  scarious  margins:  stigma  hirsute. 

Befaria,  Bejaria. 

12 — 1.     Beja'ria.     50.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

Southern. 

racemosa,  Ph.  (w-r.  J.  T^.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous:  flowers  raceme-panicled,  ter 

minal:  stem  hispid.     3  f.     Sand^ 

17—2.     Bel'lis.     55.     Ast.  sec-sti. 
Exotic. 
permnis,  (daisy,  w.  &  p.   Ap.  11.)  leaves  obovate,  crenate:  scape  nalied,  l-flowered. 
Grows  wild  in  cultivated  fields  in  Pittsfield,  Mass. 

Bartsia.  In  honor  of  Dr.  Bartseh,  a  friend  of  Linneus. 

Batschia.  In  honr  of  J.  G.  Batsch,  of  Jena,  author  of  several  valuable  botanical  books. 

Beckmannia.  In  honor  of  Prof  Beckmann,  a  German  botanist. 

Bejaria.  In  honor  of  Bejar,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

Bellis.  Lat.  bellus,  handsome,  from  its  appearance. 


156  BELLIS,    BETULA. 

Sovthern. 
integrifoUa,  Mx.  (W.)  caulescent;  spread-branched:  leaves  entire;  lower  ones  obovate; 
upper  ones  lanceolate:  leafets  of  the  involucre  very  acute  and  acuminated  with  a 
hair. 

6—1.     Ber'beris.     78.     Berb.  f.  jel.  ref.  r.  ton.  dye. 

vuUaris,  (I)  (barberry,  y.  M.  Tj.)  branches  punctate:  prickles  mostly  in  threes: 
leaves  obovate,  remotely  serrate:  flowers  racemed.     N.  Y.  C.  P.  B.     Canada. 

pinnata,  (W.  y.  Ap.  Tj.)  sarmentose,  unarmed:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  mostly  in 
three  pairs,  oblong,  rapand-toothed,  veiny:  petals  2-toothed.     The  aquifolium.   Ph. 

nervosa,  Ph.  (W.  y- Ap.  ^.)  sarmentose,  unarmed:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  6-paired, 
ovate-oblong,  repand-serrate,  somewhat  5-neryed:  petals  entire.     R. 

aqulfolia,  H.  K.  (2)  (W.  )  leaves  in  2  and  3  pairs,  lower  pair  distant  from  the  base 
of  the  petiole;  leafets  ovate,  near  each  other,  spine-toothed,  cordate  at  the  base,  1- 
ijej-ved:  racemes  erect,  dense:  filaments  2-toothed. 

canadensis,  Ph.  (M.  Ju.  ^ .)  branches  yerrucose-dotted,  with  short  tripple  spines:  leaves 
spatulate-oblong,  remotely  serrate,  willi  somewhat  bristly  teeth:  racemes  sub- 
corymbose,  few-flowered:  petals  emargiuate:  berries  sub-globose  or  oval.  2  to  3  f, 
yiiginia,  Georgia.     B.  vulgaris  of  Walter  is  a  synonym. 

Berckemia,  Rhamnus. 

Rernhardia,  Psilotum. 

5—2.     Be'ta.     29.     Chen.  nut.  sug.  h.  lax. 

Exotic. 

vulgaris,  (beet.  g.  Au.  $.)  flowers  heaped  together:  lower  leaves  ovate. 

cida  (white-beet,  scarcity.  (J.)  flowers  in  threes:  radical  leaves  petioled,  cauline  ones 

sessile:  lateral  spikes  very  long. 

19 — 12.     Be'tula.     99.     Betu.  b.  aro.  ton.  h.  sug.  cab. 

popy.lifolia,  W.  (3)  (white  birch,  poplar  birch.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  deltoid,  long-acuminate, 
unequally  serrate,  very  glabrous:  scales  of  the  strobile  with  rounded  lateral  lobes: 
petioles  glabrous.     30—40  f.     T.  V.  Y.  N.  C. 

excelsa,  (4)  (tall  birch,  yellow  birch.  O.  J.  fp .)  leaves  ovate,  sjcute,  serrate:  petioles 
pubescent,  shorter  tiian  the  peduncle?  scales  of  the  strobile  with  rounded  lateral 
lobes.     70—80  f.     Mich. 

rubra,  Mx.  (5)  (red  birch.  M.  ^.)  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent beneatli,  base  entire:  pistillate  ament  ovate:  scales  villose:  divisions  linear, 
equal.     70  f     Excellent  cabinet  timber.     S. 

papyracea,  W .  (G)  (paper  birch,  canoe  birch,  h .)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate;  veins  liirsute  beneath;  petiole  glabrous:  pistillate  anient  peduncled,  nod- 
ding: scales  with  lateral,  short,  sub-orbicular  lobes.  Has  a  paper-like  bark,  of 
which  the  Indians  construct  canoes.     Y.   VV.   T.  N.     Mich. 

Imta,  W.  (7)  (spicy  birch,  cherry  birch,  black  birch.  O.  M.  f; .)  leaves  heart-ovate, 
eharp-serrate,  acuminate:  nerves  and  petioles  pilose  beneath:  scales  of  the  strobile 
glabrous,  with  obtuse  equal  lobes  having  elevated  veins.  Large  tree,  wliose  wood 
is  much  like  mahogany;  very  sweet  scented.     80  f     S.     b.  tan.  Russia  leather. 

glandulcsa,  (scrub  birch.  M.  >>.)  branches  glandular-dotted,  glabrous:  leaves  obovate, 
serrate,  at  the  base  entire,  glabrous,  sub-sessile:  pistillate  ament  oblong,  scales 
half-3-cleft:  fruit  orbicular,  with  a  narrow  margin.  2 — 8  f.  Very  abundant  in  the 
marshes  about  Stockbridge,  Mass.  It  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  Betula 
and  AInus.     Y.  P.  T.     Mich. 

nana,  (dwarf  birch.  M.  ^.)  very  small  and  glabrous:  leaves  small,  wedge-orbiculate, 
gash-crenate,  net-veined  beneath:  scales  of  the  ament  deeply  3-parted,  divisions 
oblong,  fruit  oblong,  nearly  wingless.     Swamps.     Canada.     N. 

Berberis.  Obscure:  Berheris,  according  to  Golius,  is  the  Arabic  name  of  this  plant. 
Beta.  Gr.  letter  Beta,  which  its  seed  resembles,  or  from  Celt,  belt,  meaning  red. 
Betula.     Beta  is  the  Celtic  word  for  the  Birch,  betula,  Lat. 

(1)  canadensis,   N.      (2)   mahouia,  N.      (3)  acuminata,    Eh.        (4)  lutea;    Mx. 
(5)  lanulosa,  Mx.  nigra,  L.     (6)  papyrifera,  Mx.     (7)  nigra,  Wm.  carpinifoha,  Eh. 


BETULA,    BLECHNUM.  157 

pu'mUa,  W.  (1)  (dwarf  birch.  O.  J.  T^.)  branches  pubescent,  dotted;  leaves  orbicular- 
obovate,  petioled,  dense-pubescent  beneatli:  pistillate  ament  cylindric.  2 — 3  f. 
Y,  P.  C.  N. 

17 — 3.     Bi'dens.     55.     Arte.  irr.  sal.  dia. 

cemua,  (water  beggar-ticks.  O.  y.  Au.  O.)  flowers  sub-rayed,  drooping:  outer  invo- 
lucre longer  than  the  flower:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-connate,  toothed.  One  variety, 
minima,  has  sessile  leaves  and  erect  flowers  and  akenes:  another  variety,  coreopsis, 
has  serrate,  opposite,  clasping  leaves.     Mich. 

chrysanlhemoides,  W.  (2)  (daisy  beggar-ticks.  O.  y.  Au.  O.)  flowers  rayed,  drooping, 
rays  erect,  longer  than  the  sub-equal  involucre:  leaves  oblc^ng,  tapering  to  both 
ends,   toothed,  connate.     Flowers  large:  2,  3  or  4  awns  to  an  akenium.     Wet.     (S. 

tripartita,  (three-fingered  beggar-ticks.  Au.  0.)  flowers  discoid;  outer  involucre  longer 
than  the  flower:  akenes  with  3  awns:  leaves  3-cleft.  3  f.  Swamps.  Bigelow 
finds  this  species  near  Boston;  probably  we  have  labelled  it  by  some  other  name. 
frondosa,  (burr  marygold,  cuckold.  O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  discoid:  outer  involucre  six 
times  as  long  as  the  flower:  leafets  ciliale  at  the  base:  lower  leaves  pinnate;  upper 
ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate.     S.     Mich. 

connaia,  W.  (3)  (y.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  discoid:  outer  involucre  thrice  as  long  as  the 
flower:  cauline  leaves  ternate;  lateral  leafets  connate;  floral  ones  oblong  lanceolate. 
8.     P.  Y.  C.  N. 

pibsa,  W.  (Ju.  0.)  flowers  discoid:  outer  involucre  of  the  length  of  the  inner:  lower 
leaves  pinnate;  upper  ones  ternate;  leafets  oblong,  a  terminal  lanceolate  one  twice 
as  long  as  the  rest.     S.     P. 

bipinnaUi,  (hemlock  beggar-ticks,  y.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  sub-rayed:  outer  involucre  of  the 
length  of  the  inner:  leaves  doubly  pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate,  pinMtifid.  S.  Y.  P. 
C.  H.  N. 

leckii,  T.  (water marygold.  Au.  y.  Zf.)  submersed  leaves  capillary,  divided  into  many 
parts,  dichotomous:  flowefs  erect,  terminal,  solitary.  Flowers  radiate.  A  new 
species  discovered  in  a  pond  near  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  Lewis  C.  Beck,  and 
named  by  Dr.  John  Torrey,  in  honor  of  the  zealous  and  persevering  discoverer. 
Sodus  Bay.     Mich. 

gracilis,  T.  &  J.  (W.  y.?  H.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  pinnate-5-cleft;  divisions  narrow- 
linear,  entire:  stem  sub-ramoiis,  erect:  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  long-peduncled, 
discoid:  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  involucre.     S.     2  f. 

petiolata,  N.  (  0.)  glabrous:  leaves  simple,  petioled,  narrow;  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  serrate:  flowers  discoid:  outer  involucre  middling.     Mich. 

13 — 2.     Bigno'nia.     40.     Bign.  h.  fom. 

radicans,  (trumpet  flower.  O.  r.  &  y.  Ju.  '^.)  leaves  pinnate:  leafets  ovate,  toothed, 
acuminate;  corymb  terminal;  tube  of  the  corol  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  stem 
rooting.  Most  beautiful  climbing.shrub.  One  va.neiy,Jlammca,  has  yellow-scarlet 
flowers;  another  variety,  toccmea,  has  bright  scarlet  flowers.    Cultivated.    S.  P.H. 

Southern. 

cTucifera,  W.  (y-r.  J.  ^  .)  leaves  conjugate,  cirrose;  lower  ones  ternate;  leafets  heart- 
ovate,  acuminate:  racemes  axillary:  stem  muricate.     K. 

capreoLata,  W.  (r.  March.  Tp.)  leaves  conjugate,  bearing  tendrils,  the  lower  ternate; 
leafets  ternate,  cordate,  acuminate:  racemes  axillary:  stem  roughened.  A  vine. 
Woods.     K.     Florida.     Probably  same  as  crucisrcra.     H.  H.  Eaton. 

Bignonia,  Catalpa. 

21 — ].     Blech'nu.m.     5.     Fill,  sec-sti. 

boreaiis,  (roman  fern.  Au.  7i.)  barren  frond  pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceolate,  obtusish, 
parallel:  fertile  frond  pinnate;  leafets  linear,  acuminate. 


Bidens.     Lat.  Us,  two,  and  dens,  tooth,  from  the  seeds  being  surmounted  with  two 

teeth. 
Bignonia.     In  honor  of  Abbe  Bignon,  a  friend  of  Tournefort. 
Blechnum.     Gr.  Blechnon,  one  of  the  Greek  names  of  the  fern. 

(1)  nana,  Kalm,  not  W.     (2)  Coreopsis  perfoliata,  Wr.     (3)  chrysanthemoides, 
Mx. 


158  BLECHNUM,    BCEHMERIA. 

Mumdatum,  {71')  frond  pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  at  the  base 
decurrent,  sharp-serrate.  I  do  not  know  that  we  have  a  Blechnum  in  the  northern 
district. 

Southern. 

virginicum,  (virginian  blechnum.)  frond  pinnate;  leafets  many-cleft,  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile, semipinnatifid,  acute;  divisions  obtuse,  quite  entire.  Of  the  height  of  the  Poly- 
podium  filix-mas.     Virginia  and  Carolina. 

radicans,  (root-leaved  blechnum.)  frond  bipinnate;  leafets  lanceolate,  crenulate,  sessile, 
slightly  concurrent  at  the  base,  serrate  with  a  very  fine  callus,  acuminate,  more 
veined  beneath:  lines  of  fructification  next  the  nerve,  interrupted.     Virginia. 

17 — 2.    Bleph'aripap'pus.    55.     Heli.  sec-sti. 

glandulosus,  H.  (     )  hispid:  leaves  broad-linear;  upper  ones  and  the  involucres  with 

black  pedicelled  glands:  chaffs  of  the  egret  elongated,  having  long  hairs  at  the  base: 

bony  akenes  of  the  ray  naked,  bald.     6 — 8  i.     R. 
ecaber,  H.  (       )  leaves   narrow-linear,    scabrous:  involucres  sub-pubescent,   without 

pedicelled  glands:  all  the  akenes  bony  and  villose:  chaffs  of  the  egret  shortish, 

chiefly  fringed-ciliate  above.     R. 

Blefilia,  Monarda. 

18—1.     Blet'ia.  (1)  21.     Orch.  nut.  em. 

Southern. 

aphylla,  N.  (y.  r.  Au.  2f.)  leafless:  scape  terete,  scaly,  tapering  near  the  summit;  the 

scales  ovate,  alternate:  lip  without  a  spur.     18  i. 
eerecunda,  N.   (Ju.  2lC.)  radical  leaves  broad-lanceolate,    plaited,  nerved:  scape  many- 
flowered:  inner  petals  converging:  lip  inflated,  with  an  emarginate  border,  crisped, 
furrowed,  ath.  diu. 

1 — 2.     Bli'tum.     29.     Chen.  ape.  ton — . 

eapitatum,  (strawberry  blite,  Indian  strawberry.    W.   r.   J.    0.)  heads  in  a  terminal 

spike,  not  intermixed  with  leaves:  leaves  triangular-hastate,  toothed.     15  i.     S.  T. 

B.  N.     Mich. 
virgatum,  (slender  blithe.  W.  r.  J.  #.)  lateral  heads  scattered,  top  ones  leafy:  leaves 

triangular-toothed.     P.  O. 
maritimum,  N.  (sea  blithe.  L.  g.  S.  Til)  calyx  membranaceous:  clusters  axillary, 

spiked,  naked;  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  gash-toothed.    Salt  marshes. 

2— 3f.     Very  branching.     Y. 

Southern, 
chcnopodioides,  N.  (W.  ^.)  leaves  sub-hastate-triangular,    sub-dentate,   tapering  to 
both  ends:  glomerules  axillary,  leafy:  seeds  distinct,  punctate,  not  berried.     Dry. 

17 — 2.     Boebe'ra.     55.     Eupa.  sec-sti. 
Southern, 
chrysanthemoidns,  W,  (W.  y.   Au.  0.)  stem  panicled:  leaves  opposite,  sub-pinnate, 
glabrous,  acute. 

16 — 4.     Bcehme'ria.     98.     Urti.  vis-acr. 

cylindrica,  W.  (2)  false  nettle.  O.  g.  Ju.  21-)  leaves  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
toothed,  glabrous:  flowers  sub-dicecious:  staminate  spikes  glomerate,  interrupted; 
pistillate  spikes  cylindric:  stem  herbaceous.     Damp.     IS  i.     S. 

Blepharipappus.  Gr.  hlepharis,  eyelashes,  pappus,  down;  the  egret  resembling  the  eye- 
lashes. 

Bletia.  In  honor  of  Louis  Blet,  Spanish  apothecary. 

Blitum.  Gr.  hliton,  insipid,  and  Celt,  hlith,  meaning  the  same.     Relating  to  the  fruit. 

Boedera.  In  honor  of  Boeder,  a  Russian  botanist. 

Boehmeria.  In  honor  of  BfBhmer,  a  German  botanist. 
(1)  Cjmbidium.     (2)  Urtica  cylindrica,  L. 


BCEHMERIA,    BOTRYCHIUm  159 

lateriflora^  (Ju.  21.)  leaves  alterntae,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  rough- 
flowers  glomerate,  lateral:  stem  herbaceous.  Leaves  3-nerved,  and  on  long  peti- 
oles.    iS.     P. 

3 — 1.     Boerhaa'via.     32.     Nyct.  ast-cat. 
SotUhern. 
erecta,  (w.  p.  J.  71.)  stem   columnar,   trichotomous,   rough  below,  smooth  above: 
flowers  in  corymb-panicles. 

17—2.     Bolto'nia.    55.     Aste.  sec-sti. 

asteroides,  (false  aster,  w-r,  Au.  If.)  leaves  very  entire;  flowers  long-peduncled: 
akenes  oval,glabious,  sub-awnless.     S.     P. 

glastifoiia,  (false  chamomile,  w.  Ju.  21- )  lower  leaves  serrate:  flowers  short-pedun- 
cled:  akenes  obcoidate,  apparently  winged,  pubescent:  awns  of  the  egret  two,  of 
equal  length  with  each  other.     Resembles  Anthemis  cotula.     S.     P. 

Southern. 
diffusa,  E.  (w.  y.  S.  Til)  leaves  lance-linear,  margin  scabrous:  panicle  difiuse,  many- 
flowered:  akenes  obovate,  emarginate,  slightly  winged:  egret  two  long  awns.     2f. 

BoOtia,    PoTENTILLA. 

Remark.  Dr.  Wallich  has  dedicated  a  new  splendid  East  Indian  genus  to  Mr.  Boot: 
and  Hooker  says  this  plant  may  be  returned  to  the  genus  Potentilla,  under  the  specific 
name,  arguta,  a  European  species. 

5 — 1.     Bora'go.     43.     Bora,  ast-pti.  pec. 
Exotic. 
officinalis,  (borage,  b.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  alternate:  calyx  spreading. 
africana,  (0.)  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate:  peduncle  many-flowered. 

17 — 1.     Borkhau'sia.     53.     Card,  sec-sti. 

grandifiora,  N.  (W.  y.  0.)  sub-cauline,  with  fine  hairs:  leaves  lyre-runcinate,  with 
lobes  gashed-acute,  sometimes  sub-entire:  stem  very  short:  peduncles  sub-solitary, 
very  long,  1-flowered.     Arkansas;  found  by  Dr.  Z.  Pitcher. 

Suutlicrn. 
caroliniana,  N.  (y.  March.  ^?)  leaves  lance-oblong,  glabrous,  rarely  toothed,  some- 
times pinnatifid:  stem  erect,  few-flowered:  peduncles  long.     2  f. 

20 — 2.     Bo'rya.     96.     Euph.  cath.  em — .poi — . 

Southern. 

poTulosa,  Mx.   (dotted  borya.   L.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse,   sessile,  coriaceous, 

dotted  under  side;  margins  revolute. 
acuminata,   Mx.  leaves  lance-oval,   tapering  at  each  end,  pelioled,  membranaceous, 
slightly  serrulate. 

Botrophis,  Macrotrys.     Raf. 

21 — 1.     Botry'chium.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim.  ton — . 

fumarioides,  W.    (1)   (grape  fern,  moon  wort.    J.  2i.)  scape  naked;  frond  glabrous, 

Boerhaavia.  In  honor  of  Boerhaave,  the  celebrated  physician. 

Boltonia.  In  honor  of  Js.  Bolton,  a  British  naturalist,  and  artist. 

Bootia.  In  honor  of  Francis  Boot,  of  Boston,  a  very  accurate  botanist. 

Borago.     Lat.  corrupted  from  bar,  heart,  and  ago,  to  effect,  it  being  supposed  to  cheer 

the  spirits. 
Borkhausia.     In  honor  of  Mr.  Borkhausen,  a  distinguished  German  botanist. 
Borya.     In  honor  of  the  botanical  traveller,  M.  Bory  de  St.  Vincent. 
Botrychium.     Gr.   hotrus,  a  bunch  of  grapes,  referring  to  the  fructification  which 

resembles  this. 

(1)  Botrypus  lunarioides,  Mx.    Osmunda  biternata,  Lk. 


160  BOTRYCHIUM,    BRAYA. 

radical,  3-parted,  2-pinnate;  leafets  lunate,  crenate:  spikes  pinnate.  jS?.  P.  Y. 
Grafton,  N.  Y.     Avery.     Mich. 

oMiquum,  W.  (J.  Ju.)  scape  below,  l-fronded:  frond  sub-biternate;  leafets  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrulate,  dilated  at  the  base,  unequally  heart-form:  spikes  doubly  pin- 
nate.    Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  last.     P. 

dissutum,  {.].)  scape  below,  l-fronded;  frond  3-parted,  2-pinnatifid;  divisions  linear, 
2-parted,  at  the  apex  2-toothed.     S.     P.  Y.  C. 

vinriniaim.,  W.  (1)  (rattlesnake  fern.  O.  J.  Ju.)  hirsute:  scape  in  the  middle  fronded: 
frond  sub-ternate,  3-parted,  2-pinnatifid;  leafets  gash-pinnatifid;  divisions  obtuse, 
sub-3-toothed:  spikes  2-pinnate,  divaricate.     Large.     S.     Mich. 

gracile,  Ph.  (J.)  glabrous:  scape  in  the  middle,  fronded:  frond  3-parted,  2-pinnatif5d; 
divisions  gash-sub-pinnatifid,  acute,  sub-toothed:  spikes  slender,  pinnate,  erect. 
Smaller.    Var.  of  the  last?   C.  Y.  W.   P.  T. 

simpfea;,  Hitchcock.  (J.)  glabrous:  scape  below,  l-fronded:  frond  simple,  3-lobed  or 
3-cleft:  segments  unequal:  spike  sub-compound,  interrupted  unilateral:  capsules 
sessile.  Sori  the  size  of  mustard  seed.  Grows  in  dry  hilly  pastures,  about  three 
or  four  inches  high.     Vid.  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  vol.  6,  p.  10.3.     N. 

Boyldnia,  Saxifraga. 

3—2.     Bra'chyely'trum.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton—,  fod. 

crcctiim,  P.  (false  dropseed.  A.  Ju.  21.)  pubescent:  culm  strong,  simple;  panicle  with 
few  branches.  Taken  from  tl*e  Muhlenbergia.  The  specific  name,  aristacium,  has 
been  substituted  by  some.     ;Sf.     C.  O.  H.  N.     Mich. 

17 — 2.     Brack  y'ris.     N.     5.5.     Inul.  sec-sti.  ton. 

Suuthcrn. 

sarothrnc,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  y.  If.)  stems  numerous,  angled,  scabrous,  naked  below, 
corymbed  above,  branches  few-flowered  at  the  top:  leaves  linear,  close-pressed, 
obsoletely  3-nerved,  scabrous  both  sides.  Taken  from  Solidago.  The  specific 
name,  eulhamiae,  is  substituted  by  some.     7  i. 

Br  achy  sternum,  Pycnanthemum. 

Brasenia,  Hydropeltis. 

14 — 2.     Brassica.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  ase.  nut.  emo. 

Exotic. 

orientalis,  (perfoliate  cabbage.  $.)  leaves  heart-form,  clasping,  glabrous;  radicle  ones 

entire:  silique  4-sided. 
napus,  (kale  or  cole.  $.)  root  caulescent,  fusiform:  leaves  smooth;  upper  ones  heart- 
lanceolate,   clasping;   lower  ones  lyrate- toothed.    (Rape.)     Nuttall  supposes  this 
species  grows  native  in  ledges  of  rocks  near  Aikansas. 
rapa,  (turnip.  ^.)  root  caulescent,  orbicular,  depressed  fleshy:  radical  leaves  rough; 
cauline  ones  very  entire,  smooth.     Var.  rutabaga,   has  a  turbinate,   sub-fusiform 
root. 
oleracea,  (common  cabbage,  including  all  the  varieties  caused  by  culture.   $.)  root 
caulescent,  terete,  fleshy:  leaves  smooth,  glaucous,  repand-lobate.     In  sour-crout 
a  most  excellent  anti-miasmatic,  and  a  defence  in  cases  of  epidemics. 

41 — 2.     Bray'a.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut — 

alpina,  Hk.  (W.  2f.)  leaves  glabrous:  scape  scarcely  leafy:  bract-bearing,  racemes 
capitate.     R. 

Brachyelytrum.     Gr.  hrachus,  short,  and  elutron,  sheath,  from  its  short  calyx. 
Brachyris.     Gr.  brachus,  short,  and  ucheiron,  a  chaffy  scale;  the  egret  being  short  and 

chaffy. 
Brassica.     Obscure:  some  say  from  Gr.  brasso,  to  boil,  it  being  used  as  a  pot-herb; 

others  derive  it  from  Celt,  bresic,  signifying  cabbage. 
Braya.     Named  by  Dr.  Hoope,  after  Count  Bray,  a  German  patron  of  science. 

(1)  Osmunda  virginica,  L.     Botrypus  virginicus,  Mx.     (2)  Solidago  sarothffi,  Ph. 


BRAYA,    BROUSSONETIA.  161 

glabella.  Rich,  (w.  p.)  leaves  glabrous:  scape  mostly  leafy:  fruit-bearing  racemes 
lax,  long.     A. 

17 — ].     Brickel'ma.     54.     Card,  sec-sti.  ton—. 

cordifolia,  (p.  Au.)  lower  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  dentate,  pubescent;  upper  ones 
obtuse:  involucre  many-flowered:  corol  tubular,  B-cleft:  stamens  attached  to  the 
corol:  akenes  long,  hairy:  receptacle  naJied  and  dotted. 

3 — 2.     Bkiz'a.    '10.     Gram.  far.  ton — . 

media,  (quaking  grass,  rattle  snake  grass?  J.  71.)  panicle  erect:  spikelets heart-ovate, 
about  7-flovvered:  glumes  smaller  than  the  flowers.  1  f.  Probably  introduced. 
Bw.     C.  ^ 


maxima,  (rattle  snake  grass?  %.)  spikes  cordate,  with  17  florets  in  each:  glumes 
chesnut  brown. 

G — 1.     Brodi^'a.     16.     Asph.  sti.  exp.  ton. 

Southern. 

grandiflora,  S.  (W.  Ap.  ZT.)  umbels  many-flowered:  flowers  pedicelled:  stamens  al 
ternate,  with  membranaceous  margins.     Called  Missouri  hyacinth. 

3 — 2.     Bro'mus.     Gram.  far.  ton.  cath — . 

secnlinus,  W.  (chess.  O.  J.  0.)  panicle  nodding,  spikelets  ovate,  compressed:  glumes 
naked,  distinct:  awns  shorter,  subulate,  straitish-zigzag.  Probably  from  Europe; 
common  in  rye  and  wheat  fields.  Florets  about  10  in  each  spikelet:  leaves  some- 
what hairy.     -S.     Mich. 

ciliatiis,  W.  (1)  (W.  21.)  panicle  nodding:  spikelets  oblong,  compressed,  6  to  8- 
flowered:  florets  awned  at  the  margin,  ciliate-villose:  sheaths  and  both  sides  of  the 
leaves  sub-pilose:  culm  bearded  at  the  joints.  S.  Woods.  Y.  O.  W.  P  T  C 
N.  Mich. 

puhescens,  M.  (broom-grass.  W.  J.  2i-)  ^^'"1  ^^'ry  below:  joints  brown:  stipules  very 
short:  panicle  at  length  nodding,  pubescent:  glumes  less  than  paleas,  8  to  J2- 
flowered:  paleas  pubescent,  one  valve  awned  beneath  the  apex.  Var.  ciliatus  has 
a  ciliate  valve  in  each  palea;  8  to  10-flowered.  Var.  canadensis,  has  one  very  hairy, 
7-nerved  valve  to  each  palea,  and  a  short  bristle.     Y.  V.  P.  O.  M.  N.     Mich. 

purgans,  W.  (Au.  W.  Zf.)  panicle  nodding-,  spikelets  lanceolate,  terete:  florets  awn- 
ed, pilose;  awns  erect:  leaves  glabrous  both  sides,  their  sheaths  pilose.  S.  Y 
W.  P.     Mich. 

mollis,  S.  (W.  Ju.)  panicle  erect,  compact:  peduncles  ramose:  spikelets  ovate,  florets 
imbricate,  depressed,  nerved,  pubescent:  bristle  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
paleas:  leaves  with  short  hairs.     Y.  N. 

Southern, 
altissimus,  Ph.  (W.  J.  2X.)  panicle  nodding,  spikelets  oblong,  about  6-flowered:  florets 
pubescent:  outer  valve  3-nerved,  with  a  short  awn:  leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous: 
culm  glabrous,  very  tall.     7  f. 

20 — 4.     Broussone  TiA.     98.     Datis.  nar.  ton.  ano. 
Exotic, 
papyrifera,  (paper  mulberry,  M.    ^.)  leaves  sub-cordate,    lobed  or  undivided:   roots 
sending  off  suckers.     20  f.     Dn. 

Brickellia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Brickell,  of  Savannah. 
Briza.     Gr.  hritho,  to  nod  or  hang  down;  alluding  to  the  spike. 
Brodisea.     In  honor  of  James  Brodie,  an  eminent  Scotish  botanist. 
Bromus.     Gr.  hromos,  wild  oats,  also  any  food  for  inan  or  beast. 
Broussonelia.     In  honor  of  Broussonnet,  a  French  naturalist  of  distinction. 
(1)  canadensis,  Mx. 

21 


162  BRUNNICHIA,    BUPLEURUM. 

8—3.     Brunni'chia.     28.     Poly,  ton-cath.  dia.  s.  far. 
Southern, 
cirrhosa,  (A.  Zf.)  climbing:  leaves  cordate,  acute,  glabrous,  entire:  panicles  terminal: 
bracts  ovale,  mucronate. 

8 — 4.     Bryophyllum.     83.     Cras.  det.  ref.  ast— . 
Exotic, 
calycinum,  (leaf-plant,  sprout-leaf  r-g.  Ju.  7i.)  leaves  remarkably  thick  and  succu- 
lent, crenate-serrate,  oval;  petiole  channelled  above;  leafets  in  pairs:  flowers  long- 
cylindric,  pendulous. 

13 — 2.     Buchne'ra.     .37.     Scro.  acr.  asc.  poi — .  diu.  sal. 

americana,  W.  (blue-hearts.  O.  b.  Au.  21.)  stem  simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-den- 
tate, rough,  3-nerved:  flowers  remote,  spiked.  In  the  herbarium  this  plant  be- 
comes black.     1  f     &'.     P.  y.  O.     Mich. 

5 — 11.     Bcme'lia.  (1)     48.     Sapo.  ton.  nut.  diu. 

Southern. 

hjcioides,  Ph.  (g-w.  M.  ^ .)  spinous,  erect:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  smooth  both  sides. 
Fruit  a  drupe.     Wood  hard  and  heavy. 

reclinata,  Ph.  (J.  ^.)  spiny,  spreading:  sterile  branches  spreading:  leaves  small, 
obovale,  very  smooth. 

lanuginosa,  (g-y- J-  ^;'.)  spiny:  branches  expanding,  hairy:  leaves  lance-oval,  woolly 
under  side.     10  f 

tenax,  (g-v.  h.)  spiny:  leaves  lance  wedge-form,  mostly  obtuse,  silk-downy  beneath. 
25  f     Charleston,  S.  C. 

oUongifolia,  N.  (W.  ^.)  spiny:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
hairy  beneath:  flowers  conglomerate,  sub-sessile,  numerous:  segment  of  the  nec- 
tary 3-clea.     18  f 

17 — 2.     Buphthal'mum.     55.     Inul.  ton.  sec-stim. 

Southern, 

fruiescens,  (ox-eye,  y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  wedge-lanceolate,  fleshy,  whitish;  peti- 
oles 2-toothed:  stem  shrubby.     2  f     Charleston,  S.  C. 

angustifolium,  Ph.  {![.)  leaves  alternate,  linear,  border,  near  the  summit,  entire,  gla- 
brous: involucre  of  acute,  lanceolate,  leafets. 

sagitlatum,  Ph.  (W.  y.  J.  21-)  tomentose:  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong, 
sagittate,  entire,  somewhat  3-nerved;  cauline  ones  oblong,  tapering  into  the  petiole: 
stem  about  3-flowered:  outer  leafets  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  disk. 

5 — 2.     Bupleu'rum.     60.     Umb.  stom.  nar — . 

ranunculoid.es,  (  )  radical  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  cauline  ones  clasping,  cordate- 
oblong,  striate:  involucre  sub-3-leaved  unequal;  leafets  of  the  involucels  5,  ovate, 
mucronate,  nerved,  distinct.     R.     Behrings  straits. 

Exotic. 
rotundifolium,  (thorough  wax.  y.  J.   0.)  leaves  simple,  perfoliate:  involucre  none. 
One  of  the  few  umbelliferous  plants  with  simple  leaves.     2  f.     Cultivated. 

Brunnichia.     In  honor  of  Brunnich,  a  Danish  naturalist. 
Buchnera.     In  honor  of  John  Godfrey  Buchner,  a  German  botanist. 
Bumelia.     Gr.  boumelia,  the  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  our  common  ash. 
Buphtlialmum.  Gr.  bous,  a  bull,  and  ophthalmos,  the  eye,  from  the  resemblance  of  its 

flower. 
Bupleurum.  Gr.  bous,  ox,  plcuron,  rib  or  side,  alluding  to  the  stiffstriated  leaves  of  some 

species. 

(1)  Sideroxylon,  Mx. 


BUXUS,    CACTUS.  163 


Burmannia,  Tripterella. 


I 


19—4.     Buxus.     96.     Euph.  ton.  iri.  stom. 
Exotic. 
sempervirens,  (box.  >:.) leaves  ovate,  petioled,  somewhat  hairy  at  the  margin:  anthers 
ovate,  arrow-form.     Var.  mtgustifolia,   leaves  lanceolate.     Var.  suffniticosa,  leaves 
obovate,  stem  hardly  woody. 

C. 

Cahomha,  Nectris. 
17 — 1.     Caca'ha.     55.     Eupa.  ton.  sec-stim. 

suaveolms,  W.  (wild  carraway.  W.  w.  Au.  2X-)  stem  herbaceous:  leaves petiolate, 
hastate-sagittate,  serrate,  glabrous,  green  on  both  sides:  flowers  corymbed,  erect: 
involucre  many-flowered.     3 — 4  f.     jS.     P. 

atriplicifolia,  W.  (orache  caraway.  W.  w.  Au.  2X-)  stem  herbaceous,  leaves  petioled, 
glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  radical  ones  cordate,  toothed;  cauline  ones  rhomboid, 
sub-2-toothed  both  sides:  flowers  corymbed,  erect:  involucre  5-flowered.  Flowers 
small.     S.     P.     Mich. 

reniforrnis,  W.  (W.  w.  Au.  21.)  stem  herbaceous:  leaves  petioled,  glabrous  beneath, 
pilose  at  the  veins:  radical  ones  heart-kidney-form,  repand- toothed;  cauline  ones 
toothed,  at  the  base  wedge-form,  entire:  corymbs  level-topped:  involucre  many- 
flowered.     5—10  f.     P. 

tuberosa,  N.  (W.)  root  tuberous:  stem  herbaceous:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  obtuse,  5- 
nerved,  entire:  flowers  corymbed,  sub-fastigiate:  involucre  naked,  5-flowered,  5- 
leaved:  leafets  carinate.     Flowers  nearly  white.     4 — 6  f.     Natchez.     Mich. 

Southern. 

ovata,  Wr.  (w.  S — Oc.)  stem  herbaceous:  leaves  ovate,   obtuse:  obtusely  toothed, 

nerved,   slightly  glaucous  beneath:  the  lower  ones  petioled:  involucre  5-leaved, 

5-flowered.     3—4  f. 
lanceolaia,  N.  (y.  w.)stem  herbaceous:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 

remotely  toothed,  nerved,  slightly  glaucous  beneath:  involucre  5-leaved,  5  flowered. 

4— 6f. 

11 — 1.     Cac'tus.     85.     Cact.  ref.  ton — .  cat — . 

opuntia,  L.  (1)  (prickly  pear.  W.  y.  J.  Zf.)  proUferous:  articulations  compressed, 
ovate:  bristles  fascicular.  The  plant  appears  like  a  series  of  thick  succulent  leaves, 
one  growing  from  the  top  of  another.  <S.  F.  C.  P.  Y.  Dry  rocks,  Catskill, 
Hudson,  N.  Haven. 

Exotic, 
phyllanthoides,  Dc.  (leaf-flowered  prickly  pear.  r.  Oc.)  branches  (leaf-like)  ensi-form, 
compressed,  obovate  with   spreading  rounded  teeth:  spines  few,  setaceous,  longer 
than  the  woody  covering.     2  f.     Jamaica. 

Southern, 
viri'parus,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  r.  Ju.  2S-)  roundish,  manifold  or  cespitose:  tubercles  cylindric, 

bearded,  grooved  and  proliferous  above  the  furrows. 
mammillaris,   L.   (W.)  tubercles  ovate,    terete,   bearded:  flowers  scarcely  exserted: 

berries  scarlet,  about  equal  with  the  tubercles. 
Jerox,  N.  (W.    y.    &   r.   Ju.)  proliferous;  articulations  large,  nearly  circular,  spiny: 

spines  double;  larger  ones  radiate,  persistent:  fruit  dry,  spiny. 
fragilis.  N.  (W.)  proliferous:  articulations  short,  oblong,   somewhat  terete,    fragile: 

spines  double:  flowers  solitary,  small:  fruit  dry,  spiny. 

Buxus.  Gr.  puxos,  of  puhazo,  to  thicken  or  make  hard,  from  the  density  of  its  wood. 
Cacalia.  Gr.  kakalia,  a  name  given  by  Theophrastus  to  a  mountain  plant  with  large 

whitish  leaves. 
Cactus.  Gr.  kaktos,  the  ancient  name  for  the  prickly  pear. 

(1)  Mammillaria.  Dc. 


164  CACTUS,    CALLA. 

cylindricus,  (W.  p.  T>.)  very  branching;  terminal  branches  consiting  of  long  cylindri- 
cal articulations:  surface  reticulated  with  decussate  furrows. 

14 — 1.     Cakile.     G3.     Cru.  asc.  nut — . 

amcricana,  Scopoli.  (sea-rocket.  L.  p.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate- 
toothed:  joints  of  the  silicle  1-seeded:  upper  ones  ovate,  acute.  Plant  fleshy  co- 
rymbed.  Canada,  Michigan,  New  Haven.  C.  edentula  is  a  synonym,  also  Bunias 
maritima. 

19—12.     Caladium.     7.     Aroi.  acr.  poi.  irr. 

elaucum,  E.  (J.  $•)  stemless:  leaves  glaucous,  hastate-cordate,  acuminate;  lobes  ob- 
long, obtuse:  spathe  cucuUate,  the  summit  oval  lanceolate,  white,  longer  than  the 
epadix.     12—15  1.     S. 

3 — 2.     Cal'amagros'tis.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton — .  fod. 

coarctata,  T.  (1)  (Ju.    2I-)  panicle  somewhat  spiked,  conglomerate:  glumes  a  little 

longer  than  the  paleas,  carinate:  palea  longer  than  the  egret,  awned  a  Uttle  below 

the  tip.     Resembles  Agroslis  glauca.     3 — 5  f.     S.     P. 
canadensis,  (reed-grass.  Au.    2i.)  panicle  oblong,  loose:  glumes  scabrous,  pubescent, 

as  long  as  the   paleas:  paleas  awned  on   the  back:  hairs  at  the  base  equalling  the 

valves:  culm  and  leaves  smoot]:(i     3 — 4  feet  high. 
hrecipilis,  (S.  Zf.)  panicle  diffuse,  capillary:  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  paleas, 

bearded  at  the  base:  paleas  equal,  awnless,  hairy:  hairs  very  short.     3— 4  f. 

13 — 1.     Calamin'tha.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton.  dia. 
Soidhcrn. 

ncpeta,  W.  (r-w.  J.  21.)  pubescent,  very  brandling:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  sub-serrate; 

whorls  peduncled,  dichotomous-corymbed,  longer  than  the  leaves:  down  or  wool  of 

the  calyx  prominent. 
grandifiora,  Ph.   (r.  Ju.)  suffruticose:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  smooth:  whorls 

many -flowered,  on  short  peduncles,  shorter  than  the  leaves.     12—18  i. 

12 — 1.    Calandrinia.     86.     Port.  em.  ton — . 

menzicsii,  Hk.  (p.  )  caulescent;  leaves  linear-spatulate;  tlie  lower  ones  on  long 
peduncles,  witli  the  margins  naked;  the  upper  ones  glandulose-ciliate:  sepals 
acutely  carinate,  glandulous,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  keel:  flowers  peduncled, 
axillary.     2  lo  4  i.     Oregon,  California. 

speciosa,  Linn.  (p.  )  glabrous,  difl^use:  leaves  spatulate,  acute,  attenuate  into  a 
petiole;  flowers  racemed:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  bracts:  petals  longer  than  the 
calyx.     4  to  5  i.     North  California. 

maritima,  N.  (M.  r.  )  glaucous:  leaves  all  in  a  radical  cluster,  obovate-spatulate, 
thick  and  fleshy,  somewhat  petioled,  obtuse:  stems  scapiform,  diff"use:  flowers  in  a 
Bub-corymbose  raceme:  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts:  petals  longer  than  the 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  sepals.     California. 

17 — 4.     Calen'dula.     54.     Card.  oar.  sec-stim. 


officinalis,  (pot  marygold.  y.  #.)  akene  keeled,  muricate,  incurved. 

Cakile.  An  Arabian  name  of  the  Sea-rocket. 

Caladium.  A  name  used  by  Rumphius  for  some  kinds  of  Arum. 

Calamagrostis.   Gr.  kutamos,  a  reed  and  agrostls,  grass,  from  its  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  both. 

Calamintha.     Gr.    kalamos,   a.   reed,    and   mintha,   mint,    its    appearance    and   smell 
uniting  both. 

Calandrinia.     Gr.  hnlos,  beautiful,  andiiov,  lilUe  man,  or  stamen. 

Calendula.     Lat.  cakndot,  the  first  day  of  every  month,  from  its  flowering  monthly. 
(1)  cinnoides.  B. — canadensis,  N. — Arundo  stricta,  SI.   glauca  M. 


CALLA,    CALTHA.  165' 

19 — 12.     Cal'la.     7.     Aroi.  acr.  poi. 

pabistris,  W.  (water  arum.  O.  w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  sub-roundish,  lieart-form,  acute: 
spathe  ovate,  cuspidate,  spreading  wlien  mature.     Grows  in  wet  places. 

Exotic, 
•aihiopicaf  (negro  arum,   egyptian  lily.)  leaves  sagittate-cordate:   spathe  cucullate; 
spadix  with  staminate  flowers  above. 

4 — 1.     Cal'hcak'pa.     41.     Verbe.  diu.  ton.  aro — . 
Southern. 
cmericana,  W.  (r.  J.)  leaves  serrate,  tomentose  underneath.     3 — 4  f. 
12 — 4.     Cal'ligo'num.     28.     Poly.  cat.  ref. 
Southern, 
canescens,    Ph.    (W.  J.    ^.)   dioecious,  pulverulent   tomentose:    leaves   lanceolate: 
flowers  in  axillary  glomerules,  spiked  towards  the  ends  of  the   branches;    fruit 
winged;  veing  of  the  wings  crowned  with  teeth. 

17 — 3.     Calliopsis.     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec-stim. 

atldnsoniana,  Reich.  (2X-)  leaves  very  glabrous;  radical  ones  bipinnatifid;  cauline  ones 
pinnate  with  linear  spatulate  divisions:  florets  of  the  ray  often  spotted  at  the  base, 
irregularly  3-lobed.     R. 

CaUlrhoe,  Nuttallia. 

1—2.     Cal'htri'che.     88.     Calli.  ton —  cat—. 

verna,  var.  intermedia,  W.  (1)  (water  chickweed,  or  starwort.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  upper 
leaves  spatulate-obovate;  lower  ones  linear,  obtuse  and  emarginate,  flowers  polyga- 
mous: margin  of  the  capsule  obtuse.     1?.     C.  F. 

autumnalis,  L.  (Au.  S.  0.)  leaves  all  linear,  1-nerved,  truncate  or  emarginate:  cap- 
sules with  an  acute  margin:  flowers  all  perfect.     C.   P.   Y.  N. 

terrestris,  R.  (2)  (Ju.  0.)  procumbent,  diffuse:  leaves  oblong,  uniform,  rather  obtuse; 
capsule  grooved  on  the  margin.     Y.  C. 

6 — 3.     Ca'lochor'tds.     14.     Lilia.  diu.  cmo. 

lutcus,  N.  (y.  Zf.)  stem  forked,  about  2-flowered:  leaves  setaceous  short:  flowers  large, 
inner  petals  much  largest,  glabrous  at  the  apex,  spotted:  ciliate  at  the  base,  a  mark 
in  the  claws  of  the  downy  petals.     Root  bulbous.     R. 

Southerji. 
elegans,  Ph.  (W.  w.  &  p.  7X-)  scape  nearly  3-flowered,  shorter  than  the  single  leaf: 
petal  woolly  within. 

Callopogon,  Cymbidium. 

12—12.     Cal'tha.     61.     Ran.  edi.  lax. 

palustris,  W.  (american  cowslip,  marsh  mar3^gold.  O.  y.  Ap.  21-)  stem  erect:  leaves 
cordate,  sub-orbicular,  acute-crenate:  sepals  5  or  6,  broadij'  oval.  Var.  intcscrrima, 
leaves  wholly  entire;  floral  ones  sessile,  obscurely  crenate:  petals  obovate.  Var. 
parnassifolia,   stem   1-flowered,    1-leaved:    leaves    all  petioled,    broadly  reniforai, 

Calia.     Gr.  hallos,  beauty,  from  the  elegance  of  the  flowers. 

Callicarpa.     Gr.  hallos,  beauty,  and  harpos,  fruit,  from  the  elegance  of  the  fruit. 

Calligonum.     Gr.   hallos,   beauty,   and  gone,    joint,   implying  a  beautiful   jointed 

structure. 
Calliopsis.  Gr.  kalas,  beautiful,  opsis,  seeing,  or  to  look  at;  the  flower  being  beautiful. 
Callitriche.     Gr.   hallos,   beauty,   and  trix,   (trichos,)   hair,  alluding  to  the  floating 

leaves. 
Calochortus.    Gr.  hallos,  beautiful,  rhortos,  fodder,  meaning  that  it  is  good  for  cattle. 
Caltha.     Gr.  halnthns,  a  basket,  from  the  shape  of  its  corol,  or,  of  chalhos,  brazen, 

yellow,  from  its  color. 

(1)  heterophylla,  Ph.  aquatica,  Bvv.        (2)  brevifolia,  Ph. 


166  CALTHA,    CALYPSO. 

sharply  toothed:  sepals  elh'ptical.     Var.  flabdlifolla,  stem  procumbent:  leaves  all 

petioled,  broadly  reiiiform,  the  lobes  widely  spreading.     12 — 18  i. 
asarifoUa,  Dc.  (         )  stem  nearly  erect,  l-flo\vered:  leaves  reniform-crenate,  with  the 

sinus  obtuse,  crenate:   sepals  6  or  7,  oval.     Unalaschka. 
nrclica,  R.  Brown,   (y.)  stem  creeping:   leaves  reniform,   repandly  crenate,   obtpse: 

carpels  imbricated:  stigma  persistent  with  the  apex,  rounded:  stamens  20  or  more, 

with  the  anthers  linear.     Coast  of  the  Arctic  Sea. 
■leptosepala,  Dc.  (         )  stem  1-leaved  or  naked,  mostly  1-flowered:  radical  leaves  on 

long  petioles,  ovate-cordate,  obscurely  crenate:  sepals  8  to  10,  oblong:  pistils  8  to 

15.     A  span  high.     R.  M. 
''biflora,  Dc.  (         )  stem  with  a  single  leaf,  2-flowered:  radical  leaves  petioled,  reni- 
form, crenate,  with  a  very  broad  sinus:  sepals  oblong.     N.  W.  Amer. 
.natans,  Dc.  (w.  Z[.)  stem  procumbent,  floating:  leaves  heart-renifoim,  crenate;  lobes 

approximate;  behind  obsoletely  crenate,  before  dentate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oval; 

•  capsules  with  a  straight  beak.     Canada. 

Southern, 
isagittata,  Dc.  (W.  vv.)  scape  1-flowered:  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  heart-sagittate 
at  the  base,  with  inflexed  auricles  above:  divisions  of  the  nectary  9;  pistils  13  to  15. 

11 — 12.     Caltcan'thcs.     92.     Caly.  aio.  ton — . 

laesiga'U:s^  W.  (p.  M.  ^.)  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate:  leaves  oblong  or  oval, 
gradually  acuminate,  somewhat  rugose,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides:  branches 
straight,  erect.     4 — 6  f. 

Southern. 

Jloridus,  V/.  (-Carolina  allspice,  p.  M.  ><.)  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate:  leaves 
broad-oval,  acute,  tonientose  beneath:  branches  spreading.  Florida.  Cultivated. 
3—7  f. 

.inodorus,  E.  (A.  p-  Tp.)  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent:  leaves 
lanceolate,  scabrous  and  shining  on  the  upper,  smooth  on  the  lower  surface: 
branches  spreading.     4 — 6  f. 

.glaums,  VV.  (J.  \ .)  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate:  leaves  lanceolate,  long-acu- 
minate, glaucous  beneath:  branches  spreading.     6 — 8  f. 

3—1.     Calyme'nia.  (1)     32.     Nyct.  cat—. 

■dlhida,  Wr.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  lanceolate,  sub-scabrous:  peduncles 
opposite,  solitary  and  clustered:  involucre  5-cleft. 

aiijctaginia,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  21-)  stem  erect:  leaves  broad-cordate,  acute,  glabrous:  pe- 
duncles Golitary^-  fruit-bearing  calyx  sub-hirsute,  much  smaller  than  the  broad  invo- 
lucre.    Resembles  Mirabilis. 

linearis,  Ph.  (W.)  stem  erect,  terete:  leaves  linear,  somewhat  fleshy:  flowers  ra 
cemed:  pedicels  aggregated:  stamens  very  exsert. 

hirsuta,  Ph.  (W.)  stem  erect,  angled:  leaves  lanceolate,  nerved,  hirsute  both  sides: 
involucre  very  hirsute,  sub-3-flowered. 

decumhens,  N.  "(W.  r.  J.)  stem  round,  decumbent:  leaves  entire,  narrow,  sessile: 
peduncles  axillary.     Missouri. 

18 — 1.     Calyp'so.     21.     Orch.  nut.  emo. 

americana,  Br.  (W.  p.)  lip  narrowed,  sub-unguiculate  at  the  base;  spur  half  2-clefl, 
exceeding  the  lamina;  divisions  acute:  peduncle  longer  than  the  germ. 

horealis,  Ph.  (p.  r.  J.  2X.)  radical  leaf  single,  round-ovate,  nerved:  scape  1-flowered, 
sheathed.     -S.     Mich. 

Calycanthus.     Gr.  kahix,  a  calyx,  and  anthos,  a  flower,  the  calyx  resembling  a  corol. 

Calymenia.  Gr.  kalux,  a  calyx,  and  timen,  a  membrane,  on  account  of  the  mem- 
branous calyx,  by  which  the  genus  is  distinguished. 

Calypso.     Gr.  kalii^to.  to  conceal,  referring  to  the  stigma  being  covered:  or  from  the 
goddess  Calypso,  wiiose  habitation  was  inaccessible. 
<1)  Allionia,  Mx. 


CALYFTRIDIUM,    CAMPHOROSMA.  167 

1 — 2.     Calyptridiuim,     86.     Port.  erno.  ton — . 

monandrnm,  N.  (0.  r.)  plant  depressed,  densely  branched,  glabrous:  radical  leaves 
lanceolate-s^)atulate,  obtuse,  thick  and  succulent,  in  a  loose  cluster:  sepals  slightly- 
unequal,  with  scanous  margins:  corol  minute:  capsule  compressed,  pod-shaped, 
somewhat  recurved;  valves  membranaceous.     California. 

Calysiegia,     Convolvulus. 
14 — 1.     Cameli'na.     63.     Cru.  asc.  nut — . 

saii'va,  P.  (wild  flax,  mad-wort.  y.  J.  0.)  silicle  obovate,  pyriform,  margined,  tipped 
with  the  pointed  style;  leaves  sub-entire,  lanceolate,  sagittate.  J8  i.  T.  C.  P. 
Petersboro,  on  Klein,  Hoosick,  N.  Y.     Avery. 

barbareaefolia ,  Dc.  (  )  silicles  globose:  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid,  obtusely  auricled 
at  the  base:  stem  villose  at  the  base.     R. 

5 — 1.     Campan'ula.     52.     Camp.  ton.  diu — .  cat — . 

roiundifolla,  W.  (flax  bell-flower,  hair-bell.  O.  b.  J.  Zf.)  glabrous:  radical  leaves 
heart-reniform,  crenate;  cauline  ones  linear,  entire:  panicle  lax,  few-flowered: 
flowers  nodding.  Radical  leaves  wither  as  soon  as  the  flower  expands.  1 — 2  f.  & 
Mich. 

amplezicaulis,  Mx.  (1)  (clasping  bell-flower.  O.  b.  M.  0.)  stem  simple,  erect:  leaves 
■h€art-form,  crenate,  clasping:  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  glomerate.  12 — 18  i.  iS. 
Mich. 

•americana,  W.  (W.  b-w.  Au.  2J.-)  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate;  lower 
ones  sub-cordate,  with  the  petioles  ciliate:  flowers  axillary,  nearly  sessile,  in  a  ter- 
minal leafy  raceme:  corol  sub-rotate:  style  essert.     Cultivated.     2  f.     P.     Mich. 

erinoides,  M.  (2)  (prickly  bell-flower.  VV.  w-b.  J.  0.)  slender:  stem  simple,  angular; 
angles,  and  the  margin  and  nerve  of  the  leaves,  with  reversed  prickles:  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  glabrous  on  the  upper  side:  peduncles  tew;  those  on  the  top  of 
the  stem  flexuose;  axillary  ones  1-flowered,  filiform.     12  i.     C.  N.  T.     Mch. 

nidda,  (W.  b.  Ju.  74..)  very  glabrous:  radical  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  coriaceous,  car- 
tilaginous-crenate;  cauline  ones  lance-oblong,  sub-entire:  flowers  racemed:  corol 
bell-wheel-lorm.     7  i. 

uniflara,  L.  (W)  pubescent:  radical  leaves  round-obovate;  cauline  ones  lance-linear, 
somewhat  toothed:  stem  about  l-9owered. 

Exotic. 

medium,  (canterbury  bells,  w.  b.  Au.  ^.)  capsule  5-celled,  covered:  stem  undivided, 
erect,  leafy:  flowers  erect. 

speculum,  (venus'  looking-glass,  b.  Au.  0.)  stem  very  branching,  difl"use,  leaves  ob- 
long, sub-crenate:  flowers  solitary,  often  destitute  of  the  scales  at  the  base. 

lanuginosa,  (rough  bells.  )  woolly  hispid:  leaves  ovate,  rugose,  crenate,  tapering 
into  the  petiole:  stem  simple:   flowers  sub-sessile,  erect-spreading. 

■uriicaefolia,  W.  (nettle-leaved  bell-flower.  Au.  p.  21.)  stem  angular  hispid:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  coarsely  serrate:  peduncle  axillary,  l-flo\vered,  nodding:  calyx  hispid. 

Southern. 

divaricata,  Mx.  (b.  Au.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  with  large  serratures,  glabrous: 
panicle  expanding:  flowers  nodding.     2.  f. 

4—1.     Cam'phoros'ma.     29.     Clieno.  ver.  nut.  asc. 
Southern, 
glabra,  P.  (L.  21.)  leaves  somewhat  3-sided,  glabrous,  unarmed. 

Calyptridium.     Gr.  kalupter,  cap,  idios,  fitting,  as  the  corol  fits  the  capsule. 
Camelina.     Au  old  French  name,  said  to  allude  toils  being  the  companion  of  flax, 

linum,  or  chamEe-liiunn,  dwarf  flax. 
Campanula.     Lat.  campanula,  a  little  bell;  alluding  to  the  shape  of  the  corol. 
Camphorosma.     Lat.  Camphora,  camphor,  and  Gr.  osme,  smell,  from  its  odor. 

(1)  perfoliata,  L.     (2)  apaianoides,  Ph.  flexuosa'?  Mx. 


168  CANNA,    CAPSICUM. 

1—1.     Can'na.     20.     Mara.  nut.  asc. 

Southern. 

Jhc'cida,  Roscoe,  (1)  (y.  J.  21-)  interior  limb  of  the  corol  3-cleft;  segments  flaccid. 

2-3  f.  .      .     ,     p   , 

angustifolia,  W.  (r.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  ribbed:  interior  limb  of  the 
corol  8-cleft;  divisions  straight,  emarginate. 

20—5.     Can'nabis.     98.     Urti.  nar.  ano.  ton.  s.  nut.  for  fowls. 
Exotic, 
sativa,  W.  (hemp.  g.  Au.  0.)  stem  pilose:  leaves  petioled,  digitate;  leafets  lanceo- 
late,  serrate,  pilose:  staminate  flowers  solitary,  axillary:   pistillate  ones  spiked. 
4 — 10  f.     Grows  spontaneously.  T. 

5 — 1.     Cantua.     45.     Polem.  ton — . 

longiflora,  T.  &  J.  (W.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  slenderly  pinnatifid:  flowers  terminal, 
lax-corymb-panicled,  peduncled:  tube  of  the  corol  very  long,  tubular;  divisions 
orbicular,  slenderly  acuminate:  style  exsert. 

punffens,  T.  &  J.  (W.)  leaves  irritable,  digitate,  sub-fascicled;  divisions  subulate, 
pungent:  divisions  of  the  corol  obovate,  obtuse. 

Southern. 
coronopifoUa,  W.  (O.  r.  &  y.  Ju.  ^?)  leaves  pinnatifid:  flowers  terminal,  peduncled, 

in  loose  racemes:  corol  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     2 — 3  f. 
Jloridana,  N.  (    $.)  glabrous:  leaves  cut-pinnate,  capillaceous:  flowers  in  lax-racemes: 

corol  tubular,  narrow  below,  limb  one-fouith  as  long  as  the  tube:  calyx  abbreviated; 

divisions  setaceous.     Florida. 
aggreguJta,  Ph.  (W.  r.  J.  Q.)  pubescent:  leaves  slenderly  pinnatifid;  flowers  terminal 

and  lateral,  somewhat  in  heads,  sub-sessile:  divisions  of  the  corol  narrow,  oblong, 

gradually  acute:  style  included,  very  short. 
parviflora,  Ph.   (W?  b.  J.  0.)  pubescent,   diff"use:   leaves  pinnatifid;    divisions  long- 
linear:  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered,  terminal,  and  opposite  to  the  leaves:  corol  a 

little  longei  than  the  calyx. 

13—2.     Capra'ria.     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi. 

pusitlu,  T.  &  J.  (W.  w.  0.)  hairy:  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  repand-toothed,  petioled: 
peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Southern, 
multifida,  Mx.  (W.  g-w.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  viscid-hairy:  upper  leaves  three  in  a  whorl, 

many-cleft:  pedicels  solitary.     K. 
lijlura,  M.  (E.  2X-)  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  serrate:  flowers  in  pairs. 

Caprifollum,  Lonicera. 

14 — 1.     Capsella.     63.     Cru.  ant.  nut. 

bursa-pastoris,  (shepherd's  purse.  O.  w.  M.  0.)  hirsute:  (sub-glabrous  by  growing  in 
rich  soil;)  radical  leaves  pinnatifid. 

5 — 1.     Capsicum.     38.     Sola.  h.  poi.  f.  &  s.  sti-f. 
Exotic. 
annuum,  (guinea  pepper,  red  pepper,  cayenne  pepper,  y-g.  w.  Au.  0.)  stem  herba- 
ceous: peduncles  solitary.     From  South  America.     10 — 18  i.     Sti-f.  heat.  leth. 
gout,  dysp.fia.  cpi. 

Canna.     From  the  Celtic  word  can;  signifying  a  reed  or  mat. 
Cannabis.     Gr.  kannubis,  hemp:  the  Arabic  name  is  ganeb. 
Cantua.     The  Peruvian  name  of  this  plant. 
Capraria.     Lat.  capra,  a  goat,  those  animals  being  fond  of  it. 
Capsella.     Lat.  capsa,  box  or  casket,  from  the  casket-like  form  of  the  silicle. 
Capsicum.     Gr.  hapto,  to  bite,  from  its  qualities. 
(1)  angustifolia,   Wr. 


CAPSICUM,  CARDUUS,  169 

Soulkern. 

baccatunt,  1j.  (bird  pepper.  ^.)  stem  smooth;  peduncles  in  pairs.  Southern  States, 
or  Florida; 

14 — 2.     Cardam'ine.     63.     Cruc.  con.  asc.  diu.  epi. 

htUidrfolia,  L.  (daisy-leaved  watercress.  W.  w.  Z[.)  leaves  simple,  round-ovate, 
entire;  petioles  very  long:  flower-bearing  stem  of  the  length  of  the  leaves.     R. 

tbres,  Mx.  (w.  J.  2|.)  small,  erect,  ramose;  leaves  all  sub-lyrate-pinnatifid:  silique 
short,  terete,  acuminate.     New  England.     Ph. 

rotvndifoLia,  Mx.  (1)  (W.  A.  w.  M.  Zf.)  leaves  sub-orbicular,  nearly  entire,  smooth, 
petiolate:  stem  simple,  weak;  procumbent;  9—15  i.  Whitehills;  S.  R;  N. 
Mch. 

pratensisj  W.  (field  water-cress.  O.  r-p.  M.  If.)  simple,  glabrous,  erect:  leaves  pin- 
nate; radical  leafets  roundish,  toothed;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  sub-entire:  racemes 
sub-corymbed.     Mch. 

hirsuta,  (M.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  hairy;  leafets  of  the  radical  ones  roundish,  petiolate; 
those  of  the  upper  ones  oblong,  sub-sessile:  petals  oblong:  siliques  erect.  P.  R. 
Mch. 

purpurea,  H.  (p;)  sub-glabrous,  radical  and  cauline  leaves  ternate,  or  quinate,  with 
the  lateral  leafets  round-oval,  acute:  terminal  ones  round-cordate,  3-toothed:  petals 
net- veined:  bracts  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  lower  pedicels,  cuneate,  3-toothed. 
R. 

(mgulata,  H.   (r.  Zf.)  leaves  petioled,   ternate,  rarely  quinate-pinnate;  radical  ones 

roundish;  eaulines  ones  ovate  or  lanceolate,  angle  or  gash-lobed,  glabrous.     R. 
digitata,  Rich,  (w-p.)  leaves  digitately  pinnate:  divisions  sessile,  linear,  very  entire: 
style  short,  scarcely  more  slender  than  the  silique:  stigma  capitate.     A. 

bligospcrrila,  N.  (^.  w.  )  somewhat  hirsute:  leaves  pinnate,  petiolate;  leafets  reni- 
form  or  obovate,  conspicuously  petiolulate,  lobed  or  toothed;  the  central  segments 
often  3-lobed:  siliques  in  terminal  fascicles,  broadly  linearj  acute,  erect,  few-seeded: 
pedicels  about  one- sixth  as  long  as  the  siliques.     1  f.     Oregon. 

iudovicianu,  Hk.  (w.  )   stems  branching  from  the  base,   erect  or  diffused;  leaves 

pectinately  pinnatifid;  segments  oblong  or  linear,  toothed:  siliques  rather  erect, 
broadly  linear:  style  none:  seeds  orbicular,  margined.  Georgia  to  Arkansas.  C; 
tirginica  and  sisymbrium  ludovicianum  are  synonyms. 

Southern, 
spathnlatui  Mx.  (w.  A.  Ql)  small:  stems  decumbent:  root  leaves  spatulate,  pubescent; 

cauline  ones  narrow,  cuneate,  entire,  toothed:  pods  loosely  divaricate.     6 — 12  i. 
vlnUifida,  Ph.  (2X-)  hairy,  branching:  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  leafets  2-pinnatifidj 

with  roundish  gashed  divisions:  silique  short. 

8 — 3.     Car'diosperm'um.     65.     Sapin.  ton.  r.  ape. 

Southern. 
haicacabum,  W;  (O.  Au.  0.)  glabrous:  leafets   incised  and  lobed;  the  terminal   one 


rhomboidal. 


17 — 1.     Carduus.     .54.     Card,  sec-stim.  if  nau.  cat. 


ptctinalus,  W.  (comb  thistle,  meadow  thistle,  p.  ^  )  unarmed:  leaves  decurrent,  lan- 
ceolate, pectinately  pinnatifid:  peduncles  almost  leafless,  terminal,  very  long,  about 
i-flowered:  flowers  nodding,  often  discharging  the  pollen:  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear  , spreading.  ' 

Cardamine.     Gr.  hardia,  the  heart,  and  damad,  to  tame,  from  its  fancied  carminative 

qualities. 
Cardiospermum.  Gr.  hardia,  the  heart,  and  sperma,    seed,  from  a  mark  at  the  base  of 

the  seed. 
Carduus.  A  name  applied   to  prickly  plants,   from  their  being  used  to  card  wool;  and 

card  is  derived  from  kuard.  Celtic. 
,     (1)  Arabis  rhoraboidea,  P.? 

22 


170 


19—3.'    Ca'rex.     9.     Cype.  far.  nut.  and  fod— . 


Remarks.  Tlie  Monograph  of  North  American  species  of  Carex  by  Schweinitz, 
edited  by  Torrey,  is  a  work  of  very  great  merit;  such  as  was  to  be  expected  from 
these  gentlemen.  But  Prof.  Dewey  has  made  the  Carex  a  subject  of  study  for  18 
years;  and  appears  to  me  to  have  brought  this  very  ditficult  genus  down  to  the 
capacities  of  those  learners  for  whom  this  Manual  was  compiled.  I  shall  therefore 
adopt  his  Caricography,  as  published  in  the  7th,  Sth,  9th,  10th,  Uth,  12th,  14th, 
25th,  26th,  27th,  and  28th  vols,  of  Silliman's  Journal,  with  a  few  trivial  alterations. 

I.  Stigmas  two. 
A.     Spikes  dioecious, 
wormskioldiana,*  Hor.  (mountain  sedge.  A.  J.  2^.)   spike  single,  simple:  leaves  flat: 
fruit-bearing  spike  sometimes  with  3-stigmas,  oblong,  acute,  cylindric,  densely  im- 
bricate: fruit  ovate  and   sub-ovate,  short  beaked,  hairy,  equalling  the  ovate  acute 
scale.     White  Mts.     Oakes.     5  i.     Probably  the  dioica.     S. 

B.     Spikes  dioecious  and  androgynous. 

exilis,  Dewey,  (M.  IS.)  spike  single,  slender:  leaves  3-sided,  bristly:  fruit  bearing 
spikes  staminate  below,  somewhat  dense  flowered,  simple:  fruit  lance-ovate,  con- 
vex both  sides,  diverging,  serrulate  or  scabrous  at  the  margin;  scale  a  little  longer 
than  the  fruit,  ovate,  acute.  16  i.  Wet.  Var.  squamacea,  has  the  spike  androgy- 
nous and  longer,  and  numerousLstaminate  flowers. 

sterilis,  W.  (barren  sedge.  M.  Zf.)  spikelets  in  fives,  sessile,  approximate:  fruit  ovate, 
acuminate  or  somewhat  beaked,  2-clefi,  3-sided-compressed,  scabrous  at  the  margin; 
equalling  the  ovate  acutish  scale.     8  i.     Vv  et.     S.     N. 

bromoides,  Sh.  (M.  21.)  spikelets  many,  alternate,  oblong,  erect,  the  uppermost 
staminate  below,  the  others  pistillate,  androgynous  above  and  below,  and  staminate 
in  the  middle,  or  the  middle  ones  staminate  below:  fruit  erect,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
scabrous,  nerved,  bifid,  half  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate  scale.  14  i.  Wet.  S. 
C.  T.  N.     Mch. 

C.     Spikes  androgynous. 

1.     Stamens  at  the  summit  of  the  spikelets. 

cep}Mlophora,'W.  (head  sedge.  M.  H-)  spikelets  ovate,  densely  aggregated,  somewhat  in 
fives,  threes,  or  sevens,  bracted:  fruit  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed  bifid,  margin 
scabrous,  nearly  equalling  the  small  scabrous-cuspidate  scales.  20  i.  Woods.  /S. 
W.  Y.  B.  P.  T.  C.  N.     Mch. 

rosea  (Sh.  M.  H-)  spikelets  somewhat  in  fours,  alternate,  lemotish,  sessile;  lower 
one  with  a  long  setaceous  bract:  fruit  lance-oblong,  convex  above,  margin  scabrous 
2-toothed,  diverging,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.  12  i.  Moist. 
Var.  radiala,  has  its  spikelets  distant,  about  3-flowered,  with  little  setaceous  bracts, 
and  very  narrow  leaves.     6  i.     S.     T.  N. 

retroflexa,  M.  (O.  M.  H.)  spikelets  about  in  fours,  alternate,  ovate,  sub-approximate, 
sessile,  bracted:  fruit  ovate,  acutish,  2-toothed,  margin  glabrous  or  scabrous,  reflex- 
spreading,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  acute  scale.     1  f.     Woods.     <Si. 

muhknberghii,  Sh.  (W.  21.)  spikelets  alternate,  somewhat  in  fives,  obtuse,  approxi 
mate,  staminate  above:  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  nerved,  2-cleft,  margin  scabrous, 
sub-divergent,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate  scale.  15  i.  Mountain  woods.  <S. 
P.  C.  N. 

stipata,  M.  (O.  M.  H-)  spike  decompound;  spikelets  numerous,  oblong,  aggregated, 
bracted:  fruit  lance-ovate,  terete  at  the  base,  plano-convex,  scabrous  at  the  margin, 
nerved,  bifid,  diverging,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate  scale.  2  f.  Wet. 
S.     Mch. 

midtiflora,  M.  (M.  2£.)  spikes  alternate,  approximate,  bracted,  sessile;  spikelets  ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse,  bracted,  conglomerate:  fruit  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed, 
densely  imbricate,  bifid,  3-nerved,  diverging,  a  little  smaller  than  the  ovate-cuspi- 
date scale.  20  i.  Moist.  Var.  microsperma,  has  the  fruit  but  little  compressed  or 
acuminate,  and  very  small.     S.     C.  T.  P.  O.  N. 

Carex.  From  Lat.  carere,  to  want,  the  upper  spikes  of  these  plants  bemg  constantly 
without  seeds,  consisting  only  of  staminate  flowers. 
*  For  synonyms,  see  Silliman's  Journal,  and  the  annals  of  the  N.  Y.  Lyceum. 


CAREX.  171 

sparganoides,  M.  (M.  2i.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  eights,  ovate,  somewhat  distant, 
bracted:  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  scabrous  at  the  margin,  diverging,  acuminate 
2-toothed,  twice  as  large  as  the  ovate,  mucronate  scale.     20  i.     <S.     C.  O.  . 

disper'ma,  Dewey.  (O.  M.  1[.)  spikelets  somewhat  in  threes,  sub-approximate,  erect 
lower  one  bracted:  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  glabrous,  twice  as 
long  as  tlie  ovate,  acute,  sub-mucronate  scale.  10  i.  Wet  woods  and  mountains, 
near  Williams  college.     Mch. 

setacea,  Dewey.  (W.  J.  U-)  spikes  sessile,  alternate,  approximate,  bracted;  spikelets 
ovate,  obtuse,  conglomerated,  bracted:  fruit  lance-ovate  acuminate,  compressed, 
bifid,  somewhat  diverging,  about  equal  to  the  lance-ovate  awned  scale.  2  f.  High 
wet  ground.     C.     Mch. 

panictilata,  (M.  2i.)  spikelets  sometimes  dioecious,  fuscous,  ovate,  condensed  into  a 
panicle:  fruit  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  gibbous,  nerved,  2-toothed,  ciliate-serrate  at 
the  margin,  glabrous  at  the  base,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate,  acute,  acuminate 
scale.     2  f.     Damp.     N.     Mch. 

decomposita,  M.  (W.)]'spike  decompound  or  panicled;  spikelets  androgynous,  upper 
ones  staminate,  alternate,  crowded  together,  very  many  have  two  stigmas:  fruit 
ovate,  3-sided,  short-beaked,  or  acutish,  small,  black,  glabrous,  about  equalling  the 
white  ovate  acuminate  scale. 

teretius' ada,  Gn.  (Zf.)  spike  twice  or  thrice  compound,  dense,  somewhat  pointed: 
spikelets  clustered:  fruit  spreading,  gibbous:  stem  roundish.  Sometimes  dioecious 
or  polygamous.     Wet.     N.     Mch. 

muricata,  (A.  M.  21.)  spikes  compound;  spikelets  some wliat  in  sixes,  ovate,  sessile, 
approximate;  often  the  lower  ones  are  remotish:  fruit  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  acu- 
minate, plano-convex,  diverging,  bifid,  scabrous  at  the  margin,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate  scale,  or  equal  to  the  lance-ovate  one.  1  f.  Woods,  fences,  &c. 
Var.  cephaloidea,  Dewey,  has  spikelets  aggregated,  somewhat  in  fives,  closely  ses- 
sile: fruit  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  scale. 

chordorrhiza,  W.  (2i-)  spikelets  aggregated  into  an  ovate  head,  somewhat  in  fours  and 
fives:  fruit  ovate-acuminate:  leaves  of  the  culms  close-pressed:  culm  sub-ramose 
at  the  base:  root  procumbent,  often  lising  above  ground,  which  gives  the  ramose 
appearance  to  the  general  culm,  (or  the  creeping  root)  upon  which  the  upright  and 
ascending  culms  are'inserted.  Found  on  St.  Lawrence  river,  nearOgdensburg.  The 
above  description  is  translated  from  Persoon's  synopsis,  with  some  additions  taken 
from  a  specimen  presented  to  Prof  J.  Hall,  by  Dr.  Cravve,  the  discover  of  this 
locality.  This  is  an  European  species  mentioned  by  Prof.  Dewey,  as  being  found 
on  Columbia  river;  from  whom  we  are  to  expect  an  improved  description  soon. 

incurva,  Lightf  spikelets  androgynous,  staminate  at  the  apex,  aggregate  in  a  globe- 
ovate  head:  fruit  ovate,  sub-conic,  terete,  sub-rostrate,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little 
longer  than  the  acute,  ovate  scale.     2  i.     R. 

stenophylla,  Whl.  spikelets  aggregated  in  a  sub-globose  head,  staminate  above:  fruit 
longish,  ventricose,  plano-convex,  nerved,  margin  serrulate:  mouth  2-toothed, 
about  equalling  the  ovate,  acute  scales.     3 — 6  i.     R.  A. 

2.     Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  spikelets. 

bicolor,  Al.  (2X.)  spikes  in  threes,  ovate,  sub-sessile,  erect:  fruit  obovate,  obtuse,  sub- 
compressed:  scales  ovate,  obtuse.     6  i.     Labrador. 

loliacea,  (Zf.)  spikelets  in  threes,  rather  distant,  minute,  few-flowered,  sessile:  fruit 
oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  sub-compressed,  spreading,  nerved,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  acute,  ovale  scale.     S. 

deioeyi,  Sz.  (J.  Z[.)  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sessile,  ovate,  alternate,  somewhat 
distant,  the  upper  one  without  bracts:  fruit  lance-oblong,  beaked,  acuminate,  2- 
forked,  plano-convex,  sub-scabrous  at  the  margin,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance- 
oblong,  hyaline,  short-awned  scale.  3  f.  Slender  and  often  procumbent.  Rocky 
woods.     N.     Mch. 

trisperma,  Dewey.  (J.  21.)  spikelets  in  threes,  alternate,  remote,  sessile,  ovate;  upper 
one  without  bracts:  fruit  oblong,  acute  or  beaked,  plano-convex,  entire  al  the  ori- 
fice, many-nerved,  sub-scabrous  at  the  apex,  somewhat  spreading,  longer  than  the 
oblong,  acute,  hyaline  scale.     20  i.     Wet.     N.     Mch. 

scopariu,  Sh.  (M.  2X-)  spikelets  alternate,  ovate,  sessile,  in  fives;  lower  one  with 
caducous  bracts:  capsule  lanceolate,  nerved,  glabrous,  erect,  longer  than  the  lance- 
olate acuminate  scale.     20  i.     Wet.     Spikelets  tawny.     «S.     C.  O.  B.  P.  N. 


172  CAREX. 

lagopodioides,  Sh.  (M.  2X.)  spikelets  crowded,  numerous,  Bcales  smallish:  capsules 
oval-oblong,  flqttisli-convex,  acuminate,  spreading,  membrane-margined:  orifice 
2-tootiied.     2f.     Wet.     S.     N. 

strammea,\V.  (straw  sedge.  M.  Zf.)  spike  compound;  spikelets  somewhat  in  sixes, 
ovate,  oblong,  alternate,  sessile,  sub-approximate:  fruit  broadrovate,  roundish, 
compressed,  winged,  ciliate-serrate,  beaked,  nerved,  2-toothed,  a  little  longer  than 
the  lance-ovate  scale.  18  i,  Moist.  Vai.  brevior,  Dewey,  fruit  short-obovate  and 
beaked,  scarcely  longer  than  the  scale.  Var.  minor,  Dewey,  spikelets  obovate, 
and  fruit  with  seriulate  wings,  small.     T.  N.     Mch. 

foena,  M.  (2i-)  spike  compound;  spikelets  ovate,  aggregated  above:  fruit  ovate,  acu- 
minate, scabrous  margmed,  2-toothed,  about  equal  to  the  lance-oblong  scale.  2  f. 
Wet.     S.     Pennsylvania. 

cristata,  Sz.  (J.  2i.)  spikelets  sessile,  6  to  14,  closely  aggregated,  globose,  bracted: 
fruit  oblong-ovate,  compressed,  diverging,  winged,  beaked,  acuminate,  bifid,  con- 
cavo-convex, ciliate-serrate  at  the  margin,  longer  than  the  lance-oblong  scale.  2  f. 
Moist.     C.  T.  M.  O.     Mch. 

stdhduta,  Sr.  (W.  M.  2_f.)  spikelets  about  in  fours,  ovatish,  somewhat  remote,  ses- 
sile: fruit  ovate,  sub-acuminate,  compressed,  sub-bifid,  scabrous  at  the  margin, 
diverging  and  retlexed,  a  Uttle  longer  than  the  ovate  obtusish  scale.  10  i.  Wet. 
T.  B.  O.  N.     Mch. 

scirpoides,  Sh.  (W.  M.  2X.)  spikelets  in  fours,  sessile,  ovate,  obtuse;  lower  one  bract- 
ed: fruit  ovate,  cordate,  comj)ressed,  beaked,  scabrous  at  the  margin,  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acute  scale.     10  i.    JtVet      Often  very  small.     S.  T.  N.     Mch. 

purta,  Gn.  (O.  M.  If.)  spikelets  in  fives,  sub-approximate:  scales  sub-equal:  fruit 
round-ovate,  acutish,  somewhat  convex  and  obtuse  angled;  flat  beneath,  and  round 
above:  orifice  2-toothed.  20  i.  Wet  woods.  Probaoly  includes  the  canescens. 
Mch. 
festucacea,  Sh.  (M.  21.)  spikelets  sessile,  alternate,  ovate,  approximate,  .5  to  8-bract- 
ed:  capsules  roundish-ovate,  beaked,  winged,  striate,  2-ioothed,  ciliate-serrate  at 
the  margin:  larger  than  the  lance-ovate,  inucronate  scale.  2  f.  Moist.  S.  C. 
T.  P.  N.     Mel). 

ten'era,  Dewey.  {M.  2i-)  spikes  about  in  fives,  obovate,  remotish,  alternate,  sessile, 
slender  below;  the  lowest  bracted:  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  beaked,  subulate, 
nerved,  ciliate-serrate,  larger  than  the  lance-oblong  scale.    2  f.     Moist.     N.     Mch. 

opalis,  Good,  spikes  androgynous,  staminale  at  the  base,  about  in  sixes,  oval,  ses- 
sile, sub-approximate:  fruit  ovate-oval,  compressed,  acuminate:  membrane,  mar- 
gined, bifid  at  the  mouth,  equalling  the  long  ovate  scale.     12 — 20  i.     R. 

3.     Stamens  at  the  apex  of  the  highest  and  lowest  spikelets — tlie  middle  spUidets  xchoUy 
staminnte. 

siccata,  Dewey.  (J.  2/.)  spikes  compound;  terminal  spikelets  obtuse;  lower  ones 
mostly  in  fours,  ovate,  acutish:  fruit  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  scabrous 
at  the  margin,  bifid,  nerved,  about  equal  to  the  lance-ovate  scale.     15  i.     Sand.  N. 

D.     Stumcns  and  stigmas  on  separate  spikes. 
1 .     Sta.minate  spikes  single. 

fiovae  angliae,  S^  (A.  .T.  2i-)  staminate  spike  short,  slender,  arising  from  the  same 
base  with  the  upper  fruit-bearing  one:  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  somewhat  remote, 
sessile,  ovale,  alternate,  few-flowered,  bracted:  fruit  somewhat  3-sided-oval,  sub- 
ventricose,  ribbed,  beaked,  minutelv  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  mu- 
cronate  scale.     7  i.     On  Saddle  xMt.  3000  feet  high.     C.  N. 

(lureq,,  N.  (W.  M.2i.)  slaminate  spike  short  peduncled,  without  bracts:  pistillate  spikes 
in  threes,  oblong,  lax-flowered,  sub-peduncled:  spikelets  exsertly  peduncled,  sub- 
approximate,  bracted:  fruit  obovate  or  pear-form,  obtuse,  nerved,  sub-ventricose, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  or  short-mucronate  scale.  6  i. 
Wet.     This  is  Sohweinitz's  pyriformis.     Dewey.     C.     Mch. 

saxat'ilis,  (A.  1[.)  spikes  oblong,  erect:  scales  obtuse:  pistillate  spikes  about  in  threes, 
alternate,  upper  ones  ovale,  sessile,  lower  ones  sub-oblong,  short  peduncled, 
bracted:  fruit  ovate-obtuse  or  oblong-oval,  sub-compressed,  orifice  entire,  sub- 
pubescent,  about  equalling  the  ovate,  obtuse  scale.  This  includes  the  higelowii  and 
compacta?    V.  W.     Hemlock  woods.     Vermont. 


CAREX.  173 

Br.  (  )  spikes  distinct,  staniinate  one  solitary,  rarely  in  pairs,  erect, 
oblong;  pistillate  ones  sub-binate:  peduncles  erect,  oblong,  sub-dense-flowered: 
fruit  ovate,  convex,  short  beaked,  2-lobed  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  black 
ovate  acutish  scale.     6  i.     R. 

2.     Slaminate  spikes  two  or  more. 

acuta,  (W.  M.  2X0  staminate  spikes  numerous  or  one,  oblong  erect — upper  one 
peduncled,  and  the  rest  sessile  and  short:  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes, 
oblong,  cylindric,  often  recurved,  sessile;  the  lower  one  peduncled,  often  staminate 
at  the  apex,  lax  or  dense-flowered:  fruit  oval,  compressed,  acutish,  glabrous,  with 
the  aperture  entire  and  protruded,  a  little  shorter  than  the  lance-oblong  scale.  2  f. 
Var.  erecta,  Dewey,  pistillate  spikes  two,  erect,  sessile,  straight,  short-cylindric. 
Var.  sparsiflora,  Dewey,  pistillate  spikes  oblong,  sub-sessile,  lax,  flowers  scattered. 
S.     C.  T.  P.  N.     Mch. 

pespitosa,  (O.  M.  2i.)  staminate  spikes  sometimes  solitary,  erect,  oblong;  lower  ones 
sessile:  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  oblong-cylindric,  somewhat  dense-flowered, 
sessile:  often  staminate  at  the  apex:  fruit  oval  and  obovate,  convex  both  sides, 
obtuse,  glabrous,  with  the  orifice  entire  and  protruded,  a  little  longer  than  the 
oblong  obtuse  scale:  scale  green  with  brown  margins.  18  i.  Var.  ramosa,  one, 
two,  or  three  spikes  branch  off  from  the  lower  spike.     jS.     C.     Mch. 

fiquat' His,  Wh.  (M.  If.)  staminate  spikes  numerous,  or  one,  erect:  pistillate  spikes 
short-peduncled,  cylindric,  about  in  threes,  thick-clavate  above,  dense-flowered, 
sub-erect,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  apex:  fruit  oval  and  sub-lens-form,  glabrous, 
with  the  aperture  entire  and  protruded,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  acutish  scale.  2  f. 
Wet.     Mch. 

^stricta,  Gn.  (M.  21.)  staminate  spikes  somewhat  in  pairs,  erect,  oblong,  about  3-sided: 
pistillate  spikes  about  in  threes,  cylindric,  erect,  often  staminate  at  the  apex, 
acutish  above:  the  lower  one  short-peduncled:  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  acutish 
glabrous,  with  a  protruded  entire  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong  acute  scale. 
15  i.     Wet.     Resembles  acuta.     C.  N.  T. 

frinita,  Lk.  (O.  M.  H.)  staminate  spikes  two  (sometimes  one)  lax,  often  with  scat- 
tered fruit;  pistillate  spikes  rarely  witli  three  stigmas,  somewhat  in  threes,  oblong- 
cylindric,  peduncled  nodding,  tapering  below,  often  staminate  above:  fruit  ovate, 
sub-inflated,  somewhat  ;3-sided,  sliortly  beaked,  glabrous,  with  the  orifice  entire, 
about  one  third  as  long  as  the  oblong,  linear,  scabrous-awned  scale.  Var.  paleacea, 
pistillate  spikes  mostly  in  fours,  flagelliform,  recurved:  scales  cuspidate.  Var. 
gynandra,  pistillate  spikes  pendulous;  fruit  about  half  as  long  as  the  scale.  S. 
Mch. 

TF.     Stigmas  three. 
E.     Spikes  androgynous. 
1.     Stamens  at  tlic  summit. 
(Spike  simple.) 
polytrichoides ,  M.   (M.  2|.)  spike  terminal,   oblong:  fruit  somewhat  in  fives,  oblong, 
alternate,  somewhat  3-sided,  glabrous,  emarginate.  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse 
(rarely  mucronate)  scale.    10  i.     Wet.     Is  the  offiwis  of  the  Arctic  region  a  variety 
of  this?     C.  W.  T.   N.     Mich. 
leucoglocliin,  Eh.   (J.  21.)  spike  about  4-flowered:   staminate  flower  mostly  solitary; 
fruit  lanceolate,  3-sided-terete,  much  reflexed,  hardly  twice  as  long  as  the  lance- 
oblong  scale.     6  i.     Wet. 
fraseri,  Sims.   (A.  1[.)  spike  cylindric:   fruit   globe-ovate-triangular,  entire  at   the 

orifice,  striate,  longer  than  the  oblong  scale.     1  f 
ursina,   Dewey,   spike  single,   staminate  below,  globose,  dense-flowered:  fruit  ovate, 
lenticular,  compressed,  smooth,  a  little  longer  than  the  round-ovate  scale.    3  i.    A. 

(Spikes  several.) 
ovata,  Rudge.  (Canada.)  spikes  in  fours  and  fives,  ovate,  dense-flowered,  peduncled, 
pendulous,   bracted:   fruit  ovate,  compressed,  acuminate,  bifid,  equal  to  the  ovate, 
acute  scale.     C. 

(One  radical  peduncle,  or  more,  single-spiked.) 
wildenowii,  Sh.   (W.  J.  21.)  stems  1  to  3  from  the  same  root:  one  spike  staminate 


174  CAREX. 

above,  ovate  at  the  base:  fruit  3  to  G,  globe-ovate,  beaked,  sub-inflated,  somewhat 
3-sided;  scales  ovate,  acute,  inferior,  filiform,  very  long,  much  longer  than  the 
spike — sometimes  the  staminate  spike  is  distinct.  10  i.  Dry  woods.  ^.  P.  Y. 
pedunculata,  M.  (Ap.  2X-)  spikes  about  in  fives,  3-cornered,  distant,  long-peduncled: 
fruit  obovale,  3-sided,  recurved  at  the  apex,  commonly  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than 
the  oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate  scale.     6  i.     Woods.     T.  N. 

2.     Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  spikes. 

squarrosa,  (21.)  spikes  one,  two,  or  three,  oblong-cylindric:  fruit  imbricate,  ovate  with 
a  long  beak,  2-toolhed,  spreading  horizontally,  glabrous  and  sub-squarrose,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  scale.  Var.  typhinoides,  (Dewey)  spike  long-cylindric,  tapering 
above,  mostly  in  pairs,  often  approximate.     S.     C.  P.  T.  M.     Mch. 

atrata,  (A.  2^.)  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  nodding,  terminal 
one  androgynous,  staminate  below;  upper  ones  crowded,  sessile;  lower  ones  some- 
what distant,  peduncled,  round-oval,  compressed,  glabrous,  short-beaked,  witha 
2-lipped  aperture,  a  little  shorter  than  the  oblong,  acutish,  black  scale.     1  f.     S. 

F.     Terminal  spike  androgynoiis,  pistillate  at  tfie  summit:  the  others  wholly  pistillate. 

cirescens,  M.  (green  sedge.  M.  2i.)  spikes  in  threes,  oblong,  erect,  alternate;  upper 
one  peduncled,  beneath  staminate;  the  rest  bearing  fruit,  sub-sessile,  bracted:  fruit 
ovate,  obtuse,  ribbed,  pubescent,  nearly  equal  or  exceeding  the  ovate,  pubescent, 
mucronate  scale.  20  i.  Wet*Upland.  Var.  costata,  has  its  fruit  strongly  ribbed, 
and  its  outer  sheaths  purplish-brown — leaves  more  numerous  and  larger.  C.  P.  N. 
Mch. 

carltonia,  Dewey,  spikes  in  threes,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate;  upper  ones  androgyn- 
ous, lower  ones  staminate:  fruit  ovate,  acutish,  plano-convex,  smooth,  entire  at 
the  mouth,  equalling  the  ovate  atutish  scale.     12  i.     A. 

arctica,  Dewey,  spikes  siib-ternate,  ovale-cylindric  sessile;  lower  one  peduncled,  brac- 
ted, upper  one  staminate  below:  fruit  ovate,  plano-convex,  obtuse,  very  shoit- 
beaked,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  scale.     8  i.     A. 

hirsuta,  W.  (W.  M.  If.)  spikes  in  threes,  oblong,  alternate,  erect;  upper  one  short- 
peduncled  and  staminate  below;  the  rest  sub-sessile,  leafy-bracted:  all  approximate, 
dense-flowered:  fruit  3-sided-ovate,  nerved,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  aperture,  about 
equal  to  the  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous  scale.  Var.  pedunculata,  T.  has  oblong- 
Cylindric,  peduncled  spikes,  and  slightly  pubescent  leaves.     <S'.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  N. 

l&uz^au?Hti,  Wh.  (W.  J.  21.)  spikes  distinct  or  androgynous,  about  in  fours;  upper 
spike  staminate,  often  androgynous,  peduncled,  clavate,  fruit-bearing  above;  the 
rest  fruit  bearing,  oblong,  somewhat  remote,  sessile,  bracted,  sometimes  with  but  2 
stigmas:  fruit  oblong-ovate  and  obovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  3-sided,  nerved,  glabrous 
at  the  sub-entire  orifice,  equalling  the  oblong,  mucronate  scale.  18  i.  Wet.  <S. 
P.  C.  N.     Mch. 

piridula,  Mx.  (1)  (21.)  spikes  about  in  threes,  oval,  sessile,  approximate;  terminal  one 
androgynous,  staminate  below;  lower  ones  axillary:  fruit  ovate,  3-sided,  glabrous, 
acuminate,  about  equalling  the  ovate  acuminate  scale.  1  f.  Damp.  Hudson's 
Bay. 

formosa,  Dewey.  (M.  21-)  spikes  oblong,  thick,  one-sided,  in  fours,  distant,  exsertly 
peduncled,  nodding,  upper  ones  staminate  below:  fruit  oblong,  3-sided,  sub  inflated, 
acutish  at  both  ends,  with  a  sub-entire  or  2-lobed  orifice,  twice  as  large  as  the  ovate, 
acute  scale.     Yellowish  green.     15  1.     Wet.     N.     Mch. 

gracillima,  Sz.  (2)  (M.  2i-)  spikes  long,  slender,  distant,  lax-flowered,  in  fours,  ex- 
sertly peduncled;  upper  one  staminate  below,  all  bracted:  fruit  oblong,  3-sided, 
obtuse,  with  an  oblique,  somewhat  2-lobed  orifice,  larger  than  the  oblong,  obtuse, 
short-awned  scale.     20  i.     Moist.     T.  O.  N.     Mch. 

torreynna,  Dewey,  not  Sz.  (3)  (M.  21.)  fructiferous  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  oblong, 
with  scattered  flowers,  remote,  exsertly  peduncled,  sub-pendulous:  fruit  oblong, 
somewhat  tapering  at  the  base,  3-sided-inflated,  nerved,  acutish,  short-beaked,  with 
a  2-lobed  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  oblong,  scabrous-awned  scale.     18  i.     N. 

fuliginosa,  Sh.  (A.  Zf.)spikes  oblong,  somewhat  in  fours;  terminal  one  androgynous, 
staminate  below;  lower  ones  exsertly  peduncled,  nodding:  fruit  oblong,  mucronate, 
bifid  at  the  apex,  longer  thaq  the  oblong  scale.     T. 

(1)  triceps,  E.     (2)  digitalis,  T-  &  Sz.     (3)  davisii,  T. 


CAREX.  176 

vahlii,  Sclik.  (M. )  spikes  sub-ternate,  upper  one  androgynous,  oblong,  lower  one 
staminate.  tlie  rest  pistillate,  ovate  or  oblong,  sub-i)eduncled,  short-bracted:  fruit 
round-oval,  somewhat  15-sided,  entire  at  the  mouth,  greater  than  the  ovate  or  oblong 
sub-acute  scale,     tj — 10  i.     K.  A. 

G.     Sfaminaie  spike  simple. 
1.     Pistillate  spikes  sessile,  or  with  enclosed  peduncles. 

pubcscens,  M.  (W.  M.  2{.)  spikes  distinct:  staminate  spike  3-sided,  sub-sessile:  pistil- 
late spikes  in  threes,  oblong,  sub-lax-llovvered,  erect,  bracted,  lower  one  peduncled: 
fruit  ovate-3-sided,  beaked  with  a  sub  entire  orifice,  pubescent,  a  little  larger  than 
the  ovate-oblong,  mucronate,  keeled  scale:  leaves  and  culm  pubescent.  18  1.  Moist. 
C.  P.  N.  T.     JVlcii. 

vcstita,  W.  (M.  ZT.)  staminate  spike  is  sometimes  accompanied  with  a  smaller  one, 
cylindric-oblong,  upper  one  elongated,  peduncled:  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  ovate- 
oblong,  sessile,  sub-approximate,  bracted,  sometimes  staminate  above:  fruit  ovate- 
oblong,  somewhat  3-sided,  nerved,  short  beaked,  bifid,  pubescent,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  sub-mucronate  scale.     2  f.     Wet.     S.     C.   T.  IN. 

varia,  J\I.  (O.  Ap.  21.)  staminate  spike  erect,  short  or  long:  pistillate  spikes  in  threes, 
ovate,  sessile,  sub-approximate,  few-flowered:  fruit  oval-inflated  or  globe-3-sided. 
acuminate-beaked,  bifid !  rough-|)ubesceiit,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  acuminate  scale. 
10  i.  Dry  woods.  Var.  pcdicellatu,  (Dewey,)  has  the  pistillate  spikes  sliort-pedun 
cled,  erect,  and  the  lower  bract  leafy.  Numerous  variations  in  height,  «fcc.  are  com 
mon  to  this  plant.     S.     Mch. 

marginala,  M.  (Ap.  2S-)  staminate  spike  erect,  peduncled,  somewhat  3-sided:  pistil 
late  spikes  in  pairs,  ovate,  sub-sessile,  sub  approximate,  few-flowered:  fruit  globe 
ovate,  short  beaked,  somewhat  2-toothed,  tomenlose,  about  equalling  the  ovate-acu 
minate,  or   oblong-mucronate  scale.     15  i.     Dry  woods.     »S'.     C.  B.  N.  T.     Mch 

fiava,  (M.  2X.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  somewhat  3-sided,  from  the  same  base 
with  the  pistillate,  and  short-peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  ovate-oblong 
approximate,  peduncles  inclosed:  fruit  ovate,  densely-imbricate,  2-toothed,  ribbed 
reflexed  with  a  curved  beak,  larger  than  the  lance-ovate  scale.  18  i.  Wet  upland 
P.  W.  C.  M.  B.  N.  T.     Mch. 

bnlduinid,  Dewey,  spikes  distinct;  staminate,  solitary,  cylindric,  with  a  3-nerved 
bract;  pistillate  ones  in  pairs  or  threes,  3-stigmas,  ovate,  roundish:  upper  ones  ses- 
sile, extreme  top  ones  often  staminate,  lower  peduncle  long,  exsert:  fruit  ovate,  3- 
sided,  sub-inflated,  glabrous,  nerved,  long-beaked,  2  toothed,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate  acutish  scale.     1 — 2f 

oederi,  Eh.  (M.  21-)  spikes  distinct,  or  androgynous,  or  both;  staminate  spike  erect; 
pistillate  spikes  about  in  fours,  aggregated,  sub-sessile,  bracted,  somewhat  oblong: 
upper  androgynous  spike  staminate  above  or  below,  or  both:  fruit  sub-ovate,  inflated, 
nerved,  2-tootlied,  with  a  subulate  straitish  beak,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 
8  i.     Wet.     Mch. 

tentaculata,  M.  (O.  M.  Zf.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  sub-sessile,  bracted;  pis- 
tillate spikes  in  paiis,  or  in  tlirees,  oblong,  cylindrical,  bracted;  upper  one  sessile, 
the  rest  with  short  inclosed  peduncles:  fruit  ovate,  inflated,  long  beaked,  2-toothed, 
nerved,  glabrous,  diverging,  closely  compressed,  twice  as  long  as  the  small,  ovate, 
rough-mucronate  scale.     18  i.     Wet,  olten  forming  bogs.     S.     Mch. 

coUinsii,  N.  (A.  M.  2J.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  "erect;  pistillate  spikes  some- 
what in  threes,  sessile  or  with  enclosed  peduncles,  distant,  few-flowered:  fruit  sub- 
late  or  somewhat  inflated-lanceolate,  long,  beaked,  reflex-spreading,  glabrous,  with 
an  entire  orifice,  more  than  thrice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  scale.  1  f  This  is 
Dewey's  mirhauxii,  which  he  yields  to  Nuttall,  and  adopts  his  name.  It  is  the 
subulata  of  Mx.  not  of  Muhlenberg.     S. 

folliculala,  (O.  M.  2/.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  oblong,  peduncled;  pistillate 
spikes  somewhat  in  pairs,  approximate,  few-flowered,  erect,  sub-peduncled;  the 
lower  one  sometimes  remotely  and  exsertly  peduncled:  fruit  conic-ovate,  acuminate, 
beaked,  2-tootl)ed,  large,  very  glabrous,  nerved,  inflated,  diverging,  thrice  as  long 
as  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale.     20  i.      Wet.     8.     Mch. 

xanthophysa,  Wh.  (M.  2i.)  spikes  distinct;  pistillate  spikes  thick,  about  in  threes, 
distant,  lax-flowered,  ovate,  peduncled,  inclosed  or  exsert,  leaf-bracted:  fruit  oblong, 
inflated,  large,  beaked,  diverging,  2-forked  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  lance- 
ovate,  sub-awned  scale.     2  to  5  f.     Elevated  wet   ground.      Var.    nana,  Dewey, 


176  CAREX. 

has  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  sub-approximate,  and  the  fruit  twice  as  long  as  the 
scale.  1  f.  Var.  minor,  is  like  the  last,  but  is  still  smaller,  and  has  the  pistillate 
spikes  aggregated.     P.  N.     Mch. 

lupuUna,  M.  (O.  M.  If.)  slaminate  spike  erect,  slender,  sub-sessile:  pistillate  spikes 
in  threes  and  fours,  ovate-oblong,  very  thick,  or  oblong-cylindric,  short-peduncled, 
erect,  dense-flowered,  approximate;  lower  one  exsertly  peduncled  and  sometimes 
distant:  fruit  ovate-conic,  inflated,  long  and  conically  beaked,  bicuspidate,  nerved, 
glabrous,  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate,  acuminate  scale.  3  f.  Wet* 
Var.  pulijslachia,  T.  has  the  pistillate  spikes  in  fives,  long-cylindric;  lower  one  re- 
mote and  long-peduncled.     /S.     Mch. 

davisii,  Dewey.  (M.  2i-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  sessile,  short;  pistillate 
spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  approximating  the  staminate,  ovate,  sessile,  few-flower- 
ed; often  a  radical  one  long  peduncled:  fruit  globe-3-sided,  tapering  at  the  base, 
beaked,  pubescent,  with  an  oblique  aperture,  about  equalling  the  ovate  scale:  culm 
decumbent.     8  i.     Dry  hills  and  woods.     N. 

nigro-marginata,  Sz.  (M.  Zf.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  in  pairs,  ovale,  sessile,  closely  approximating  the  staminate:  culms  (or  pe- 
duncles) radical,  long,  somewhat  in  threes,  arising  from  the  same  root:  fruit  ovate, 
somewhat  3-sided,  conic-beaked,  2-toolhed,  pubescent,  equalling  the  ovate  acutish 
scale.     Scales  dark  brown,  with  green  keels.     Hills.     6  i. 

^oUccta,  Dewey,  (A.  M.  2X.)  slaminate  spike  erect,  lax-imbricate,  slender,  sub-pedun- 
cled;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  ovate,  few-flowered,  bracted;  lower  one 
short-peduncled:  fruit  ovate,  beaked,  somewhat  2-toothed  and  pubescent,  a  little 
longer  than  the  ovale,  acute -scale.  15  i.  In  small  bogs  in  mountain  swamps. 
Mch. 

supina,  spikes  distinct;  staminate  one  solitary:  pistillate  ones  somewhat  in  pairs, 
roundish,  sub-sessile,  approximate,  smooth,  with  a  2-lobed  mouth  about  equalling 
tlie  ovate  scale.     6  i.     A. 

schkuhrii,  W.  spikes  distinct:  staminate  onepolitary;  pistillate  one  sub-binate,  sessile, 
approximate  roundish,  small  flowered:  fruit  obovate,  short  beaked,  globe-3-sidedj 
scarcely  equalling  the  acute  ovate  scale.     A. 

parn/ana,  spikes  distinct;  staminate  one  solitary;  erect,  eylindric;  pistillate  ones  in 
twos  or  threes,  oblong,  eylindric,  dense  flowered,  erect;  lower  one  peduncled, 
bracted:  fruit  obovate,  flat,  convex,  obtuse,  smooth,  scarcely  beaked,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate  scale.     18  i.     A. 

2.     Pistillate  spikes  exserthj  peduncled. 

plantaginea,  Lk.  (W.  Ap.  2J.-)  staminate  spike  erect,  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes 
somewhat  in  fours,  oblong,  with  flowers  somewhat  scattered,  erect,  remote,  exsertly 
peduncled:  fruit  oblong,  oval-3-sidedi  sub-cuneiform,  tapering  at  both  ends,  curved 
back  at  tiie  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  scale;  leaves 
very  broad,  ensiform.  Stem  3-sided;  sheaths  reddish-brown  towards  the  base: 
leaves  radical,  green  through  the  winter.  Often  mistaken  for  the  next  species. 
18  i.     «.     N.  T.     Mch. 

iinceps,  Sh.  (O.  M.  Z(.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  oblong,  short-peduncled; 
pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sub-filiform,  erect,  alternate,  with  scattered 
flowers;  peduncle  2-edged;  upper  spike  sessile,  and  the  rest  somewhat  remotely  and 
exsertly  peduncled:  fruit  oVal-inflated,  elongated  at  the  base,  tapering  at  the  apex, 
alternate,  somewhat  3-sided,  glabrous,  striate,  curved  back  at  the  membranaceous 
or  entire  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  nuicronate  or  ovale,  acute  scale. 
Stem  acutely  triangular  and  often  2-edged  above.     "Woods.     1  f.     -S.     Mch. 

alba,  Haenke.  (W.  If.)  staminate  spike  peduncled;  pistillate  ones  in  pairs,  about  5- 
flowered:  bracts  sheathing,  membranaceous,  hyaline:  fruit  globe-ovate,  striate, 
beaked,  obliquely  truncate.  10 i.  Var.  setifolia,  (Dewey,)  has  bristle-form,  slen- 
der, somewhat  stiffly-erect  leaves,  till  near  maturity.  Rocky  soil.  Pownel,  Vt., 
and  Goat  Island  at  Niagara FaUs.     T.N.     Mch. 

oligocarpa,  Sh.  (M.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  without  bracts;  pistillate  spikes 
in  threes,  somewhat  fi-flowered,  oblong,  distant,  peduncles  long  and  lax:  fruit  ovate 
3-sided,  alternate,  glabrous,  nerved,  curved  back  and  short-beaked  at  the  apex, 
entire  at  the  orifice  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  scale.  1  f  Woods  and  hills. 
Var.  vnn-i'leckii,  Sz.  has  the  spikes  longer,  peduncles  shorter,  fruit  more  remote  and 
smaller,  with  scales  half  as  long.     T.N. 


CAREX.  177 

cotloidea,  Sh.  (1)  (M.  21-)  spikes  distiucl;  staminate  spike  oblong,  peduncled;  pistil- 
late spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  oblong-,  remote,  erect,  sub-dense-flowered,  bracted; 
upper  one  sub-sessile:  fruit  oblong,  oblusish,  glabrous,  nerved,  somewhat  diverging 
with  an  entire  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  subulate  scale.  Dewey  says, 
this  is  thegranularoidesof  Sz.      1  f.     Moist.     S.     C.   P.  T.  N.     Mch. 

granulans,  M.  (VV.  M.  21.)  staminate  spike  erect,  sub-peduncled;  pistillate  spikes 
somewhat  in  threes,  cylindric,  dense-flowered;  upper  ones  sub-sessile,  often  ap- 
pro.ximate;  lower  ones  e.xserily  peduncled:  fruit  round-ovate,  recurved  at  the  apex 
and  short-beaked,  entire,  nerved,  hardly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  acuminate 
ecale.     1  f.     Wet  upland.     -S'.     N.  Y.     Mch. 

Scabrata,  Sz.  (M.  ZT.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  3-sided,  peduncled;  pistillate 
spikes  somewhat  in  fives  and  remote,  exserlly  peduncled,  cylindric,  alternate,  sub- 
erect,  furnished  with  long  leafy  biacts:  fruit  oblong-ovate,  beaked,  sub-ventricose 
and  bifid,  scabrous,  longer  than  the  scale:  scale  lance-ovate,  acummate,  sub-ciliate 
at  the  margin,  and  scabrous  at  the  apex.     18  i.     Wet.     F.  T.  N.     ftlch. 

blanda,  Dewey,  (2)  (M.  Z(.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  erect,  peduncled,  3- 
sided;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  ilirees,  oblong,  cylindric,  with  flowers  scattered, 
alternate,  bracted;  upper  one  sub-sessile;  lower  one  with  a  lung  "i-edged  peduncle: 
fruit  oval  or  obovate,  somewhat  3-sided,  nerved,  recurved  and  entire  at  the  apex, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabrous-nmcronate  scale.     1  f.     Dry  woods.     N. 

laxiflora,  Lk.  (M.  Zf-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  oblong,  slender,  rarely  bracted; 
pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  lax-flowered,  remote,  erect;  upper  one  with  a  short 
and  inclosed  peduncle;  lower  one  exsertly  peduncled:  fruit  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
sub-obtuse,  glabrous,  ventricose,  nerved,  somewhat  3-sided,  wirh  an  entire  orifice, 
a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-mucronale  and  scabrous  scale.  15  i.  Damp  woods 
and  meadows.     S.     T.  P.  N.     Mch. 

ustuluta,  Wh.  (A.  2i-)  staminate  spike  oblong,  recurved;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairsj 
oval,  nodding:  fruit  ovate,  beaked;  acuminate,  flattish  both  sides,  black,  2-toothed 
at  the  orifice,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  scale.     Labrador. 

Jlezuosa,  Sh.  (M.  Z{.)  spikes  distinct:  staminate  spike  filiform;  pistillate  spikes  in 
fours,  filiform,  flexuose,  nodding:  flowers  scattered:  peduncles  long:  fruit  lance- 
oblong,  somewhat  3-sided,  alternate  glabrous,  beaked,  bifid,  hardly  twice  as  long 
as  the  lance-ovate  scale,     ftloist  woods  and  meadows.     18  i.     &'.     B.   P.   N. 

venusta,  Dewey.   (  )   spikes  distinct;    staminate   one  solitary  cylindric;   pistillate 

spikes  in  threes,  long-cylindric,  peduncle  sub-lax-flowered,  long-peduncled  and 
exsert:  fruit  cone-ovate,  terete  3-sided,  nerved,  scabrous-pubescent,  2-toothed; 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  obtuse  ovate  scale.     1 — 2  f.     S. 

sylvatica,  Hd.  (M.  2i.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  slender,  short-peduncled; 
pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  filiform,  with  scattered  flowers,  remote,  nod- 
ding, long-peduncled;  fruit  ovate,  3-sided,  glabrous,  sub-ventricose,  somewhat 
long-beaked,  bifid,  scarcely  exceeding  the  ovate,  mucionate,  membranaceous  scale. 
Moist  woods  and  meadows.     15  i.     N.     Mch. 

digitalis,  M.  (W.  M.  2X.)  spikes  distinct;  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  alternate,  lax- 
flowored,  with  long,  filiform,  nodding  peduncles:  fruit  oval  3-sided,  obtuse,  nerved, 
glabrous,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  scale.     C  i.     Wet.     iS.     P. 

castanea,  Wh.  (doubtful  as  an  American.)  spikes  staminate  and  pistillate,  distinct; 
pistillate  spikes  thickish,  short,  sub-dense-flowered:  peduncles  long-exsert,  recurved^ 
bracted,  lax-sheathed,  leafy,  distant;  scales  short:  fruit  oblong,  slender,  divergent, 
with  a  1-lobed  orifice:  leaves  hirsute. 

tcashingtonia*  Dewey.  (3)  (A.  J.  IS-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  erect;  pistillate 
spikes  oblong,  cylmdric,  sub-sessile,  sub-remote,  erect:  flowers  somewhat  scattered: 
fruit  oval,  acute  at  both  ends,  compressed,  short-beaked,  glabrous,  with  one  entire 
orifice,  about  equalling  the  oblong-ovate,  acutish  scale.  1  f.  Damp.  Found  on 
the  White  Mts.  N.  H.  near  the  summit  of  Mt.  Washington,  by  Prof  Barratt. 

halseyi,  Dewey.  (M.  If.)  staminate  spike  remote  from  the  pistillate,  accompanied  with 
one  or  two  smaller,  arising  near  its  base;  pistillate  spike  solitary,  (rarely  another 
with  stamens  at  its  top,)  interposed  between  it  and  the  staminate  one;  oblong 
cylindric,  erect,  sub-lax-flowered:  fruit  oval-ovate,  short  beaked,  somewhat  3-sided, 


*Prof  Dewey  will  excuse  me  for  shortening  some  of  his  personal  and  geographical 
names  by  substituting  genitives.  In  this  case,  I  believe,  the  adjective  may  be  pro- 
perly made  Washingtonia,  &c. 

(1)  granularoides,  Sz.         (2)  conoidea,  M.         (3)  nigra,  Sz 
23 


178  CAREX. 

inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate, 
acutish  scale.     18  i.     Wet  upland.     N. 

tctanica,  Sh.  (M.  21.)  staminate  spike  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes, 
remote;  lower  one  long-peduncled:  fruit  obovate,  recurved  at  the  apex,  entire  at 
the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse  scale.  10  i.  Moist  meadows.  Dewey 
saj's,  some  mistake  must  have  been  made  about  this  species;  but  it  must  remain  as 
it  is  fijr  farther  examination.     S.     P.   Y.  W.   N. 

panicca,  (ZI-)  spikes  distinct,  stigmas  3;  staminate  spike  solitary ;  pistillate  spikes 
somewhat  in  pairs:  peduncles  sub-exsert,  remolish,  lax-fiowered;  lower  ones  long- 
peduncled;  fruit  sub-globose,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  larger  than  the 
acutisii  ovate  scale.  12  i.  B.  Supposed  by  Dr.  C.  Pickering  to  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

trraijana,  Dewey.  (ZT-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  ones  solitary,  oblong:  fruit  bearing 
spikes  with  three  stigmas  to  the  style,  somewhat  in  pairs,  oblong  cylindric  sub-lax 
flowered,  peduncle  exsert:  fruit  ovate,  oblong,  sub-inflated,  somewhat  3-sided,  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  mouth  entire,  longer  than  the  obtuse  oblong  scale.     S.     Utica. 


3.     Pistillate  spikes  peduncled  and  scarcely 

miliacea,  M.  (M.  2_(.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  elongated,  slender;  pistillate 
spikes  in  threes,  elongated,  cylindric,  somewbat  slender;  upper  one  sub-sessile, 
the  rest  peduncled;  all  bracted,  and  nodding:  fruit  ovate-3-sided,  glabrous,  some- 
what beaked,  sub-bifid  or  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate 
or  obcordate,  scabrous-awned  ^ale.     Wet.     iS.     P.   N.     Mch. 

umljellata,  Sh.  (M.  7S-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  short,  with  a  long  peduncle; 
pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  one  often  sub-sessile  and  near  the  staminate, 
the  rest  sub-radical,  exsertly  peduncled,  all  ovate  and  sub-umbelled:  fruit  ovate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  beaked,  sliortiy  2-toothed,  pubescent,  equalling  the  lance-ovate 
scale.  1  to  4  i.  In  small  tufts  on  dry  hills.  Var.  vinna,  (Dewey.)  has  one  sessile, 
ovate,  pistillate  spike  at  the  base  of  the  staminate,  with  two  or  three  radical  pedun- 
cles, each  bearing  a  pistillate  spike,  as  in  the  common  one.     N.   T.     Mch. 

miliaris,  Mx,  (A.  Zf-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spilce  pallid,  long-peduncled:  pistil- 
late spike  sessile,  oval,  fuscous:  bracts  setaceous,  short:  fruit  sub-spherical,  smooth. 
Canada  marshes. 

pallescens,  (21.)  spikes  peduncled,  sub-cylindric,  nodding:  bracts  somewhat  clasping, 
leafy  and  distant:  fruit  oval,  very  obtuse,  terete:  culm  erect:  staminate  spike 
lanceolate;   pistillate  ones  in  threes.     1  f.     N.  T. 

oakes'ii,  Dewey.  (A.  J.  21-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  short- bracted,  oblong, 
slender;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  pairs,  ovate,  distant,  bracted;  lower  one 
sub-peduncled:  fruit  ovate,  somewhat  3-sided,  sub-inflated,  neived,  short  beaked, 
glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  scale.  1  f. 
Mch. 

hystericina,  W.  (O.  M.  2i.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  3-sided,  bracted,  pe- 
duncled; pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  alternate,  somewhat  distant, foblong, 
cylindric,  bracted,  nodding;  upper  one  with  an  inclosed  peduncle,  the  rest  exsertly 
peduncled,  and  tbe  lower  one  long-peduncled:  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  inflated,  some- 
what 3-sided,  beaked,  nerved,  with  a  2-cleft  orifice,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong, 
emarginate,  scabrous-mucronate  scale.  Plant  yellowish-green,  spikes  becoming 
brown.  20  i.  Wet.  Often  mistaken  for  the  tcntacvlata.  S.  Mch. 
limosa,  (VV.  J.  Z[.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  witliout  bracts;  pistillate  spikes 
somewbat  in  pairs,  ovate  or  oblong,  somewhat  long-peduncled:  flowers  somewhat 
scattered,  pendulous,  remotish:  fruit  oval,  compressed,  very  short-beaked,  entire  at 
the  orifice,  about  equalling  the  ovate-cuspidate  and  lance-ovate  or  oblong  scale. 
1  f.  Bracts  witli  very  short  brovvnish  sheaths.  Var.  irii^ia,  has  sub-cylindric 
spikes,  and  long-acuminate,  dark  red  pistillate  scales.  Var.  variflora,  has  sub- 
linear  spikes,  loose-flowered,  witli  subcircinal,  pistillate  scales.  Var.  livida,  has 
shorter  peduncles,  few-flowered,  oblong-pistillate  scale  about  equal  to  the  fruit, 
and  obtusish,  with  sub-ovate-oblong  fruit,  and  sub-incurved  leaves.  Var.  oblonga, 
(Dewey)  has  spikes  somewhat  long-cylindric.  Alpine.  This  species  is  the  ^er^^i- 
cularis  of  Mx.  Dewey.  N.  Mch. 
Itua,  Wahl.  (  )  spikes  distinct;  staminate  one  oblong,  solitary;  fruit-bearing  ones 
oblong,  with  peduncles  exsert,  pendulous,  sub-distant:  fruit  oval,  3-sided-depressed, 
short-beaked,  entire  at  the  mouth,  equalling  the  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  scale.  6—10  i. 
A. 


CAREX.  179 

pseudo-cyperus,  (O.  M.  li.)  staminate  and  pistillato  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike 
peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  pediincled,  cylindric,  thick,  pendulous:  bracts  some- 
what clasping,  long-leafy,  sub-approximate:  scales  setaceous;  fruit  oblong,  acumi- 
nate-beaked, retlexed,  3-sided,  nerved,  bicuspidate.  3  f.  In  clusters.  Wet.  S. 
Mch. 

hitclicocLii,  Dewey.  (A.  M.  2S-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  erect,  peduncled; 
pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  erect:  flowers  few  and  scattered:  lower  spike 
remote:  fruit  somewhat  3-sided-oval,  inflated,  alternate  both  sides,  recurved  at  the 
apex,  striate,  with  a  short  truncate  beak  and  aperture,  about  equalling  the  oblong 
or  ovate-mucronate  scale.     20  i.     Mountain  woods.     N. 

verna,  (JM.  Zf.)  staminate  spike  erect:  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  ovate-oblong,  approx- 
imating, sub-peduncled:  fruit  oval,  somewhat  3-sided-acute,  pubescent,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  oblong-ovate,  sub-mucronate  scale.     6  i.     Rocky  hills. 

H.     Staminate  spikes  tioo  or  more. 

trichocarpa,  M.  (M.  21-)  staminate  spikes  somewhat  in  tlirees,  erect;  lower  ones  ses- 
sile, rarely  androgynous;  pistillate  spikes  in  threes,  erect,  long-cylindric,  slender, 
sub-remote,  sub-lax-flowered,  essertly  peduncled,  excepting  that  the  lowest  is 
nearly  inclosed:  fruit  lance-ovate,  sub-conic,  inflated,  nerved,  beaked,  2-forked, 
dense  pubescent,  about  twice  as  long  as  Uie  lance-ovate  scale.  2  f.  Wet.  Var. 
turbinata,  (Dewey.)  has  the  staminate  spikes  with  oblong,  mucronate,  tawny 
scales:  and  the  pistillate  spikes  with  the  upper  ones  nearly  sessile,  or  with  inclosed 
peduncles;  and  the  fruit  conic,  inflated.     S.     N.     Mch. 

larrattii,  T.  (L.  Zf.)  staminate  spikes  somewhat  in  pairs:  pistillate  spikes  somewhat 
in  threes,  oblong-cylindric,  nodduig,  distant,  upper  one  bearing  stamens:  fruit 
oblong,  somewhat  3-sided,  short-beaked,  sub-scabrous,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  lance-ovate,  sub-obtuse  scale.     1  f. 

Jiliformis,  Gn.  (W.  Zf.)  spikes  sub-sessile,  oblcing:  bracts  short-sheathed,  leafy,  re- 
motish:  capsules  long-oval,  villous,  with  a  •2-forke(l  beak;  leaves  convolute.  Sta- 
minate spikes  one  or  two  lanceolate;  scale  of  the  fruit  oblong,  with  a  yellow  nerve 
— pistillates  with  green  nerved  scale.     2  f.     N.   T.     Mch. 

<impullacca,  Gn.  (ZT-)  spikes  short-peduncled,  cylindric,  thick,  lax;  staminate  spikes 
numerous:  bracts  clasping,  leafy,  distant;  scales  lanceolate:  fruit  sub-globose, 
inflated,  setaceous-beaked,  larger  than  the  scale,  diverging:  culm  obtuse  angled: 
leaves  narrowish,  with  incurved  margins.  Staminate  spikes  three  or  more,  O.  N. 
T?     Mch. 

vesicaria,  (W.  M.  ZT-)  staminate  spikes  distinct,  somewhat  in  threes,  erect;  upper 
one  peduncled,  the  rest  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  cylindric.  al- 
ternate, erect,  dense-flowered;  upper  ones  sessile,  lower  ones  sub-peduncled:  fruit 
oblong-ovate  sub-terete,  inflated,  subulate-beaked,  spreading,  nerved,  glabrous, 
bi-cuspidate,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-cuspidate  scale.  2  f.  Wet.  N. 
T.? 

luUata,  Sh.  (M.  Zf.)  staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  distinct;  staminate  «pikes  in 
threes,  longish,  upper  one  peduncled,  lower  one  bracted;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs, 
exserlly  peduncled,  oblong,  cylindrical,  somewhat  nodding:  fruit  ovate,  globose, 
inflated,  erect,  glabrous,  ribbed,  witii  a  sub-hispid  2-forked  beak,  twice  as  long  as 
the  lanceolate  scale.  2  f.  Wet  bogs.  Var.  cylindracr.a,  (Dewey)  has  long  pe- 
duncled staminate  spikes,  and  long  cylindrical  pistillate  spikes,  sub-dense-flowered: 
fruit  long  beaked.     S.     O.  N.     Mcli. 

schweinitzia,  Dewey.  (.T.  Zf-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  in  pairs,  upper  one 
long,  slender,  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  in  fours,  oblong,  cylindric,  sub-approxi- 
mate, with  inclosed  peduncles,  somewhat  pendulous,  with  long  leafy  bracts:  fruit 
ovate-oblong,  tapering  above,  beaked,  inflated,  2-forked,  nerved,  glabrous,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate,  subulate,  sub-setaceous  scale.     10  i..      Wet,  sandy. 

retrorsa,  Sz.  (W.  M.  Zf.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  somewliatin  threes,  upper 
one  long  peduncled,  slender,  the  rest  short,  small,  often  fruit-bearing  at  the  base» 
sessile;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in  fives,  oblong,  cylindric,  approximating,  sub- 
fascicled,  with  leafy  bracts  and  peduncles  inclosed,  lower  one  often  very  remote, 
with  long  inclosed  peduncles:  fruit  ovate,  inflated,  beaked,  2-forked,  nerved,  re- 
flexed;  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  scale.  2  f.  In  clusters.  Wet,  O.  T. 
Mch. 

peUila,  M.  (W.  M.  Zf.)  staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spikes  in 
pairs,  oblong,  lower  one  sessile  and  bracted;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes, 


180  CAREX. 

cylindric,  erect:  fruit  oyate,  short-beaked,  bicuspidate,  somewhat  3-sided,  hairy, 
about  equal  to  the  lance-ovate,  awned  scale.     20  i.     Wet.     (S>.     T.  N.    Mch. 

laaistris,  W..  (W.  M.  2i-)  spikes  distinct;  staminale  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  erect, 
lower  ones  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  in  i)airs  or  in  threes,  fruit  oblonor,  cylindrical, 
erect,  perved,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance-oblong  scale.  3  f.  Wet.  iS. 
N. 

oligosperma,  Mx.  (21.)  staminate  spikes  many;  pistillate  spike  one,  globular,  sessile: 
fruit  turgidly  ovate,  largish,  few,  acute:  leaves  involute-rushlike.     Canada. 

longiroslris,  T.  (VV.  M.  2X.)  spikes  distinct;  staniinate  spikes  in  threes,  short,  upper- 
one  peduncled,  middle  one  sessile,  lower  one  peduncied  and  furnished  with  an  pvate, 
cuspidate  bract;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  cylindiic,  pendulous,  with 
scattered  flovveis  somewhat  distant,  with  long  e.xsert  peduncles,  bracted:  fruit  ovate, 
sub-globose,  inllated.  glabrous,  long-beaked  and  bifid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-cuspidate  scale.     2f     M'oods  on  river  banks.     Ki^ 

Arctic  region.  "Tj       ^• 

[These  species  having  been  found  in  high  northern  latitudes  in  America,  they  are  set 
by  tliemselves.  Probably  many  of  tliem  may  be  found  farther  south.  7  preceed- 
ing  spec,  marked  A.  should  have  been  inserted  below.]  ; 

1.    Stigmas  two. 

dioica,  (A.  2i.)  spike  single,  sim4jle,  dioecious,  raiely  androgynous,  staminate  above, 
oblong;  pistillate  spike  oblong  or  ovate,  sub-derise-flowered:  fruit  oval-ovate,  con- 
vex both  sides,  nerved,  erectish,  serrulately  margined  above,  equalling  the  ovate 
scale.     9  i.     Var.  davuUiua,  iias  serrulate  or  hispid  leaves.     C. 

remota,  (A.  M.  21.)  spikelets  androgynous,  staminate  below,  numerous,  oblong-ovate, 
sub-sessile;  lower  ones  distant  with  long,  leafy,  linear  bracts  beneath:  fruit  ovate, 
acuminate  and  bifid,  or  plano-convex  and  sub-bifid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance- 
ovate  scale.     18  i.     Woods. 

concolor,  Br.  (A.  21-)  staminate  spike  solitary;  pistillate  in  pairs  or  in  threes,  erect, 
sub-sessile:  fruit  oval,  mucronate,  entire,  smooth:  scales  all  about  the  samp  color, 
obtuse:  culm  smootli:  bracts  auricled. 

cryptocarpa.  Meyer,  spikes  distinct;  staminate  ones  above  somewhat  in  threes  and 
partly  sessile;  pistillate  ones  with  2  stigmas,  somewhat  in  threes,  cylindric,  pe- 
duncled, and  sometimes  staminate  above:  fruit  obovate,  convex  both  sides,  short- 
beaked,  entire  at  the  mouth,  la-nce-oblong,  twice  or  thrice  smaller  than  the  scale. 
2f  R. 
/estiva,  Dewey,  spikes  wit]?  2  stigmas,  androgynous,  above  pistillate,  somewhat  in 
sixes,  oyate.  densely  aggregated  in  a  head: "fruit  ovate-oblong,  beaked  at  the  apex, 
serrulate,  bifid,  plano-cgnvex,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acutish  scale.     6 — 10  i.     A. 

petnsata,  Dewey,  spikes  with  2-stigmas,  androgynous,  below  staminate,  somewiiatin 
fours,  ovatp-oblong,  cylindric,  sub-sessile,  approximate:  fruit  broad-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  beaked  or  acuminate,  bifid,  subulate  at  the  mouth,  longer  than 
the  broad-ovate,  sub-obtuse  scale.     4—8  i.     R. 

rnarinti,  Dewey,  spikelets  androgynous  with  2  stigmas,  below  staminate  subternate 
approximate  sessile,  the  lowest  bracted:  glumes  all  fuscous  ovate-obtuse:  fruit  ovate 
sub-ianceolate,  acutish  plano-convex,  a  little  longer  than  the  scale.     4 — 6i.     A. 

fiookeninn,  Dewey,  spike  compound,  spikelets  androgynous,  2-stigmas  above  staminate, 
below  sub-remote,  ovate,  sessile,  niany  bracted:  fruit  lance-ovate,  scabrous-beaked, 
sub-divergent  plano-convex  2- toothed  a  little  shorter  than  the  lanceolate-ovate  cuspi- 
date scale.  12—18  i.  A. 
fukicoma,  Dewey,  spikes  androgynous,  with  2  stigmas,  above  staminate,  confert- 
aggregate,  somewhat  in  fives,  small  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  compressed,  smooth,  a  little 
longer  than  the  broad-ovate  obtuse  scale.     4  i.     A. 

II.  Stigmas  three. 

mutica,  Br.  (A.  2£.)  staminate  spike  solitary,  with  obtuse  scales;  pistillate  spikes  in 
threes,  distant  erect:  peduncles  sub-exsert:  fruit  oval,  not  awned,  smooth,  longer 
than  the  ovate,  mucronate  scale:  leaves  and  bracts  flat. 

affiinis,  Br.  (A.  21.)  one  spike  androgynous,  slaminateaboye,  few-flowered,  lax:  scales 
lanceolate,  acute,  the  bottom  one  awned:  leaves  flat.     6  i. 


^>3^ 


CARAX.  181 

attcnuata,  Br.  (A.  21.)  one  spike  androgynous,  staminate  above,  dense;  pistillate  ones 
few-rtowcreil,  about  in  threes:  scales  all  obtuse. 

jiUfolia,  N.  (A.  2i.)  one  spike  androg^ynous,  staminate  above,  sub-cylindric,  acute: 
fruit  sub-y;l()bose,  entire  at  the  orifice,  willi  a  reluse  scale:  leaves  filiform,  involute, 
subulate.  4  i.  This  has  been  seen  by  Nuttali  in  Missouri  hills,  as  well  as  in  the 
Arctic  region. 

media,  Br.  (A.  H.)  spikes  androgynous,  staminate  below,  in  threes,  sub-sessile,  ap- 
proximate: fruit  ovate,  beaked,  yery  glabrous,  longer  than  the  obtusish,  ovate  scale. 

misandra,  Br.  (A.  2/.)  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  oval,  peduncled,  pendulous,  ajter- 
nate  or  rarely  sub-umbellcd:  terminal  one  androgynous  below,  or  rarely  all  over 
staminate:  fruit  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  denticulate  at  the  apex,  longer 

•    than  the  ovaI,  obtusish  scale.     6  i. 

richardsonii,  Br.  (A.  2X.)  staminate  spike  solitary,  peduncled,  erect;  pistillate  spikes 
in  pairs,  sub-sessile,  approximate,  with  enclosed  peduncles:  fruit  ovate,  obtuse, 
pubescent,  w^ith  an  ovate  acute  scale:  culm  very  scabrous.     G  i. 

concinna,  Br.  (A.  If-)  staminate  spike  sessile,  cylindrical,  oblong;  pistillate  spikes  in 
threes,  sub-sessile,  approximating:  fruit  3-sided-obovate,  very  short  beaked,  2- 
toothed,  hispid  pubescent,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  obovate  scale.     4  i. 

cnpilliris,  (A.  2i.)   staminate  spike  solitary,  peduncled,  small;   pistillate  spikes  some- 

'  what  in  threes  with  long  exsett  peduncles,  nodding,  oblong,  with  few  scattered 
'^  flowers:  fruit  oval,  beaked,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  scarcely 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  caducous  scale.     6  i. 

podocarpn,  Br.  (A.  If-)  staminate  spike  solitary;  pistillate  spikes  in  pairs,  oblong, 
pendulous:  fruit  oval,  very  short-beaked,  entire,  smooth;  seed  pedicelled:  lower 
leaves  abbreviated. 

aristata,  Br.  (A.  Zf.)  staminate  spikes  in  pairs  or  many;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat 
in  threes,  cylindric,  distant,  short-peduncled:  fruit  very  glabrous,  nerved,  long- 
beaked,  deeply  bifid;  scales  awned:  leaves  villose  beneath  and  on  the  sheaths. 

petricosa,  Dewey,  spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  3-sligmas,  terminal  ones  androgynous, 
staminate  above;  lower  ones  exsertly  peduncled:  fruit  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute, 
open  at  the  mouth,  shorter  than  the  ovate-oblong  obtusish  scale.     10  i.   R.  summit. 

membranacea,  Hk.  spikes  distinct;  staminate  ones  somewhat  in  twos,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  with  scales  from  the  membranaceous  divisions;  pistillate  ones  with  3-stigmas, 
cylindric,  somewhat  in  twos,  the  very  uppermost  staminate  sessile,  lower  one  often 
peduncled,  all  densely  fruit-bearing,  sessile  and  black:  fruit  ovate  sub-quitretrous 
ventricose  short-beaked,  2-lobed  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse  scale. 
12  i.     A.  R. 

spectabilis,  Dewey,  spikes  distinct,  staminate  one  solitary  oblong  cylindric;  pistillate 
ones  somewhat  in  pairs,  with  3  stigmas  ovate-cylindric  exserlly  peduncled,  sub-re- 
mote erect,  lower  one  long-pednncled;  leaf-bracted:  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  2- 
lobed  at  the  mouth,  very  short-beaked,  a  little  shorter  than  the  lance-oblong  mu- 
cronate  scale.     8 — 12  i.     A. 

lanceaia,  Dewey,  spikes  distinct;  staminate  one  solitary  or  in  threes,  cylindric,  erect; 
pistillate  ones  somewhat  in  pairs,  with  3  stigmas,  cylindric  erect  sub-approximate 
peduncled,  sub-lax-flowered  bracted:  fruit  ovate  obtuse  plano-convex,  scarcely  beak- 
ed smooth,  shorter  than  the  broad  ovate  lanceolate  scale.     12  i.     A. 

jiigricans,  .Meyer,  spike  smgle,  above  staminate,  with  3  stigmas,  dense:  scales  oblong, 
obtose:  fruit  dense,  sub-divergent,  ovate,  somewhat  3-sided,  acute  beaked,  equal- 
ing the  oblong,  obtuse  scale.     4 — 6  i.     R. 

redowskinna,  Meyer,  spike  single,  dioecious,  oblong:  fruit  linear-oblong,  both  ends 
tapering,  smooth,  mouth  2-lobed,  hyaline,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse, 
scarious-margined   scale:   culm  smooth,  setaceous  leaves  in  threes,     f) — 8  i.     A.  R. 

backana,  Dewey,  spike  single,  above  staminate;  fruit  with  3  stigmas,  globe-ovate, 
sub-cone-beaked,  fuscous,  few,  mouth  scarious,  very  smooth,  a  little  longer  than  the 
ovate,  acute,  membranaceous  scale.     4 — 6  i.     A. 

drummondiana,  Dewey,  spike  single,  cylindric  above,  densely  staminate,  often  solitary, 
staminate  with  3  stigmas:  fruit  obovate,  subtriquelrous,  below  flatnerved,  smooth, 
short-beaked,  alternate,  and  few-flowered,  mouth  closed,  about  equalling  the  ovate 
obtuse  scale.     4  i.     R.  A. 

podocarpoTi,  B.  spikes  distinct,  staminate  solitary  ovate,  pistillate  with  three  stigmas 
binate  oblong-ovate,  sub-lax-flowered  pendulous  bracted:  fruit  oval  compressed, 
very  short-beaked,  entire,  smooth  sub-pedicelled,a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  obtuse 
scale  (or  emarginate  and  rcsteed.)    10 — 16  i.     R.  A. 


182  CAREX,    CARPINUS. 

Southern. 
I.  Stigmas  two. 

muskingumensis,Si{J.  21.)  spike  compound;  spikelets  androgynous,  staminate  be- 
low.  oval-oblong,  acutisli  at  both  ends,  somewhat  in  eights,  approximate:  fruit 
lanceolale,  conjpressed,  nerved,  winged,  glabrous,  acuminate,  2-loothed,  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate  scale.     30  i.     Wet. 

Jloridana,  Sz.  {IS-)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile,  small;  pistillate 
spikes  somewhat  in  fours,  aggregated,  ovate,  sessile,  bracted,  lower  one  often  sub- 
remote:  fruit  oval,  somewhat  tapering  at  the  base,  compressed,  plano-convex, 
beaked,  shortly  bifid,  equalling  the  ovate-oblong,  scabrous-cuspidate  scale.  G  i, 
Florida,  Le  Conte. — Sz.  says  the  terminal  spike  is  staminate  above. 

II.  Stigmas  three. 

dasycarpa,  M.  (M.  21.)  spikes  distinct;  staminate  spike  sub-sessile,  small;  pistillate 
spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sub-approximate,  oblong,  'alternate,  lower  ones  sub- 
peduncled:  fruit  3-sid€d-ovate,  or  oblong,  villose,  nerved,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acuminate  scale.     1  f. 

ellioUii,  T.  (1)  (Ap.  21.)  staminate  spike  solitary,  long  bracted;  pistillate  spike's  in 
threes,  roundish,  upper  ones  sessile,  and  the  highest  one  staminate  at  the  apex,  the 
lowest  one  long-peduncled  and  nodding:  fruit  ovate,  somewhat  3-sided,  glabrous, 
with  small  punctures,  nerved,  Jong-beaked,  2-forked,  much  longer  than  the  ovate, 
obtuse  scale.     2  f     Wet  sand. 

glaucesccns,  E.  (Ap.  2^. )  staminate  spike  solitary,  cylindrical,  peduncled;  pistillate' 
spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  peduncled,  cylindric.  at  length  pendulous:  fruit  ovate, 
3-sided,  compressed,  glaucous,  beaked-bifid,  about  equalling  the  ovate,  emarginate, 
mucronate  scale.     2  f     Wet  sand. 

verrucosa.,  M.  (M.  21^.)  staminate  spikes  many  or  one;  pistillate  spikes  somewhat  in 
fives,  erect,  C3'lindric,  staminate  above,  axillary,  the  lower  one  exsertly  peduncled: 
fruit  ovate,  compressed,  somewhat  3-sided,  short-bifid,  shorter  than  the  ovate,  sub- 
emarginate,  mucronate  scale.     3  f 

cherokeen'sis,  Sz  (W.  21.)  staminate  spikes  somewhat  in  threes,  sub-cylindric,  upper 
one  larger  and  peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  in  fours,  cylindric,  sub-lax-flowered,  dis- 
tant, with  long  essert  peduncles,  stamiuate  above:  fruit  ovate,  glabrous,  somewhat 
3-sided  and  compressed,  nerved,  long-beaked,  bifid,  a  little  larger  than  the  ovate, 
long-acuminate  scale.     1  f 

gigantea,  Rudge.  (Ap.  21.)  staminate  spikes  many  or  one;  pistillate  spikes  in  threes, 
cylindric,  sub-lax-flowered,  remote;  upper  one  sessile,  lower  ones  exsertly  pe- 
duncled: fruit  globe-ovate,  conical,  long-beaked,  nerved,  inflated,  glabrous,  bifid, 
spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong-ovate  or  lance-ovate  scale.     2  f.     Wet. 

Remark.  Students  should  be  directed  to  examine  the  species  of  Carex  when  they 
have  passed  flowering,  and  before  the  fruit  is  quite  ripe.  The  best  time  is  when  the 
fruit  has  arrived  to  its  full  size,  but  the  seed  has  not  yet  become  hard. 

20—10.     Ca'rica.     97.     Papay.  h.  &  s.  ver.  h.  f.  edi. 

Southertu 

papaya,  (O.  g.  Ju.  V>.)  leaves  palmate,  7-lobed,  middle  lobe  sinuate;  divisions  oblong 
acute:  staminate  flowers  corymbed.     20  f 

19—12.     Carpi'nus.     99.     Betul.  ast.  feb.  sto. 

amcricana,  W.  (1)  (hornbeam,  blue  beech.  O.  g.  M.  h.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, unequally  serrate:  scales  of  the  strobile  3-parted,  the  middle  divisions  with  a 
lateral  tooth.     20— 40  f.     S.     Mch. 

Carica.     According  to  Linneus,  because  a  native  of  Caria. 
Carpinus.     Celtic,  car,  wood,  andjain,  head,  the  wood  being  used  for  yokes. 
(I)  virginiana,  Mx. 

(1)  castanea,  E. 


CARTHAMUS,    CASSIA.  183 

17 — 1.     Car'thamus.     54.     Card,  sec-sttra'.  if  nati.  cat. 
Exotic. 

tmotorius,  (false  saffron,  safflower.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  entire,  serrate-aculeate. 
1—2  f. 

€»eruleus,  (blue  saffron,  b.  2^.)  stem  about  1-flowered-..  lea,ves  lance-ovate,  spine- 
toothed. 

5—2.     Ca'kum.     60.     Umb.  ston^.  aro. 

Exotic. 
cami,  (caraway,  w.  M.  ^.)  stem  branching:  leaves  with  ventricose  sheaths:  partial 
inTolucre  none.     2  f 

19—12.     Ca'rya.     94.     Jugl.  cat.  ast. 

tomenlosa,  Mx.  (1)  (white-heart  hickory.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leafets  about  9,  lance-oblong, 
acuminate, 'slightly  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  scabrous;  terminal  one  sub-pelioledi 
araeuts  filiform,  tomentose:  fruit  sub-globose,  smoolii;  pericarp  very  tliick;  nut 
somewhat  G-angled;   putamen  thick,  hard;   nucleus  agreeably  tasted.     6'.     T.  Y.  P. 

aibtL,  L.  (2)  (shag- walnut,  shag-bark  liickory.  O.  M.  ^.)  leafels  about  7,  long-peliol- 
ed,  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  villose  beiiealli;  the  terminal  leafet* 
sessile;  ament  filiform  glabrous;  fruit  globose,  a  little  depressed:  nut  compressed, 
oblique.     kS'.     M-ch. 

sulcata^  W.  (3)  (shell-bark  hickory.  W.  Ap.  >).)leafets  about  9,  oblanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  pubescent  beneath;  the  terminal  leafets  sub-sessile,  tapering  to  the 
base:  fruit  roundish,  4-keeled;  nut  sub-globose,  a  little  compressed,  smooth,  long- 
mucronate.     60—80  f .     -S'.     P.  T.     Mch. 

atnara,  Mx.  (bitter-nut,  O.  Ap.  ^.)  leafets  about  9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  glabrous  both  sides;  the  terminal  leafets  short-petioled:  fruit  sub-globose, 
with  the  sutures  prominent  above:  nut  smooth,  sub-globose,  mucronate;  putamen 
easily  broken;   nucleus  bitter.     <S'.     JNlch. 

porcina,  Mx.  (pig-nut,  broom  hickory.  O.  M.  ^.)  leafets  about  7,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  glabrous  both  sides;  terminal  leafets  sub-sessile:  fruit  pear-form  or 
globose:  nut  smootJi;  putamen  very  thick  and  hard;  nucleus  small.  Van  obcor- 
data,  (4)  has  an  obcordate  nut.  Var.  Jicifoniiis,  has  the  fruit  turbinate  and  nut 
oblong.     70— Sa  f.     S.     Mch. 

Soutliern. 

aquaiica,  Mx.  (O.  Ap.  Tp.)  leafets  about  11,  narrow,  obliquely  lanceolate,  acuminate,, 
sub-serrate,  glabrous,  sessile:  fruit  peduncled,  ovate;  sutures  4,  prominent:  nut 
roundisii,  compressed;  putamen  thin;  nucleus  bitter.     40 — 50  f 

myristicarformis,  Mx.  (Ap.  ^.)  leafets  5,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  gla- 
brous; terminal  ones  sessile:  fruit  oval,  rugose,  scabrous:  nut  oval,  slightly  acumi- 
nate, furrowed,  very  hard. 

oUvapforiiiis,  VV.  (pecan-nut.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leafets  numerous,  (13 — 15.)  lanceolate, 
sub-falcate,  serrate;  petioles  not  in  pairs;  fruit  oblong,  .4-sided:  nut  olive-shaped, 
smooth. 

10 — 1.     Cas'sia.     93.     Leg.  nut.  ape.  d-h.  cat.  feb. 

marilandica,  (wild  senna.  W.  y.  Au.  If.)  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  in  8  pairs,  lance- 
oblong,  mucronate:  flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  and  in  terminal  panicles:  legumes 
linear,  curved.  An  excellent  mild  cathartic.  I3w.  River  alluvion.  2 — 4  f.  S. 
T.  diu.  cat.  as  best  senna.     Mch. 


Carthamus.     From  its   Arabic  name  gortom,  signifying  to  paint,    on  account  of  the 

fine  color  yielded  by  the  flowers. 
Carum.     From  Carias,  where  it  is  indigenous. 

Carya.     Gr.  karua,  the  walnut,  of  Intra,  headlike,  round,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit. 
Cassia.     An  ancient  name  from  Heb.  kasian,  to  tear  off,  it  being  stripped  off  the  tiee, 

for  market. 

(1)  alba,  W.       (2)  compressa,  W.  squamosa,  Mx.  arb.        (3)  laciniosa,  Mx.  arb. 
mucronata,  Mx.     (4)  These  two  varieties  are  the  species  obcordata  and  glabra  of  VV. 


184  CASSIA,    CATALPA. 

chammcrista,  (cassia,  partridge  pea.  W.  y.  Ju.  0.)  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  linear, 
in  many  pairs,  the  glands  on  the  petioles  sub-pedicelled:  two  of  the  petals  spotted: 
legumes  pubescent.  A  most  elegant  plant.  8—16  i.  Dry  sand,  &c.  12  i.  S. 
C.  T.  y.  P.  B.  P.  Harper's  ferry.  Chicago. 
nictitaiis,  (wild  sensitive  plant.  W.  y.  Ju.  0.)  spreading,  pubescent:  leaves  in  many 
pairs,  linear;  glands  of  the  petioles  pedicelled;  peduncles  short,  supra-axillary,  2  or 
3-flowered:  flowers  pentandrous.  Tlie  leaves  of  this  species,  and  of  the  ckammcrista, 
possess  a  considerable  degree  of  irritability.  12  i.  .S*.  Y.  P.  C.  O.  T.  N. 
Juscicidata,  (y.  Ju.  0.)  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  at  the  summit  in  9  pairs:  gland 
sessile  near  the  middle  of  the  petiole,  fescicles  many-flowered,  lateral:  petals  and 
.stamens  of  the  same  color:  legumes  glabrous,  ascending,  arched.     S.     Y.  P. 

Exotic. 

senna,  (egyptian  senna,  false  senna,  y.  Ju.  Q.)  leaves  in  0  pairs:  petioles  glandless: 
legume  repiform. 

Southern. 

tora,  W.  (W.  y.  Ju.  0.)  glabrous:  leaves  in  3  pairs,  obovate,  ciliate:  terminal  ones 
largest;  a  subulate  gland  between  the  lower  pair:  peduncles  few-flowered,  axillary; 
legumes  curved.     3  f. 

occidentuUs,  W.  (y.  M.  2i-  ^0  glabrous;  leaves  in  5  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, scabrous  along  the  edges:  peduncles  clustered,  lew-flowered,  axillary:  legumes 
compressed,  falcate.     12 — 18  i.     , 

ligustrina,  W.  (y.  Ju.  Au.  If.  ^T)  pubescent;  leaves  in  7-pairs,  lanceolate;  exterior 
ones  smallest;  peduncles  terminal,  somewhat  paniculate:  legume  oblong  slightly 
falcate.     6  f. 

linearis,  Mx.  (y.  J.  2£.)  glabrous:  leaves  in  5  or  6-pairs,  ovate,  acute:  peduncles  axil- 
lary, few-flowered:  legume  terete. 

procumbens,  W.  (y.  J.  0.)  leaves  in  many  pairsj  without  glands:  stem  procumbent. 
Flowers  smalh 

aspera,  M.  (W.  L.  S.  0.)  strigose,  rough:^ leaves  in  many  pairs,  linear,  lanceolate, 
ciliate:  peduncles  few-flowered,  above  the  axils:  stamens  9 — 7:  three  longer  than 
the  rest.     1— 3  f. 

19    12.     Casta'nea.     99.     Cupu.  emo.  ton.  f.  nut. 

vesca,  Var.  americana,  (chesnut.  g.  J.  >-.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  sinuate  serrate,  with 
the  serratures  nmcronate,  glabrous  both  sides.  Large  tree.  60  f.  /S.  N.  T. 
Y.  C.     Mch. 

pumila,  (chinquapin,  g.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  acute,  mucronatej  serrate,  with  wljite 
down  beneaih.     Small  tree.     &'.     P.   M.  D.     Florida. 

Southern, 
nana,   M.  (1)  (M.  Tp.)  leaves  oval-lanceolate,   rather  obtuse,   mucronately-serrate, 
shining  on  the  upper  surface,  slightly  tomentose  beneath.     1^2  f. 

13^ — 2.     Castille'ja.     36.     Rhin.  aro.  ton. 

occidentalism  T.  &  J.  (W.  71.)  stem  simple,  pilose:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowing 
towards  the  apex,  minutely  pubescent,  entire,  acutish:  flowers  spiked,  sessile:  corol 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx;  bracts  3-cleft;  divisions  erect. 

Castilleja,  Euchroma. 

2 — 1.     Catalpa.     40.     Bign.  nut.  fom.  ton. 

cordifolia,  Duham.  (2)  (M.  w.  &  y.  ^.)  leaves  simple,  cordate,  entire,  by  threes: 
flowers  in  panicles.     40 — 50  f     «S'.     O.  P.   C.     Troy,  cultivated. 

Castanea.     From  Castanea,  a  city  of  Thessaly,  whence  chesnuts  were  first  brought, 

and  hence  tiiey  were  called  kastanon. 
Castilleja.     In  honor  of  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist. 
Catalpa.     The  Indian  name  of  this  plant. 

(1)  alnifolia.  N.         (2)  syringaefolia,  Ph.    Bignonia  catalpa,  W. 


CAULINIA,    CEANOTHUS  185 

19—1;     Cauli'nia.     7.     Fluv.  ton—. 

Jiexilis,  (water  knot-grass.,  Au.  0.)  leaves  in  sixes,  toothed  at  the  apex,  spreading. 
Immersed  in  ditches.  &c.     S.     T.  Y.  P.  C.  N.     Mch. 

frag^ilis,  (S.  Q.)  leaves  in  threes  or  opposite,  linear-subulate,  recurved,  aculeate- 
toothed,  rigid;     Immersed.     S.     P. 

5 — 1.     Ceano'thus.     95.     Rham.  h.  ast.  sto. 

americana,  (New  Jersey  tea.  O.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  Serrate,  3-nerved, 
pubescent  beneath:  panicles  axillary,  long-peduncled,  sub-corymbed.  S.  Var. 
tardijhra,  leaves  lieart-ovate,'  downy  berieath:  pahicled  with  elongated  thyrse. 
Mch. 

ovalis,  Bw.  (1)  (w.  fp.)  leaves  oval,  with  glandular  serratures,  3-nerved;  nerves 
pubescent  beneath:  panicle  corymbose,  abbreviated.     Canada.     Lake  Champlain. 

san^uinca,  Ph.  (\V.  w.  M.  T^.)  leaves  obovatp,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath:  panicle 
axillary,  compact,  short-peduncled;  pedicels  aggregate.     3  f. 

oregamis,  N.  (w.)  leaves  broadly  ovate,  sub-cordate,  mostly  obtuse,  serrate,  mem- 
branaceous, somewhat  pubescent  beneath:  thyroid  corymbs  in  lateral  panicles: 
fruit  small,  globose,  obtusely  3-lobed,  without  pulp.     4 — 12  f.     Oregon. 

velidiims,  Doug.  (w. )  branches  somewhat  pendulous:  leaves  orbicular,  elliptical,  or 
elliptical-ovate,  obtuse,  sub-cordate,  glandularly  crenate-serrulate,  coriaceous, 
glabrous  and  shining  above,  velvety  canescentand  strongly  3-ribbed  beneath:  pani- 
cles axillary,  elongated  on  rather  long  peduncles.  3 — 8  f.     Oregon. 

Southern. 

microphjlla,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  T^.)  leaves  very  small,  obovate,  nearly  entire,  clustered, 
glabrous:  racemes  corymbose,  terminal.     1 — 2  f. 

Sei-pyllifoiia,  N.  (  )  branches  filitbrm:  leaves  small,  elliptic-ovate,  serrulate,  obtuse; 
peiioles  and  nerves  strigose  beneath:  panicles  pedicelled,  axillary,  few-flowered: 
flowers  conglomerate. 

iticanus,  T.  (w.)  branches  short  and  very  thick,  minutely  canescent,  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  mostly  sub-cordate,  coriaceous,  crenate-serrulate,  minutely  velvety 
abovCj  wliitish  and  canescent  beneath:  clusters  sub-sessile,  axillary  and  terminal'. 
California. 

hbsuliis,  iV.  (  )  somewhat  spiny  and  almosthirsute;  particularly  the  young  branches: 
leaves  cordate-ovate,  glandularly-serrate,  nearly  sessile,  rather  obtuse:  panicle 
terminal,  elongated,  leafy;  disk  obscurely  pentangular:  protuberances  of  the  ovary 
small. 

oligantfius,  N.  (h,  w. )  stem  and  branches  villose:  leaves  elliptical-ovate  nearly 
glabrous  above,  villose  beneath,  gldndularly  serrulate,  rather  obtuse:  panicles  lateral 
andtermhial,  very  shorty  few  flowered,  naked  or  leafy,  towards  the  base,  persistent: 
disk  pentangular:  ovary  with  3  protuberances  at  the  angles,  nearly  as  large  as 
itself.     California. 

Ikyrsiflorus,  Eschs.  (^.b.)stem  straight  and  erect,  with  angular  branches:  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  rather  thickj  strongly  veined  beneath,  glandularly  serrate, 
glabrous  or  slightly  hairy  above,  canescent  beneath  and  slightly  pubescent  on  the 
veins:  flowers  in  ovate  or  oblong  very  dense  clusters,  on  long,  more  or  less  leafy^ 
axillary  and  terminal  peduncles.     A  small  tree.     California. 

divaricalus,  N.  (Ap.  \.  b.)  somewhat  thorny,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  elliptical-oblong 
or  oblong-ovate,  lucid,  somewhat  obtuse,  minutely  and  glandularly  serrate,  pubes- 
cent beneath:  flowering  blanches  divaricate:  leafy  thyrse  interrupted^  rather 
loose:   ovary  sub-globose,  without  protuberances.     California. 

spinosus,  N.  (p.w.  b. )  glabrous:  branches  thorny:  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  or  oblong, 
obtuse  or  emarginate,  lucid,  entire,  or  obscurely  glandularly  serrate  towards  the 
apex:  flowering  branclilets  divaricate,  leafy:  thyrse  oblong:  ovary  sub-globose, 
without  protuberances.     California. 

cuneatus,  N.  (March.  ^.  w.)  branchlets  pubescent:  leaves  fascicled  from  numerous 
very  short  lateral  blanches,  apparently  opposite,  thick  and  coriaceous,  narrowly 
oblong-cuneiform,  entire,  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  whitish  and  minutely  tomentose- 

Caulinia.     In  honor  of  F.  Cavolini,  a  Neapolitan  botanist. 

Ceanothus.     Gr.  keanoUios,  of  Gr.  keo,  to  prick,  anotheii,  above,  because  it  pricks  at 

the  extreme  parts. 

(1)  ovatus  E)c. 

24 


186  CEANOTHUS,    CALTIS. 

canescent  beneath:  flowersin  lateral,  pedunculate,  nearly  simple,  umbels:  fruit  with 
3  projecting  appendages  at  the  summit.     6 — 10  f.     California. 

macr  0  carpus,  N.  i^-)  branchlets  canescent  with  a  rustj-colored  pubescence:  leaves 
alternate,  rather  crowded,  sometimes  a  little  fascicled  in  the  axils,  thick  and  coriace- 
ous, obovate-cuneate,  entire,  often  emarginate,  glabrous  above,  whitish  and  minutely 
tomentose-canescent  beneath:  flowers  in  lateral  pedunculate  nearly  simple  umbels: 
fruit  very  large,  with  3  projecting  horn-like  appendages  at  the  summit.  3—6  f. 
California. 

verrucosus,  N.  (w. )  branches  verrucose  and  somewhat  canescent  with  a  rusty-colored 
pubescence:  leaves  alternate,  approximate  or  crowded,  very  thick  and  coriaceous, 
rouiidish-obovale  or  cuneate  oval,  often  emarginate,  the  younger  ones  sometimes 
obscurely  serrulate,  glabrous  above,  minutely  tomentose-canescent  beneath:  umbels 
axillary,  few-flowered,  naked:  fruit  with  minute  protuberances  at  the  angles.  Cali- 
fornia. 

rigldus,  N.  (Ti.  Marcii.  b.)  young  branches  pubescent:  leaves  opposite  and  crowded, 
euneate-obovate,  mostly  retuse,  thick  and  coriaceous,  mucronately  crenate-toothed, 
glabrous  above,  somewhat  canescent  beneath:  umbels  axillary  and  terminal,  few- 
flowered,  sessile:  pedicels  at  length  elongated:  ovary  with  3  protuberances.  6f. 
California.  , 

dentatus,  T.  (w.)  branches  tomentose  with. rusty  hairs:  leaves  much  crowded  and 
fascicled,  coriaceous,  oblong-cuneiforin,  retuse,  toothed,  with  revolute  margins, 
more  or  less  hairy  on  both  sides:  peduncles  elongated,  nearly  terminal:  thyrse 
oblong,  of  numerous  umbel  like  fascicles;  ovary  with  3  protuberances  at  the  sum- 
mit. California.  .. 
papiUosus,  T.  (  b.  )  branches  tomentose:  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  much  crowded, 
fascicled  in  the  axils,  densely  and  softly  tomentose  beneath,  glandularly  denticulate 
on  the  margin:  peduncles  aggregated:  clusters  somewhat  capitate:  ovary  triangular, 
the  angles  projecting  at  the  summit.     California. 

5 — 1.     Celas'trus.     95.     Celas.  cat-sti. 

scandcns,  W.  false  bittersweet,  staff  tree,  red  root.  O.  y-w.  J.  ^.)  stem  twining: 
leaves  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate:  racemes  terminal  and  axillary.  Retains  its  scarlet 
berries  tiirough  the  winter.     JVIch. 

Southern. 

lullata,  W.  (w.  Ju.  ^.)  unarmed:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  entire:  panicle  terminal.  20 f. 
Virginia. 

5 — 1.     Cklo'sia.     30.     Amar.  diu.  nut. 
Exotic, 
crislatn,  (cockscomb,  r.  J.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  stipules  falcate:  common  peduncle 
striated:  spike  oblong,  compressed. 

5 — '2.     Ctb'Tis.     99.     Ulmo.  emo.  ton. 

occidentalism  W.  (nettle  tree,  pompion  berry.  W.  w.  M.  \ .)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
equally  serrate,  except  near  the  base;  scabrous  above,  rough-haired  beneath:  fruit 
solitary.  Var.  integrifolia,  leaves  entire:  bark  of  the  tree  not  rimose.  20  f.  S. 
T.  N. 

crassifoUa,  W.  (hag-berry,  hoop  ash.  W.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  un- 
equally serrate,  unequally  cordate  at  the  base,  sub  coriaceous:  peduncles  about  2 
flowered.     20  f     6*.     Y.  T.  P.  B. 

pumila,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  g.  M.  p.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  equally  serrate,  unequal  at 
the  base,  smoothish  on  both  sides;  the  younger  ones  only  pubescent:  •peduncles 
mostly  3- flowered:   fruit  solitary.     Berries  brown  and  glaucous.     6  f.     &'. 

retiadata,T.  &  J.  (W.  h.)  leaves  broad-cordate,  pubescent,  sub-coriaceous,  some 
what  entire,  obtosish,  unequal  at  the  base,  papillose-scabrous  above,  reticulate,  pro- 
minent veins  beneath:  peduncles  1-floweied. 

Celastrus.     Gr.  kelasiros,  a  tree  of  which  pails  were  made,  of  kelu,  a  dart. 
Celosia.     Gr. /.:eZos,  singed;  from  the  appearance  of  the  flowers. 
Celtis.     One  of  the  names  anciently  given  to  the  Lotus.     Pliny. 
(1)  occidentalis.     Var.  pumila,  M. 


CENCHRU.S,  CKNTROSEMA.  187 

3 — 1.     Cen'chrus.     10.     Gram,  far-ton. 

eckinatvs,  L.  (burr  grass,  hedge-hog  grass.  Ju.  Au.  O.)  spike  vvitli  the  flowers  ap- 
proximated: involucre  sub-globose,  villose:  culm  compressed.  Erect  or  procumbent. 
Sandy  soil.  1 — 2  f.  <S'.  Var.  tribvluides,  W.  (L.)  spikes  and  margins  of  the 
sheaths  while-pubescent.     1  f.     S.     P.  Y.  N.  H.  D.     Mch.  N.  W.  Lakes. 

17 — 3.     Centau'kea.     54.     Card.  sec.  sti.  feb. 
Exotic. 

cyanus,  (blue  bottle,   b.  w.   r.  J.  0.)  scales  of  the  involucre  serrate:  leaves  linear, 

entire;   lower  ones  toothed.     Naturalized,     ti — 3  f. 
jacea,   (knapweed,  p.  Ju.   It.)  leaves  lanceolate,    entire;  radical  ones  sub-dentate: 

branches  angular:  involucre  scarious.     Naturalized. 
bencdkla,  (blessed  thistle,  y.  J.  0.)  scales  of  the  involucre  doubly  armed  with  spines, 

woolly,  bracled:  leaves  somewhat  dccurrent,  toothed,  spiny.     Naturalized. 
solstitiaUs,   (St.  Barnaby's   thistle,  y.    Ju.   0.)  involucre  palmate-spinose,   solitary; 

spines  straight:  leaves  hoary,    lance-linear,   decurrent,  entire;  radical  ones  lyrate. 

Naturalized. 
nigra,  L.  (black  knapweed,  p.  Au.  71.)  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  with  an  erect 

capillary  fringe:  lower  leaves  lyrate-angular;   upper  ones  ovate.     Naturalized.    2f. 
calcidapa,  (O.)  scales  of  the    involucre  somewliat  doubly   spinous,    sessile:    leaves 

pinnatifid,  linear,  dentate:   stern  pilose. 
centaurivin,  (great  centaury.  ZT-)  leaves  pinnate,  glabrous;  leafets  sharply  and  doubly 

serrate,  decurrent:  involucre  smooth. 
scabiosa,   (scabrous  centaury.    Zf.)  leaves  pinnatifid,   roughish;   divisions   lanceolate, 

spreading,  acute  pinnatifid  at  the  base:   involucre  ciliate. 
suaveolens,  (yellow  sultana.  Q.)  leaves  lyrate  ])innatifid:   involucre  smooth. 
moschata,  (sweet  sultana.  0.)  leaves  slightly  pinnatifid;  lower  divisions  mostly  entire: 

involucre  smooth. 

Southern. 
americana.,  N.  (W.  0.  or  ^.^stem  somewhat  brandling,  sulcale:  leaves  sessile;  lower 
ones  oblong-ovate,  repand-toothed;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute:   leafets  of  the  in- 
volucre furnished  with  recurved  pinnate  appendages:  peduncles    tjiick  at  the  apex. 
4— 6f. 

4 — 1.     Centaurel'la.     34.     Olea.  ton — .  fob. 

paniculata,  M.  (1)  (screwstem.  O.  w.  Ju.  Q.)  stern  sub-ramose,  4-sided,  and  becom- 
ing spirally  twisted:  j)eduncles  opposite,  lower  ones  ramose.  Stem  almost  leafless. 
Damp.     5 — 6  i.     Mch. 

Southern. 

vema,  Mx.  (2)  (w.  March. »0.)  stem  simple,  few-flowered,  (1 — 3:)  corol  thrice  as  long 

as  the  calyx:  style  as  long  as  the  germ.     4 — 8  i. 
aestivalis,  Ph.  (Ju.  0.)   stem   simple:  peduncles   opposite,   simple;  divisions  of  the 

corol  spatulate,  abruptly  acute,  thrice  as  long  as  the  cal3'x:  style  the  length  of  the 

germ.     3 — 4  i. 

16 — 10.     Centro'sema.     LF.gu.  nut.  asc.  ape. 
Southern. 

mrginiana,  Bentham.  (Ju.  Aug.  v.)  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  very  slen- 
der, angled,  twining:  leaves  trifoliate;  leafets  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  linear, 
reliculalely  veined:  peduncles  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1  to4-flowered:  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  linear- subulate,  much  longer  than  the  tube,  somewhat  exceed- 

Cenchrus.     Gr.  hi^chros,  millet,  this  plant  resembling  millet. 

Centaurea.     From  Chiron,  the  centaur,  who  used  it  to  cure  a  wound  caused  by  the 

poisoned  arrows  of  Hercules. 
Centaurella.     A  diminitive  of  Centaurea. 

(1)  autumnalis,  Ph.     Bartonia   paniculata,  Muh.  tenella,  Pii.     Sagina.     virginica. 
W.  Andresoria  paniculata.  B.     (2)   vernalis,   Ph. 


188  CJSNTROSENA,    CERASTIDM. 

ing  the  ovate,  acuminate  bracteoles,  tiie  2-upper  united  at  the  base:  legumes  nar- 
rowly linear,  very  long.  Virginia,  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
plumieri,  Benthani.  (  )  stem  Irutescent,  the  branches  puberulent:  leafets  broadly 
ovate,  with  a  short  obtuse  acumination,  broadly  rounded  at  the  base,  rather  coria- 
ceous, glabrous:  peduncles  2  to  3-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petiole:  bracteoles 
coriaceous,  obtuse,  entire,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  very  short:  legume 
thick.     New  Orleans. 

4 — 1.     CENTUN'cutus.     35.     Primu.  acr — .  ton—. 


lanceolatus,  M^.  (bastard  pimpernel.  O.  r.  March.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  oval  and 
obovate,  acute:  floweis  axillary,  sessile:  stem  prostrate.     2 — 3  i. 

minimus,  N.  (W.  Ju.)  stem  simple  or  with  a  single  branch,  sub-angplar:  leaves  al- 
ternate, spatulate- ovate,  acute:  flowers  sub-sessile.     Often  pentandrous.     4 — 6  i. 

4 — 1.     Cephalan'thus.     J37.     Cinch,  ton.  feb.  like  per.  b. 

ffccidentnli$j  L.  (button  bush,  pond  dogwood.  O.  w.  Ju.  Ip.)  leaves  opposite  and  in 
threes,  oval,  acurpinate.  Inflorescence  a  round  head.  Swamps.  Var.  jnibescens, 
has  the  leaves  and  bianchlets  pubescent.     4 — 8  f.     S.     Mch. 

13 — 1.     Cer*n'thera.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

Soiithern. 

linearifolia,  E.  (r-w.  S.  ^.)  stem  glabrous,  branching:  Ipaves  opposite,  linear,  some- 
times clustered:  racemes  terminal:  peduncles  opposite.     J2.  i. 

10 — 5.     Ceras'tiuji.     82.     Gary.  emo. 

pylgatum,  L.  (mousp-ear,  chickweed.  O.  w.  Ap.  ^.)  hirsute,  viscid,  cespitose:  leaves 
ovate:  petals  oblong,  about  equal  to  the  calyx:  flowers  longer  than  the  peduncle. 
6—10  i.     8.     Mch. 

viscosuj\i,  L.  (sticky  chickweed.  W.  w.  J.  ^.)  hairy  and  viscid,  spreading:  leaves 
lance-oblong:  flowers  shorter  than  their  pedicels;  petals  obovate,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx.     4-6  i.     .S'.     P.  Y.  T.  D.  C.  B.     Mch. 

alpinum,  L.  (A.  ^y.  .1.  Zf.)  leaves  lance-oval:  panicle  dichotomous,  few-flowered, 
bracted:   capsule   oblong,  recurved.     6  i. 

nutans,  R.  (1)(W.  w.  J. -^.)  viscid,  pubescent:  stems  erect,  striate:  leaves  elongat- 
ed, distant,  oblong-linear,  acute;  radical  ones  spatulate:  petals  oblong,  2-cletlt  at 
the  apex,  longer  than  the  calyx:  peduncles  at  length  much  longer  than  the  flower. 
6—12  i.     .S.     P.  Y.  R.  O.  D. 

oMoncrifuUiim,  T.  (W.  w.  J.  If.)  cespitose,  pubescent;  stems  erect,  terete:  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  sub-acute,  shorter  than  the  joints:  flowers  terminal,  shorter 
than  their  pedicels:  petals  obovate,  bifid  at  the  tip,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
6—12  i.     D.  T. 

arvcnsK,  W-  (W.  w.  J.  2{.)  pubescent,  cespitose:  leaves  lance»Jinear,  obtuse,  ciliate 
at  the  base,  shorter  tiian  the  internodes:  petals  obcordate,  twice  as  longas  the  calyx: 
sepals  obtuse.     6  i.     P.  T.  R. 

l/ructuUum,  R.  (  )  pubescent:   stem  weak,  cylindric:   leaves  oblong,   sub-mu- 

cronate:  flowers  erect,  dichotomous,  with  ovale,  acute  bracts:  petals  nearly  equal- 
ling the  calyx:  capsules  erect,  without  nerves.     Pennsylvania.     Doubtful. 

stellar oidcs,  Mocino.  (  )  stem  erect,  about  3-flowered:  leaves  oblong,  acuminate: 
pedecels  1-flowered,  terminal:  sepals  lanceolate:  petals  semibifid,  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.     Nootka  Spund. 

Centunculus.     Lat.  ceutunculus,  a  diminutive  of  cento,  a  threadbare  garment,  perhaps 

alluding  to  its  worthlessness. 
Cephalanthus.     Gr.  kephale,  head,  and  anthos,  flower,  alluding  to  the  inflorescence. 
Ceianliiera.     Gr.  kcrus,  horn,  and  anthos,  flower:   anthers  bearing  horns. 
Cerastium.     From  Gr.  keras,  horn,  an  allusion  to  the  cornute  form  of  the  capsule  of 

many  species. 

(1)  glutinosus,  N.  longepedunculatum,  M. 


CREASTIUM,    (iERASUS.  189 

beeringianum,  Cham  &  Schlecht.  (21.)  hirsute,  viscous  above:  stems  decumbent  and 
leafy  at  the  base:  the  flowering  ones  erect,  elongated  and  few-leaved:  leaves  oblong, 
rather  acutisii;  flowers  at  length  nodding:  sepals  elliptical,  acute:  petals  and  cap- 
sule half  as  long  again  as  the  calyx.     8  i.     Kotzebue's  Sound. 

rigidum,  Ledeb.  (  )  hirsute:  stem  erect,  simple  below,  dichotomous  towards  the 
summit:  leaves  oblong,  acute:  peduncles  elongated:  sepals  lanceolate,  acute:  petals 
bifid,  longer  than  the  sepals:  capsule  oblong,  smooth,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.     Unalaschka. 

12 — L     Cerasus.     92.     Amyg.  h.  b.  s.  feb.  poi.  (prus.  acid.) 

virginiana,  (!)  wild  cherry,  rum  cherry,  cabinet  cherry.  O.  w.  M.  f-.)  racemes  erect, 
elongated:  leaves  cval-oblong,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  glabrous  both  sides: 
petioles  generally  bearing  4  glands.  In  open  fields  the  limbs  of  this  tree  spread 
out  hito  an  elegant  oval  top;  but  in  dense  forests  it  grows  to  a  very  great  height, 
with  a  tew  contracted  branches.     30 — 60  f.     S.     Rich.     Pnnnis,  rirginiana. 

scrotina,  (2)  (clioak  cherry.  O.  w.  J.  >?.)  flowers  in  lax  racemes:  leaves  oval,  short- 
acuminate,  opake,  doubly  and  acutely  serrate;  mid-rib  bearded  on  each  side  to- 
towards  the  base;  petiole  with  2  glands.  This  and  the  preceding  species  have  been 
confounded  by  many  botanists.     T.     10 — 20  f.     iS'.     Prunus,  scrotina. 

canadensis,  (w.  (?.)  flowers  in  racemes:  leaves  glandless,  broad  lanceolate,  rugose^ 
sharply  serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  tapering  into  the  petiole.  S.  P.  Canada. 
Prunus,  canadensis. 

oboraia,  Bw.  (3)  (w.  M.  ^.)  racemesi'  spreading:  leaves  obovate,  acute,  very  sharp- 
serrate,  glabrous.  Fruit  red,  bitter  and  astringent.  A  large  shrub.  K.  Mch» 
Prumts,  obovata. 

eviarginata,  Doug,  (  )  racemes  corymbose;  pedicels  elongated,  both  the  pedi- 

cels and  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtuse,  reflexed,  glabrous:  leaves  oval,  mi- 
nutely tooth-serrate,  glabrous;  acute  and  biglandulous  at  the  base;  obtuse  and  often 
emarginate  at  the  apex:  fruit  globose.     4 — 8  f.     R.     Pninus,  cmarginala. 

mollis,  Doug.  (  ^.)  racemes  shortish:   racemes  and  calyx  down-hairy  (segments 

reflexed)  leaves  obovate-oblong,  crenate,  pubescent  beneath:  fruit  ovale.  R.  Pru- 
nus mollis. 

pennsylvanica,  A.  (4)  (W.  w.  M.  f^ .)  flowers  sub-corymbed:  pedicels  elongated: 
leaves  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  erose-denticulate.  smooth:  petioles  with  2  glands: 
branches  punctate.     8 — 12  f.     S'.     P.  Y.  B.  N.     Mch.     Prunus,  pennsylcanica. 

pijgmaa,  W.  (american  sloe.  O.  w.  M.  T-.)  umbels  sessile,  aggregated,  few-flowered: 
leaves  oval-ovate,  acute,  glabrous  both  sides,  siiarply  serrate,  2  glands  at  the  base. 
3 — 4  f.     S.     Prunus,  pygmmi. 

pubtscens.  Ph.  (5)  (M.  >^.)  umbels  sessile,  aggregated,  few-flowered:  peduncles  and 
calyx  pubescent:  leaves  short-oval,  serrulate:  drupe  spherical.  2 — 3  f.  Prunus, 
pubescens. 

pu'mila,  (w.  M.  ^ .)  umbels  sessile,  aggregate,  few-flowered:  calyx  acute:  branches 
wand-terete:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  serrate  above,  the  under  sides  pale.  2 — 3  f. 
S.     p.  W.  N.     Prunus,  punula. 

dcpressa,  Ph.  (sand  cherry.  W.  w.  M.  ^.)  umbels  sessile,  aggregate:  few-flowered- 
calyxes    obtuse:  branches    angled,    depressed,   prostrate:  leaves  wedge-lanceolate, 

remotely  serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  fruit  ovate.  Is  this  the  pumila?  P. 
T.    N.  D.     Canada.     Prunus,  deprcssa. 

?  Susquehanna,  W.  (w.  M.  ^.)  "peduncles  solitary:  leaves  obovate-oblong,  glaucous 
beneath,  serrate,  entire  at  the  base.     P.     Prunus,  susquchanna. 

Uttoralis,  Bw.  (6)  (beach  plum.  L.  w.  M.  ^.)  umbels  crowded,  few-flowered;  pe- 
duncles and  calyx  sub-pubescent:  leaves  oval,  acute,  serrate,  with  the  veins  pubes- 
cent beneath.  The  size  and  color  of  the  fruit  is  subject  to  considerable  variation. 
Bw.     Prunus,  Uttoralis. 

cerastfera,  W.  (w.  M.    ^.)  peduncles.solitary;  leaves  oval,  glabrous:  fruit  pendant: 
branches  almost  thornless.     Prunus,  cerasifera. 
Exotic. 

cerasus,  (garden  cherry,  w.  r.  ^.)  umbelsub-peduncled:  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous, 
conduplicate.     Prunus,  cerasus. 


(1)  rubra,  A.  CerasuS;  Mx.  (2)  virginiana.  Miller.  (3)  serotina,  Ph.?  (4)  lan- 
eolata,  W.  borealis,  Ph.  Cerasus  borealis,  Mx.  (5)  sphaerocarpon,  Mx.  (G) 
sphaerocarpa,  Mx.? 


190  CERASUS,    CHAEROPHyLLUM. 

padus,  (bird  cherry,  w.  M.  ^.)  flowers  racemed,  lax:  leaves  doubly  serrate,  sub- 
rugose,  petioled,  with  2  glands.     Prunus,  padus. 

avium,  (small  bird  cherry,  w.  h.)  umbels  sessile:  leaves  lance-ovate,  pubescent  be- 
neath, condu plicate.     Prunus,  avium. 

Southern. 

caroliniana,  W.  (1)  (ve.  Ap.  ^.)  flowers  racemed:  leaves  perennial,  lahce-oblong, 
mucronate,  serrate  and  entire,  glandless,  smooth.  Middle  size  tree.  Florida. 
Prunus,  caroliniana. 

sempcrjlorens,  W.  (W.  M.  Tj.)  racemes  leafy,  pendulous:  calyx  serrate:  leaves  ovate, 
serrate,  glabrous,  glandular  at  the  base.     Small  shrub.     Prunus,  semperjlorens. 

hirsuta,  E.  (Ap.  ^.)  racemes  straight:  leaves  oval,  serrulate,  glandless?  under  sur- 
face, calyx,  peduncles  and  petioles  hirsute.     3 — 4  f.     Prunus,  hirsuta. 

fumbellata,  E.  (w.  Mar.  h .)  umbels  terminal,  many-flowered:  leaves  lanceolate,  .sub- 
acuminate,  serrulate,  glabrous,  with  2  glands  at  the  base:  calyx  pubescent.  Pru- 
nus, umbellata. 

20 — 2.     Ce'ratio'la.     96.     Empet.  ton — . 
Southern, 
ericoides,  W.    (Au.    T^.)   branchlets   partly  tomentose:  leaves    verticillate,    narrow, 
linear,  smooth.     An  evergreen  shrub.     4 — 6  f. 

3 — 2.     Ceratochlo'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

unioloides,  Ph.  (Ju.  §.  or  21.)  panicle  nodding,  spreading;  spikelets  oblong-lanceo- 
late, compressed,.  6  to  8-flowerd;  florets  acuminate,  unarmed:  sheaths  bearded  at 
the  throat,  the  lower  ones  hairy:  root  fibrous.     S. 

19 — 12.     Ceratophyl'lum.     88.     Cerat.  ton — . 

dfimer'sum,  W.  (hornwort.  W.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  Sin  a  whorl,  diehotomous  in  two  pairs, 
tooth-spined  on  the  back:  flowers  axillary:  fruit  3-spined.     Y.  P.  C.  F. 

fubmersum,  L.  (W.  Zf.)  leaves  diehotomous  in  three  pairs:  fruit  without  spines. 
In  water. 

10 — 1.     Cer'cis.     93.     Leg.  asc.  ape. 

canadensis,  (red-bud,  judas  tree,  r.  M.  >.-.)  leaves  round-heart-form,  acuminate,  villose 
at  the  axils  of  the  nerves:  stipules  minute:  legumes  short-stiped.  Var.  pubcscens, 
fias  roundish  acute  leaves,  pubescent  beneath.  15 — 30  f.  iS'.  Y.  P.  O.  Canada. 
Sandusky,  Ohio.     Mch. 

3—2.     Cere'sia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Southern. 

fluitans.   P..  (W.  Oc.  0?)  stem  creeping  and  ascending,   generally  floating:  leaves 

scabrous:  spikes  numerous:  glumes  white,  dotted,  somewhat  hairy.     J — 3  f.     K. 

Ceropegia,  Cynanchum. 

5 — 2.     Chaerophyllum.     GO.     Umbel,  sto.  nar.  if  nau. 

procumbens.  Lam.  (M.  Q.)  stem  procumbent:  leaves  decompound;  divisions  lanceo- 
late, rather  obtuse:  umbels  about  3-rayed;  fruit  smooth,  shining.  Var.  boscii,  stem 
sub-hirsute,  erectish:  leaves  tripinnaie.  Carolina.  S.  P.  O.  M.  K,  Uraspermum 
procumbens  of  the  7lh  edition. 

Ceratiola.     Gr.  keration,  little  horn,  alluding  to  the  stigma. 

Ceratochloa.     Gr.  kcras,  horn,  and  chloe,  grass,  referring  to  the  appearance  of  the 

seed. 
Ceratophyllum.    Gr.  keras,  horn,  and  phidlon,  leaf  from  the  numerous  horned  divisions 

of  the  leaves. 
Cercis.     Gr.  kerkis,  shuttle,  from  the  resemblance  in  the  shape  of  the  legume. 
Ceresia.     In  honor  of  the  goddess  Ceres. 
Chaerophyllum.     Gr.  chairoa,  (of  chairo)  rejoicing,  p/ndloa,  a  leaf,  from  the  pleasant 

odor  of  the  leaves. 

(1)  lusilamea,  Wr. 


CHAMEROPS,    CIIEILANTIIES,  191 

Chaetanthera,  SotiDAGO. 
6 — 3.     Ghamaerops.     11.     Palm.  edi.  ton. 
Soviltern. 

sermla'ta,  W.  (Ju.  T-.)  ciiudex  creepinjr:  stiucs  sliarply  serrate:  fronds  plaited  palmate. 

Fronds  2  f. 
hystriz,  Fiaz.  (1)  (Ju.  ^.)  caudex  creei)ing;  stipes  intermingled  with  long  thorns: 

fronds  plaited,  palmate.     Fronds  4 — 5  f. 
palmetto,  W.  (Ju.  Tp.)  caudex  arborescent:  stipes  unarmed:  spathes  doubled:  fronds 

plaited,  palmate.     Fronds  5 — 6  f.     Florida. 

16 — 10.     Chapmannia.     93.     Legu.  nut.  ast. 

florulana,  T.  (M.  y.  )  stem  erect  or  somewhat  assnrgent,  sulcate,  hirsute  and  viscid: 
leafets  2  or  3  pairs,  elliptical-oblong,  mostly  retuse:  stipules  very  small,  subulate, 
membranaceous:  racemes  few-flowered,  somewhat  paniculate:  flowers  bracted: 
calyx  hispid;  tube  slender:  petals  nearly  equal  in  length  with  short  claws;  wings 
oblong,  scarcely  toothed  at  the  base:  ovary  oblong:  style  nearly  straight,  exserted. 
2 — 3  f.     Florida. 

17—4.     Chaptal'ia.     Vent.     54.     Card,  sec-stim.  if  nau.  cat. 

SoutheTn. 

integrifolia,  Mx.  (2)  (p-w.  J.  ZT.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  and  obovate,  retrorsely 
denticulate,  tonjentose,  and  silvery  beneath:  scape  naked,  l-flowered:  flowers  nod- 
ding.    Pursh  says  the  leaves  are  ovate-oblong,  entire. 

19 — 1.     Cha'ra.     6.     Naia.  nau.  cat. 

vvlrra'ris,  W.  (feather-beds.  O.  Ju.  0.)  stem  and  branches  naked  at  the  base;  branch- 
lets  terete;  joints  leafy:  lea%'^s  oblong-subulate:  bracts  shorter  than  the  berrv. 
Odour  disagreeable.     Pords  and  ditches  mostly  stagnant.     & 

foliosa,  W.  (3)  (W.  Ju.  C--)  stem  naked,  papillose  above;  branchlets  terete,  leafy  at 
the  base  and  in  the  joints:  leaves  linear:  bracts  shorter  than  the  berry.  In  clear 
water.     -S'.     P.  N. 

Jhx'ilis,  W.  (W.  An.  $.)  stem  translucent,  naked:  branchlets  jointless,  leafless, 
compressed:  beiries  lateral,  naked.     Ponds  in  Stockbridge.     jS.     P.  N. 

huviilis,  Riddell.  (g.  Au.  0.)  stem  calcareous,  solitary  and  branching:  branchlets 
8  to  10  in  a  whorl,  (involucre  none.)  about  equalling  the  internodes  (|  of  an  inch): 
branchlets  toward  the  summit  bearing  1  to  2  thecae.  2 — 3  i.  Resembles  foliosa. 
Old  River. 
.  subulosa,  Riddell.  (g.  Au.  0.)  stem  with  a  few  erect  branches,  sub-sulcale,  papillose; 
branchlets  8  to  10  in  a  whorl  without  an  involucre,  half  an  inch  long;  internodes 
near  an  inch  long:  the  calcareous  incrustation  on  the  stem  unusually  thick.  Var. 
spiralis,  stern  spirally  sulcate.     18  i.     Dayton,  O. 

glabra,  M.  (Ju.)  whole  plant  glabrous.     /S.     P. 

S^outhtrn. 

capitata,  E.  (A.)  stem  and  branches  terete,  glabrous;  joints  leafy:  fruit  in  heads: 
bracts  a  little  longer  than  the  berry. 

Chamajrops.     Gr.  chamai,  on  the  ground,  and  rojjs,  a  shrub,  from  its  habits  and  size; 

or  altered  from  Gr.  chamaidrops,  dwarf-oak. 
Chaptalia.     In  honor  of  M.  Chaptal,  a  French  naturalist  and  chemist. 
Chara.     Gr.  chaird,   to  rejoice,   because  it  is  the  delight  of  the  water,  or  that  it 

delights  in  water. 

(1)  Sabal  hystrix,  N.         (2)  Tussilago,  Mx.  W.     C.  tomentosa,  Ph.     Perdicium 
semiflosculare,   Wr.     (3)  squamosa,  D. 


192  CHEILANTHESj    CHENOPODIUM 

21 — 1.     Cheilan'thes.     5.     Fil.  sec-stim. 

vesti'ta,  W.   (lip-fern.  2X.)  frond  doubly  pinnate,  hairy  both  sides:  leafets  pinnatifid; 

divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  entire:  stipe  and  racemes  rough-haired.     Small,  on  rocks. 

&     P.  H. 

Southern, 
dealbata,  Ph.   (W.  Ju.  2J!.)   frond  triply   pinnate:  leafets  oval,  distinctly  crenate  or 

emarginate  at  the  apex,  whitish  beneath. 

14 — 2.     Cheiran'thus.    63.     Cru.  asc.  nut. 

pallasii,  Ph.  (W.  r.  Ju.  $.)  stem  simple,  terete,  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  glabrous, 

lanceolate-linear,  tapering,  repand-toothed. 
capitatus,   Douglass.   (W.)  roughish:  leaves  lance-linear,   long-tapering  at  the  base, 

leaves  and  stem  strigose:   flowers  dense-corymbed:   silique  thrice  as  long  as  the 

pedicel.     Rocky  Mts.  and  west. 

Exotic, 
chciri,  (wall-flower.  J.  21.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous:  branches  angled:  stem 

somewhat  of  a  woody  texture. 
/enestrtdis,  (waved  wall -flower.    ^.)  leaves  crowded  together  in  a  head,  recurved, 
-   undulate:  stem  undivided. 
an'miiis,   (stock  july-flower.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-dentate,  obtuse,  hoary: 

silique  cylindric,  with  an  acute  apex. 
in'cuniLs,   (bromplon  stock,  bron»pton  queens.   $.)  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse, 

hoary:    silique   truncate,   compressed  at  the  apex:   stem  somewhat  of  a  woody 

texture. 

12 — 1.     Chelidonium.     62.     Papa,  nar-ano.  acr-sti.  diu.  sud. 
Exotk. 
majus,  W.    (celandine,  y.  M.  71-)  umbels  axillary,  peduncled:  leaves  alternate,  pin- 
nate, lobed.     Naturalized. 

Chelidonium,  Meconopsis. 
13 — 2.     Chelo'jne.,   37.     Scrop.  acr-poi.  asc. 

glabra,  (1)  (snakehead.  O.  w.  &  r.  Ju.  21-)  leaves  opposite,  lance-oblong,  acuminate, 
serrate:  spikes  terminal,  dense-flowered.  Var.  alba,  leaves  sub-sessile:  flowers 
white,  yar.  jmrpiirca,  leaves  short-peiioled:  flowers  purple.  Var.  lanccolata,  leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  sessile,  pubescent  beneath:  segments  of  the  calyx 
oblong.  Some  authors  make  a  species  ohliqua,  which  they  say,  has  all  the  leaves 
opposite,  and  that  the  glabra  has  the  lower  leaves  alternate — sed  quere?-^Damn. 
Mch. 

Southern. 

hj'oni,  Pli.  (p.  Au.  2i.)  glabrous,  branching:  leaves  petioled,  cordate-ovate,  serrate: 
spikes  terminal:  flowers  clustered. 

latifulia,  M.  (r.  Au.)  glabrous:  leaves  broad,  ovate  and  oval,  serrate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, tapering  at  the  base,  petioled:  flowers  crowded,  bracts  and  calyx  ciliate.     2  f. 

5—2.     Chenopo'dium.     29.     Chen.  edi.  ton.  lax. 

rhomb' if o' Hum,  M.  (W.  J.  -^.)  leaves  triangular-rhombic,  acute,  repandly  toothed: 
racemes  axillary,  erect,  leafless:  bracts  minute  inflexed. 

Cheilanthes.     From  Gr.  chcilos,  lip,  and  antlios,  flower,  in  allusion  to  the  lip-like  form 

of  tlie  involucre. 
Cheiranthus.     From  Gr.  cheir,  the  hand,  and  anthos,  flower,  relating  to  the  form  of 

its  blossoms. 
Chelidonium.    Gr.  chelidon,  a  swallow,  this  plant  being  in  flower  about  the  time  that 

this  bird  appears. 
Clielone.     Gr.  chclone,  a  tortoise,  from  the  shape  of  the  helmet  of  this  genus. 
Chenopodium.     Gr.  chen,    (chenosj   a  goose,   and  pous,   (podosj  a  foot,  from  the 

sinuate  leaves  of  some  species. 

(1)  obliqua,  W. 


CHENOPODIUM,    CttlONANTttUS.  19S 

album,  L.  (green  pig-weed.  O.  g.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  rhomboid-ovate,  erose,  entire  behind, 

the  upper  ones  oblong,  entire,  seed  smootii.     Var.  viride,  leaves  lance-rhomboid, 

siniiate-tootlied:  racemes  ramose,  sub-foliaceous:  stem  very  green.     2 — 4  f.     Mch. 
hybridum,   L.    (W.   Ju.   0.)   leaves   cordate,    angular-toothed,    acuminate:    racemes 

branching,  somewhat  cymose,  divaricate,  leafless.     Var.  simplex,  stem  simple,  5- 

angled:  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  coarsely  repand-toothed:  spike  simple,  terminal, 

naked.     2—3  f.     S.     C.  F.  B.  N.     Mch. 
rubrum,   L.   (red  pig-weed,  red  goose  foot.  r-g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  rhomboid-triangular, 

deeply  toothed  and  sinuate:  racemes  erect,  compound,  leafy.     2 — 3  f.     C.  O.  B. 

T.  N.     Mch. 
ambrosioides,  L.  (sweet  pig-weed.  W.  g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed: 

flowers  in  interrupted  sessile  clusters;  on  slender,  axillary,  leafy  branches.     Sweet 

scented.     1—2  f.     -S.     Mch, 
botnjs,  L.  fra.  exp.  (oak-of-jerusalem.  O.  g.  J.  0.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate:  racemes 

naked,  many-cleft.     12  i.     S.     Mch. 
anthelininticum,    L.    (wormseed.    W.  g.  An.  Zf.)   leaves   oblong-lanceolate,   toothed: 

spikes  long,  interrupted,  leafless.     Odour  strong.     12 — 24  i.     S.     Y.  C.  P.  T.  F. 

atii-|-.  exp. 
ghmcum,   L.   (21.)  leaves  oblong,   repand,   glaucous  beneath:  spikes  simple,  naked, 

glomerate,  axillary,  terminal. 
mariti'mum,  L.  (sea  pig- weed.  W.  L.  g.  Au.  11.)  leaves  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-terete: 

flowers  glomerate,  axillary.     18—24  i.     .S^.     C.  P.  Y. 
murdlc,   W.    (Ju.   0.)   leaves  ovate,    unequally    toothed,   acute,    shining:   racemes 

branching,  cymose,  leafless.     T.  C. 
bonus' henricus,   L.   (english   mercury,    g.  J.  1[.)  leaves  triangular,  sagitate,  entire: 

spikes  compound,  leafless,  axillary  and  terminal,  erect. 

Exotic, 
scopariuvi,  (summer  cypress.)  leaves  flat,  lance-linear,  margin  ciliate:  flowers  glome 
rate,  axillary. 

Southern, 
sub' spica' turn,  ^ .   (W.)  stem  4-angled:  lower  leaves  hastate-ovate,  bidentate,  acute f 
upper  ones  sub-lanceolate:  racemes  glomerate,  simple,  terminal. 

10 — 1.     Chi'maphi'la.     Ph.  (!)     51.     Pyro.  ton.  diu.  stom.  scro/".  c?ro. 

mnculdfa,  L.  (spotted  winter-green.  W.  w.  Ju.  ZC.)  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  remotely  serrate,  marked  with  long  spots:  scape  2  or  3-flowered:  filaments 
woolly. 

umbelldta,  W.  (prince's  pine,  bitter  wintergreen.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  H-)  leaves  serrate, 
uniformly  green,  wedge-lanceolate,  with  an  acute  base:  scape  corymbed:  filaments 
glabrous.  Both  species  are  tonics  and  diuretics,  and  resemble  in  their  effects  the 
Arbutus  uva-ursi.     Bw.     Mch. 

.5 — 1.     Chiococ'ca.     57.     Cinch,  feb.  ton. 
Southern, 
racemosa,  W.  (y-w.  Ju.  fp.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  flat:  racemes  axillary,  pedun 
cled,  simple.     Var.  floridana,  leaves  ovate,  scarcely  acuminate;  racemes  simple, 
rather  longer  than  the  leaves.     Florida. 

2 — 1.     Chionan'thus.     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc. 
mrginiciis,  W.   (fringe  tree,  snow  drop  tree.  W.  w.  M.  >>.)  panicle  terminal,  trifid: 


Chimaphila.     Gr.  cheima,  winter,  and  phdos,  lover,  from  its  sempervivent  character. 
Chiococca.     Gr.  clilnn,  snow,  and  Icokkos,  berry,  from  the  color  of  the  fruit. 
Chionanthns.     Gr.  chiov,  snow,  and  anllios,  flower,  from  the  whiteness  of  the  corol. 

(1)  Pyrola,  L.  The  Chimaphila  was  long  united  to  the  Pyrola.  Though  they 
possess  strong  botanical  affinities,  they  differ  quite  as  much  in  habit,  and  sensible,  as 
well  as  medicinal  properties,  as  other  genera  of  the  natural  order  Ericae.  Suolm 
divisions  of  the  Linnean  genera,  where  the  "natural  genus  gives  the  characters," 
ought  to  be  adopted.  But  divisions  founded  on  any  artificial  character,  however 
constant  and  decisive,  injure  the  science. 

25 


h- 


194  CHIONANTHUS,    CHRYSEIS. 

peduncles  3-llowered:  leaves  acute.  Var.  montanus,  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous:  panicle  dense:  drupe  oval.  Var.  maritimus,  leaves  obovate-lance- 
olate,  membranaceous,  pubescent:  panicle  very  lax:  drupe  elliptic.  Berries  purplish 
blue.     S.    Y.  P.  M.  H. 

Chironia,  Sabbati.v. 

3 — 2.     Chlo'ris.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Southern. 

pctraea,  Sw.  (sea-side  chloris.  L.  Ju.  2X-)  spikes  by  fours,  digitate,  straight,  erect; 
flowers  imbricate,  glabrous,  unawned;  exterior  glume  awned:  stem  compressed. 
Grows  in  soils  exposed  to  the  influence  of  salt  water.     Charleston,  S.  C. 

sccun'dus.  Ph.  (1)  (W.  11-)  glabrous,  leaves  linear:  spike  elongated,  one-sided:  spike- 
lets  solitary  and  deflexed  after  defloration:  glumes  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute. 

Chloris,  Eleusine. 

Chondrilla,  Borkhausia. 

Chondrocarpus,  Hydrocotyle. 

17—2.     Chrysanthemum.     (2)     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec-stim. 

leucan'thcmum,  W.  (ox-eyed  dais^^,  white  weed.  O.  w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  clasping,  lanceo- 
late, serrate,  cut-toothed  at  the  base:  stem  erect,  branching.     12 — 20  i.     <S. 

arcticum,  W.  (W.  p-w.  Zf-)  radical  leaves  3-parted,  gash-toothed;  cauline  ones 
wedge-form,  3-parted,  obtuse.     12  i.     S. 

integrifolium,  Rich.  (w.  &y.  1[.)  dwarfish,  hairy:  leaves  linear,  very  entire:  stem 
almost  leafless,  1 -flowered.     A. 

Exotic. 

parthenium,  (feverfew,  y.  »&  w.)  leaves  petioled,  compound,  flat;  leafets  ovate,  gashed: 

peduncles  branching,  corymbed:  stem  erect. 
carinatum,   (three-colored  daisy,    r.  w.  Au. -^.)   leaves  bipinnate,   fleshy,   glabrous: 

scales  of  the  involucre  carinate. 
coronarium,   (garden  chrysanthemum,   p.  w.  r.  Au.  0.)  leaves  bipinnatifid,  acute, 

broader  outwards:  stem  branching. 

12—1.     Chyseis.  (3)     G2.     Pap.  nar.  ano. 

califurnica  Lind.  (y.  )  stem  branching,  leafy:  torus  obconic:  calyx  ovoid,  with  a 
very  short  abrupt  acumination:  petals  bright  yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at  the 
base.     S.     Oregon.     Eschscholzia. 

So7Uhem. 

crocea  Lind.  (y.  )  stem  branching,  leafy:  torus  funnel-form,  with  a  much  dilated 
limb:  calyx  obconic,  with  a  long  acumination:  flowers  orange  yellow.  California. 
E    crocGci. 

cacspitosa,  Lind.  (  )  stems  short,  leafy  at  the  base:  segments  of  the  sub-radical 
leaves  linear,  somewhat  dilated  and  cuneiform:  peduncles  elongated,  erect:  torus 
tubular,  with  scarcely  any  limb:  calyx  attenuate  at  the  apex  into  a  long  acumina- 
tion.     California.     E.  cespitosa.    ^    ,     .      ^    .      ,  ,      „^,         .        ,.     , 

tenuifolia  Lind.  (  )  stems  short,  leafy  at  the  base:  segments  of  the  suo-radical 
leaves  'linear-subulate:  peduncles  elongated,  erect:  torus  tubular,  with  a  very  short 
limb-  calyx  rather  obtuse,  acuminate.     California.     E.  tenuifolia. 

hypecoides,  Lind.  (  )  stems  elongated,  branched,  leafy:  segments  of  the  leaves 
short,  linear-cuneiform:  torus  tubular,  with  scarcely  any  limb:  calyx  with  a  short 
acumination.     California.     E.  hypecoides. 

Chloris.     Gr.  cidoros,  green,  from  its  color.  ^        „        ,•  , 

Chrysanthemum.     Gr.  chnisos,  golden,  and  anthos,  flower,  from  the  yellow  disk. 
(1)  CynoBurus,  Ph.        (2)  Pyrethium.     (3)    Eschscholzia. 


CHRYSOBALANUS,    CHRYSOPSIS.  195 

11 — 1.     Chrysoba'lanus.     92.     Chry.  ton — .  nut. 
Southern. 
oblongifoUus,  Mx.  (w.  i.  \.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  entire, 
glabrous,  shining:  flowers  panicled:  fruit  oblong.   "Mx.  ob.serves  that  it  varies  with 
the  leaves  woolly  and  hoary  on  the  under  surlUce."     Elliot.     1 — 2  f. 

17 — 1.     Chry'soco'ma.     55.     Aste.  ton.  sec-stim. 

virgata,  N.  (goldy  locks.  L.  y.)  herbaceous,  smooth:  leaves  narrow,  linear:  stem 
branching;  branches  corymbed,  fastigiate,  virgate:  scales  of  the  involucre  glutinous, 
appressed.     18  i.     Y. 

Southern. 

nudata,  Mx.  (y.  S.  2i.)  radical  leaves  spatulate,  lanceolate;  cauline  ones  linear,  scat- 
tered: corymb  compound,  fastigiate:  involucre  oblong.     3 — 4-flowered.     2  f. 

grave' olens,  N.  (1)  (W.  y.  Oc.  ^.)  leaves  linear,  3-nerved,  smooth,  impunctate: 
branches  whitish,  tomentose:  flowers  corymbed,  fastigiate,  crowded:  involucre 
angular,  smooth,  5-flo\vered.     6 — 8  f. 

nauseosa,  Ph.  (W.  y.  Oc.  21-)  flower  peduncled:  inolucre  and  leaves  woolly  pubescent: 
leaves  narrow-linear:  corymb  somewhat  lax:  involucre  lax,  5-flowered;  inner  scales 
divaricate,  glabrous. 

solidiiginoides,  N.  (W.  y.  ^.)  rays  oblong,  ligulate,  about  2  fertile  ones:  involucre 
very  small:  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  tapering  below.  A  smooth  shrub 
considerably  branched. 

Chrysoma,  Chrysocoma. 

17 — 4.     Chry'sogo'num.     55.     Hal.  ton.  sec-stim. 

Southern. 

virginianum,  W.   (y.  J.  21.)  low,  woolly  villose:  leaves  oval  dentate,  narrowing  into 

the  petiole.     6 — 12  i. 

17 — 2.     Chrysop'sis.     (2)     55.     Inu.  ton.  sec-stim. 

mariana,  W.   (W.  y.  Au.  2X.)  villose:  leaves  sessile,   lance-oblong,  tapering  to  the 

base,  obtuse,   glandular-toothed,   lower  ones  petioled,  serrate:  peduncles  axillary, 

corymbed,  glandular-hairy.     J 2 — 18  i.     ^S. 
falcata,  Ph.  (y.  S.  21.)  woolly:  leaves  sessile,  linear,  very  acute,  sub-falcate,  spread- 
ing, nerves  hairy  both  sides:   peduncles  few,  axillary  corymbed:  involucre  and 

peduncles  villose.     5 — 6  i.     S. 
graminifolia,  Mx.  (y.  S.  Zf.)  silky,  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  entire,  nerved: 

corymb  compound:  stem  leafy  towards  the  summit.   Var.  tenuifolia,  silky  or  woolly: 

leaves  narrow-linear,  shining:  stem  few-flowered:  scales  of  the  involucre  srlabrous. 

2  f.     S. 
scahra,  Ph.  (W.  y.  Oc.  2X-  or  $.)  hispid-pilose,  very  scabrous:  radical  leaves  oval, 

toothed,  petioled;  cauline  ones  cordate,  ovate,  se.ssile:  flowers  in  panicles.   2 — 3  f. 

S. 
argentPM,,  P.  (y.  2X-)  silky:  leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  erect,  entire,  acute,  zigzag: 

corymbed   sub-compound,  erect:  scales  of  the  involucre  flat,  pubescent.     2  f.     iS. 
ericoides,  T.  &.  3.  (W.  y.)  stem  branching  below;   branchlets  elongated  sub-simple, 

1-flowered:  leaves  subulate,  imbricate,  appressed,   hispid,  and  ciliate.     5 — G  i. 
cuBspitosa,  N.  (y.  Ju.  If-)  glabrous,  small,    with  many  stems,    brandling  at  the  base, 

scape-like,  1-to  4-flowered:  leaves  rigid,    lance-linear,  acute,  very  entire:  scales  of 

the  involucre  oval,  acute,  scarious  at  the  margin.     R. 
acaulis,  N.   (A.   y.  J.  21.)    caespitose,    scabrous,    almost   stemless:  leaves  crowded, 

lance-oblong,  about  3-nerved,  very  acute:  scape  nearly  naked,   about  1-flowered: 

divisions  of  the  involucre  lance-oblong.     R. 

Chrysobalanus.     Gr.  chrusus,  golden,  and  halanos,  a  plum  or  cherry,  from  the  fruit. 
Chrysocoma.     Gr.  ehriisos,  golden,  and  home,  hair,  from  its  appearance. 
Chrysogonum.     Gr.  chrusos,  golden,  and  gone,  corner  or  joint.     The  bught  yellow 

flowers  are  usually  produced  in  the  bends  of  the  stems. 
Chrysopsis.     Gr.  cliruaos,  golden,  and  ops,  appearance,  from  its  general  color. 

(1)  dracunculoides.  Ph.        (2)  Inula,  L. 


196  CHRYSOPSIS,    CICHORIUM. 

alpina.  N.  (p.  J.  If.  ^.)  sub-caespitose:  small  stems  numerous,  snb-lanceolate,  1- 
flowered:  leaves  small,  oblongs,  acute,  somewhat  scabrous  and  imbricate,  approxi- 
mate: flowers  peduncled:  scales  of  the  involucre  acute. 

coronopifolia,  N.  (Ju.  0.)  leaves  gash-pinnate,  divisions  with  a  tapering  apex:  in- 
volucre squarrose:  plant  somewliat  glabrous,  small,  branching,  sub-decumbent: 
branches  1-flowered.     R. 

Southern. 

pinifolia,  E.  (y.  S.  Oc.  2i-)  very  glabrous:  stem  rigid:  leaves  linear,  crowded,  rigid: 
corymb  large;  scales  of  the  involucre  woolly  at  the  summit.     18 — 24  i. 

trichophylla,  N.  (y.  Au.  21-)  hairy:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire,  somewhat 
clasping,  scqirous  on  the  margin:  corymb  simple,  scales  of  the  involucre  very 
narrow,  glandular.     12 — 18  i.  \ 

gossyp'ina,  Mx.  (y.  S.  If.)  woolly,  hoary:  leaves  sessile,  oblong,  spatulate,  obtuse, 
very  entire:  corymb  fastigiate.     1 — 2  f. 

denta'ta,  E.  (y.  S.  Zf.)  lanuginous:  leaves  cuneate,  obovate,  obtuse,  deeply  toothed: 
upper  ones  oblong,  oval,  entire:  corymb  simple.     2  f. 

divaricata,  N.  (y.  S.  H.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate:  stem  hispid:  panicle 
divaricate:  peduncles  and  involucre  viscid-pubescent,     2  f. 

villosa,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  y.  2i-)  hirsutely  villose:  leaves  sessile,  entire,  linear-oblong, 
acute.  ciJiate  below;  margin  scabrous;  branches  sub-corymbose:  flowers  fastigiate. 

pilosa,  N,  (W.  y.  0.)  soft-hairy,  erect,  leaves  linear-oblong,  acute,  sub-sessile, 
wedge-form  at  the  base:  flowers  few,  peduncled,  sub-fastigiate;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre linear  acuminate.     Found  in  Arkansas,  by  Dr.  Pitcher. 

hyssopifolia,  N.  (W.  y.  Zf.)  glabrous;  leaves  scattered,  short,  linear:  involucre  sub- 
squarrose,  with  unequal  divisions:  branches  fastigiate,  1-flowered,  sub-corymbed. 
9  i. 

Note.  The  following  species  of  Aster,  according  to  Nuttall,  belong  to  this  genus. 
A.  linnrifoVms,  L.  llnifulius,  W.  dichotomous,  E.  albus,  N.  obovatus,  N.  humilis,  W. 
amygdaliniis,  Lb. 

8 — 2.     Chry'sosple'sium.    84. .  Saxi.  ast. 

opposiiifolium,  (gplden  saxifrage,  water-carpet.  O.  y-r.  M.  Zf.)  leaves  opposite, 
roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  for  a  little  distance  to  the  petiole.'*  In  rivulets, 
springs,  &c.     Mch. 

altemifolium,  L.  (M.  Zf.)  leaves  9,lternate.     Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  first. 

16—10.     Ci'cER.     93.     Leg.  asc.  ape.  f.  nut. 

arie'tinum,  (chick-pea.  0.)  peduncle  1-flowered:  seeds  globose,  gibbous:  leafets 
serrate. 

17 — 1.     Cicho'rium.     53.     Cich.  sec.  d-r.  stim.  asc.  bev. 

in'tybus,  L.  (succory  or  endive.  O.  b.  Ju.  TX.)  flowers  axillary,  in  pairs,  sessile: 
leaves  runcinate.     Mch. 

Exotic. 

endivia,  (garden  endive,  b.  ^.)  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs;  one  long,  1-flowered, 
the  other  short,  about  4-flowered:  leaves  oblong,  denticulate.  Var.  crispum,  has 
fringed  leaves  and  solitary  flowers. 

Chrysosplenium.  Gr.  chnisos,  golden,  and  splen,  the  spleen,  it  being  supposed  effica- 
cious in  tiie  diseases  of  the  spleen. 

Cicer.  Lat.  cicer,  a  bean,  or  other  kind  of  pulse;  from  Gr.  kikus,  force,  on  account  of 
its  presumed  medical  qualities. 

Cichorium.  The  Greek  name  is  kichore,  probably  from  the  old  Egyptjem  word  chi- 
kourgcli. 

*  Dr.  Tuljy  says  our  plant  is  E,  amcricana,  and  not  oppositifolia. 
(1)  Amellus,  Ph. 


CICUTA,    CINNA.  197 

5 — 2.     Cicd'ta.    60.     Umb.  Btom.  ornar.  if  nau.  e-r.  poi+- 
maculata,  W.  (O.  \v.  Ju.  7i-)  senatures  of  tlie  leaves  mucronate:  petioles  membra- 
naceous, 2-lobed  at  the  apex.     Damp.     3—6  f.     ^'.     Mch. 
hdbifera,    W.  (W.  w.  Au.    2X-)   leaves  ternate  and    biternate,   bulbiferous:  leafets 
linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed.     Wet.     2—3  f.     T.  W.  C  O.  F. 
D.  R.     Mch. 

Exotic. 

virosa,  (water  hemlock.  21-)  umbels  opposite  to  the  leaves:  petioles  margined,  obtuse; 
leafets  ternate,  acutely  serrate.     Root  containing  a  yellow  juice. 

12 — 4.     Cimicifu'ga.     61.     Ran.  acr.  cau.  poi. 

Remark.  The  three  genera,  Actaea,  Cimicifuga,  and  Macrotrys,  continue  to  in- 
terchange their  species,  according  to  the  diiferent  views  of  botonists. 

cordifolia,  Pursh.  (w.)  leaves  biternate;  leafets  broadly-cordate,  3  to  5-lobed:  ovaries 
1  to  3  glabrous:  petals  spatulate,  bifid:  follicles  oblong,  sessile.  Carolina.  Actaea 
cordifo  liu ,  synonym. 

data,  N.  (w.)  leaves  biternate;  leafets  cordate,  lobed,  incisely  toothed,  pubescent  be- 
neath: ovaries  2  to  3-glabrous:  petals  none:  follicles  oblong,  sessile.  Oregon. 
Macrotrys /6irf«/fl  is  a  synonym. 

americana,  Ms.  (w.)  leaves  triternate;  segments  ovate;  the  terminal  3-parted  or  3- 
cleft,  incisely  lobed,  cuneiform  or  sub-cordate  at  the  base:  ovaries  2  to  5-stipitate, 
glabrous:  petals  concave,  sessile,  nectariferous  at  the  base,  2-lobed:  follicles  obo- 
vate.  on  slender  stipes.     North  Carolina.     Actaea  podocarpa,  is  iisynonyme,     E, 

Cimicifuga.     Actaea,  Macrotrys. 
5 — 1.     CiKCHONiA.     57.     Cinch,  feb.  ton. 

Gen.  Char.  Cal.  5-toothed:  corol  salver-form,  with  a  5-parted  limb:  anthers  linear, 
included:  capsule  crowned  by  the  calyx:  seed  girted  by  a  torn  wing.     Jesuit's  bark. 

See  species  in  the  Addenda.  Not  being  indigenous,  nor  cultivated,  (but  a  very  im- 
portant genus)  it  is  referred  to  the  addenda,  for  the  species  and  properties. 

17 — 2.     Cinera'ria.     5.5.     Eupa.  ton.  sec-stim. 

heterophylla.  Ph.  (ashwort.  y.  M.  2X.)  downy:  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  obovate- 
spatulate;  also  ovate,  acutish  and  pinnatifid;  cauline  ones  2 — 3,  linear,  pinnatifid: 
flowers  corymbed.     8  i.     P. 

canadensis,  \V.  (W.  2i.)  villose:  leaves  pinnatifid,  sub-villose;  divisions  sinuate: 
flowers  panicled. 

Sout/iern. 

integrifolia-,  var.  minor,  (1)  W.  (mountain  flea-wort.  W.  y.  Au.  2X0  woolly-tomen- 
„  $tose:  stem  simple:  lower  leaves  spatulate,  sub-dentate;  upper  ones  narrow-lanceo- 
late, very  entire,  erect:  flowers  somewhat  umbelled. 

3—2.     Cin'na.     (2)  10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

arundinacea,  W.  (indian  reed.  W.  Au.  ZT-)  S^'^'^'"'^"^-  panicle  large,  many-flowered, 
capillary:  leaves  broad-linear:  one  valve  somewhat  awned  below  at  the  apex.  2 — 
5  f.     -S'.     V.  W.  Y.  C.  M.  N.  P.  D.  T.     Mch. 


Cimicifuga.     Lat.  cimex,  a  bug,  fugo,  to  drive:  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  quality. 
Cicuta.     Lat.  ciccnta,  the  hollow  stem  or  internodes  of  plants,   applied  to  this  genus. 
Cineraria.  Lat.  cincres,  aslies,  from  the  appearance  of  the  leaves. 
Cinna.     Gr.  kinna,  from  kein,  to  burn,  to  heat,  from  a  supposed  quality  of  the  original 

species. 

(1)  Senecio  tomentosus,  Mx.    (2)  Agrostis,  Lk.  Ph. 


198  CIRCAEA,    CLAVTONIA. 

2—1.     Circaf.'a.     88.     Circ.  emo. 

lutetia'na,  var.  canadensis,  L.  (enchanters  night  shade.  O.  Ju.  w.  Zf.)  stem  erect: 
leaves  ovate,  remotel}'  toothed,  opaque,  smooth.     1 — 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

alpina,  L.  (O.  r-w.  Au.  2I-)  stem  branched,  glabrous,  often  procumbent:  leaves  broad- 
cordate,  membranaceous,  acutely  tootlied,  shining.     (5 — 8  i.     6'.     Mcli. 

Circium,  Cnicus. 

207—15?     Cissam'pelos.     77.     Menis.  ton.  nar— . 

Southern. 

pauciflora,  N.  (W.   ^.)  herbaceous;  very  glabrous:  leaves  ovate-cordate,  acute,  7 — 9 

nerved:  peduncles   about  2-flo\vered  and  axillary;  Howers  perfect.     Found  in  W. 

Florida  by  H.  B.  Croom,  Esq.  and  Dr.  Loomis. 

Cissus,  Ampelopsis. 
CisTUS,  Helianthemum.     (frost  plant. ) 

Remark.  In  former  editions,  it  was  stated  under  Cistus,  that  this  plant  sent  out 
broad,  thin,  curved,  ice  crystals,  an  incli  in  breadth,  from  near  the  root,  for  about 
twenty  days  in  December.  This  phenomenon  has  often  been  observed  in  the  sand 
plains  two  miles  north  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 

12 — 1.     Cit'rus.     70.     Auran.  stom.  ton.  ref. 

Exotic. 

medeca,  W.  (lemon  tree.  w.   J.    fp.)  leaves  ovate,   acuminate,   with  linear  wingless 

petioles.     Var.  limon,  (lime  tree)  bears  smaller  fruit,  which  is  almost  round.     4 — 

10  f. 

aurantium,  W.  (Orange  tree.  w.  f?.)  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  with  the  petioles  winged 

or  margined. 
limella,  f.  yields  burgamot- 
limonum,  yields  citric  acid. 

8 — 1.     Clark'ia.     88.     Onag.  emo. 

Southern. 

pulchella,  Ph.  (W.  r.  p.  J.  $.)  stem  erect,  terete,  somewhat  branching  above:  leaves 
alternate,  linear  entire,  glabrous:  flowers  axillary  towards  the  top  of  the  stem,  sub 
sessile,  large.     12 — 18  i. 

5 — 1.     Clayto'nia.     86.     Port.  emo.  ton. 

rirginica,  L.  (spring  beauty.  O.  w.  r.  A.  IJ.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate:  petals  obovate, 
retuse:  sepals  somewhat  acute:  root  tuberous.  Var.  latifolia,  T.  (2)  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate:  sepals  obtuse.     6 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 

asarifolia,  Bongard.  (.r  )  cespitose:  leaves  veiny,  the  radical  ones  on  long  petioles, 
somewhat  reniform:  cauline  sessile,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse;  pedicels  solitary  or 
ternatP,  bracted:  petals  2-cleft,  red.     Sitcha. 

parviflora,  Doug.  (r.  w. )  radical  leaves  numerous,  linear-spatulate,  3-nerved,  with 
anatomosing  veins,  on  long  petioles;  the  cauline  pairs  united  into  one  oval  per- 
foliate, veiny  leaf:  raceme  simple  or  somewhat  compound,  with  a  single  bract. 
Oregon. 

Circaea.     After  the  enchantress  Circe,  who  is  said  to  have  used  it  in  incantations. 

Cissampelos.     Gr.  kissos,  ivy,   ampetos,  grape  vine;   partaking  of  the  nature  of  both. 

Cistus.  Gr.  kistus,  from  kisic,  a  box  or  capsule.  The  capsules  of  the  genus  are  box- 
like. 

Citrus.     Gr.  kitria,  the  lemon  or  citron  tree. 

Clarkia.     In  honor  of  Gen.  Clark,  the  companion  of  Lewis  across  the  Rocky  Mts. 

Claytonia.     In  honor  of  John  Clayton,  author  of  Flora  Virginica. 

(1 )  Helianthemum,  Ju.      (2)  C.  caroliniana,   Mx.  spathulaefolia,   Ph.  spatulata, 

4th  Ed. 


CLAYTONIA,    CLEiMATIS.  199 

spaifiuUita,  Doug.  (  )  cespitose,  minute:  radical  leaves  numerous,  narrowly  sub] 
spatulale-Init'iir:  caiiline  ones  ovate,  acute,  sessile:  raceme  solitary,  1-bracteate: 
petals  entire,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx.     North  West  Coast. 

aqnatica,  N.  (w. )  ccsjjiiose,  decumbent,  stoloiiiferous:  leaves  opposite,  spatulate  or 
obloiiff-obovate,  attenuate  bolow,  obtiisish:  racemes  axillary,  peduncled,  simple, 
few-tiowered;  petals  obovJite,  entire,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
Rocky  Mountains. 

faireUuris,  Bonirard.  (w.)  stems  cespitdse,  flagelliform,  here  and  there  producing 
fascicles  of  leaves  and  rootlets:  leaves  oval,  attenuate  into  a  short  petiole,  veiny; 
petals  more  than  thrice  the  length  of  tlie  calyx,  bifid,  the  lobes  obtuse.     Sitcha. 

parvifulia,  Mocino.  (r.  Au.)  stems  branching  from  the  base,  filifoim,  ascending:  leaves 
succulent;  tiie  radical  ones  revolute,  obovate-spatulate,  acute;  the  cauline  linear- 
spatulate:  racemes  terminal,  few-flowered:  pedicels  filiform,  bracteate:  petals  oblong, 
entire,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     Nootka.     Oregon. 

linearis,  Doug.  (  )  stems  branching:  l^eaves  very  narrowly  linear,  obtuse:  racemes 
terminal,  one-sided,  the  lowest  pedicel  bracteate:  petals  entire,  longer  than  the 
calyx.     Oregon. 

dicliotoma,  N.  (  )  low,  almost  cespitose,  much  branched:  leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  acute,  sheathing  at  the  base:  racemes  terminal  and  axillary:  llowers  1-sided, 
nodding:  pedicels  about  the  length  of  the  flowers,  the  lowest  one  bracted:  petals 
emarginate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     Oregon. 

diffusa,  N.  (w-r.)  stems  ditfusely  dichotomous  and  procumbent:  leaves  veiny,  broadly 

^  ovate  or  deltoid,  abruptly  attenuate  into  a  petiole,  acute:  racemes  very  numerous, 
terminal  and  lateral,  sub-corymbose,  5 — 9-flowered:  pedicels  slender,  at  length 
recurved,  the  lowest  one  bracteate:  petals  emarginate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Oregon. 

Souihem. 

lanceolata,  Ph.  (W.  w.  J.  If.)  leaves  lanceolate;  cauline  ones  ovate,  sessile:  raceme 
solitary  elongated:  sepals  short,  obtuse:   petals  wedge-form,  2-cleft:   root  tuberous. 

alsinoidcs,  Sims.  (W.  w.  J.  0.)  radical  leaves  spatulate-ovate;  cauline  ones  ovate, 
distinct:  racemes  somewhat  in  pairs:  flowers  secund:  bracts  ovate  and  linear:  pe- 
tals emarginate:   root  fibrous.' 

pctfoliata,  Donn.  (W.  w.  M.  0.)  radical  leaves  spatulate-rhomboid:  cauline  ones 
roundish,  perfoliate:  raceme  sub-solitary,  without  bracts;  root  fibrous:  petals  emar- 
ginate. 

caroliniana,  Mx.  (Ap.  )  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  sub-spatulate  at  the  base, 
or  abruptly  decurrent  into  a  petiole;  radical  ones  very  iew,  spatulate:  pedicels 
slender,  nodding:  sepals  and  petals  very  obtuse.     Canada  to  Carolina. 

ezlgua,  T.  (  •  )  cespitose:  radical  leaves  numerous,  narrowly  linear;  cauline  pair 
lanceolate  or  linear,  somewliat  dilated  at  the  base,  sub-connate,  usually  as  long  as 
the  solitary  few  and  loosely-flowered  raceme:  petals  obcordate,  oblong,  more  than 
twice  the  length  of  tiie  calyx.     California. 

gypsopliiloidcs,  Fisch.  and  Meyer,  (r.)  glaucous:  radical  leaves  very  long  filiform; 
cauline  pair  mostly  connate  on  one  side:  raceme  simple,  ebracteate:  petals  nearly 
linear,  emarginate,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx.     California. 

tcnuifolin,  T.  (  )  stems  numerous,  filiform:  leaves  narrowl}' linear;  the  radical  ones 

insensibly  decurrent  into  long  petioles;  cauline  pair  sessile,  slightly  connate  on  one 
side  at  the  base,  much  longer  than  the  sessile  1-bracteate  sub-umbellate  raceme: 
petals  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Califurnia. 

12 — 12.     Cle'matis.     61.     Ranu.  r.  acr.  poi.  g-h.  epis.  rub. 

virginuma,  (virgin's  bower,  traveller's  joy.  O.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  ternate: 
leafets  ovate,  sub-cordate,  gash-toothed  and  lobate:  flowers  panicled,  dioecious. 
15—20  f.     S.     xMch. 

viorna,  W.  (leather  flower.  W.  b.  J.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  compound  and  decom- 
pound; leafets  lance-oval,  acute  at  butli  ends,  trifid  and  entire:  flowers  solitary, 
bell-form:  petals  thick,  leathery,  acuminate.     S.     P. 

ochroleuca,  Ilort.  Kew.  (1)  (w.  &  y.  J.  2i-)  erect,  simple,   pubescent:  leaves  simple, 


Clematis.     Gr.  klema,  a  twig  or  runner;  from  its  habit. 
(1)  sericea,  Mx. 


200  CLEMATIS,    CLEOME. 

ovate,  entire;  young  ones  and  calyx  silky:  flower  terminal,  peduncled,  solitarv, 
nodding.     12  i.     S.     P.  Y. 

douglassii,  Hk.  (W.  )  stem  erect,  simple,  1-flowered,    flowers  nodding:  leaves 

pilose,  twice  tripinnatifid;  divisions  linear,  obtusisli.     R. 

wyethii,  N.  (J.  Zf.)  vvoolly-hairy:  stem  erect,  simple,  with  a  single  nodding  flower: 
leaves  somewhat  gasli-bipinnate,  with  the  divisions  3-gashed  and  lance-linear,  taper- 
ing, rarely  gash-acutish:   flowers  deep  brown  within.     14 — 18  i.     R. 

ligusticifolia,  N.  (w. )  plant  somewhat  pubescent:  flowers  in  paniculate  corymbs,  dioe- 
cious: leaves  pinnate  and  ternate;  leafets  oblong,  acute,  mostly  somewhat  lanceo- 
late-cuneale,  incisely  toothed  and  trifid:  petals  and  stamens  equal  in  length:  car- 
pels with  long  plumose  tails.     Rocky  Mountains. 

Exotic. 

Jlammula,  (sweet  virgins  bower.  Tp.)  lower  leaves  lanciniate;  upper  ones  simple,  en- 
tire, lanceolate. 

viticelta,  (purple  virgin's  bower,  p.  Jn.  2i.)  climbing:  leaves  compound  and  decom- 
pound: leafets  oval,  sub-lobate,  entire:  petals  obovate,  spreading. 

Southern. 

holoseri'cea,  Ph.  (w.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  divided,  ternate;  segments  oblong-lanceo- 
late, entire,  pubescent  on  both  sides:  corymbs  trichotomous,  few-flowered,  dioe- 
cious:  petals  linear,  longer  thac  the  stamens.     Whole  plant  silky. 

crispa,  W.  (p.  Ju.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  pinnate  and  ternate;  leafets  diviaricate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-lobed  or  entire:  flowers  solitary,  bell-form;  petals  acumi- 
nate, revolute;   margins  undulate:  awns  of  the  carpels  subulate,  naked. 

ajlindrica,  Sims.  (p-b.  Ju.  h .)  climbing:  leaves  pinnate,  decompound;  leafets  ovate, 
acute  at  each  end,  glabrous,  simple,  petioled:  peduncles  terminal,  solitary:  corol 
nodding,  cylindrical:  petals  coriaceous,  undulate:  awns  of  the  carpels  plumose. 

reticulata,  Wi.  (W.  p-r.  Ju.  ^.)  climbing:  leaves  pinnate  in  4  pairs;  leafets  ovate, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  all  entire,  petioled,  membranaceous,  reticulately  nerved  on 
both  sides:   flowers  solitary,  petals  coriaceous:   awns  of  the  carpels  plumose. 

ovata,  Ph.  (ZT-)  erect,  simple:  leaves  ovate,  gradually  acute,  short-petioled,  glabrous, 
reticulate-nerved  on  both  sides:  lower  ones  sub-cordate:  peduncle  terminal,  solitary, 
1-flowered:  plumose  awns  very  long. 

lineariloba,  Dc.  peduncles  1-flowered:  petals  very  acute:  leaves  divided,  pinnate, 
glabrous;  leafets  entire  or  3-parted. 

baldioinii,  T,  (  )  erect,  simple  or  a  little  branching,  slender,  slightly  pubescent: 
leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  or  3-cleft,  or  lobed;  the 
lobes  linear,  often  slightly  laciniate:  peduncle  terminal,  elongated,  1-flowered: 
flower  cylindrical-campanulate:  carpels  with  very  long  plumose  tails.     Florida. 

drummondii,  T.  (  )  flowers  in  paniculate  corymbs,  dioecious;  leaves  pinnate, 
silky-villose  beneath,  sparingly  hirsute  on  the  upper  surface;  leafets  rhombic-ovate, 
incisely  3-lobed,  lobes  acute:  sepals  4,  oblong:  carpels  villose,  with  very  long 
capillary  plumose  tails.     Texas. 

parviflora,  N.  (  )  smooth;  leaves  pinnate  and  ternate;  leafets  obovate,  obtuse, 
mostly  3-lobed,  the  lobes  short:  flowers  axillary,  approximated,  on  short  peduncles: 
carpels  smooth,  with  slender  plumose  tails.     Upper  California. 

lasiantka,  N.  (  )  pubescent;  leaves  ternate,  broadly  ovate,  obtusely  cuneiform  at 
the  base:  leafets  incisely  toothed,  the  terminal  one  3-lobed  or  trifid:  flowers  dioe- 
cious, solitary,  on  2-leaved  aggregated  branchlets:  sepals  cuneate-oblong,  spread- 
ing, villose  on  both  surfaces.     Upper  California. 

pitched,  T.  (  )  peduncles  1-flowered:  leaves  pinnate,  coriaceous,  reticulated;  leafets 
2  to  4  pairs,  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  undivided  or  3-lobed;  branch  leaves  simple, 
ovate:  sepals  coriaceous,  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens:  carpels  with  a  short 
pubescent  tail.     Arkansas. 

plunkenetii,  D.  C.  (  )  peduncles  1-flowered:  leaves  ternate,  glabrous;  leafets  elliptic 
or  obovate,  entire,  obtuse:  flowers  dioecious,  erect.  Described  by  D.  C,  from 
specimens  of  Catesby,  in  Bank's  herbarium;  supposed  to  be  from  America. 

Clematis,  Atragene.* 
*  Clematis  is  made  to  comprehend  the  Atragene  by  Decandolle. 


CLEOME,    CNICUS.  £01 

6 — 1.     Cleo'me.     64.     Capp.  ver.  sed.  rub. 

lutea,  Hk.  (  y.  )  heibaceous  sub-glabrous:  leaves  with  5  leafets;  leafets  lanceo- 
late acute:  sllique  lanceolate  acuminate,  with  the  style  glabrous,  of  the  length  of 
the  stipe.     R. 

integrifoUa,  T.  (J.  Au.  p.  r.  0.)  somewhat  glaucous:  leaves  3-foliolate;  leafets  lance- 
olate, entire,  sub-mucronate:  sepals  united  to  the  middle:  petals  with  very  short 
claws:  pods  oblong-linear  compressed,  much  longer  than  the  stipe.     Oregon. 

aurea,  T.  (J.  Au.  y.  Q.)  glabrous:  leaves  3  to  .5-foliolate;  leafets  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  entire:  petals  oblong-elliptical,  nearly  sessile;  stamens  equal: 
pods  linear,  longer  than  the  stype.     Oregon. 

Soxdhern. 
scrrulata,  Pli.  (W.  p-w.  Au.  0.)  glabrous:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  lanceolate,    obso- 
letely  serrulate:  raceme  elongated,  bracts  lineai:  stamens  G.     3— 4f. 

6 — 1.     Cleomj:li.a.     64.     Capp.  acr.  ver. 

mexicana,  Dc.  (W.  y.)  stem  herbaceous,  branching,  smooth,  unarmed:  branche* 
obtusely  angular:  leaves  terete,  smooth,  petioled;  leafets  lanceolate,  acutish, entire: 
racemes  corymbose,  termmal.     Mexico,  Texas. 

10 — 1.     Cle'thra.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

alnifolia,  W.  (spiked  alder,  sweet  pepper  bush,  white  bush.  w.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  wedge- 
obovate,  acute,  coarse-serrate,  glabrous,  both  sides  one  color:  racemes  spiked,  sim- 
ple, bracted,  hoary-tomentose.     4—8  f     .S'.     Y.  C.  P.  F.  B.  N. 

Soiitheni. 

tomentosa,  Lk.  (  w.  Au.  Tp.)  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  acute,  sub-serrate,  white  to- 
nientose  beneath:  racemes  spiked,  simple,  bracted,  villose  tomentose.  2 — 4  f.  N. 
Orleans. 

scabra,  P.  (  w.  Ju.  1^ .)  leaves  broad- wedge-obovate,  acute,  coarse  serrate,  scabrous 
on  both  sides;  serratures  uncinate;  racemes  spiked,  sub-panicled,  bracted,  sub  to- 
mentose. 

paniailatfi,  W.  (w.  .Tu.  T  .)  leaves  narrow- wedge-lanceolate,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
acute,  serrate;   serratures  acuminate:  panicle  terminal,  racemose,  vvhite-tomentose. 

acuminata,  Mx.  (A.  w.  Au.  h.)  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous  on  both 
sides,  glaucous  beneath:  racemes   spiked,  bracted,  white-tomentose. 

13 — 1.     Clinopo'dium.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

rulgare,  W.  (field  thyme.  O.  r.  w.  Ju.  2X-)  flowers  in  head-form  whorls:  bracts 
setaceous,  hispid:  leaves  pilose  above,  remotely  toothed:  stem  simple.     2  f. 

Clintonia,  Convallaria 

5 — 1.     Clinto'nia.     52.     Lobe.  acr.  poi — . 

elesans,  Doug.  (b.  0)  procumbent,  glabrous:  stem  angled:  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  3- 
nerved:  flowers  axillary  solitary:  germ  long-acuminate.  The  middle  of  the  lower 
lip  spotted  with  white.     R. 

17—1.     Cni'cus.     (1)  54.     Card,  sec-stim.  ton — . 
lanceolaius,  L.  (common  thistle.   O.  p.  J.    $.)   leaves   decurrent,   hispid,  pinnatifid: 

Cleome.     Gr.  kleio,  to  shut  up,  a  name  given  it  by  Linneus.     The  original  plant  of 

this  name  resembled  Sinapis.     It  is  badly  applied. 
Clethra.     Gr.  klStlira,  the  name  for  the  alder,  to  which,  in  its  leaves,  this  bears  some 

resemblance. 
Clinopodium.     Gr.  kline,  bed,  and  podos,  foot,  the  whorls  resembling  the  feet  of  the 

ancient  truckle  beds. 
Clintonia.     In  honor  of  Gov.    De   Witt  Clinton,   the  patron  of  Natural  Science  and 

public  improvements. 
Cnicus.     Gr.  knizd,  to  sting,  alluding  to  the  prickles. 

(1)  Carduus,   L.  in  some  of  his   works.     Circiura,  Mx. 
26 


203  CNICUS,    CNIDIUM, 

divisions  2-iobed,  divaricate,  spinose:  involucre  ovate,  with  spider-web-like  pubes- 
cence: scales  lanceolate,  spinose,  spreading.     2 — 4  f.     S.     Mch. 

altis'simus,  L.  (1)  (tall  thistle.  O.  w-p.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  scabrous, 
downy  beneath,  toothed,  ciliate;  radical  ones  pinnatitid:  involucre  bracted,  ovate; 
scales  lance-ovate,  spinose,  close-pressed.     3 — 8  f.     S. 

arven'sis,  W.  (2)  (canada  thistle.  O.  p.  J.  2X.)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  ciliate, 
spinose:  stem  panicled:  involucre  ovate,  mucronate;  scales  broad-lanceolate,  close- 
pressed;  margin  woolly.     2 — 3f. 

horridulus.  Mx.  (3)  (w-y.  Ju.  $.)  tall:  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely-gashed,  very 
spinose:  bracts  terminal,  1-flowered,  many-leaved;  leafets  very  spinose,  spines 
in  pairs:  involucre  unarmed.     2 — 3  f.     S.     Y.  P.  B. 

muticus,  Mx.  (p.  Ju.  $.)  leaves  all  pinnatifid,  woolly  beneath:  divisions  sub-lanceo- 
late; acute,  a  little  spinose:  branches  at  the  summit  many,  nakedish,  1-flowered: 
involucre  globose;  scales  not  spinose.     3 — 4  f.     /S*.     Y.   P.   D.   N. 

discolor,  M.  (O.  p.  Ju.  $.)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,  downy  beneath; 
divisions  2-lobed,  divaricate,  spinose:  involucre  globose,  witli  spider-web-like  pu- 
bescence; scales  ovate,  close-pressed,  with  spreading  spines  at  the  tips.  3 — 5  f.  S. 
Mch. 

virginianus,  W.  (A.  p.  Ju.  2^.)  stem  simple:  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  hoary-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  remotely  toothed;  teeth  spinous:  flowers  solitary:  involucre  globose; 
scales  mucronate,   appressed,  carinate.     3 — 5  f.     S. 

odoratus,  M.  {'^)  {t.  Ju.  $ .)  woolly:  stem  1  to  3-flowered:  leaves  clasping,  lance- 
oblong,  pinnatifid;  segments  irregularly  lubed.  ciliate,  tipped  with  spines;  colour 
similar  both  sides:  involucre  lafge,  sub-globose,  naked;  scales  close-pressed,  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  spinose.     1—2  f.     P.  Y.  O.  B.  F.  T.     Mch. 

glutinosus,  Bw.  (p.  Au.  <J.)  leaves  pinnatifid,  segments  divaricate:  involucre  ovate; 
scales  unarmed,  glutinous.     4 — 6  f.     B.  T.     Mch. 

undidatus,  N.  (VV.  r-p.)  leaves  clasping,  pinnatifid-sinuate,  undulate;  segments  bifid, 
spiny;  both  sides  toinentose:  involucre  sub-globose;  scales  lanceolate  mucronate. 
1—2  f.     S. 

pitcheri,  T.  (W.)  cottony-pubescent:  leaves  very  long-linear,  pinnatifid  (almost  pin- 
nate) sub-decurrent;  radical  ones  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem;  leafets  very 
remote,  linear,  terminated  with  slender  spines;  terminal  leafets  broadest,  some- 
times branching:  involucre  globose;  scales  lanceolate,  keeled,  spinose;  spines 
reflexed.  First  found  by  Dr.  Zina  Pitcher  on  the  great  sand  banks  of  Lake  Superior. 
IVIy  specimen  was  collected  by  Dr.  E.  James,  at  Lak-^  Huron,  from  which  1  made 
this  description,  not  having  seen  Dr.  Torrey's.     It  is  18  inches  high.     D.     Mch. 

glaber,  N.  (p.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  all  over  smooth:  segments  spinose, 
acute,  lower  ones  sub-decurrent:  involucre  ovate,  glabrous;  scales  spineless,  short- 
mucronate,  obtusely  carinate:  stem  much  branched.     4 — 6  f    &'.     Y. 

remotifoj,ius,  H.  (  )  stem  striate,  with  spider-web-down,  chiefly  below:  leaves 
sessile  half-clasping,  deeply  pinnatifid,  lax-hairy  above,  wool  hair)'  beneath;  seg- 
ments remote,  lanceolate,  with  sinuate  spinose  lobes  beneath:  panicle  few-flowered: 
scales  of  the  involucre  numerous,  lax-linear,  outer  ones  terminated  with  a  spine. 
3— 5f.     R. 

foliosus,  H.  (  )  stem  erect,  strong,  striate,  a  little  woolly:  leaves  erect,  numerous 
above,  longer  than  the  flowers,  lance-linear,  irregularly  tooth-sinuate  with  spines, 
unequal,  ciliate,  scarcely  hirsute  above,  spider-web  downy  beneath,  pale:  flowers 
large,  glomerate,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves:  scales  of  the  involucre  linear 
close-pressed,  egret  very  abundant.     R. 

Southern, 
repandus,  Mx.  (p.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  amplexicaule,  narrow,  oblong,  obtusely  sub-sinuate, 
with  numerous  small  spines,  lanuginous:  flowers  solitary;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  erect,  spinous.     2  f. 

5 — 2.     Cni'dium.  (5)     60.     Umbel,  poi. 

canadense,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  21-)  stem  angular,  flexuous:  leaves  bipinnate;  leafets  many- 
parted,  segments  lanceolate.     8.     C 

Cnidiuni.     Gr.  knidion,  the  herb  orache,  which  this  plant  resembles. 

(1)  virginianus,  Wr.  repandum,  Mx.       (2)  Carduus,  S.    Serratula.  W.       (3)  spi- 
nosissimus,   Wr.  Serratula  discolor,  Lk.     (4)  pumilus,  N.        (.5)  Selinum,  L. 


CNIDIUM,    COLLIICSONIA,  203 

atropurpurcum,  Lk.  (  p.  J.  Z[.)  radical  leaves  sub-cordate,  simple,  serrate;  oauline 
ones  ternate;  leafets  ovate,  acute,  sub-cordate;  middle  one  pelioled:  partial  invo- 
lucre dimidiate,  3-leaved.  Pursh  says  all  the  leaves  are  ternate.  2 — 3  f.  S.  C. 
H.  M. 

14 — 1.     Cochlea'ria.     C3.     Cruc.  g-r.  sti.  diu.  dia.  rub.  exp.  cpi.  dro. 

fmestrata,  Br.  stem  simple:  leaves  ovate-deltoid;  petiole  broad.     (Arctic  region.) 
aquatica,  Ea.  (1)  (water  horse-radish,  w.  J.  1[.)  leaves  all   pinnatifid;  lower  ones 

doubly  and  finely  pinnatifid.     Grows  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  in  water  and  wet  grounds. 

Manifestly  indigenous;  but  perhaps  a  variety  of  armoracia.     Oswego  river. 
ohlongifoliu,  Dc.  (         )  silicles  roundish,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels:  cauline  leaves 

oblong  entire,  or  toothed  sinuate,  sessile,  uppermost  ones  short  auricled.  .  A. 
anglica,  Dc.  (         )  silicles  globe-oval,  reticulate  veined,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels: 

radical  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  entire;  cauline  ones  oblong.     A. 
siliquosa,    Dc.  (         )  silicles  lance-oblong,    pointed  with  the    permanent  style    half 

as  long  as  the  pedicel:  leaves  oblong,  entire,  pubescent,  tapering  at  the  base.     R. 
danica,    Dc.  (         )  silicle  sub-oval,  of  the  length  of  the  pedicel:  leaves  all  petioled, 

deltoid.     A. 
spathulata,  Schlecht.  (         )  stellately  pubescent:  silicic  globe-oval:  leaves  spatulate, 

coarsely  toothed,  acute,  veiny.     A. 
tridacUjlites,  Dc.  (         )  silicles  globose-ovate:  cauline  leaves  with  a  single  tooth  on 

each  side.     Labrador. 
grcenlandica,  L.  (         )  silicles  ovate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels:  radical  leaves  petioled, 

reniform,  entire;  cauline  ones  few  or  more.     Greedland. 

Exotic, 
officinalis,  (scurvy-grass,  w.  J.  H-)  radical   leaves   roundish;  cauline   ones   oblong, 

sub-sinuate:  silicles  globose. 
armoracia,  (horse-radish,  w.  J.  If.)   radicalleaves  lanceolate,  crenate;  cauline  ones 
gashed.     Naturalized. 

Coelcsiina,  Eupatorium. 

19—3.     Co'ix.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Exotic, 
lachryma,  (job's-tear.   Ju.  0.)  culm  semi-terete  above:  flowers  naked:  fruit  ovate. 
12—18  i. 

13—2.     CoLLiNs'iA.  N.     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc. 

verna,  (collinsia,  tall  pink.  W.  b.  M.  0.)  leaves  opposite  and  whorled,  obtuse,  en- 
tire: peduncles  axillary,  whorled,  single-flowered.     12  i.     <S.     Mch. 

minima,  N.  (w.  &  b.  A.  p.  0,)  leaves  opposite,  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  sub-denticu 
late:   calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  divisions  of  the  corol.     1 — 2  i.     R. 

2 — 1.     Collinso'nia.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

canadensis,  (horse-balm,  rich-weed,  archangel.  O.  y.  Ju.  ?_(.)  leaves  heart-ovate 
broad,  glabrous:  teeth  of  tJie  calyx  short-subulate:  panicle  terminal,  compound! 
Var.  cordata,  leaves  broad -cordate,  upper  ones  entire.  Var.  ovata,  leaves  ovate, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  all  serrate.  Strong  scented,  not  unpleasant.  1 — 3  f.  S. 
Mch. 

Sojithcrn* 

scabra,  Ph.  (r-y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  small,  ovate,  sub-cordate,  somewhat  hairy:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  short,  subulate:  panicle  terminal,  simple:  stem  hairy,  rough.     2 — 3  f. 

Cochlearia.     Gr.  koch'ias,  snail,  from  the  coiled  form  of  the  fruit  of  some  species;  or 

from  the  spoon  shape  of  the  leaves. 
Coi.x.     Gr.  koix,  a  name  applied  to  one  of  the  palm  leaved  trees  by  Theophrastusj 

which  it  resembles. 
Collinsia.     In  honor  of  Z.  Collins,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 
Collinsonia.     In  honor  of  John  Collinson,  a  patron  of  botany  in  England. 

(1)  natans?  Hk. 


204  COLLINSONIA,    COMPTONiA. 

ovaUs,  Ph.  (y.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous:  petioles 
long:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short:  panicle  terminal,  simple,  naked:  stem  glabrous. 

tubcrosa,  Mx.  (y.  S.  21-)  leaves  somewhat  rhomboid-oval,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  longer  than  llie  tube:  puuicle  compound,  lealy:  stem 
branching,  somewlial  hairy.     3 — 4  f. 

anisata,  Sims.  (A.  y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  rugose,  glabrous;  nerves  pubes- 
cent beneath:  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  panicle  leafy, 
compound,  pubescent:   flowers  tetrandrous:  stem  brandling,  pubescent. 

punctata,  E.  (y.  S.  21.)  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent and  doited  beneath:  panicle  compound.     2 — 6  f. 

verticillata,  Bald.  (M.)  leaves  verticillate,  oval  and  acuminate.  Var.  purpurasceus, 
flowers  purplish;  panicle  short.     1  f. 

5 — 1.     Collo'mia.  (1)     4.').     Pole,  ton — . 

Southern. 

linearis,  Cav.  (W.  w-p.  J.  0.)  sub-pubescent:  leaves  oblong-linear,  sub-lanceolate; 
floral  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  acute:  bracts  and  calyx  viscid.     4 — 12  i. 

Colpodium,  Agrostis. 

16 — 10.     Colute'a.     93.     Legu.  cat.  asc.  ape. 

Exotic. 

arborescens,  (bladder  senna,  y.  ^,)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oval,  retuse:  banner  gib- 
bous, abbreviated. 

vesicaria,  (senna  herb.  y.  Ju.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  ovate:  stem  herbaceous,  decum- 
bent, viilose:  legumes  orbicular,  inflated. 

Cornandra,  Thesium. 

Comaropsis,  Dalibarda. 

11—12.     Co'marum.  (2)     92.     Rosa.  ast.  ref.  feb,  ton-f. 

palustra,  W.  (marsh  five-finger.  W.  p.  Ju.  21-)  leafets  in  threes,  fives  and  sevens, 
serrate:  stipules  growing  to  the  petioles  and  sheathing:  flowers  axillary  and  ter- 
minal: stem  rooting.     An  active  astringent.     18  i.     8.     T.  N.  C.     Mch. 

3 — 1.     Commeli'na.     13.     Comm.  ton — . 

angnstifolia,  Mx.  (day-flower,  b.  Ju.  21.)  assurgent,  weak,  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves 
lance-linear,  very  acute,  flat,  glabrous;  sheaths  sub-ciliate:  bracts  (or  involucres) 
peduncled,  solitary,  short-cordate.     12  i.     S.     P.  H.     Mch. 

virginica,  L.  (3)  (VV.  b.  Ju.  li-)  stiffly  erect,  all  over  pubescent:  leaves  long-lanceo- 
late; sheaths  red-bearded  at  the  throat:  bracts  (or  involucres')  sub-sessile,  lateral 
and  terminal:  calyx  petal-like,  3-sepalled,  nearly  equal.     2  f.     S. 

Southern. 

communis,  L.  (W.  b.  Au.  0.)  corol  unequal:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute:  stem 
creeping,  glabrous.     K. 

19 — 3.     Compto'nia.     99.     Myri.  aro.  ast.  stom.  sec-sti. 

asplenifolia,  A.  (sweet  fern.  O.  g.  Ap.  \ .)  leaves  long-linear,  alternately  crenate- 
pinnatifid.  18 — 48  i.  S.  In  rocky  situations.  Mild  astringent  and  tonic.  Bw. 
Mch. 


Collomia.     Gr.  knlla.  gluten,  referring  to  the  seed. 

Colulea.     Gt.  koloutca,  a  tree  which  dies  if  it  is  mutillated;  from  kolouo,  to  cut  off. 

Comarum.     Gr.  komaros,  the  ancient  name  for  the  strawberry  tree,  which  the  fruit 

of  this  plant  resembles, 
Commelina.     In  honor  of  the  brothers  Comnielin,  two  Dutch  botanists. 
Comptonia.     In  honor  of  Bishop  Henry  Compton,  a  cultivator  of  exotics  in  England. 

(1)  Taken  from  Phlox.         (2)  Potentilla,  T.         (3)  Hirtella,  Vahh 


CONIUM,    CONVALLARIA.  205 

5—2.     Co'nicm.    go.    Umbe.  *tom.  e.  nar.  1,  nau.  rub.  poi. 

maculatnm,  L.  (poison  hemlock.  O.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  very  branching,  spotted:  leaves 
very  compound:  caipels  striate.  Var.  crispattihini,  loaves  crisped:  ultimate  divisions 
acuminate,  or  terminated  in  a  bristle.  2 — 4  f.  >S'.  Not  probably  introduced;  for 
I  have  seen  it  in  a  wild  state  in  numerous  Alpine  districts  in  New  Hampshire, Ver- 
mont, Massachusetts,  &c. 

6 — 1.     Co'nosty'lis.     18.     Haem.  ton. 

americana,  Ph.  (1)  (weed-grass,  y.  Ju.  U-)  corol  woolly  within;  scape  coryrab- 
panicled:  leaves  grass-ensilbrm,  glaucous:  filaments  equal.     12 — 18  i.     /S.     Y. 

13—2.     CoNRADiA.     32.     Nyct.  ton— .  cat— .  diu.  cebs.  <//o. 

fuschsioides,  N.  (  If.)  glabrous:  leaves  petioled,  lanceolate,  lyre-pinnatifid,  lobes 
denticulate  outside:  calyx  foliaceous,  divisions  essert,  denticulate.  4  f.  Resembles 
Gerardia  quercifolia. 

6—1.     Convalla'ria.     12.     Smil.  stim.  acr- . 

1.  Corol  deeply  A-parted,  spreading:  stamens  4;  berry  2-celled.     (  Floicers  in  a  terminal 

raceme. )     Majanthemum,  D. 

hifolia,  L.  (2)  (dwarf  solomon  seal.  O.  w.  J.  li.)  stem  with  two  heart-oblong,  sub- 
sessile,  glabrous  leaves:  raceme  simple,  terminal:  flowers  tetrandrous.  Var.  trifolia, 
stem  3-leaved.     4 — 6  i.     Mch. 

2.  Corol  6-parted,  spreading:  filaments  divergent,  attached  to  the  base  of  the  segments, 

{  Floicers  in  a  terminal  raceme. )     Smilacina,  D. 

stellata,  L.  (W.  w.  M.  21.)  stem  with  alternate,  clasping,  oval-lanceolate  leaves: 
raceme  simple,  terminal.     8—18  i.     N.  T.  C.     Mch. 

trifolia,  L.  (W.  w.  J.  2X.)  stem  about  3-leaved:  leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
contracted  at  the  base:  raceme  simple,  terminal,  few-flowered.  6 — 10  i.  D.  P. 
T.  N.     Mch. 

ciliata,  D.  (w.  Zf.)  stem  arched:  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  ovate,  ciliate:  panicle  ter- 
minal, crowded.     6'.     Canada. 

racemosa,  L.  (spiked  solomon  seal.  O.  y-w.  M.  If.)  stem  with  alternate  leaves:  leaves 
sessile,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  nerved,  pubescent:  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme- 
panicle.     18—24  i.     S.     Mch. 

3.  Corol  sub-campanulate,  deeply  6-parted:  style  elongated:  berry  2-celled,  many-seeded, 

Dracaena,  D.  «fe  W. 

borea'lis,W.  (wild  lily  of  the  valley,  dragoness  plant,  g.  y.  J.  If.)  sub-caulescent: 
leaves  oval-obovate;  margin  ciliate:  scape  pubescent:  umbel  few  flowered,  sub- 
corymbed,  sometimes  proliferous;  pedicels  naked,  nodding,     fi — 10  i.     T.     Mch. 

umhelluta,  Mx.  (A.  w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  radical,  oblong-oval,  witli  the  margin  and  keel 
ciliate:  scape  pubescent:  umbel  terminal:  pedicels  bracteate.  Torrey  says,  keefnot 
ciliate;  flowers  greenish-yellow.     8 — 12  i.     <S. 

4.  Corol  6-cleft,  cylindric:  filaments  inserted,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  tvbr:  berry  3-eelled: 

cells  2-seedcd.     ( Floicers  axillary.  J     Polvgonatum,   D. 

mulliflora,  L.  (giant  solomon  seal.  W.  w.  Ju.  71-)  stem  terete:  leaves  alternate,  clasp- 
ing, oblong-ovate:  peduncles  axillary,  some  of  them  many-flowered.     2 — 3  f.     .S?. 

Conium.  Gr.  koneion,  from  knos,  a  cone  or  top;  so  called  because  it  produced  giddi- 
ness in  those  who  drank  it.     It  is  the  Greek  name  for  poison  liemlock. 

Conostylis.     Gr.  konos,  cone,  and  slutus.  a  style,  from  their  form. 

Conradia.  Named  in  honor  of  S.  W.  Conrad,  late  Prof.  Bot.  Un.  Phil.,  now  N.  Y. 
State  geologist,  in  the  department  of  Palaeontology. 

Convallaria.     Lat.  convallis,  a  valley,  its  usual  place  of  growth. 
(J)  Helonias  tomentosa,  M.         (2)  Smilacina  canadensis,  Ph. 


206  CONVALLARIA,  CONVOLVULUS. 

biflora.  Wr.  (1)  (g-y,  J.  2S-)  Btem  terete,  fsmooth:  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,    3-nerved:    peduncles  axillary,    solitary,    few-flowered.     12 — 18  i.     S. 

pubesccns,  W.  (O.  w.  M.  21.)  stem  teretish,  furrowed:  leaves  alternate,  clasping, 
ovate,  pubescent  beneath:  peduncles  axillary,  about  2-flowered.     18  i.     S. 

candlicututa,  W.  (A.  clasping  solomon  seal.  w.  Ju.  21.)  stem  channelled;  leaves  alter- 
nate, clasping,  oblong,  margin  pubescent:  peduncles  axillary,  about  2-flowered. 
jS*.     B. 

latifuUa,  (J.  2X-)  stem  angled:  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acuminate:  peduncles  1  or  many- 
flowered.     4  f.     -sr.     P.  H. 

Jdrta,  Lk.  (2/.)  stem  angular,  hispid:  leaves  alternate,  somewhat  clasping,  ovate, 
abruptly  acuminate:  peduncles  axillary,  3-flowered. 

Southern, 
maja'lis,  W.  (lily  of  the  valley.  W.  A.  w.  J.  21.)  scape  naked,  smooth:  leaves  oval- 
ovate.     Virginia-     Cultivated. 

5 — 1.     Convolvulus.     44.     Conv.  r.  cat.  or  lax. 

repens,  L.  (2)  (field  bind- weed.  O.  w.  &  r.  J.  2X0  twining:  leaves  sagittate,  with'the 
apex  acute  and  tiie  lobes  truncate,  entire  (some  obtuse:)  bracts  acute,  longer  than 
the  calyx  and  shorter  than  the  middle  of  tiie  corol:  peduncle  angled,  exceeding  the 
peliole.     /S.     Mch. 

arvensLS,  L.  (3)  (bind-weed.  W.  w.  J.  21.)  stem  climbing  or  prostrate:  leaves  sagit- 
tate;  lobes  acute,  spreading;   peduncles  about  1-flowered:  bracts  minute,  acute. 

panduratiis,  Mx.  (mechoacan,  wild  potatoe  vine,  man  of  the  earth.  W.  w.  &  r.  Ju. 
2/-)  twining,  pubescent:  leaves  broad-cordate,  entire  or  lobed,  guitar- form:  pedun- 
cles long:  liowers  fascicled:  calyx  glabrous,  awnless:  corol  tubular- bell-form.  A 
mild  cathartic,  and  resembles  rhubarb  in  its  effects.     Bw.     Y.   P.  O.  H.  M. 

spithameus,  L.  (4)  (dwarf  morning  glory.  W.  w.  J.  2|.)  erect:  leaves  oval,  or  oblong, 
sub-cordate,  pubescent:  peduncles  l-flowered,  generally  longer  than  the  leaves. 
9—12  i.     ,S.     D.  P.  T.  B.     Mch. 

Exotic. 

batatus,  (sweet  potatoe,  Carolina  potatoe,  w.  Ju.  2|.)  creeping,  tuberous:  leaves  cor- 
date, hastate,  angular-lobed,  5-nerved,  smoothish:  peduncles  long:  flowers  fasci- 
cled: corol  sub-campanulate.     Cultivated,  nut.  lax. 

ft-ico^or,  (3-colored  bind-weed.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous;  stem  declined: 
flowers  solitary. 

Southern. 

purpureus,  Ph.  (5)  (common  morning  glory.  W.  b.  p.  J.  0.)  pubescent:  leaves  cor- 
date, entire:  peduncles  2  to  5-flowered:  pedicels  nodding,  thickened:  divisions 
of  the  calyx  lanceolate:  capsules  glabrous.  Cultivated.  Grows  west  of  the  Miss. 
Mch. 

machrorhizvs,  Mx.  (6)  (W.  w.  J.  If.)  pubescent:  leaves  cordate,  entire  and  lobed, 
rugose-plaited,  downy  beneath:  peduncles  1  to  S^flowered:  flowers  sub-campanulate: 
root  very  thick. 

tcnellus,  (G)  (W.  w.  Ju.  2X.)  stem  prostrate:  leaves  elliptic,  mucronate,  sub-cordate: 
peduncles  many-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  style  2-parted. 

aquaticus,  Wr.  (8)  (w.  J.  2|-)  stem  prostrate:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  nearly  sessile: 
peduncles  generally  3-flov/ered,  three  times  as  long  as  the  leaves:  style  2-parted. 

obtusilobus,  Mx.  (y.  &.  w.  S.  2i.)  stem  prostrate:  leaves  thick,  sinuate,  lobed,  emar- 
ginate;  lobes  rounded:  peduncles  1-flowered. 

catesbijanus,  Ph.  (p.)  twining,  tomentose:  leaves  oblong,  sagittate,  acuminate:  pedun- 
cles 1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  oval,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  calyx. 


Convolvulus.     La.t.  convolos,  to  twist  together,  from  the  twinings  of  the  stalk. 

(1)  angustifolia,  Ph.  (2)  sepium,  W.  L.  (3)  sagittifolius,  Mx.  E.  speciosus, 
Wr.  (4)  Calystegia  tomentosa?  Ph.  C.  staus?  Mx.  (5)  Ipomea,  Ph.  (6)  Ipo- 
meajalapa.  Ph.  Ipomea,  Mx.  C.  jalapaT  L.  (7)  trichosanthes,  Mx.  Ph.  (7)  tri. 
chosanthes,  Mx.  patens,  Ph. 


CONVOLVULUS,  COREOPSIS.  207 

paradoxa,  Ph.  (w.)  prostrate,  tomentose:  leaves  oblong,  cordate-sagittate,  acute: 
peduncles  1-flovvered,  longer  tlian  tiie  leaves:  bracts  linear,  remote  from  the  flowers: 
calyx  naked,  glabrous,  acuminate. 

slierardi,  Ph.  (0.)  prostrate,  pubescent:  leaves  elliptic,  retuse  ateach  end,  mucronate: 
flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile. 

tumnifoiius,  (b.  S.  0.)  twining:  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  hairy:  flowers  clustered. 

17 — 2.     Cony'za.     55.     Inul.  ton.  sto.  sec-stim. 

marylfmdicaj  Mx.  (1)  (marsh  flea  bane,  ploughman's  wort.  p.  Au.  0.)  herbaceous, 
pubescent:  leaves  sessile,  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate:  serratures  at  the  apex 
cartilaginous:  corymbs  terminal,  fastigiate,  condensed,  almost  leafless:  scales  of  the 
involucre  subulate-mucronate:  florets  short.     12 — 20  i.     iS'.     Y.   P.   B.  F. 

bifroHS,  W.  (y.  Ju.  2i.)  sub-glutinous:  leaves  clasping,  spatulate-oblong,  acute,  ser- 
rate: corymbs  of  the  panicle  glomerate. 

Southern. 

camphora'ta,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Au.  Zf.)  herbaceous,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  petioled,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  vety  acute,  somewhat  repand  denticulate,  dentures  glandular:  corymbs 
terminal  and  axillary,  shorter  than  tiie  leaves:  scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  about 
equal  to  the  florets.     Marylandica?     3  f.     K. 

angustifolla,  N.  (  )  herbaceous,  dusty-pubescent:  leaves  lance-linear,  sub-denticu- 
late, acute,  tapering  at  the  base:  flowers  dense,  corymbed.     South  Carolina. 

Conyza,  Pterocaulon. 
12—12.     Cop'tis.     61.     Ranu.  r.  bit-ton+. 

irifolia,  Sy.  (2)  (gold  thread.  O.  w.  M.  2iO  scape  1-flowered:  leaves  ternate.  Roots 
long,  filiform,  golden  yellow.     Tonic  bitter.     Bw.     2 — 4  i.     8. 

asplcnifolia,  Sy.  (VV.  2i-)  leaves  biternate;  leafets  sub-pinnatifid:  scape  2-flowered. 

occidentnlis,  N.  (false-gold-thread,  y.  21.)  evergreen:  leaves  gasii  3-lobed,  or  obsoletely 
3-leaved,  sub-coriaceous:  scape  very  short,  about  3-flowered.  Synonym  Chryso' 
coptis  occidentalis. 

18 — 1.     Co'rallorhi'za.   (3)     21.     Orch.  an.  amy.  emo. 

tBema,  T.  (4)  (coral  root.  w-y.  M.  Zf-)  petals  linear-lanceolate,  spreading:  lip  oblong, 
without  spots,  bi-dentate  at  the  base,  apex  recurved,  ovate;  spur  obsolete,  adnate. 
5—6  i.     Mch. 

odontor/iiza,  W.  (coral-teeth,  dragon's  claw.  W.  p.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  lip  entire,  oval,  ob- 
tuse; margin  undulate  or  a  little  crenate;  spur  obsolete,  adnate  to  the  germ:  cap- 
sule sub-globose.     T.     Rare.     6 — 12  i.     S. 

multiflora,  T.  (4)  p.  Ju.)  scape  many-flowered,  (15 — 30):  lip  cuneafte-oval,  3-parted, 
recurved,  spotted:  spur  conspicuous,  adnate.     12 — 20  i.     T.  D.     Mch. 

Corallorfdza,  Aplectrum. 
12 — 1.     CoKCHORUs.     Till.  b.  emo.  f.  &  1.  asp. 
Southern, 
siliquosus,  L.  (     )  branching:  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  equally  serrate:  cap- 
sules pod-shaped,  linear,  2-valved,  nearly  glabrous.     Alabama. 

17 — 3.     CoREOp'sis.     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec-stim. 

1.     Leaves  opposite  and  undivided. 

rosea,  N.  (tickweed.  y.  r.  M.)  small,  smooth:  stem  simple:  leaves  linear,  entire;  axils 


Conyza.     Gr.  konis,  dust,  its  powder  being  used  to  kill  fleas:  or  from  Gr.  konops,  a 

gnat. 
Coptis.     Gr.  koptS,  cut  off",  from  the  leaves  appearing  as  if  cut. 
Corallorhiza.     Gr.  kornlLion,  coral,  and  riza,  root:   its  roots  resembling  coral. 
Coreopsis.     Gr.  koris,  bug,  and  opsis,  appearance,  the  seed  resembling  that  insect. 

(1)  camphorata,  M.      (2)  Helleborus  trifohus,  L.      (3)  Cymbidium,  W.      (4)  in- 
nata,  Br? 


VO  COREOPSIS. 

leafy:  flowers  few,  long-peduncled,  dichotomous,  terminal;  rays  unequally  3- tooth- 
ed.    1  f.     S.     P.  Y. 

2.     Leaves  opposite,  divided. 


trichosperma,  Mx.  (y.  Ju.  ,J-)  glil^i'^us;  dichotomous:  leaves  opposite,  quinate-pin- 
nale,  lanceolate,  serrate:  outer  leafets  of  the  involucre  ciliate-serrate;  rays  entire: 
akenes  wed^'e-form:  about  4-toothed.     2  f.     <S'.     Y.  T.  R.  D.     Mcli. 

trip'teris,  W.  (tickseed  sunflower.  A.  y.  ZT.)  glabrous:  leaves  pelioled,  lanceolate,  entire; 
radical  ones  pinnate;  cauline  ones  ternaie:  rays  entire:  akenes  obovate,  naked  at 
the  apex.     P.  T.  D.     Mch. 

3.  Leaves  alternate. 

dichotoma,  Mx.  (1)  (y.  S.  %.)  stem  glabrous,  nakedisli  and  dichotomous  above: 
leaves  mostly  alternate  undivided,  entire,  narrowing  into  the  petioles;  akenes 
obovate,  2-bristled,  scabrous,  witli  a  lorn  margin.     2 — 3  !'•     »S'.     Y.     Mch. 

aspcra,  Ph.  (  )  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  rough;  upper  ones  alternate;  lower  ones 
opposite:  stenj  1-flowered. 

palmnta,  N.  (W.  y. )  stern  simple,  1 — 3-flowered:  leaves  sessile  sub-coriaceous,  pal- 
mate-3-lobed;  margin  scabrous:  double  involucre  8-parted:  akenes  oblong-elliptic, 
naked.     12  i.     D.    Mch. 

Southern. 

1.  Leaves  opposite  undivided. 

lan'ceola'ta,  L.  (y.  S.  21-)  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate-linear,  entire,  ciliate:  peduncles 
long,  naked:  akenes  orbicular,  scabrous,  winged,  2-tpothed  at  the  summit,  emar- 
ginate. 

crassifolia,  A.  (O.  y.  J.  21-)  leaves  obovate-oblong,  entire,  tapering  at  the  base, 
hirsute:   peduncles  long,  hirsute  at  the  base. 

arguta,  Ph  (y.  2i-)  glabrous:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate;  pedunclesaxillary  and  terminal,  dichotomous-corymbose. 

latifolia,  W.  (A.  y.  Au.  24!.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  crenale-toolhed:  teeth  mucron- 
ate:  petioles  sliort:  rays  entire:  akenes  cuneale,  oblong,  without  wings,  naked  at 
the  summit. 

oemleri,  E.  (y.  Au  )  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  at  each  end,  entire:  pedun- 
cles axillary  and  terminal,  dicliotomous-corymbose.     2 — 3  f. 

linifolia,  N.  (W.  y.  2i-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  opoosite  entire;  radical  ones  oval- 
oblong;  cauline  ones  linear,  short,  cbtuse:  stem  furrowed,  4-sided:  akenes  with  2 
bristles. 

ohlongifolia,  N.  (  TJ.)  a  little  hirsute:  stem  trichotomous,  few-flowered:  leaves 
opposite,  entire,  wedge-oblong,  obtuse:  peduncles  very  long:  rays  sub-toothed  and 
entire:  akenes  wedge-oblong  naked. 

2.  Leaves  opposite,  divided. 

aristata,  W-  (O  y.  Au.  U-)  pubescent:  leaves  quinate,  pinnate;  leafets  serrate:  rays 
entire,  broad,  oval:   akenes  cuneate-obovate,  2-awned;   awns  long,  divaricate. 

puhcscens,  F..  (y.  Au.  It.)  pubescent:  leaves  quinate,  pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  entire;  lateral  ones  small:  leaves  of  the  exterior  involucre  ovate-lanceolate: 
rays  undulate?  egret  2  leaved,  subulate,  pubescent.     2  f 

auricvlata,  (W.  A.  y.  S.  71-)  pubescent:  leaves  sub-sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  entire; 
lower  ones  ternate:  exterior  involucre  deeply  divided:  rays  4-toothed:  akenes  obo- 
vate, roundish,  2-toothed  at  the  summit.  Var.  diversifuiia,  E.  hairy:  radical  leaves 
ternate,  leafets  round;  cauline  ones  ternate,  leafets  obovate;  upper  leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate:  akenes  roundish,  denticulate,  2-toothed  at  the  summit.     3 — 4  f. 

senifulia,  W.  (A.  y.  Au.  !(•)  pubescent:  leaves  sessile,  ternate;  leafets  lanceolate, 
entire:  rays  entire:  akenes  cuneate.  Var.rigida,  N.  leafets  linear-lanceolate;  mar- 
gin scabrous:   exterior  involucre  about  12-leaved.     2 — 3  f 

aurca,  W.  (y.  2X.)  leaves  serrate;  radical  ones  3-parted;  cauline  ones  3-cleft  or  entire, 
lanceolate-linear. 

trifida,  Lk.  (y.  21.)  glabrous:  leaves  3-cleft,  subulate,  fascicled:  peduncles  terminal, 
1-ilowered:  rays  3-cleft:  stem  somewhat  llexuous. 

(1)  gladiata,  Wr. 


COREOPSIS,    CORNUS.  209 

tettuifolia,  W.  (A.  y.  S.  2/0  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ternate;  leafets  com- 
poundly  many-parted:  segments  linear,  entire:  disk  one  colored.     2 — 3  f. 

verlicillata,  VV.  (A.  y.  Au.  2/0  smooth:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ternate  or  quinate; 
leafets  linear-lanceolate^  entire:  rays  acute:  akenes  obovate,  somewhat  2-toolhed. 
2— 3f. 

mitis,  W.  (y.  Au.  ^.)  glabrous:  leaves  bipinnatifid;  leafets  linear,  serrulate:  leaves 
of  the  external  involucre  linear,  serrulate:  akenes  oblong,  2-awned.     3 — 4  f. 

involiicrata,  N.  (W.)  leaves  opposite,  cut-pinnate:  leafets  in  fives,  lance-linear,  acu- 
minate, gash-serrate:  outer  leafets  hispid,  longer  than  the  involucre:  akenessub- 
glabrous  and  scarcely  2-toothed.     Collected  by  Dr.  Pitcher,  in  Arkansas.. 

ambiguii,  N.  (W.  )  leaves  opposite,  gash-pinnate;  leafets  3 — 5,  sub-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  gash-lobed,  or  somewhat  entire:  outer  leafets  glabrous,  about  equalling 
the  involucre;    akenes  soinewiiat  glabrous,  short- toothed.     Alabama. 

icratji,  N.  (  )  very  glabrous:  leaves  cut-pinnate,  sessile;  upper  ones  3-cleft;  upper- 
most ones  simple;  divisions  lance-linear,  entire,  acute:  rays  elongated:  disk  of  one 
color. 

stdlata,  N.  (  )  glabrotis:  leaves  sessile,  cut-tcrnate,  entire;  leafets  broad  lance- 
olate, thin,  tap&ting  to  both  ends;  rays  entire:  akenes  wedge-oblong. 

3.     Leaves  alternate, 
acuta.  Ph.  (y.  ^ .)  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  toothed,  somewhat  hairy:  flowers 

corymb-panicied. 
procera,  VV.  (y.  ZfO  leaves  elliptic,  acuminate,  serrate,  petioled,  veined,  decurrent; 

lower  ones  verticillate;  uppei-  ones  alternate. 
angustifolia,  W.  (     y.)  leaves  hnear-lanceolate,  entire,  smooth:  rays  oblong,  3-clefl; 

middle  segment  largest. 
nudata,  N.  (r. )  stem  sub-simple;  summit  dichotomous:  leaves  subulate,  linear,  remote, 

glabrous:  rays  somewhat  3-toothed:   akenes  naked.     2 — 3  f. 
tinctoria,  N.    (W.  y.   &,  p.)  radical  leaves  sub-bipinnate:  leafets  sub-oval,   entire, 
glabrous;  caulinG  ones  sub-pinnate;  leafets  linear:  rays  2-colored:  akenes  naked. 
1— 4f. 

5 — 2.     Corian'drum.     60.     Umbe.  stom.  aro. 
Exotic. 
sativum,  S.  (coriander,  w.  J.  ^.)  fruit  globose:  calyx  and  style  permanent; 
1 — 2.     Coriosper'mum.    29.     Chen,  ton — . 

hyssopifolium,  W.  (O.  Au.  ^.)  spikes  terminal:  leaves  linear,  without  nerves.  Unarmed. 
Var.  americanum,  N.  spikes  terminal  and  axillary:  leaves  nerved,  subulate-mu- 
cronate.     /S. 

4 — 1.     Cor'nus.     58.     Capb.  r.  ast.  feb.  ton.  asc.  r.  dye. 

canadensis,  L.  (dogtvood,  low  cornel.  O.  w.  M.   2/.)  herbaceous:  leaves  at  the  top 

whorled.  veiny:   involucres  ovate,   acuminate:  fruit  globose.     4 — 8  i.     ,S.     Mch. 
suecica,  (2X.)  steiji  herbaceous,  somewhat  branching:  leaves  all  opposite,  sessile,  ovate, 

nerved  almost  from  the  base:  umbel  peduncled:  involucral  leaves   exceeding  the 

tlowers:   drupes  globose.     Canada. 
jiorida,  L.  (false  box,  dogwood  tree.  w-y.  M.  Tp .)  leaves  ovate,  acuirtinate:  involucral 

leaves  4,  rarely  5  or  6,  very  large,  somewhat   obcordate:  fruit  ovate.    15 — 30  f.  .9, 

T.  B.  D.  F.  N.     Mch. 
sericea,  W.  (1)  (red  osier,    red-rod.  O.  w.  J.    h.)  branches  spreading;   branchlets 

woolly:  leaves   ovate,  acuminate,   rounded  at  the  base,  rusty-pubescent  beneath: 

cymes  depressed,  woolly.     Var.  uervata,  leaves  tapering  to  the  base,  unequal,  veins 

beneath  very  prominent.     Berries  bright  blue.     8 — 12  f     S. 
sanguinea,  L.    (2)  (common  dog-wood.   W.  w.  M.    >-.)  branches  straight:  leaves 

ovate,  pubescent,  both  sides  colored  alike:  cymes  spreading.     Berries  dark-brown: 

anthers  yellow.     8—12  f.     S.     T.     Canada. 


Coriandrum.     Gr.  Jcoris,   bug,  from  the  odor  of  the  plant  reminding  one  of  those 

insects. 
Coriospermum.     Gr.  koris,  bug,  and  sperma,  seeds,  from  a  fancied  resemblance. 
Cornus.     Lat.  cornu,  horn,  from  the  wood  being  hard  like  horn. 

(1)  lanuginosa,  Mx.  alba,  Wr,   rubiginos?.,  Eh.     (2)  Dielitra,  Hk. 
27 


210  CORNUS,    CORYDALIS. 

circin'ata,  Hr.  (1)  (O.  w.  J.  Tp.)  branches  warty:  leaves  broad-oval,  acuminate, 
white-downy  beneath:  cyme  depressed.     6^8  f.     S.     Mch. 

alba,  W.  (2)  (white  dog-wood.  O.  J.  \-.)  branches  recurved;  branchlets  glabrous: 
leaves  ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath:  cymes  depressed.  Berries  bluish- 
white.     10  f.     <S'.     I\Ich. 

paniculata,  Hr.  (3)  (bush  dog-wood.  O.  w.  J.  ^.)  branches  erect:  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  pubescence  close-pressed,  hoary  beneath: 
flowers  in  a  thyrsed  cyme.     Berries  white,  globular-llattened.     8 — 12  f.     iSf.    Mch. 

stricta,  H.  (4)  (O.  w.  Ju.  Tr.)  branches  straight:  fastigiate:  leaves  ovate,  color 
green  botli  sides,  glabrous  when  mature,  a  little  downy  beneath  when  young:  pani- 
cled  cyme  convex.     8 — 12  f.     iS. 

alternifolia,  (W.  w.  M.  ^.)  branches  warty:  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  acute,  hoary 
beneath:  cymes  depressed,  spreading.     Berries  purple.     18  f.     »S'.     T. 

Exotic. 
mas'cula,  (cornelian  cherry.  IVI.  T).)  umbels  equalling  the  involucre. 

Southern. 
asperifolia,  Mx.  (W.    w.  J.    ^.)  branches   erect,    pubescent:  leaves  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath.     4 — 10  f. 

16 — 10.     CoRONiLLA.     93.     Legu.  asc.  nut.  ape. 

varia,  W.  (r-p.  Ju.  1[.)  herbaceoas,  diffuse,  glabrous:  stipules  small,  acute;  leafets  9 
to  13,  oblong,  mucronate,  lower  ones  of  the  stem  near  each  other:  umbels  IG  to  20- 
flowered:  legumes  erect.     4  f. 

Exotic. 

omerus,  (coronilla.  y.  ^.)  stem  angled,  woody:  peduncles  about 3-flowered:  claws  of 

the  petals  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
glauca,  W.  (y.  M.  \.)  leafets  7,    very  blunt:  stipules  lanceolate:  umbels  10  or  12- 

flowered:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     Remarkably  fragrant  during  the  night 

and  almost  scentless  during  the  day.     3f. 

14—1.     CoRONo'pus.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut. 
Southern. 

rueUii,  S.  (w.  Ju.  0.)  silicle  entire;  margin  muricate:  style  prominent:  corymb  few- 
flowered.  ~   .-. 

didyma,  S.  (swi.ie's  cress.  W.  Ju.  O-)  silicles  emarginate,  in  pairs,  reticulate,  rugose: 
style  obsolete:  corymb  many-flowered.     1 — 2  f     Charleston,  S.  C. 

16—5.     Cory'dahs.  (5)    93.     Fuma.  diu.  ape.  dia. 

glauca,  P.  (6)  (O.  y.  r-g.  J.  S-)  corol  1-spurred:  stem  branching,  erect:  leaves  glau- 
cous; cauline  ones  biternate;  raceme  sub-corymbed:  bracts  minute:  silique  linear, 
thrice  as  long  as  the  peduncle.     1—4  f     S.     Mch. 

au'rea,  W.  (VV.  y.  M.  0.)  stem  branching,  diffuse:  leaves  doubly-pinnate;  leafets 
divided,  lance-linear,  acute  at  both  ends:  racemes  oneway:  bracts  lanceolate: 
silique  linear,  thrice  as  long  as  the  peduncle.     8—12  i.     .S.     P.  Y.  K.  D.      Mch. 

scoideri,  Hk.  (W.)  leaf  sub-solitary,  thrice  quadripinnate,  longer  tlian  the  sub-simple 
raceme;  leafets  obliquely  oval  or  oblong,  decurrent:  bracts  oblong,  longer  than  the 
pedicel.     R. 

macrophylla,  N.  (r.  Zf.)  raceme  simple,  shorter  than  the  bitejnately  pinnate  leaves: 
leaves  linear-oblong,  straight:  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Oregon. 

Coronilla-     IjHt.  coronillo,  a  little  crown  or  wreath,  from  the  appearance  of  the  corymb 

of    flowers. 
Coronopus.     Gr.  korone,  a  crow,   and  pous,   foot;  tlie  leaves  are  deeply  cut  and 

resemble  a  bird's  foot. 
Corydalis.     Gr.  konidaU'is,  was  an  ancient  name  for  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genus 

this  has  been  separated. 

(I)  tomentuosa,  Mx.  ruglosa,  Lk.    (2)  stolonifera,  Mx.    (3)  racemosa,  Lk.  (4)  fati- 
giata,  Mx.  sanguinea,  Wr.      (5)  Fumaria.  L.     (6)  sempervirens,  L. 


CORYDH^IS,  CRATAEGUS.  211 

pauciflora,  P.  (2X.)  cauline  leaves  2  or  3,  below  the  middle  of  the  etem,  ternately  or 
biternately  divided;  segments  obovate:  bracts  oyate,  acute:  raceme  crowded,  few- 
flowered.'  R.  A. 

Corydalis,  Adlumia,  Dilytra. 
19—12.     Cour'Lus.     99.     Ciipu.  f.  ole.  ton.  ton. 

americana,^Vr.  (hazle-nut.  O.  Ap.  fp .)  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate:  involucre 

roundish-campanulale,  larjjer  than  the  sub-globose  nut:  border  dilated,  coarsely 

serrate.     3—5  f.     -S*.     Mcli. 
rostraia,  W.   (beaked  hazel.   O.   Ap.  !p.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,   acuminate:    stipules 

lance-linear:   involucre  of  the  fruit  bell-tubular,  2-parted;  divisions  gash- toothed, 

elongated  beyond  the  nut  into  a  beak.     2 — 3  f.     iS'. 

Exoiic. 
avetlana,  (filbert.  Ap.  fp.)  stipules  oblong,  obtuse:  involucre  of  the  fruit  campanulate, 
spreading    at    the    apex,    torn-toothed:    leaves   round-cordate,    acuminate.     Var. 
maxima,  has  a  gash-toothed  involucre:  nut  depressed-ovate. 

14 — 2.     Ckam'be.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  edi.  diu. 
Exotic. 
maritima,  (         w.  If.)  stem  and  leaves  smooth;  leaves  sinuate,  undulated,  glaucous: 
root  perennial,  fleshy:  flowers  large,  corymbed,  panicled:  silique  2-jointed.     Culti- 
vated for  its  early  shoots,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  asparagus. 

18—1.     Ckani'chis.     21.     Orch.  nut.  emo. 
Southern, 
multiflora,  E.  (         )  root  fascicled,  villous:  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  sub-sessile:  scape 
many  flowered,  pubescent  towards  the  summit:  inner  petals  connivent;  hp  vaulted, 
acuminate. 

Crantzia,  Hydrocotyle. 

11 — 5.     Cratae'gus.     92.     Poma.  ref.  ape.  ton. 

coccinm,  L.  (thorn-bush.  O.  w.  M.  fp.)  thorny:  leaves  long-petioled,  ovate,  acutely- 
lobed,  serrate,  glabrous:  petioles  and  pubescent  calyx  glandular:  flowers  pentagy- 
nous.  Var.  viridis,  has  iance-ovate  leaves,  sub-trilobate:  stem  unarmed.  Var. 
flexuosa?  Sz.  having  flexuous,  spreading  branches.  A  specimen  Irom  Rainy  Lake 
was  examined  by  Schweinitz,  after  it  was  past  flowering.     Mch. 

pyrifolia,  A.  (pear-leaf thorn.  O.  w.  J.  ^.)  thorny  or  unarmed:  leaves  oval-ovate, 
gash-serrate,  somewhat  plaited  and  rather  rough-haired:  calyx  a  little  villose; 
leafets  lance-linear,  serrate:  styles  3.     S. 

cordata,  E.  (1)  (w.  J.  >■.)  thorny:  leaves  heart-ovate,  pinnatifid-lobed,  angled, 
glabrous:  petioles  and  calyx  without  glands:  styles  5.     S.     P. 

dliplica,  W.  (2)  (M.  ^.)  thorny:  leaves  oval,  unequally  serrate,  glabrous:  petioles 
and  calyx  glandular:  divisions  of  tiie  calyx  obtuse:  berry  globose,  .^^-celled.  S. 
P.  Y. 

glandulosa,  W.  (W.  w.  M.  ^.)  thorny:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  angled,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing: petioles,  stipules,  and  calyx  glandular:  berries  oval,  5-celled.     iS'.     P. 

parvifolia.  W.  (3)  (low  thorn,  w.  JVI.  ^.)  thorny:  leaves  obovate,  deeply  serrate, 
entire  at  the  base,  tomentose:  calyx  gashed;  flowers  solitary:  styles  5.  3 — 6  f.  S. 
Y.     Charleston,  S.  C. 

punctata,  W.  (4)  (common  thorn  tree.  w.  M.  ^.)  thorny  or  unarmed:  leaves  wedge- 
obovate,  sub-plicate,  glabrous,  serrate:  calyx  villose:  divisions  subulate,  entire. 
Var.  rubra,  has  red  berries.  Var.  aurca,  yellow  berries,  with  dark  specks.  iS. 
D.  F.  T.     Mch. 


Adlumia,    (asyn.  of  Coryd.)     Gt.  a,  without,  lumen,  dirt,  a  supposed  cleanser. 

Corylus.     Gr.  korus,  a  helmet  or  cap,  alluding  to  the  enwrapping  calyx. 

Crambe.     Gr.  krambe,  cabbage. 

Cranichis.     Gr.  krancion,  a  helmet,  referring  to  the  vaulted  lip. 

Crataegus.     Gr.  kratos,  strength,  from  the  firmness  of  the  wood. 

(1)  populifolia,  Ph.         (2)  prunifolia,  Lk.         (3)  tomentosa,  Mx.         (4)  crus- 
galli,  Du.  Roi. 


2121  CRATAEGUS,    CRISTA'^ELLA. 

enis-galli,  W.  (1)  (thorn  tree,  cock-spur  thorn.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  thorny:  leaves  wedge- 
obovate,  sub-sessile,  shining,  leathery,  serrate:  corymbs  compound:  leafets  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate;  sub-serrate:  styles  3.  Var.  sptoif/cns,  leaves  very  shining.  Var. 
pyracantMfolm,  leaves  lance-oblong,  sub-cuneiform.  Var.  salicifolia,  leaves  lance- 
cuneiform.  Var.  linearis,  leaves  lance-linear;  spines  few,  shortish;,  fruit  yellow: 
styles  1  or  2.  Var.  nana,  leaves  lance-oval,  paler  beneath:  branchlets  often  downy. 
Berries  small,  red.     iS.     Is  not  this  a  Mespilus?   Dc. 

pruuifolia,  (2)  (  ^.)  leaves  broad,  ovate,  iinequally  serrate,  gUbrous;  petioles 
sub-glandular:  lobes  of  the  calyx  glandular,  serrate:  peduncles  and  calyx  sub-vil- 
lose.     Fruit  2-celled. 

latifolia,  (  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  unequally  serrate,  sub-plicate,  nerves  sub-villose 
beneath:  stipules  and  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear,  sub-dentate:  corymbs  villose.  Fruit 
oval,  red. 

fiava,  W.  (yellow-berried  thorn.  M.  ^.)  thorny:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  angled,  gla- 
brous, shining:  petioles,  calyx  and  stipules  glandular:  flowers  sub-solitary:  beriiea 
turbinate,  4-ce}led.     8—10  f.     S.     V. 

Exotic. 

oxyacantha,  (quickset,  hawthorn,  w.  M.  h.)  leaves  obtuse,  somewhat  3-cleft,  serrate, 
glabrous;  peduncles  and  calyx  somewhat  glabrous:  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceo- 
late, acute:  styles  2.     Naturalized. 

Southern. 

lucida,  E.  (A.  1^.)  thorny:  leayes-wedge-obovate,  crenate,  coriaceous,  lucid:  corym,bs 
simple,  few-flowered:  styles  5.     10 — 12  f 

turhinata,  Ph.  (  )  unarmed,  glabrous:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  notched,  serrate: 
corymbs  few-flowered:  pedicels  short:  fruit  turbinate. 

arborcscens,  E.  (w.  March,  h.)  unarmed:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply 
serrate,  glabrous  above;  nerves  hairy  beneath:  corymbs  many-flowered:  ealyx 
hairy;  divisions  subulate,  entire:  styles  5.     20 — 30  f. 

piridis,  L?  {h.)  thorny:  leaves  sub-sessile,  spatulate-ovate,  with  round  lobes,  serrate, 
glabrous:  calyx  glabrous;  divisions  with  glandular  serratures. 

spathula'ta,  Mx.  (W.  w.  Ap.  \ .)  somewhat  thorny:  leaves  clustered,  (base  long, 
tapering,)  3-cleft,  lobed,  crenate,  glabrous:  corymbs  many-flowered:  calyx  gla- 
brous; divisions  ovate,  entire.     12 — 15  f 

apiifoliu,  Mx.  (3)  (W.  w.  Ap.  h.)  thorny:  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  notched  and  lobed, 
hairy;  lobes  deeply  serrate:  calyx  hairy;  divisions  serrate:  styles  2.     4 — 12  f. 

populifolia,  Wr.  (W.  w.  Ap.  fp .)  thorny:  leaves  ovate,  sub-truncate  at  tlie  base, 
acute-serrate,  somewhat  lobed;   petioles  sparingly  glandular:  styles  5. 

caroliniana,  E.  ( Ip .)  leaves  cordate,  cuneate,  entire,  (dentate? )  3  to  5-lobed;  peduncles 
bracted:  calyx  somewhat  leafy. 

17—2.     Crin'itaru.     55.     Aste.  sec.  ton.  stim. 
viscidiflora,  H.  (  >>.)    very  glabrous:   leaves  lance-linear,    rigid,  very  entire   a,?d 

acute,  1-nerved  and  narrow  at  the  base:  flowers  level-corymbed:  peduncles  folior. 
lose:  involucre  cylindric,  with  glutinous  leafets  and  5  florets;  leafets  imbricate, 
oblong,  outer  ones  smallest.     2 — 4  f. 

6—1.     Cri'num.     17.     Amar.  stim—.  poi— . 

Southern. 

^mericanum,  A.  (W.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,    very  glabrous  at  the  margin;  apex 

compressed-unguiculate:  flowers  pedicelled:  tube  shorter  than  the  limb. 

Cristaria,  Malva. 

G — 1.     Cristatel'la.     64.     Capp.  ver.  asc. 

Southern. 

erosa,  N.  (J.  Ju.  w.)  stamens  12  to  14:  petals  white;  lamina  of  the  lower  ones  laci- 

niately  parted:  sepals  acute.     Arkansas. 

Crinitaria.     Ld.t.  crinitus,  hairy;  the  egret  being  profusely  pilose. 
Crinum.     Gr.  krinon,  a  name  applied  to  the  lily  and  other  showy  plants. 
Cristatella.     Lat.  a  little  crest. 
(1)  lucida,  Wm.     hyemalia,  Wr.      (2)  Mepilus,  Poir.     (3)  oxycantha,  Wr. 


CRISTATELLA,    CROTONOPSIS.  21S 

jamesii,  T.  (y.  )  etamens  6  to  9:  petals  pale  yellow;  lamina  of  the  lower  ones  pal- 
piately  finibriate-cleft:  sepals  obtuse.     Arkansas,  Texas. 

Cristatella,  Cleome. 

Critonla.  Kuhnia. 

3 — 1.     Cro'cus.     is.     Irid.  stim.  exp.  ton.  ast.  cat. 

Erotic. 

officinalis,  (saffron,  y.  ZfO  leaves  linear,  witli  revolute  margins:  stigma  exsert,  with 
long-linear  segments.     Van  sativus,  has  violet  corols. 

16 — 10.     Crotala'ria.     93.     Leg.  nut.  asc.  ape. 

sagittalis,  Mx.  (rattle-box,  y.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute,  erect,  branching:  leaves  simple,  lance- 
oblong:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  decurrent:  racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves, 
about  3-flowered:  corol  less  than  the  calyx.     S.     C.  N.  F.  B.  Y.  P. 

parvijlora,  W.  (1)  (y.  J.  0.)  hirsute,  erect,  branching:  leaves  simple,  lance-linear: 
stipules  above  decurrent,  with  two  short  teeth:  racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves: 
corol  smaller  than  the  calyx.     S.     P.  Y. 

Jkxuosa,  (  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  sharply  toothed,  hairy  both  sides:  corymbs  small, 
downy:  branches  flexuose.  Fruit  yellowish:  spines  long,  becoming  blackish. 
Carolina. 

Southern. 

pvalis,  Ph.  (y.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute,  diffuse,  branching:  leaves  simple,  oval,  petioled:.  upr 
per  stipules  scarcely  decurrent,  short:  racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves,  long:  corol' 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     12  i. 

laevigata,  Ph.  (2)  (Ju.  0.)  glabrous,  erect,  simple:  leaves  lance-oblong:  stipujes. 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  decurrent;  racemes  opposite  to  the  leaves,  3-flowered,. 

Crotalaria,  Baptisia. 

19 — 15.     Cro'ton.     96.     Euph.  ton.  irr.  stom. 

Southern. 

maritimum,  Wr.  (3)  (Ju.  fp.li.)   leaves   oval  or  acute,    sub-cordate,    obtuse;  pale. 

above,  hoary  beneath:  branches  tomentose:  pistillate  spikes  few-tiowered.     Var. 

rfionanthogyiiuin,  spikes  dichotcmous:  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  pedicelled.  2 — 3  f.: 
urgyrantliemum,  Mx.  (Ju.  2X.  &  T^.)  leaves  entire,  obtuse,  obovate:  racemes  terminal, 

short,  many-Howered:  calyx  pedicelled,  silvery. 
glandulosum,  L.  (Ju.    0.)  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  hairy  beneath;  base  nearly  entire, 

bearing  two  glands:  stem  trichotoinous:  spikes  in  the  division  of  the  stem. 
^ipticum,  N.  (W.  0.)  stellate   pubescent:  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  (older  ones  obtuse) 

smooth  and  green  above:  flowers  conglomerated:   styles  3,  bifid. 
capitatum,  Mx.  (W.  0.)  wooUy-toinentose:  leaves   oval-oblong,   obtuse,  entire  and* 

rounded  at  the  base;  both  sides  tomentose:  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  spike- 
lets:  slaminate  ones  capitate,  crowded. 

19 — 5.     C^.OTONOp'sis.     96.     Euph.  ton.  ver.  stom. 

linearis,  Mx.  (4)  (W.J.  2X-)  stem  erect,  dichotomous-branching:  leaves  stellate- 
pubesceni  above,  covered  with  silvery  scales  beneath.     12 — 18  i.     iS. 

Crocus.  Gr.  krohos,  saffron,  which  some  say  is  from  the  Hebrew;  others  from  Cro- 
cus, who  was  metamorphosed  into  this  plant,  according  to  Mythology. 

Crotalaria.  Gr.  krotalon,  a  rattle.  The  pods  of  this  genus  are  inflated,  and  rattle 
when  shaken. 

Croton.     Gr.  krotoa,  a  tick,  from  the  form  of  the  seed. 

Crotonopsis.     So  called  from  its  resembling  the  Croton- 

(1)  A  variety  of  sagittalis,  Mx.     (2)  Purshii,  Dc.     (3)  disjunctiflorum,  Mx. 
(4)  argentea,   Ph. 


214  CRYI'SIS,    CUOURBITA. 

3—2.     Cryp'sis.     Lk.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

virginica,  W.  (1)  (S.  21.)  spikes  oblong,  tliick-lobed:  stem  procumbent,  geniculate; 
joints  numeroas,  approximate:  leaves  involute,  rigid;  pungent.     S.     Y.    P. 

SoutJiem. 
squarrosa,  N.  (W.  ^.)  stem  decumbent,  branching:  capituli  squarrose,  few-flowered: 
leaves  short,  rigid,  pungent. 

2—2.     Cryp'ta.     86.     Elat.  ton—. 

minima,  (2)  (mud  purslane,  w-g.  S.)  stem  dichotomous,  decumbent,  striate:  leaves 
wedge-oval  or  obovate,  opposite,  sessile,  entire,  papillose  above,  with  very  minute 
stipules:  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.  P.  T.  Very  abundant  on  the  shores 
of  the  Hudson,  between  high  and  low  water  mark,  about  a  mile  below  Albany. 

5 — 2.     Cryptotae'nia.     45.     60.     U.-nbe.  ston?,.  nar.  if  nau. 

canadensis,  (3)  (O.  w.  J.  2X.)  the  lower  umbels  originate  from  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves:  fruit  oblong,  stem  glabrous:  leaves  ternate,  smooth;  leafets  rhomb-ovate, 
acute,  gash-toothed.     1 — 2  f.     Mch. 

Cucubalus,    SiLENE. 

19—15.     Cu'coMis.     97.     Cucur.  edi-f.  ref.  s.  diu.  f.  &h.  cat. 
Ezotic. 

colocynthis,  (bitter  apple.  -^.)  leaves  many-cleft:  fruit  globose,  glabrous.  Fruit  very 
bitter,     poi.  cath. 

anguira,  W.  (prickly  cucumber.)  leaves  palmate-sinuate:  fruit  globose,   echinate. 

anguinis,  (snake  cucumber.  0.)  leaves  lobed:  fruit  cylindric,  very  long,  smooth, 
contorted,  plaited, 

melo,  W.  (muskmelon.  y.  Ju.  0.)  angles  of  the  leaves  rounded:  fruit  oblong,  toru- 
lose.     Sweet-scented,     lax. 

sativus,  W.  (cucumber,  y.  Ju.  0.)  angles  of  the  leaves  straight:  fruit  oblong,  sca- 
brous.    Brought  from  Asia.     lax. 

19 — 15.     Cucur'bita.     97.     Cucur.  edi-f  ref  s.  ole  &  diu. 

Exotic. 

ovifera,  W.  (egg-squash.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,  angled-5-lobed,  denticulate,  pubescent: 

pepo  with  fiUet-like  stripes  lengthwise. 
verrucosa,  (W.   club  squash,   y.  J.   0.)  leaves  cordate,  deeply  5-lobed;  middle  lobe 

narrowed  at  the  base,  denticulate:  pepo  clavate,  a  little  warty. 
melu'pepo,  W.  (flat  squash,  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  sub-5-lobed,  denticulate: 

pepo  depress-based,  swelled  at  the  margin. 
pejw,  W.  (punipkin.  y.  Ju.  Q-)  leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  sub-5-lobed,  denticulate:  pepo 

roundisii  or  oblong,  smooth,     Var.  potiron,  has  the  fruit  more  or  less  flattened.  From 

Asia. 
citruUus,  W.    (watermelon,  y.  Au.  #.)  leaves  5-lobed:  the  lobes  sinnate-pinnatifid, 

obtuse:  pepo  oval,   smooth.     Fruit  watery,  often  striped.     From  Africa  and   the 

south  of  Asia. 
lagenaria,  W.  (gourd,  calabash,  w,  Au.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  round-obtuse,  pubescent, 

denticulate,  with  2  glands  at  the  base  on  the  under  side:  pepo  clavate,  somewhat 

woody. 

Crypsis.  Gr.  krupsis,  concealment,  from  the  floweis  being  hidden  in  the  sheath  of  the 

leaf 
Crypta.     Gr.     krvpto,  to  conceal,  the  stamens  being  concealed  in  the  capsular  calyx. 
Cryptotaenia.     Gr.  kruptos,  concealed,  tainia,  fillet,   in  allusion  to  concealed  edgings 

to  the  fruit. 
Cucumis.     Lat.  cucumis,  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic  cuce,  a  hollow  vessel. 
Cucurbita.     Lat.     cucurbita,  a  vessel,    derived  likewise  from  Celtic  cuce,  a  hollow 

vessel;  a  cucurbit. 

(1)   Agrostis  virginica,  W.       (2)  Peplis  americana,   Ph.     (3)   Sison  canadensis 
L.     Sison  trifoliatum,  Mx.     Uraspermum.  N. 


CUCURBITA,  CYMOTTERUS.  215 

Southern? 
foetidissima,  Kunlh?  (1)  (W.  Ju.  7X>)  stems  procumbent,   sulcata:  leaves  alternate, 
long-petioled,  somewhat  erect,  triangular-cordate,  scabrous,  glaucous,  thick;  mar- 
gin sinuate,  undulate:  fruit  globose,  smooth,  sub-sessile:  tendrils  trichotomous. 

13 — 1.     CuNtLA.     42.     Labi.  stem.  ton. 

mariana,  L.  (dittany.  W.  r-b.  J.  2X.)  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  sessile:  corymbs  axillary 
and  terminal,  dichotomous.     Diaphoretic,  Bw.     5'.     Y.  P.  H.  F.  M.     Highlands. 

Cunila,     Hedeoma. 

11—1.     Cu'pHEA.     91.     Sali.  ast.  vul. 

tiscosissima^  (wax-bush.  W.  p.  J.  ^.)  viscous:  leaves  opposite,  petioled.  ovate-ob- 
long: flowers  with  12  stamens,  lateral,  solitary:  peduncles  very  short.  -S.  Wash- 
ington CO.     Stevenson.     V.  P.  H.  M.  K. 

19 — 15.     CupREs'sus.     100.     Coni.  e.  hea.  ton.  exp. 

thyoides,  W.  (white  cedar.  O.  M.  >-.)  branchlets  compressed:  leaves  imbricate  four 

ways,  ovate,  tubercled  at  the  base:  strobile  globular.     S. 
disHcha,  W.  (W.  Feb.)  leaves  distichous,    flat,  deciduous:  sterile  florets  paniculate, 

leafless:  strobile  spherical.     S. 

5 — 2.     Cus'cuTA.     44.     Conv.  h.  cat. 

4imericana,  W.  (dodder,  love-vine.  O.  w.  Au.  0.)  flowers  peduncled,  umbelled,  5- 
cleft:  stigma  capitate.  A  bright  yellow  leafless  vine,  twining  around  other  weeds, 
in  damp  places.     Mch. 

europeaj  (flax -vine.  E.  w.  Au.  0.)  flowers  sub-sessile:  stigma  acute:  stamens  4  or  5. 

Cyamus,  Nelumbium. 
20—12.     Cy'cas.     100.     Cycod.  emo.  amy.  pith. 

Remark.  This  plant  is  inserted  because  it  is  a  genus  much  distinghished  in  Vege- 
table Physiology  for  its  naked  seeds;  and  its  being  intermediate  between  the  Pines 
and  Ferns. 

Exotic. 
circinalis,  (sago  plant,)  frond  pinnate;  leafets  lance-linear,  acute,  1-nerved,  flat.  East 
Indies. 

18 — 1.     Cymbid'ium.     21.     Orch.  nut — .  emo — . 

pHlchellum,  Sw.  (2)  (grass  pink.  O.  r.  Ju.  Zf.)  radical  leaves  ensiform,  nerved:  scape 
few-flowered:  lip  erect,  slender  at  the  base:  lamina  spread:  di«;k  concave,  bearded. 
Var.  graminifolia,  leaves  1  to  2  lines  broad;  bracted  ones  acuminate.  12 — 18  i. 
S.     Mch. 

5 — 2.     Cimop'terus.     CO.     Umbe.  stom.  nar.  if  nau. 

glancus,  N.  (y.  A.  p.  21.)  stem  stipe-form  or  none:  leaves  twice  cut-pinnate,  seg- 
ments sub-pinnatifid;  teeth  somewhat  oblong,  apiculate:  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves:  involucre  and  involucels  halved.     JR. 

Cunila.     Gr.  konile,  the  ancient  name  for  the  pennyroyal. 

Cuphea.     Gr.  kuphos,  crooked  or  gibbous;   alluding  to  tlie  capsules. 

Cupressus.  Gr.  kud,  to  bear,  and  parisos,  equal,  alluding  to  tlie  regularity  of  its 
branches,  or  from  latpros,  the  Greek  name  of  the  island   Cyprus. 

Cuscuta.  Modern  Gr.  Lassuta,  perhaps  from  /{ussvo,  to  sew  together;  or  from  an 
Arabic  word.     The  ancient  name  of  a  parasitical  plant. 

Cycas.  The  name  of  a  little  palm  of  Etiiiopia.  It  is  now  applied  to  a  Chinese  plant, 
the  pith  of  wliich  is  manufactured  into  tlie  srigo  of  the  shops. 

Cyinbidium.     Gr.  kumbe,  a  iittle  boat,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  li[). 

Cymopterus.     Gr.  kunia,  a  wave,  pteris,  a  wing;  tiie  wings  of  the  fruit  being  undu- 
lated. 
(1)  Silene.  Cucumis?  perennis,  James.     (2)  Limodorum,  tuberosum,  L.  Callopo- 

gon  pulchellus,  Br. 


.216  CYMOPTERUSj    CYNOSCIADIUM. 

terebinthinus,  Doug.  (  )  glabrous:  root  thick,  fusiform,  from  which  ooies  a  viscid 
resinous  gum:  leaves  triply-pinnalifid,  glaucous:  divisions  short,  linear,  acute:  pe- 
duncles long:  general  involucre  0;  leafels  of  the  partial  involucres  linear,  short,- 
the  half  fruit  with  5  broad,  undulating  wings.     R.   A. 

glomerata,  Dc.  (W.  w.  J.  21.)  polygamous;  smooth;  low:  stem  sub-decumbent: 
leaves  cut-biternate;  lobes  short;  obtuse,  decussate;  petioles  long:  umbel  short, 
4  to  6-rayed:  involucre  0;  involucels  halved,  5  to  7-parted. 

18 — 5.     Cynan'chum.     47.     Ascle.  acr.  etim.  erne.  sud.i 

Soiithern. 

angustifolium,  M.  (1)  (L.  y-g.  Ju.  1[.)  twining:  leaves  linear,  entire:  flowers  um- 

belled:  peduncles  the  length  of  the  leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  Mnear. 
■laevi,  Mx.  (2)  (W.  p.  J.  2i-)  shoots  somewhat   glabrous:  leaves  sub-conoid-cordate', 
gradually  acute,  nerved,  pubescent  beneath:  flowers  glabrous;  divisions  of  the  corol 
oval-oblong,  obtusish:   follicles  smoolli. 
.scoparium,  N.  (E.  g-y.   ^.)  stem  twining,  striated,  naked,  (excepting  young  branches:) 
branches  opposite:  leaves  linear,  remote:  umbels  sessile,  small  floweied. 

17 — 1.     Ct'nara.     54.     Cardu.  sec-stim.  if  nau-cat.  lax. 

Exotic; 

.•tardunculus,  (cardoon.  2X0  leaves  spiiiose,  all  pinnatifid:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovatf. 

■scolymus,  (garden  artichoke.  2X)Jeaves  sub-spinose,  pinnate:  scales  of  the  involucre 

ovate.     Naturalized. 

3 — 2,     CYNo'noN.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

•dactylon,  P.  (3)  (An.  21-)  creeping:  spikes  digitate,  (4 — 5)  spreading:  keel  of  the 
glume  scabrous:  leaves  hairy  on  the  margin  and  base:  sheaths  hairy.     1  f.     S. 

5 — 1.     Cynocjlos'sum.     43.     Borag.  r.  1.  emo.  ast. 

wffidnale,  (hound-tongue,  tory-weed.  O.  p.  .1.  $ .)  very  soft  pubescent:  leaves  broad 
lanceolate,  sessile:  racemes  panicled.     Mch. 

■amplezicaule,  Mx.  (4)  (wild  comfrey.  W.  w.  &  b.  J.  21.)  very  hirsute:  leaves  oval- 
oblong;  upper  ones  clasping:  corymbs  terminal,  leafless,  long-peduncled.  S.  F. 
W.  M.  H.  V.  O.  P.  N.  D.     Mch. 

Southern, 
.sylvaticum,  S.   (green-leaved  hound-tongue,   b.  Ju.  ^.)  nakedish:   leaves  spatulate- 

lanceolate,  shining,  scabrous  beneath:  racemes  scattered. 
,pilos^im?  (W.  w.   M.)  hairy:   radical  leaves  spatulate-oblong;    cauline  ones  lance- 

'Oblong,  obtuse:  flowers  axillary,  sub-spiked,  secund. 

5 — 2.     Cynoscia'dium.     60.     Umbe.  stom.  nar.  if  nau. 

Southern. 

digitatum,  Dc.   (5)   (W.)  leaves  cut-palmate,  segments  3,  linear,  very  entire:  fruit 

ovate,  tapering  to  the  base  in  a  neck.     Arkansas. 
tpinnatum.     See  iEthusa. 

Cijnosurus,  Eleusine,  Chloris. 
Cynthia,  Krigia. 


Cynanchum.     Gr.  kuon,  (kunos)  dog,  and  agcho,  to  strangle,  having  the  same  mean- 
ing as  Apocynum. 

•Cynara.     Linneus  says  it  is  from  kuon,   (kunos)  dog,    on  account  of  the  stiff",  hard 
spines  of  the  involucre,  which  resemble  the  teeth  of  a  dog. 

Cynodon.     Gr.  kuon  (kunos)  dog,  odous,  tooth,  probably  referring  to  the  acute  corol. 

Cynoglossum.     Gr.  kuon  (kunos)  dog,  and  glossa,  tongue,  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  leaves. 

Cynosciadium.     Gr.  kuo7i  (kunos)  dog,  haiadas,  hell:  supposed  to  be  destructive  to 
dogs. 
(1)  Ceropegia  palustris,  Ph.     (2)  Gonolobus,  Mx.     (3)  Digitaria,  E.  Panicum,  L. 

t(4)  virginicum,  L.     (5)  CEnanthe  digitata,  N. 


eypERUs.  217 

3—1.     Cype'rus.     9.     Gype.  far.  nut.  sug. 

injkxus,  M.  (1)  (W.  Au.  ^  ?)  umbel  2  to3-rayed,  or  conglomerated  and  simple:  invo- 
lucre 3-leaved,  very  long:  spikelets  collected  into  ovate  heads,  oblong,  8-tlowered: 
glumes  squarrose  at  the  tip.     2 — 3  i.     S.     V.  Y.  B.  N.     Canada. 

Jlavesccns,  L.  (yellow  grass.  O.  Au.  Zf.)  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  in  fascicles  of 
3  to  4:  glumes  obtuse:  style  2-cleft  and  lenticular:  involucre  3-Ieaved,  longer  than 
the  spikes.     6—8  i.     5'. 

castaneus,  Bvv.  (2)  spikelet^  ovate-lanceolate,  involucre  three-leaved,  longer  than  the 
umbel. 

nuttaU'ii.  T.  (W.  L.  Au.  If.)  culm  acute-triangular:  umbel  radiated  or  sub-sessile, 
loose;  rays  short:  involucre  4-leaved;  two  leaves  longer:  spikelets  linear-lanceolate, 
compressed,  acute:  -stamens  2:  style  2-cleft:  nut  oblong-obtuse,  compressed. 
5—12  i.     Peekskill. 

diandrus,  T.  (S.  Z[  )  culm  slender,  obtuse  triangular:  umbel  sessile,  or  1 — 2,  rayed: 
involucre  3-leaved;  two  of  the  leaves  longer  than  the  umbel:  spikelets  lanceolate- 
oblong,  much  compressed,  many-flowered,  (14 — 16):  glumes  margined,  acutish, 
keeled:  stamens  2:  style  2-cleft:  nut  oval,  compressed.     8 — 12  1.     B.  N.     Mch. 

de?itatus,  T.  (3)  (S.)  umbel  compound,  (6  to  10-rayed:)  involucre  3-leaved,  longer 
than  the  umbel:  Spikelets  3  on  each  ray,  alternate-ovate,  compressed,  8-fiowered: 
glumes  acute,  nerved,  spreading  at  the  points:  nut  triquetrous.     1  f.     B.   N. 

zrythrorhVzos,  (4)  (Au.)  umbel  decompound:  involucre  3  to  6-leaved,  long:  spikes 
alternate,  linear,  liorizontal:  about  12-flowered,  nearly  terete:  style  3-cleft:  nut 
triquetrous.     1  f.     A  beautiful  grass.     T.  K.   M. 

tenuis,  Sivi.  (21-)  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  10  to  l7-flowered:  umbel  simple:  involucre 
3  to  4-leaved:  longer  than  the  rays:  root  tuberous.     8  i. 

pJajmalodcs,  M.  (W.  Au.)  umbel  simple  or  decompound:  involucre  3  to  9-leaved:  three 
of  the  leaves  very  long:  peduncles  compressed:  spikelets  distichous,  linear;  lower 
ones  branched,  about  io-flowered;  sides  rather  convex:  glumes  oblong,  obtuse: 
radicles  tuberous  at  the  extremities.     1  f     P:  T.  O.  H.     Mch. 

comjjresstis,  L.  spikes  digitate,  somewhat  in  foursj  lanceolate:  glumes  mucronate, 
broad,  membranaceous.     3 — 8  i.     jS.     La. 

rircns,  Mx.  culm  acute-triangular:  umbels  decompound:  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate, 
capitate:  involucre  very  long.     1 — 2  f     Sf.     C. 

mariscoidcs,  E.  (W.  Au.)  umbel  simple  or  1  to  2-rayed:  spikelets  capitate,  linear, 
7  to  8-flowered:  glumes  loose,  obtuse.  8—12  i.  S.  B.  O.  H.  P.  N.  T.  D.  M. 
Mch. 

odoratus,  L.  (Au.)  spikejets  corymbed,  subulate,  remote,  distichous:  glumes  some- 
what distant:  smaller  umbels  very  spreading,  about  the  length  of  their  involucres. 

Si. 

Jlamco'mis,   Mx.   (W.)  culm  triquetrous;   umbel  compound:  spikes  linear-lanceolate, 

7-flowered,  (10  to  12-tlowered,  E.);  glumes  obtuse:  involucre  long,  reflexed.     S, 

T.  C.  S— C. 
articulaius,  Vahl   (Ju.  ?'.)  stem  columnar,  naked,  jointed,  erect,  3 — 6  f     S. 
kilU.ngaeoi'des,   Vahl.  (J.)  head  globose:   spikes  oblong,  convex,  about  8-flowered: 

involucres  4-leaved,  and  with  the  keeled  leaves  loose.     S. 
strigosns,   E.   (W.  S.)  spikes  oblong,   loose;  spikelets  subulate,   expanding,  a  little 

remote:  small  involucres  generally  Wanting;    partial  umbels. with  alternate  rays. 

2—3  f     S.     C.  B.  P.  N.  T.     Mch. 
alternijhrus,   Sz.  (W.  2X.)  spike  corymb-umbelled,  compressed,  central,  sub-sessile; 

spikelets  distichous:  florets  alternately  distant:  glume  broad-ovate,  keel  mucronate. 

If     D.     Mch.  •      ■ 

minimus,  W.    (         )  culm  capillary,  terete:   spikes  solitary  or  in  pairs:  involucre 

1-leaved. 

Soiithern. 
poaeformis,  Ph.  (VV.  Ju.)  spikes  oblong,  flattened,  corymb-iascicled:   fascicles  sessile 

and  peduncled:  involucre  3-leaved,  very  long.     8  i.     N. 
Jascimlaius,  E.  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  many-flowered,  in  terminal  fascicles:  involucre 

2-leaved,  and  with  the  leaves  linear,  very  narrow.     6  i. 

Cyperus.     Gr.  hiparos,  a  small,  round  vessel,  which  its  roots  resemble. 

(1)  uncinatus,  Ph.         ('2)  flavescens,  Var.  castaneus.  Ph.      (a)  parviflorus,  M. 
(4)  tenuiflorus,  L.  strigosus,    Sw? 

28 


218 


CYPERUS,    CYRTORHVNCHA. 


autumnalis,  Vahl.  (Ju.)  spikes  linear,  terminal,  digitate,  somewhat  in  threes:  umbel 
as  long  as  the  2-leaved  involucre. 

vtgctus,  Vahl.  (Ju.)  stem  slender,  obtusply  3-angled:  umbels  decompound;  spikelets 
oval,  in  compact  globose  heads:  involucre  very  long.     2 — 3  f. 

formosus^  Vahl.  (W.  2i-)  spikelets  ov-ate,  lanceolate,  capitate:  involucre  about  6- 
leaved,  very  long,  scabrous  at  the  margin. 

filiculmis,  Vahl.  spikelets  linear,  in  globose  heads,  expanding:  umbel  about  1-rayed: 
involucre  2-leaved,  with  the  stem  setaceous. 

Jilicinvs,  Vahl.  (Ju.  21.)  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  remote,  loose-imbri- 
cate:  involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the  umbel,  witli  tlie  leaves  loose. 

gracilis,  M.  (S.  Q.)  stem  slender,  acutely  3-angled:  leaves  3-angled:  umbels  com- 
pound;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate.     12  i.     S — C. 

tdragaitus,  E.   '(  )  spikes  oblong,   cylindric:    spikelets  somewhat  4  angled,  few- 

flowered:   small  involucre  wanting.     2— '3  1". 

distans,  Vahl.  (  )  spikes  distichous;  spikelets  filiform,  expanding:  florets  distant: 
umbel  straight. 

speciosus,  Vahl.  (S.)  spikes  corymbed;  spikelets  subulate,  distichous:  partial  umbels 
shorter  than  the  small  involu>cres:  ochrSas  2-awned:  stem  acutely  angled.  2 — 4  f. 
S-C. 

enslen'ii,  Ph.  (Au.)  spikes  corymbose,  oblong,  branching  at  the  base,  naked;  spikelets 
numerous,  divaricate,  crowded,  linear,  about  6-flowered:  valves  oblong,  striate:  in- 
volucre 8-leaved,  as  long  as  the  umbel. 

18 — 2.     Cyprip^'dium.     21.     Orch.  r.  amy.  emo.  diu. 

candidum,  M.  (white  ladies'  slipper.  W.  w.  M.  If.)  stern  leafy:  leaves  lance-oblong: 
lobe  of  the  style  lanceolate,  obtusish:  lip  cdmpressed,  s'hort.er  than  the  lanceolate 
petals.     P.     JVIch. 

parciflorum,  Sy.  (1)  (common  ladies'  slipper.  W.  y-g.  M.  2X0  stem  leafy:  lobe  of 
the  style  triangular,  acute:  outer  petals  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  inner  ones  linear, 
contorted;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  compressed.     8.     Y.  P.C.  V.  T. 

puhescens,  W.  (2)  (yellow  ladies'  slipper.  VV.  y.  M.  21.)  stem  leafy:  lobe  of  the  style 
triangular-oblong,  obtuse:  outer  petals  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  inner  ones  very 
long,  linear,  contorted;  lip  compressed,  shorter  than  the  petals.  12 — 18  i.  S. 
T.  O.  P.  D.  F.  N.  M.     Mch.    Produces  Salep. 

spectabile,  W.  (3)  (gay  ladies'  slipper.  W.  w.  &  p.  J.  2X0  stem  leafy:  lobe  of  the 
stvle  oval-cordate,  obtuse:  outer  petals  broad-oval,  obtuse;  lip  longer  than  the  pe- 
tals, not  split  before.  18  i.     S.    W.  T.  Y.  N.  P.  F.  C.  V.  D.  O.    Maine.   M.  Mch. 

acaule,  A.  (4)  (low  ladies'  slipper.  W.  w.  &  p.  M.  2X0  scape  leafless,  1-ilowered: 
leaves  radical,  in  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse:  lobe  of  the  style  lound-rhomboid,  acumi- 
nate, deflexed:  lip  longer  than  the  lanceolate  petals,  split  before.  12 — 18  i.  S. 
T.  C.  B.  O.  F.  D.  P.  N.     M.  Mch. 

artednum,  A.  (w.  r.  g.  M.  2X.)  stem  leafy:  lobe  of  the  style  orbicular,  obtusish;  pe- 
tals 5;  the  two  lower  ones  lance-linear,  deflexed;  the  two  lateral  linear  spreading; 
upper  one  ovate-oblong,  acute;  lip  of  the  length  of  the  petals,  ob-conic  before,  sac- 
cate.    6  i.     Canada,  Maine.     Damp.     P. 

5 — I.     Cykil'la.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 
Southern, 
racem'ifiora,  L.   (5)  (w.  J.  \.)  leaves  lanceolate,    cuneate  at  the  base,   coriaceous, 
ve.-y  smooth:  petals  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     15  f.     Sandy  woods,  Carolina. 
Charleston,  La. 

Cyrilla,    Pickeringa. 

12 — 12.     Cyrtorhyncha.     61.     Ranu.  acr.  poi. 

ranunculina,  N.  (y.  J.  2f.)  leaves  somewhat  coriaceous  and  shining;  radical  ones  on 

Cypripedium;     Gr.  kvpris,  Venus,  a.nd  podion,  slipper,  from  the  form  of  the  nectary. 

Cyrilla.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Cyrilli,  an  eminent  botanist  of  Naples. 

Cyrtorhyncha.     Gr.  kurtos,  curved,  rngchos,  beak;  in  allusion  to  the  incurved  subu- 
late stigma. 
(1)  calceolus,  Mx.     (2)  flavescens-.  Redout,  calceolus,  Wr.     (3)  canadense,  Mx. 

album,  A.  reginae,  \Vr.      (4)  humile,  W.       (5)  Carolinian  a.   Ph.     Itea  cyrilla,    AV. 


CYRTORHYNCHA,    DALIBARDA.  219 

long  petioles,  the  sub-divisions  pinnatifid;  lobes  entire,  or  2  or  3-toothod.     A  span 
high.     Rocky  Mts. 

Cytissns,  Genista. 

D. 

3 — 2.     Dac'tylis.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

gloincrata,  L.  (cock's  foot  grass.  W.  J.  21- )  Panicle  secund,  o'lomerate:  leaves  cari- 
nate.     2—3  f.     ^'.     T.  C.  B.  F.  P.  N.  AI.  S.  C. 

17 — 2.     Dah'lia.     55.     Helia.  ton.  sec-sti.  sud. 

Exotic. 

supcrflua,  (P.  Ju.  to  Nov.  Zf.)  rays  fertile:  petiole  winged;  leafets  smooth  beneath. 

6  f.  Mexico.  Should  be  pronounced,  Daulia.  Eng. 
frustrahia,  (r.  S.  lo  Nov.  Z(.)  rays  barren:  petiole  wingless;  leafets  roughish  beneath. 
6  f.  Mexico.  Var.  coccinca,  (scarlet  daily)  racliis  of  leaves  winged:  leafless,  ovate; 
acuminate,  serrate,  shining,  and  smooth  beneatli:  outer  calyx  reflex^d.  Var.  au- 
rantia,  (orange  daily)  racliis  of  leaves  naked:  leaflets  ovate-acuminate,  serrate, 
roughish  beneath:  outer  calyx  spreading.  Var.  bUea,  (yellow  daily)  leaves  pin- 
nate, leafets  linear,  pinnatifid  toothed. 

16 — ^10.     Da*lea.     93.     Legu.  nut  asc.  ape. 

ornatum,  Doug.  (1)  (W.  )  spike  oblong-cylindric:  bracts  longer  than  the  villose 
calyx:  leafets  in  2  or  3  pairs,  oval-oblong,  glabrous.     R. 

formosa,  T.  &  J.  (W.  p.  \ .)  suffruticose,  very  branching,  glabrous:  leafets  some- 
what in  5  pairs,  wedge-oblong,  retuse,  black  punctate  beneath:  spikes  lax,  few- 
flowered,  short-peduncled:  bracts  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  ealyx  plumose- 
villose. 

jamesii,  T.  (p.  y.)  whole  plant  silky:  leaves  trifoliate;  leafets  obovate,  very  obtuse 

Soulkeni, 

aurea,  N.  (W.  y.  Ju.  2i.)  erect:  spikes  dense,  cylindric:  bracts  rhomboid-ovate,  as 
long  as  the  calyx:  calyx  woolly-villose:  leafets  (about  9)  obovate,  pilose  be-neath. 
2  f.     Louisiana. 

laxijlora,  Ph.  (W.  w.  Ju.  2i-)  somewhat  glabrous:  stem  very  branching  above: 
branches  lax,  elongated:  spikes  panicled,  elongated,  with  remotish  enneandrous 
flowers:  bracts  roundish,  rnucronate,  keeled:  calyx  silky-villose:  leaves  about  4 
pairs,  linear.     6  f.     Louisiana. 

alopecuroidcs,  W.  (2)  W.  b.  Ju.  0.)  spikes  oylindric,  peduncled,  terminal,  silky, 
crowded:  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  calyx:  leaves  6  to  12  pairs,  oval,  (toothed 
near  the  summit:?)  retuse,  niucronate.  1  f.  Mississippi. 
jamesii,  T.  (p-y.)  whole  plant  silky:  leaves  trifoliolale;  leafets  obovate,  very  obtuse: 
stipules  spiny:  spikes  oblong,  sessile:  calyx  deeply  cleft;  segments  setaceous,  plu- 
mose, longer  than  the  vexilluni;  keel  longer  than  the  wings.  Oregon.  Psoraiea, 
jamesii.     7th  edition. 

lanuginosa,  N.  (  p.  ZX-  )  decumbent,  canescently  tomentose:  leafets  4  to  G  pairs, 
obovate-cuneate,  emarginate,  glands  few,  large:  spikes  elongated,  rather  loose: 
bracts  ovate,  with  along  acuinination:  teeth  of  the  cal}'x  plumose,  subulate,  dilated 
at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  tube.     Arkansas. 

D-xlea,  Astragalus. 


11 — 13.     Dahbar'da.  (3)     92.     Rosa.  ast.  ref-feb.  r.  stom. 

•pens,  Lk.    (4)  (spice. root,  false  violet.   W.  A.  w.  J.  2i.)  villose:   having  ere 
shoots:  leaves  simple,  cordate,  crenate:  peduncles  1-flowered.  T.  Cat.  Mt.  and  '. 


Dactylis.     Gr.  dactulos,  a  finger,  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  its  spikes. 
Dahlia.     In  honor  of  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist,  pupil  of  Linneus. 
Dalea..     In  honor  of  Samuel  Dale,  an  J^nglisli  botanist. 
Dalibarda.     In  honor  of  M.  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist. 

(1)   Petalostemon,  Hk.     (2)  cliffbrtiana,     V\i.     Pctalostemon,  do.     Dalea  linnaci, 
Mx.     (3)  Comaropsis,  Do.     (4)  violacoides,  Mx.  Rubus  dalibarda,  W. 


2SiO  DALIRARDA,    DATURA. 

fragaroides,  Mx.  (1)  (dry  strawberry.  W.  y.  M.  21.)  leaves  ternate;  leafets  wedge- 
form,  gash-serrate,  ciliate:  peduncles  inany-flowered:  tube  of  the  calyx  obconic. 
5—8  i.     T.  O.     Hanover,  N.  H.     Mch. 

Southern, 
lohata,  Bald.  (y.  M.  Zf-)  hairy:  leaves  nearly  round,  cordate,  lobed-crenate,  ciliate; 
stem  somewhat  naked:  peduncles  many-flowered.     5  i. 

3 — 2.     Dantho'nia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

spicata,W.  (2)  (wild-oats.  W.  Ju.  2i.)  panicle  simple,  appressed;  spikelets  7  to  9, 
about  7-flowered:  outer  palea  hairy:  leaves  subulate:  lower  sheaths  hairy  at  the 
thioat.  18^24  i.  C.  O.  M.  N.  T.  D.  M.  Mch. 
glumosa,  Mx.  (3)  (Ju.)  culm  erect:  raceme  compound;  branches  2  and  3-flowered: 
*  spikelets  9  to  13,  8  and  9-flowered,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  glumes:  paleas  very 
unequal,  outer  lanceolate,  densely  villose  on  the  margin,  bristly,  2-cleft  at  the  apex, 
with  a  central  twisted  awn;  inner  valve  ciliate,  much  shorter.     >S'.     Y. 

8- — 1.     Daph'ne.     25.     Thym.  cau — .  cat — . 

Exotic. 

meze'rcum,  (mezereon.  r.  &.  w.   M.  ^.)   flowers  sessile,  cauline,  in  threes:  leaves 

lanceolate.     Var.  rubra,  has  red  flowers.     Var.  alba,  has  white  flowers.     4  f. 
odo'ra,  (sweet  mezereon.  vv.  Ap.  \.)  having  many  flowers  in  little  terminal  heads: 
leaves  scattered,  lance-oblong,  glabrous.     3  f 

15 — 10.     Darlingto'nia.  (4)     93.     Leg.  asc.  ape.  ton. 

intermedia,  T.  «fe  J.  (W.  2_C.)  unarmed,  herbaceous,  glabrous:  leaves  8  or  9  pairs; 
leafets  20  to  24  pairs,  oblong-linear,  with  glands  between  the  lower  leaves;  little 
heads  solitary,  axillar}',  peduncled:  legumes  ialcate. 

Southern. 

brach/ioba,  Dc'  (W.  2X-)  unarmed,  herbaceous,  glabrous:  leaves  6  to  8  pairs;  leafets 
16  to  24  pairs,  linear,  with  glands  between  the  lower  leaves:  little  heads  solitary, 
axillary,  peduncled;  legumes  shortish,  lanceolate.     Kentucky,  Slc. 

glanduLo'sa,  Dc.  (W.  2i-)  unarmed,  herbaceous,  glabrous;  leaves  12  to  14  pairs; 
leafets  20  to  30  pairs,  linear,  with  glands  between  all  the  leaves;  little  heads  soli- 
tary, peduncled,  axillary:  legumes  laleate.     Tennessee. 

20—12.     Datis'ca.     98.     Dati.  nar.  ton.  ano. 

/wT-to,  W.  (false  hemp.  y.  21-)  stem  hirsute:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  running  together 
at  the  base.     Flowers  small,  panicled.     P. 

5 — 1.     Datu'ra.     41.     Sola.  poi-{-.  nar.  1.  esc.  conv,  cpi.  ast. 

stramo'nium,  L.  (green  thorn-apple.  O.  w-b.  Au.  Q.)  pericarps  spinose,  erect,  ovate; 

leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  angular-dentate.  S.  Mch. 
tat'vla,  L.  (purple  thorn-apple.    O.  b.  Ju.  0.)  pericarps  sninose,  erect,  ovate:  leaves 

cordate,  glabrous,  toothed.     This  species   is  considerecT  only  a  variety  of  the  first 

bv  some  botanists.  Stem  reddish.  &.  M.  Mch. 
inetd,  W.   (W.  w.  J.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  nearly  entiie,  pubescent;  pericarps  prickly, 

globose,  nodding.     Naturalized  about  N.  Haven. 

Datithonia.     In  honor  of  M.  Danthoin,  a  French  botanist. 

Daphne.     After  the  nymph  Daphne,  in  allusion  to  Ler  change  into  a  laurel,  which 

some  species  of  this  genus  resemble. 
Darlin^tonia.     In   honor  of  Dr.    William   Darlington,    of  Pennsylvania,    author   of 

Flora  Cestrica. 
Datisca.     Probably  from  Gr.   daiusso,   to   devour,  because   it  spreads  rapidly,   and 

destroys  other  plants. 
Datura.     An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  tatorak.     About  Goa  and  Canara  it  is 

called  DatuTO. 

(1)  Dryas  trjfoliata,   Pallas.     (2)  Avena,  L.     (3)  seiicea,  N.     Avena,   L. 

(4)  Acacia,  Mimosa. 


DATURA,    DELPHINIUM,  221 

ceraiocaulon,  Ort.  (w.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  wavy,  beneath  hoary:  stem- 
dichotomous,  cornute:  pericarps  obovate,  pendulous. 

5 — 2.     Dau'cus.     60.     Umbe.  stom.  r.  nut.  cata.  ulc. 

caro'ta,  W.  (carrot.  W.  w.  J.  $.)  carpels  hispid:  petioles  nerved  underside;  divisions 
of  the  leafets  narrow-linear,  acute.     2 — 3  f.     Naturalized  and  cultivated. 

pusiUus,  Mx.  (  )  stem  relrorsely  hispid:' leafets  with  the  segments  very  small, 
linear-lanceolate:  umbels  small:  carpels  muricate,  with  S-crested  ribs.  Var.  viicro- 
phijlluf  (W)  stem  sot't-villose:  leaves  with  gash-linear  segments.  16—18  i.  P.  R. 
Carolina.     Red  River. 

fnicruplnjUus,  Dc.  (  )  stem  with  soft  hairs  at  the  base  turned  backwards:  leaves 
cul-bi-pinnate,  villous;  segments  cut  into  linear  divisions:  leafets  of  the  involucre 
pinnatifid,  about  equalling  the  small  crowded  umbel:  pricides  of  the  ovate  fiuit 
about  equalling  its  breadth.     R.  A. 

DcCodoH,    LXTHEUM. 

11 — 1.     Decuma'ria.     89.     Phil.  ton.  ape. 
Southern. 

harhara,  W.   (decumary.  w.  Ju.)  Jeaves  ovate-oblong,    acute  at  each  end,   slightly 

-serrate. 
sarmentosa,  W.   (J.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  rounded  at  the  base,  serrate  at  the  top. 

Charleston,  S.  C.     Florida. 
alata,  stem  compressed:  leaves  pinnate,  confluent,  ribbed,  linear,  entire.     In  the  sea. 

12 — 2.      Delphin'ium.     61.     Ranu.  acr.  cau.  poi.  dra-eme.  h.  cos. 

exaltatum,  W.  (1)  (W.  A.  b.  Ju.  Zf.)  petioles  not  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  flat,  .3- 
cleft  below  the  middle;  lobes  wedge-form,  3-cleft  at  the  apex,  acuminate;  lateral 
ones  often  2-lobed:  racemes  straight:  spur  longer  than  the  calyx.  2 — 4  f.  S.  P. 
R.  M. 

azureum,  M.  (2)  (W.  b.  M.  2{.)  petioles  slightly-  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  3—5- 
parted,  many-cleft;  divisions  linear:  racemes  straight:  petals  densely  bearded: 
flowers  sliort  pedicelled.     2'f.     S.     K. 

zires'ccns,  N.  (W.  g-w.  If.)  pubescent;  nectary  4-leaved,  shorter  than  the  Scalycine 
petals,  inner  laminae  densely  bearded:  leaves  3-parted;  divisions  linear,  sub-trifid, 
lower  ones  divaricate.     8 — 12  i.     S.     D. 

simplex,  Douglass  (W.)  pubescent:  petioks  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  3-parted,  with 
deep  linear  divisions:  racemes  simple,  straight:  petals  bearded;  spur  straight, 
longer  than  the  limb.     Rocky  Mt.  and  west. 

hicolor,  N.  (y.  »t  b.  Ap.  Zf.)  small;  somewhat  villose;  few-flowered:  leaves  digitate, 
5-parted;  lobes  3 — ,5-cleft,  divisions  linear,  ?hort:  bracts  undivided:  petals  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  lower  ones  hairy:  spur  curved,  of  tlie  length  of  the  calyx.     R. 

pauciflorum,  N.  (b.)  somewhat  hirsutely  pilose:  petioles  scarcely  dilated;  leaves  reni- 
fonn,  lobes  bifid  or  trifid,  linear  and  entire:  bracts  simple,  minute:  raceme  3 — 5- 
flovvered:  spur  subulate,  straight,  about  the  length  of  the  oblong-acutish  petals: 
stigmas  and  styles  smooth:  root  grumous.     Oregon,  Rocky  Mts. 

depaiiperatuin,  N.  (b.  y.)  lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous;  upper  part  and  the  carpels 
densely  villose:  petioles  scarcely  dilated;  leaves  renitbrm  5-parted;  the  lobes  2 — 
3-cleft,  obfong  and  rather  broad:  bracts  simple,  minute:  raceme  1 — 5-flowered: 
spur  subulate,  straight,  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse  petals:  stigmas  and  styles 
pubescent:  root  grumous.     Oregon. 

Exotic. 

consolidum.  (larkspur.  W.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  nectaries  1-leaved:  stem  sub-divided.  Natural- 
ized.    4  f. 


Daucus.     The  Greek  name  of  the  carrot. 

Decumaria.     Lat.  decuma,  or  decema,  tenth,  in  allusion  to  the  division  of  the  flower 

and  fruit  into  tenths. 
Delphinium.     Gr.  delphin,  the  dolphin,  because  the  nectaries  are  like  the  head  of  that 

fish. 

(1)  tridactylum,   Mx.  urceolatum,  Ju.     (2)  carolinianum,   Wr. 


222  DELPHINIUM,    DENTARIA. 

staphisagrium,  (b.  Ap.  $.)  nectary  4-leaved,  shorter  than  the  petals:  leaves  palmate, 

with  obtuse  lobes.     2  f. 
ajacis,  (rocket  larkspur,  b.  Au.  C--)  nectary  1-leaved:  stem  simple.    2  f. 

Southern. 

tricorne.  Mx.  (W.  b-w.  M.  2i-)  petiole  scarcely  dilated  at  the  base,  glabrous:  leaves 
5-parted;  divisions  3 — 5-cleft,  segments  linear:  nectary  shorter  than  the  corol:  car- 
pels arched,  expanding  from  the  base.     8 — 12  i. 

californkum,  T.  (b.)  petioles  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  palmately  3 — 5-cleft;  divisions 
incisely  3-lobed:  raceme  strict,  and  with  the  flowers,  pubescent:  spur  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  incurved;  limb  of  the  superior  petals  notched;  lower  ones  2-cleft,  densely 
bearded  on  the  inside;  the  claw  furnished  with  a  minute  spur-like  process  at  the 
base.     California. 

mmincum,  Don.  (b.  Ju.  Aug.)  petioles  scarcely  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  flat,  3-part- 
ed;  segments  cuneiform,  obtuse,  3-lobed,  mucronate;  uppermost  ones  linear,  un- 
divided or  3-parted:  racemes  loose,  velvety:  limb  of  the  inferior  petals  bifid  at  the 
summit;  spur  straight,  as  long  as  the  sepals:  ovaries  silky.     1 — 3  f.     Texas. 

variegatum,  T.  (b.  y.)  pubescent:  petioles  dilated  at  the  base;  leaves  3-parted;  divi- 
sions cuneiform,  many-cleft,  with  the  lobes  linear  and  rather  obtuse:  raceme  few- 
flowered:  spur  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals;  lower  petals  orbicular-ovate,  3-lobed, 
with  the  middle  lobe  small,  sparingly  bearded.     1 — 2  f     California. 

nudicaule,  T.  (p-r.)  leaves  all  radical,  on  short  petioles,  3-parted;  lobes  obovate-cunei- 
form,  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed,  terminal  one  somewhat  3-lobed:  scape  racemose, 
loosely  flowered;  pedicels  elongated:  spur  straight,  longer  than  the  broadly  ovate 
sepals;  upper  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  lower  ones  2-cleft,  with  a  minute 
spur-like  process  at  the  base.     12 — 18  i.     California. 

12—2.     Dendromecon.     62.     Papa.  e.  nar.  ano.  ast.  acid. 
Soutliern. 
rigidum,  (Benth.  y.  T).)  glabrous,  branching:  leaves  rigid  and  coriaceous,  articulated 
with   the   stem,    lanceolate  or  oblong,  cuspidate,  acuminate,   strongly  reticulate, 
denticulate  on  the  margin:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  flowers  large.     A  shrub. 
California.      Poppy  tree. 

14 — 2.     Desta'kia.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut.  r.  con. 

diphylla,  Mx.  (tooth-root,  trickle,  pepper-root.  W.  w.  M.  Zf.)  stem  2-leaved:  leaves 

ternate,  ovate-oblong,  unequally  gash-toothed:  root  toothed.     6—8  i.     S.     R.  T. 

O.  F.  N.  V.  M.     Mch. 
laciniata,  W.  (1)(W.  w.  M.  21.)  leaves  in  threes,  ternate;  leafets  3-parted,  segments 

oblong,  gash-toothed:  root  tuberous,  moniliform.     8  i.     S.     T.  Y.  D.  N.  M.  O.  P. 

C.     Niagara.     M.  Mch. 
heteroplnjlla,  N.  (W.  p.  w.  J.)  stem  2-leaved:  leaves  ternate,    petioled;  leafets  linear, 

sub-lanceolate,  acute,  entire;  margin  rough,   ciliate:  radical   leafets  ovate  oblong, 

coarsely  gash  toothed.     Very  small.     Always  one  radical  leaf  with  a  long  petiole. 

P. 
maxima,  N.  (W.  p.  !(.)  leaves  numerous,    alternate,  petioled;  leafets  ternate,  sub- 
oval,    gash-toothed;  lateral, ones  lobed:  axils  without  glands:  racemes  lateral  and 

terminal.     12 — 18  i. 
macrocarpa,  N.  (     )  root  fibrous  and  tuberous:  radical  leaf  3-foliolate,    the  leafets 

reniform  and  lobed;  cauline  leaf  solitary,  3-parted,   the  segments  entire,   obtuse: 

silique  very  long.     Oregon. 

Southern, 
multifida,  M.  (p.)  stem  2-leaved;  leafets  many-parted:   segments  linear,    somewhat 

acute.     10  i. 
tenella,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Au.   21-)  stem  2-leaved:  leaves  distant,   sessile,  ternate;  leafets 

linear-oval,  entire:   petals  wedge-form. 
integrifolla,  (      )  rhizoma   tuberous:   tall   and    rather  robust:  radical  leaves   bifoliate, 

leafets  roundish  oval;  cauline  3,  alternate,  3-parted  or  trifoliolate;  divisions  linear- 

Dendromecon.     Gr.  dendron,  tree,  mekon,  poppy. 

Dentaria.     Lat.  dens,  a  tooth,  because  the  roots  are  furnished  with  projecting  angles, 

which  resemble  the  molar  teeth  of  quadrupeds. 

(1)  concatenata,  Mx. 


DENTARIA,    DICHONDRA.  223 

oblong,   acute,  entire:  siliques  rather  short,  on  long  pedancles:  petals  very  large, 
la— 18i.     Upper  California. 
californica,  N.  (     )  rather  robust:  leaves  trifoliolate;  cauline  ones  alternate;  leafets 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  creiiate  or  incisely   denticulate,  acute:  siliques  lanceo- 
late-linear, rather  long.     12 — 18  i.     Upper  California. 

Dcsmodium,  HEDYSAEUiM. 

Diamorpha,  Seddm. 

10 — 2.     Dian'thus.     82.     Cary.  emo. 

armcria,  L.  (pink.  k.  Ju.  ^.)  flowers  aggregate,  fascicled:  scales  of  the  calyx  lance- 
olate, villose,  equalHng  the  tube.     I  f     Introduced.     New  Jersey.     C.  B. 

repens,   W .  (  )  stem  1 -flowered:  calycine  scaler  2,    ovate  lanceolate,  acuminate, 

a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx:  petals  toothed:  leaves  linear,  glabrous.  N.  W. 
Coast. 

Exotic. 

barbatus,  (sweet  william.  r.  &  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  flowers  fascicled:  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate, 
subulate,  equalling  the  tube:  leaves  lanceolate. 

caryophyllus,  (carnation,  r.  »&.  w.  Ti.)  flowers  solitary: /scales  of  the  calyx  sub- 
rhomboid,  very  short:  petals  crenate,  beardless:  leaves  linear-subulate,  channelled. 
By  rich  culture,  the  stamens  mostly  change  to  petals. 

chinensis,  (china  pink.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  solitary:  scales  of  the  calyx  subulate,  spread- 
ing, leafy,  equalling  the  tube:   petals  crenate:   leaves  lanceolate. 

plumarius,  (single  pink.  r.  «&  w.  Zf.)  flowers  solitary:  scales  of  the  calyx  sub-ovate, 
very  short  and  obtuse,  awnless:  corol  many-cleft,  with  the  throat  hairy. 

Southern. 

caroUnianus,  Wr.  (  )  flowers  aggregate:  peduncles  long:  scales  smaller  than  the 
halved  tube. 

5 — 1.     Diapen'sia.     44.     Hydr.  ton. 

lapponica,  W.  (1)  (A.  w.  Ju.  2X.)  cespitose:  leaves  spatulate,  glabrous:  flowers  pe- 
dunculate: anthers  oblique,  awnless.     White  hills.     Bw. 

cuneifolia,  Sy.  (2)  (A.  w.  J.'^.)  creeping:  leaves  lance  wedge-form,  pubescent  below: 
flowers  sessile:  anthers  horizontal,  beaked  at  the  base.  S.  Y.  White  hills. 
Peck. 

3 — 2.     Diarrhe'na.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

americana,  M.  (W?Ju.  21.)  culm  erect,  almost  naked,  slender,  slightly  compressed, 
scabrous  above:  sheaths  sub-pubescent:  panicle  raeemed:  branches  few-flowered, 
appressed:  spikelets  about  2-flowered:  florets  diverging.     H.     Mch. 

5 — 2.     Dichon'dra.     44.     Conv.  r.  cate. 

Soiitlierii. 

caroliniensis,  Mx.  (p.  J.  Z[-)  pubescent:  leaves  reniform-emarginate,  one-colored: 
calyx  villose,  ciliate.     Creeping.     La. 

Dicliroma,  Dichromena. 

Dianthus.     Gr.  Dis.  (Dios)  Jupiter,  and  antlios.  flower;  so  called  from  the  fragrance 

and  elegance  of  the  genus. 
Diapensia.     An  ancient  Gr.  name  of  the  Sanicle,  as  a  vulnerary. 
Diarrhena.     Gr.  dis,  two,  arrene,  rough,  alluding  to  the  two  rough  keels  on  the  upper 

chaff's. 
Dichondra.     Gr.  dis,  two,  and  ckondros,  a  grain;  from  the  double  nature  of  the  cap 

sule. 

(1)  obtusifolia,  Sy.  -(2)  Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  Mx. 


224  DICHROMENA,    DIGITARIA. 

3—2.     Dichro'mena.     9.     Cype.  far.  fod.  ton. 

ieucocepli'ala,  Mx.  (An.  2i-)  involucre  somewhat  3-leaved,  white  at  the  base:  head 
white.     1  f.     C.     Charleston,  S— C. 

Southern. 

ciliata,  Ph.  (Ju.)  involucre  and  leaves  clliate  at  the  base:  spikelets  oblong,  tapering. 
latifolia,  Bald.  (J.  2i.)  involucre  many.-leaved,   large,  with  the  leaves  white:  heads 
compressed:  leaves  very  long,  loosely  sheathing  the  stem'.     9 — 18  i. 

21—1.     Dickso'nia.     5.     Fill.  sec.  stim. 

pilosiuscula,  W.  (I)  (fine  haired  fern.  Ju.  2£.) frond bipinnate:  leaves  decurrent,  ovate 
oblong,  pinnatifid;  divisions  somewhat  4-toothed:  fruit  dots  solitary:  rachis  pubes- 
cent: stipe  glabrous.     2 — 3  f.     S.     C.  P.  H. 

16—10.     DiELYTRA.    (2)     Legn.  bit.  deni. 

cucullaria,  Dc.  (colic- weed.   O.  y.  w.  M.  Zf)   corol  2-spurred:  scape  naked:  raceme 

simple,  1-sided:  nectaries  divaricate,  of  the  length  of  the  corol:  style  enclosed.  8^ 

12  i.     S.  R.     Mch.     Corydalis  cucullaria.     W.      H. 
formosa,  Dc.  (A.  r.    M.    H.)  scape  naked:  raceme   somewhat  compound,   nodding, 

many-flowered;  nectaries  very  short,    incurved:    style    extended:    rogt  tuberous. 

6—10  i.     S.  V.  O.  N.     Canada  JVIch.     Corydalis  furmosa,  Ph. 
canadensis,  Dc.  (g-w.  p.  April.)  spurs  short,   rounded;   wing  of  the  inner  petals  pro- 
jecting beyond  the  summit:  raceme  simple  4— G-tiowered.     Canada  to  Kentucky. 

Corydalis  canadensis,  Goldie. 
saccata,  N.  (r.)  spurs  short,  very  obtuse,   saccate;   wings  of  the  inner  petals  scarcely 

projecting:  raceme  somewhat" compound,  few-flowered:  stigma   triangular,  entire: 

leaves  numerous:  rhizonia  creeping.     Oregon. 
lachenaliaefolia,   Dc.  (p.)snurvery  short    and   obtuse:  scape  3— 4-flowered:  pedicels 

longer  than  the  calyx:  leaves  many-cleft,   with  linear  very  acute  lobes.     Islands 

N.  W.  America. 

5 — 1.     DiERviLLA.     58.     Cape.  ast.  fra. 

canadensis,  M.  (3)  (bnsh  honeysuckle.  O.  y.  J.  >>.)  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal, 
dichotomous,  2^-flowered:  leaves  ovate,  serrate, .acuminate.     2-^3f.     &'.     Mch. 

13 — 2.     Digital'is.     37.     Sed.  h.  abs-f.  diu-f .  feb-j-.  dro.  cpi.  ast. 

Exotic. 

purpurea,  (foxglove,  p.  Ju.  i^.)  sepals  ovate,  acute:  corol  obtuse;  upper  lip  entire: 

leaves  lance-ovate,  rugose. 
intermedia,  (p.    Ju.)    sepals   lanceolate,    equal:  corol   slightly  pubescent;  upper   lip 
emarginate,  2-cIeft,  leaves  pubescent  at  the  margin  and  base.     Flowers  in  Sept.  in 
A.  P.  Pleartt's  garden,  1838. 

3 — 2.     Digita'ria.     10.     Gram.  far.  fod. 

sanguinalis,  Scop,  (finger-grass,  crab-grass.  W.  S.  0.)  spikes  numerous,  fascicled,  a 
little  spreading:  leaves  and  sheaths  somewhat' hairy;  spikelets  oblong;  florets  pu- 
bescent on  the  margin.     1—2  f.     8.     C.  T.  O.  F.  P.  N.  V.  M.     Mch.     S.  C.  . 


Dichromena.     Gr.  dis,  two,  and  chroma,  color,    alluding  to  the  variegation  of  white 

and  green  in  the  corol. 
Dicksonia.     In  honor  of  James  Dickson,  a  distinguished  Cryptogamic  botanist  of 

Great  Britain. 
Dielytra.     Gr.  dis,  two,  elutron,  outer  wing. 

Diervilla.     In  honor  of  M.  Dierville,  a  French  surgeon  who  discovered  it. 
Digitalis.     Lat.  digitule,  a  thimble,  or  finger  of  a  glove,  from  the  resemblance  of  the 

flowers. 
Digitaria.     Lat.  digitus,  a  finger,  the  spikes  being  digitate  or  finger  like. 

(1)  pubescens,  Sh.     Aspidium    punctilobum?   W.  Nephrodium  punctilobium,  Mx. 
(2)  Corydalis,  Dc.     (3)  lutea,  Ph.  humilis,  P.  tournefortii,  Mx.  Lonicera  diervilla,  L. 


DiClTARIA,    DIOSt'YROS.  225 

glabra,  R.  »fc  S.  (W.  Au.  0.)  spikes  digitate,  sub-alternate  (3 — 4,)  spreading:  leavea 
and  sheaths  sinootli:  spikelets  ovate,  crowded:  glumes  equal  to  the  abortive  floret, 
both  hairy.      1  f.     C.   H. 

serotina,  Mx.  (W.  2f.)  decumbent:  leaves  and  sheaths  very  pubescent:  spikes  numer- 
ous, setaceous:  spikelets  all  pedicellate:  inferior  glume  very  minute.  12 — i8  i. 
S.     C.  T. 

filiformis,  E.  (W.  Au.  t^-.)  culm  erect,  filiform:  leaves  somewhat  glabrous:  spikes  2 — 
4,  filiform,  erect;  spikelets  in  threes,  all  pedicellate:  glumes  as  long  as  the  abortive 
floret,   pubescent.     12— 18i.     .S'.     Y.  T.  C.  M.  N.  M.  L.  C.     Mch. 

paspaloides,  Mx.  (Au.  0.)  spikes  in  pairs,  sub-villose  at  the  base:  rachls  broadish, 
glabrous:  flowers  solitary,  imbricate  two  ways,  glabrous:  leaves  spreading;  sheaths 
glabrous,  villose  at  the  neck:   culm  creeping.     S.     Y.P.N. 

'S — 1.     Dila'tris.     is.     ITaeni.  ton.  dye. 

iinctoria,  Ph.  (1)  (red-root,  y.'  Ju.  ZfO  petals  lanceolate,  downy  outside:  panicle  co- 
rymbed,  downy:  leaves  long,  naked,  linear.     2  f.     iS. 

4 — 1.     Dio'urA.     57.     Cinch.  feb4-.  ton. 

virginica,  W.  (w.  Au.  Zf.)  glabrous:  stem  procumbent,  nearly  terete:  leaves  lanceo- 
lite:  corol  glabrous  within:  fruit  oblong,  glabrous.     S.     Charleston,  S— C. 

Soiitliern. 
tetrago'na,  "Wt.  (w.  M.  7S.)   stem  procumbent,  somewhat  angled,  nearly  glabrous: 

leaves  cordate-ovate:  stipules  subulate.     S — C. 
hlrsuta,  Ph.  (w.  S.  2[.)  hirsute:  stem  procumbent:  leaves  lanceolate:  stipules  nearly 

setaceous.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last.     E.     S — C. 
teres,  Wr.  (2)  (W.  .Ju.  #.)   stem  terete,    procumbent:  leaves   lanoe-linear:  lobes  of 

the  stipules    setaceous,    longer  than  the  fruit:  corol  bearded  within:  fruit  ovate, 

pubescent;  crowned  with  the  4  lanceolate  lobes  of  the  calyx.     4 — 12  i.     S.  P.  Y; 

Charleston,  S.  C. 

10 — 1.     Dion^e'a.     68.     Dros.  acr — .  ton — . 

Southern. 

muscipula,  W.  (venus'    fly-trap.  w.    Ju.    ![.)   radical  leaves,    with   terminal  ciliate 

appendages,   somewhat  resembling  a  rat  trap;  this   is  suddenly  closed  on  being 

irritated. 

20 — 6.     Diosco'rea.     12.     Dios.  nut-ton.  amy. 

vUlosa,  L.  (3)  (yam  root.  J.  IS-)  leaves  alternate,  opposite  and  whorled,  cordate,- 
acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  9-nerved;  lateral  nerves  simple:  stem  climbing.  iS'. 
P.  Y.  C.  B.  F.  D.     Owego.     S.  C.  M.     Mch. 

quaternata.  Wr.  (4)  (J.  ZC-)  leaves  verticiilate  by  fours,  and  alternate,  cordate,  acu- 
minate, glabrous,  7  to  9-nerved;  lateral  nerves  divided.     Stem  climbing.     P.M. 

20 — 13.     Diospy'ros.     49.     Eben.  f.  edi.  ton.  b.  ast-(-.  feb.  w.  cab. 

vlrginiana,  (persimmon,  seeded  plum.  vv-y.  JNI.  h.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminata, 
glabrous,  reticulate-veined;  petioles  pubescent:  buds  glabrous.  Var.  puhescens, 
leaves  oblong,  acute,  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  long:  fruit  bearing  i'cw  seedsj 
This  is  made  a  distinct  species  by  Pursh.     /S'.     Y.  P.  F.  C.  O.  S.  C.  M.     ebony 


Dilatris.     Gr.  dis,  double,  and  latris,  servant  or  attendant,  because  Bergius  found  twb 

long,  and  one  short  stamen. 
Diodia.     Gr.  diodos,  way  or  passage;  in  allusion  to  its  growing  by  w'ay  sides. 
Dionaea.     From   Dione,    a  name  of  Venus,    from   the  elegance  and   delicacy  of  its 

flowers. 
Dioscorea.     In  honor  the  Greek  botanist,  Dioscorides. 
Diospyros.     Gr.  Dios,  Jupiter,  inApuros,  fruit,  from  the  excellence  of  the  fruit. 

(1)  heritiera,  P.     Lachnanthes,  E.         (2)  Spexmacoce  diodea,  Mx.       (3)  panicu- 
lata,  Mx.        (4)  glauca,  M. 

29 


226  DIOTIS,    IJIRCA. 

19—4.     Dio'tis.     29.     Chen.  Ion—. 
Southern, 
lanata,  Ph.  (W.  J.  '/.)  all  over  hoary-tomenlose:   stem  flexuous:  glomeiules  of  the 
spikes  very  crowded. 

6—1.     Diphvll'ia,     78.     Berb.  ref.  ton—. 

-    Southcni. 
eytnosa,  Mx.  (A.  w.  J.  2_f.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  sub-palmate,    angularly  lobed,  sei- 
rate:  lobes  ucuminale:  cyme  many-flowered. 

17 — 2.     DiPLui'Ar'pus.     55.     Aste.  ton.  sec-sti. 

albus,  Lind.  (W.  y.  w.)  leaves  lance-linear,  sub-entire,  scabrous,  base  long,  narrow 
below,  petioled:  stem  simple,  corymbed,  scabrous,  branchlets  somewhat  1-tlowered, 
sub-aphyllous:  leafets  of  the  involucre  oblong-linear,  sub-glabrous,  obtuse.     D. 

cancscens,  H.  (  )  hoary  pubescent:  leaves  lance-linear,  very  entire;   very  narrow 

at  the  base  below,  long  petioled:  stem  simple,  corymbose:  branchlets  1-fiowered, 
long,  leafy:  leafets  of  the  involucre  narrow,  very  acute,  hirsute-.scabrous.     A. 

grandiflorus ,  H.  (  )  canescent:  stem  sub-decumbent,  branching  below  the  base: 
leaves  linear-oblong  below,  spatulate:  branches  mostly  simple,  one-tiowered,  na- 
kedish:   leafets  of  the  involucr^narrow,  very  acute,  hirsute-scabrous.     R. 

incaims,  Lindl.  (  p-  )  wholly  whitish:  leaves  linear,  soft,  distant,  acute,  finely 
mucronate:  branches  long,  corymbose,  forming  a  head;  apex  naked:  leafets  of  the 
ovate,  glandulous  involucre  linear,  in  manj^  series,  outer  ones  squarrose.  2i  f. 
A. 

filifolms,  H.  (  y.  )  hoary:  leaves  all  linear-filiform:  branches  long,  sub-corymbose, 
1-flowered:  leafets  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  narrow,  acute,  pubescent-scabrous: 
egret  white.     10—12  i.     R. 

linearis,  H.  (  )  low:  stems  sub-caespitose,  erect,  simple,  apex  nakedish,  1-flower- 
ed: leaves  all  linear-filiform,  sub-spatulate,  flower  terminal:  leafets  of  the  involu- 
cre narrow,  pubescent-scabrous:  egret  yellow.     4 — 6  i.     R. 

pinnatifidus,  H.  (  y.  2_f.)  stems  numerous  from  the  same  root,  erect,  much  branched 
above:  corymbs  many-flowered:  leaves  sub-bipinnatifid,  segments  narrow-linear, 
mucronate,  with  terminal  hairs:  leafets  of  the  involucre  linear  subulate,  mucro- 
nate, pubescent.     R. 

hiitpidus,  II.  (  y.  )  wholly  hairy,  hispid  with  spreading  hairs:  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late,  Jiarrow  at  the  base,  sub-petiolud:  branches  subrcorymbose:  leafets  of  the  in- 
volucre narrow,  acute,  somewhat  glabrous:  egret  downy.     A. 

4 — 1.     Dips'acus.     56.     Dips,  ton — . 

sylvcslris,  L.  (wild  teasel.  O.  b.  Ju.  ^'.)  leaves  connate,  and  opposite,  sinuate:  chaff 
straight:  head  involucred.     3 — 4  f.     &'. 

Exotic, 
fidlo'num,  (teasel,  w.  Ju.  (^' .)  leaves  sessile,  serrate:  chaft"  hooked.     3 — 6  f. 

S — 1.     Dui'cA.     25.     Thym.  b.  cat. 

palustris,  W.  (leather-wood,  moose-wood,  american  mezereon.  W.  y.  Ap.  \.)  leaves 
oval:  flowers  axillary,  2  or  3  in  a  hairy  bud-like  involucre.  Small  bush;  bark  very 
lough.     1-5  f.     ;S'.     T.  C.  O.  F.  D.  r.  N.  V.  M. 

Diotis.  Gr.  dis,  double,  and  ous,  (otos )  ear,  from  the  two  appendages  which  exist 
at  the  base  of  the  florets. 

Dipliyllia.     Gr.  dis,  double,  and  yhviiun,  leaf,  because  the  plant  has  two  leaves. 

Diplopappus.  Gr.  diploos,  douiile,  pappus,  woolly  flower  or  egret,  on  account  of  the 
egret  being  in  a  double  series. 

Dipsacus.  Gr.  dipsakos,  teasel,  also  diabetes.  It  is  from  dipsa,  thirst;  as  the  dia- 
betes excites  thirst,  and  the  teasel  was  used  as  a  remedy. 

Dirca.     Gr.  dirka,  a  fountain  or  wet  place,  its  usual  place  of  growth. 


discoplf,(;ra,  draba,  227 

5 — 2.     Discopi.eu'ra.  (1)    GO.     Umbe.  stom — . 

capillacea,  Dc.  (bishop  weed.  w.  Au.  Q.)  erect  or  procumbent:  umbels  3to  lO-rayed; 

leafets  of  the  invohicre  3  to  5,  almost  all  trifid.    Wet.  Carolina  to  Boston.     C.  N. 
nuttttlUi,    Dc.  (45.)  erect:  umbels  with  20  rays:  leafets  of  the  involucre  mostly  5— 

6;  involucel  o-leaved,  about  equalling  the  little  umbel.     Red  river. 

Ti — 1.     Dodeca'theon.     35.     Prim,  nar — . 

meadia,  W.  (false  cowslip.  W.  p.  M.  21-)  leaves  oblong-oyal,  repand- toothed:  um- 
bels many  flowered,  lax:  brcicts  oval.  Woods  near  rivers.  8 — 10  i.  jS.  P.  H. 
M.     Chicago. 

integrifoLium,  Mx,  (W.  b.  J.  Ti-)  leaves  sub-spatulate,  entire:  umbels  few-flowered, 
straight:  bracts  linear.     P. 

8 — 1.     DouoNAEA.     65.     Sapin.  f.  det.  acr.  nar.  sap. 
fioiithcrn. 
viscosa,  L.  (  )  leaves  viscous,  ovate-oblong,  cuneiform  at  the  base.  St.  Augus- 

tine, Florida. 

16 — 10.     DoLicHos.     93.     Leg.  ath-f.  irr-f. 

mulliflorus,  T.  (p.  w.  Zf.)  stem  twining  pubescent:  leaves  orbicular,  short  acuminate, 
nearly  glabrous  when  mature:  racemfes  axillary,,  densely  spiked,  many-flowered, 
about  as  long  as  the  petioles.  5 — 10  f.     Arkansas,   Georgia. 

purpureuSf  L.  (wild  cowhage.  p.  0.)  twining:  stem  glabrous:  petioles  pubescent: 
corol  with  spreading  wings.     P.,    La. 

Exotic, 
pniriens,  (cowage,  or  cowitch.  p.  %.)  twining:  leaves  hairy  beneath:  legumes  in  ra- 
cemes: valves  slightly  keeled,  hairy:  peduncles  in  threes.     Legumes  covered  with 
stinging  hairs,     ath-j-. 

Southern, 
luteolus,  W.  (w-y.  Ju.  C«-)chmbing,  pubescent:  leafets  ovate,  acuminate:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  .spikes   short,    somewhat  capitate:  banner  broad,  reflexed; 
wings  rhomboidal.     4  f. 

-  17 — 2.     Don'ia.     55.     Eupa.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb. 

Southern. 

squarrosa.  Ph.  (W.  y.    Aw.  IS-)   herbaceous:  leaves   clasping,   serrate:  scales  of  the 

involucre  filiform  at  the  apex,  squarrose,  revolute.     Whole  plant  viscous.     3 — 4  f. 
lanceolata,   W.   ( ^.)  glabrous:  leaves  half   clasping,    linear-lanceolate,   cut-serrate: 

scales  of  the  involucre  filiform,  straightish.     Arkansas. 
jinhesccns,  JV.  ( ,^  ?)  leaves  clasping,  oblong-ovate,    acute,   sharply   serrate:  branches 
fastigiate,  pubescent,  somewhat  l-flowered.     Arkansas. 

Doronicum,  Arnica. 
14 — 1.     Dra'ba.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  edi.  ase. 

caroliniana,  Wr.  (2)  <W.  w.  Ap.  %.)  flower-bearing  stems  naked:  leaves  oval  acute, 
very  hirsute:  silicles  long-linear,  glabrous,  approximate.     1 — 2  i.     S.     Y.  C. 

glabella,  Ph.  (0.)  scape  about  2. leaved,  erect:  leaves  lance-spatulate,  somewhat 
glabrous:  raceme  dense-flowered:  silicle  lance-ovate,  acute. 


Discopleura.     Gr.  diskos.  disk,  pleura,  side,  in  reference  to  the  fruit. 

Dodecatlieon.     Gr.  dodeica,  twelve,   and  theos,  divinity.     An   old  name  renewed  by 

Linneus  on  account  of  its  beauty. 
Dodonaea.     In  honor  of  Dodoens,  an  old  botanist. 
Dolichos.     Gr.  doUrhog,  long;  so  called  from  its  long  stem. 
Donia.     In  honor  of  .John  Don,"  an  acute  Scotch  botanist. 
Draba.     Proliably  from  tlie  Gr.  drasso,    to  sneeze,  from  the  effect  it  has  on  the  nose 

when  eaten. 

(1)  Sison.     Ammi,  Mx.         (2)  umbellata,  M.  hispidula,  Mx. 


incana,  W.  (J.  $.)  cauline  leaves  hoary,  numerous,  with  interwoven  stellate  hairs: 
silicle  oblong,  oblique,  mucronate  with  a  very  short  style.     R. 

ffrabhans,  Mx.  (1)  (^V.  M.  $.)  stem  leufy,  rarely  branched:  radical  leaves  wedge- 
lanceolate;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute:  silicles  acuminate  with  the  permanent 
style.     /S'.     P.     New  England,  Canada. 

alpinu,  L.  (S.  Ap.  Zf.)  scape  naked,  simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  spreading:  pet- 
als sub-einargiiiale.     R. 

kirta,  L.  (rough  whitlow  grass,  w.  Ap.)  scape  few  or  1-leaved:  leaves  oblong,  acute, 
dentate  somewhat  hirsute:  silicle  oblique,  pediceljed.     R. 

glaciaUs,  Ilk.  (W.  y.  )  scape  naked;  leaves  Jance-linear,  rigid,  entire,  radiate-hairy: 
petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  silicles  long-racemed,  oblong-ovate:  style  short. 
Rocky  Mts. 

algida,  Dc.  (L.  y.)  flaccid:  scape  short,  naked,  spread-pilose:  leaves  oblong,  flat: 
leaves  and  calyx  pilose;  hairs  mostly  simple:  silicles  sub-corymbed,  elliptic,  gla- 
brous. 

pligosperma,  H.  (w.)  scape  naked,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  erect,  rigid,  linear,  ciliate, 
somewhat  shining  on  both  sides,  but  especially  towards  the  apex,  stellately  pubes- 
cent: petals  twice  as  long  as  the  fine  haired  calyx:  silicles  pubescent,  long-racemed, 
elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  4 — 8-seeded:  style  |  as  long  as  the  silicle.     A. 

pauciflora,  H.  (y. )  scape  leafless:  scape  and  pedicels  pilose:  leaves  lanceolate,  very 
entire;  hairs  simple  and  forked:  petals  spatulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  hirsute 
calyx:   germ  glabrous.     A. 

Tfiicropttala,  H.  (w.)  scape  leafless;  scape  and  pedicels  pilose:  leaves  broad  lanceo- 
late, somewhat  veiny,  entire ;''hairs  forked  and  simple:  petals  narrow-spatulate, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  sub-pilose  calyx:  silicles  elliptic:  stigma  sessile,  emarginate. 
A. 

muricclla,  Dc.  (w.)  scape  naked,  velvety  leaves  oblong,  entire,  stellately  pubescent; 
bluish- velvety:  silicles  lance-oblong,  glabrous.     A. 

ohlongatci,  Dc.  (  )  scape  naked,  sub-hirsute,  with  woolly  pubescence:  leaves  cespi-^ 
tose,  oblong-linear,  entire;  ciliate  and  velvety  silicles  oblong-oval,  velvety.     A. 

con/mhosa,  Dc.  (  )  scape  naked,  finely  hispid:  leaves  densely  cespitose,  oblong, 
tapering  to  the  base,  ciliate  and  sub-hispid:  silicles  oval,  corymbose,  finely  hispid. 
A. 

rupeslris,  Br.  (  )  scape  naked  or  1-leaved,  pubescent:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  sub- 
hirsute  and  ciliate:  silicles  oblong,  pubescent  or  glabrous:  style  very  short;  stigma 
emarginate.     R.     Probabh-  identical  with  D.  niraiis.     W. 

lapponica,  Dc.  (  )  scape  naked,  very  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  very  entire,  fine- 
haired:  silicles  lance-ovate,  pedicelled  and  very  glabrous.     A. 

steUata,  Dc.  scape  1-leaved,  pubescent:  leaves  oval-oblong  with  short  stellate  pubes- 
cent down:   pedicels  fine-haired:  siliques  oblong.     A. 

laevipcs,  Dc.  (  )  scape  naked  or  1-leaved,  pubescent:  leaves  ovate  with  short  stellate 
pubescent  down:   silicles  long-linear,  pedicelled,  very  glabrous.     R. 

crassifolia,  Graham,  (w.  y.)  scape  naked  or  1-leaved:  pedicels  and  calyx  very  glabrous: 
leaves  linear-spatulate,  sub-fleshy,  witii  simple  ciliate  hairs:  petals  letuse  at  the 
apex,  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx.     R. 

confusa,  Dc.  (  )  stem  leafy,  sub-ramose,  short-velvety  with  stellate  pubescence: 
leaves  oblong,  sub-dentate:  silicle  oblong,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  pedicel.     R. 

■^nalaschiaiKi,  Dc.  stem  leafy  with  simple  pubescence:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire, 
pubescent:  silicles  oblong,  finely  hirsute:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  limb 
pbovate,  emarginate.     A. 

aurca,  Vahl.  (A.  y.)  pubescent:  stem  erect,  leafy:  leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate, 
acute,  entire  or  dentate:  corymbs  terminal  and  axillary:  silicles  lance-oblong, 
pubescent,  three  times  as  long  as  the  pedicel:  petals  emarginate:  style  rather  long. 
R. 

lutea,  Gilib.  (y.)  pubescent:  stem  ramose,  leafy:  leaves  oval;  cauline  ones  lanceolate, 
dentate:  silicles  elliptic-oblong,  glabrous,  about  30-seeded,  about  one  third  as  long 
as  the  pedicel.     A. 

vmralis,  L.  (w.)  pubescent:  stem  ramose,  leafy:  leaves  broad  ovate;  cauline  ones 
cordate,  sub-amplexicaule,  deeply  toothed:  silicles  oval-oblong,  about  16-seeded,  a 
little  shorter  than  tbe  pedicel. 

densifuUa,  N.  (  )  densely  cespitose,  in  somewhat  globose  tufts:  leaves  closely 
imbricated,  oblong-linear,   strongly  ciliate,  and  hirsute  with  nearly  simple  hairs: 

(1)  Arabis,  F. 


,  DRABA,    DROSERA.  229 

ecapes  naked,  hirsute:  sllicle  ovate,  pubescent;  with  a  style  about  one  third  its 
length:  cells  mostly  2-seeded.     Rocky  Mountains. 

Southern. 

nemoralis,  W.  (W.  y.  M.)  sparingly  branched:  radical  leaves  spatulate-oblong;  cauline 
ones  sessile,  or  clasping,  ovate,  sub-dentate:  sllicle  pubescent. 

ramosissima,  Desv.  (Ap  M.  w.)  puberulent:  stems  numerous:  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, remotely  and  sharply  laciniale-tootlied:  racemes  corymbosely  paniculate: 
silicles  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  j)ubescent:  style  one  fourth  the  length  of 
the  silicle.     Virginia,  Kentucky.     Alyssum  dentatum  in  7th  edition. 

cuneifolia,  N.  (w.  M.  A.)  hirsute-pubescent:  stem  branching  below:  leaves  sparingly 
toothed;  radical  ones  spatulate-oblong;  cauline  ones  few,  oblong-ovate,  somewhat 
attenuate  at  tlie  base:  racemes  ratlier  elongated  in  fruit:  silicles  oblong-lanceolate, 
minutely  hispid,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels:  petals  emarginate.  3 — 8  i.  Mis- 
souri, Arkansas,  West  Florida. 

platycarpa,  T.  (w.)  canescently  hirsute  with  branching  hairs:  stem  branching  below, 
the  branches  leafy:  leaves  remotely  toothed;  radical  ones  obovate;  cauline  oblong 
closely  sessile:  racemes  elongated  in  fruit:  silicles  obovate-oblong,  minutely  hispid, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels:  i)elals  emarginate.     3 — 8  i.     Texas. 

hrachycarjia,  N.  (w.)  minutely  pubescent,  simple  or  branched:  radical  leaves 
roundish-ovate,  petioled;  cauline  oblong  or  linear,  minutely  toothed  or  entire: 
racemes  many-Bowered,  strict,  elongated  in  fruit:  siliques  oval,  glabrous,  about  the 
length  of  tlie  pedicels:  cells  5  to  G-seeded:  style  very  sliort,  petals  entire. 

micrantim,  N.  (w.)  stem  leafy  and  hispid  below,  naked  and  smooth  above:  leaves 
cuneate-obovate,  hispid,  entire:  silicles  linear,  minutely  hispid,  much  longer  than 
the  pedicels.     St.  Louis,  Arkansas. 

terna,  L.  (w.  M.  A.  0.)  scapes  naked:  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed:  petals 
2-parted:  silicles  elliptical.  Canada  to  Virginia.  Erophila  ameiicana  and  vulgaris, 
D.  C. 

Draha,  Erophila. 

Dracaena,  Convallaria. 

13 — 1.     Dracoceph'alum.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

tirginianum,  W.  (dragon-head.  W.  p.  An.  2+-)  spikes  elongated,  with  the  flowers 
crowded:  bracts  subulate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  siiort:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  serrate.     1 — 2  f.     S'.     P.     Niagara  Falls. 

dcnticuLatinn,  W.  (1)  (VV.  p.  in.  71.)  spikes  elongated,  with  remote  flowers:  bracts 
subulate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  toothed  above. 

P- 

variegatum,  Vent.  (2)  (W.  p.  J.)  spikes  short,  square:  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  as 
.long  as  the  calyx;  teeth  of  the  calyx  somewhat  unequal:  leaves  closely  sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate,  toothed  near  the  summit.     H. 

Exotic, 
canariensc,  (balm  of  gilead  herb.)  flowers  spiked:  leaves  ternate  oblong. 

Sunthcrii. 
cordaium,  N.   (W.  b.  J.  Zf.)  stem  and  petioles  pubescent:  leaves  cordate,  obtusely 

crenate,  somewhat  hirsute  above:  spikes  second;  pedicels  2-brarted. 
parcifloTuni,  N.  (W.  w.  Ju.  Q .)  flowers  verticillate,  sub-capitate:  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, deeply  serrate,    ])elioled,  bracts   foliaceous,   ovate,   ciliate,  serrate:   serratures 
mucronale:  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  corol. 

Dracontluni,  Ictodes. 

.5 — 0.     Drose'ka.     GS.     Dros.  acr.  ton — . 
rotundifolia,   (sun-dew.   O.  y-w.  Au.  2i.)  scape  simple:  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  nar 


Dracocephalum.     Gr.  drakou,  a  dragon,  and  kephile,  head.     A  name  applied  in  the 

same  sense  as  Lamium,  Galeopsis. 
Drosera.     Gr.  drosos,  dew,  from  the  moisture  which  exudes  from  the  leaves. 

(1)  Prasium  purpureum,  Wr.         (2)  Prasium  incarnatum,  Wr. 


230  DROSERA,  KOHITES. 

rowed  at  the  base;  petioles  long,  downy.     Var.  capillaris,  leaves  spatulate.     Wet 

01  damp.     4 — 8  i.     »S.     Mch. 
longifulia,  (1)  (W.  y-w.  Ju.  Zf.)  sub-cauline,  many-leaved:  leaves  slenderly  spatulate 

(or  obovate  and  long  petioled;)  petioles  naked;  peduncle  (or  scape)  naked.     Wet. 

3— G  i.     .S'.     T.  P.  Y.  C.  B.  N.  D.     Mch. 
Jiliformis,  R.   (2)   (p.  J.  24!.)  scape  sub-ramose,   terete,   glabrous:  leaves  very  long, 

fililorni:  styles  6  to  9.     Wet.     1  f.     Y.  C.  B. 
linearis,  Goldie.  (         2X.)  leaves  linear,  obtuse:   petals  very  long,  naked:  having  a 

few-flowered  scape:    calyx  glabrous.     Lake   Simcoe,    in   Canada,   and  Vermont. 

Doubtful.     R.  D.     Mch. 
anglica,  Huds.  (         )  leaves  linear-spatulate,  erect;  petioles  elongated:  seeds  with  an 

ariliiform  testa.     N.  W.  Coast. 

Soutliern. 
brevifolia,  Ph.   (w-r.  J.  H.)  very  small:  scape  rooting,  simple:  leaves  short,  wedge- 
form,  scarcely  petioled:  petals  oval. 

5 — 2.     Drcmmondia.     84.     Cist.  stom.  ton. 

mitelloides,  Do.  (y.  Zf.)  leaves  radical,  petioled,  cordate,  orbicular,  lobed,  doubly 
crenate:  scape  erect,  long,  spike  racemed.     R. 

11—12.     Dry'as.     92.     Rosa.  ast.  ref.  feb. 

integrifolia,  Vahl.  (3)  (A.  w.  Ju.  2f.)  small-leaved;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  cordate  at  the 

base,  very  entire,  flat,  white-tornentose  beneath:  peduncles  one-flowered.     White 

Hills. 
octopetala,  W.  (mountain  avens.  A.  w.  Ju.  2_[.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  toothed, 

rugose,  white-tomentose  beneatii:  peduncles  one-tiowered. 
drummonilii,  Rich.   (y. )  leaves  elliptic,  sub-attenuate  at  the  base,  crenate-serrate; 

under  side  and  prominent  veins  white-tomentose:  segments  of  the  calyx  ovale. 

A.  R. 

3 — 1.     Dun'cHicM.  (4)    9.     Cype.  far.  nut.  sug. 

spatha'ceum,  Rd.  (galingale.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  columnar,  3-cornered  above: 
leaves  pointing  in  three  directions:  spikelets  spreading,  somewhat  6-flowered,  sub- 
ulate, in  axillary  racemes.  Var.  canadense.  spikelets  few,  erect,  somewhat  10- 
flowered.     1— 2  f.     S.     Mch. 


17 — 5.     Echi'nops.     54.     Card,  sec-stim. 
Exotic, 
sphwoccph'alus,  (globe-tliistle.)  leaves  pinnatifid:  stem  branching. 

18 — 5.     Echi'tes.     47.     Apoc.  acr.  feb.  erne.  sud. 
Southern, 
difformis,  Wr.  (w-y.  M.  Au.  2J..)   climbing:  lower  leaves  nearly  linear;  upper  ones 
oval-lanceolate,   acuminate:    raceme   corymbed:  stamens  included.      Charleston, 
S— C.     Florida. 


Drummondia.     In  honor  of  Drummond,   an  eminent  Scotch  botanist,  who    made 
numerous  discoveries  in  the  botany  of  N.  America. 

Dryas.     Named  by  Linneus  from  tlio  Dryodes,  sylvan  goddesses,  to  whom  the  oak 
( dnis)  was  sacred:  the  leaves  resembling  those  of  tiie  oak. 

Dulichium.     Gr.  du  (duo)  two.  and  lichen,  scab  or  scale,  in  allusion  to  the  two- 
ranked  scale-like  glumes. 

Ecliinops.     Gr.  ecfdnos,  a  hedghog,    and  opsis,  appearance,   alluding  to  its  round, 
prickly  heads. 

Echites.     Gr.  echis,  a  serpent,    on  account  of  the  twisting  form  of  its  shoots.     The 
origmal  plant  was  a  kind  of  Clematis. 
(1)  americana,  M.         (2)  tenuifolia,  M.         (3)  tenelia,  Ph.         (4)  Sclioenus,  L. 

Scirpus,  Mx.     Cyperus,  W. 


ECHIUM,    ELLIMIA.  231 

5 — 1.     EcHi'uM.     43.     Borag.  emo.  ast. 

vulirare,  L.  (viper's  bugloss,  blue  thistle,  b.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  tuberciilatc-hispid:  cauline 
leaves  lanceolate-hispid:  spikes  lateral:  slainens  exsert.  2 — 3  f.  (S*.  Y.  M.  P. 
F.  C.  B.  H.     Esopus.  4 

17 — 2.     Eclip'ta.     55.     Ileli.  ton-stim.  feb.  sud. 
Southern. 

erccta,  W.  (w.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  dichotomous,  strigose:  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at 
the  base,  rarely  serrate:  peduncles  by  pairs,  long:  involucral  leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate.    Ciiarleston,  S.  C. 

prociimbens,  Mx.  (AV.  \v.  J.  O?)  decumbent  or  assurwent:  leaves  long,  lanceolate, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  sub-serrate:  involucral  leaves  lanceolately  acute:  disk  flo- 
rets 4-cleft.     1—3  f.     K.     Harper's  ferry.     M.  S.  C. 

brachijpo'da,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  S.)  prostrate,  divaricate:  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  ser- 
rulate: peduncles  solitary  and  paired,  short;  involucral  leaves  oval-lanceolate:  disk 
florets  5- cleft. 

4 — 1     El^ag'nds.     24.     Elae.  ton — . 

argmtea.  Ph.  (W.  J.  K)  unarmed:  leaves  undulate,  oval-oblong,  rather  acute,  cover- 
ed with  silvery  scales:  flowers  aggregate,  (sub-solitar}'.  Ph.)  nodding.     /S. 

Eleocharia,  Scirpus.  ' 

17 — 5.     Ele'fhanto'pus.     55.     Inul.  ton.  sec-stim. 

caroUnianus,  (1)  W.  (elephant's  foot.  W.  r.  Au.  !(..)  radical  and  cauline  leaves  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  the  base,  pilose  on  both  sides:  stem  erect,  pilose,  leafy.  2  f. 
S.     P.     Charleston,  S.  C.     M. 

Southern.  . 

nudicaulis,  E.  (2)  (r.  Au.  If-)  radical  leaves  oval  lanceolate,  crenate,  serrate,  sub- 
scabrous,  hairy  beneath:  stem  hairy,  rough,  nearly  naked.     1—2  f.     S.  C. 

3 — 2.     Eleusi'ne.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

indica,  Mx.  (3)  (dog-tail  grass,  wire  grass.  W.  Ju.  00  spikes  straight,  erect,  in 
pairs  or  quarternate:  rachis  linear:  spikelets  lanceolate,  about  5-flovvered:  culm 
compressed,  declined.     «— 12  i.     &'.     Y.  P.  C.  H.  M.  T.     Mch. 

Soutlicm. 
crunia'ta,  E.  (4)  (Ju.  O.  O.)  spikes  quarternate,    expanding,    mucronate;  spikelets 
about  3-flowered:  exterior  glumes  awned:  outer  paleas  very  acute.     12 — 18  i. 

3 — 4.     Ellim'ia.     64.     Rese.  ton. 

Sottilicrn. 
ruderalis,  N.  (Q.  vv. )  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  crowded,  somewhat  succulent:  flowers 
in  short  and  slender  spikes:  seeds  black,  narrow-reniform.     California.     5 — 6  i. 

Eleusine,  Oxydenia. 


Echium.     Gr.  cchis,  a  serpent,  from  tlie  seed  resembling  a  viper's  head;  or,  from  the 

spotted  stem,  not  unlike  a  snake's  skin. 
Eclipta.     Gr.  ekleipo,  to  be  deficient,  alluding  to  its  wingless  seed;  by  which  it  is  dis- 
tinguished from  Verbesina. 
Eiffiagnus.     Gr.  ckia,    the  olive;  the  tree  having  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  olive 

tree. 
Elephantopus.     Gi.  ehphas,  elephant,  and  povs,  foot;  from  the  form  and  position  of 

the  leaves  of  one  species. 
Eleusine.     A  name  of  Ceres,  who  was  considered  as  protecting  the  cultivation  of 

nutritious  grasses. 
EUimia.     Gr.  elleimma,  defective,  part  of  the  floral  organs  defective. 

(1)  scaber,  Mx.         (2)  carolinianus,  Var.  simplex,  N.  tomentosus,  Ph.? 

(3)  Cynosurus,  L.        (4)  Chloris  raucronata,  Mx. 


232  ELLIOTTIA.    EMPETRUM. 

8 — 1.     Elliot'tia.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 
Southern, 
racemosa,  M.  (w.  J.  ^. ) leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  entire,  short  petioled, 
pubescent  and  slightly  glaucous  beneath:  racemes  terminal. 

5 — 1.     Ellis'ia.     43.     Hydr.  emo.  ton — . 

Southern. 

mjctelca,  L.  (1)  (W.  w.  &  b.  J.  0.)  stem  decumbent,  branching,  leafy,  brittle:  leaves 

alternate,  petioled,  pimiatifid,  roughish:  ilowers  solitary.     G — 8  i. 
ambigua,  N.  (VV.  b.    M.  0.)    stem  decumbent,  branching,  glabrous,  somewhat  glau- 
cous: leaves  hirsute,    lyrate-pirmatifid,  sub-sessile;  divisions  sub-lanceolate,  angu- 
larly toothed  or  lobed:  racemes  lateral  and  terminal.     4 — G  i. 

12 — 5.     Elod'ea.     G8.     Hype.  ast. 

mrginica.  N.  (Ju — Au.  p.  2_f.)  leaves  sessile,  clasping:  stamens  united  below  the  iiiid- 
dle.     Canada,  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.     Hypericumvirg.     L. 

peliolata,  Ph.  (p.  Au.  S.  11.)  leaves  attenuated  into  a  petiole:  filament  united  above 
the  middle.     New  Jersey  to  Arkansas.     Hypericum  Syn.     Wr. 

Elodea,  Hyp£ricum,  Serpicula. 
3 — 2.     El^mus.     10.     Gram,  far-ton. 

virginicus,  L.  (wild  rye.  W.  Ju.  Zf.)  spike  erect,  compressed;  spikelets  in  pairs,  2 — 

3-flowered:  florets  smooth:  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  nerved.     3— 4  f.     <S.     T< 

P.  C.  B.  F.  N.  D.     INIch.    K.  M,  S— C. 
canadensis,  L.  (W.  Au.  !{.)  spike  nodding  at  the  extremity,  patulous;  spikelets  3 — 

5-flowered:   florets  hairy:  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate.     Va.i:  glaucif alius.    (2) 

leaves  glaucous.      Var.  penchdus,  spikes  pendant.     Is  this  the  philadelphicus.  Phi 

3—4  f.     S.     T.  C.  N.     Mch. 
vUlosus,  M.  (,linie  grass.  W.  Ju.  21.)  spike  a  little  nodding  at  the  extremity,  patulous: 

rachis  and  florols    hispid,  pilose:   spikelets  geminate,  2 — 3-tlowercd:  bracts  linear, 

pilose-ciliate,  2-nerved,  shorter  than  the  florets.     2—3  f.  T.  C.  O.  F.  N.  M.  Mch. 
hystrix,  L.  (hedgehog  grass.  W.  Ju.  2X-)  spike  erect;  spikelets  diverging:  involucreO. 

3  f.     T.  C.  O.  N.  B.  P.  M.     Mch. 
striatus,  W.  (W.  Ju.  Z(.)  spike  erect;  spikelets  2-flowered,  awned,  hispid,  in  pairs: 

bracts  linear,  nerved,  awned,   rather  exceeding  the   spikelets:  leaves  and  sheaths 

glabrous.     3—4  f.     S.  B.  D. 

^  Southern, 
europeus,  L.  (Ju.  Ti.)  spike  erect;  spikelets  2-flowered,  awned,  as  long  as  the  smooth 
involucre. 

2 — 1.     Elvtra'ria.     39.     Acan.  emo-aro.  ton. 
Soiithern, 
virgata,  Mx.  (J.  If.)  leaves  entire  near  the  summit  and  with  the  nerves  underneath 
somewhat  smooth:  scales  under  the  flower  ovate,  villous  along  the  margin.     12— 
18  i. 

20 — 3.     Empe'trum.     96.     Empe.  ton — . 

nigrum,  Mx.  (black  crowberry.  A.  ^.)  procumbent:  brvinchlets  glabrous:  leaves  im- 
bricate, oblong,  glabrous,  with  a  revolute  margin.     Whiteiiills.     D. 

Elliottia.     In  honor  of  Stephen  Elliott,    author  of  a  "  Sketch  of  the  Botany  of  S. 

Carolina  and  Georgia." 
Ellisia.     In  honor  of  John  Ellis,  author  of  several  botanical  dissertations. 
Elymus.     Gr.  ciiio,  to  fold  up,  alluding  to  the  sheath  which  incloses  the  ear,  in  some 

of  the  original  species. 
Elytraria.     Gr.  dutron,  a  scale,  having  reference  to  the  scaly  sheaths  of  its  stem. 
Empetrum.     Gr.  en,  in,  and  pctron,  a  stone,  referring  to  its  habitation. 

.(1)  Polemonium,  L.         (2)  philadelphicus,  Sw. 


^t 


EMPETRUM,    EPILOBIUM,  238 

conradii,  T.  (  'f'.)  stem  erect,  branching:  leaves  with  revolute  edges  meeting  back 
on  the  midrib.  8  i.  Pine  barrens,  N.  Jersey.  Exhibited  before  N.  Y.  Lyceum, 
by  Dr.  Torrey,  Nov.  1835.     I  have  not  seen  his  written  description. 

12 — 2. — 5.     Ene'mion.     Raf.  61.  erne.  sud.  poi.  dra-cat. 

bitematum,  (W.  2{.)  leaves  ternate.  Probably  the  species  of  an  old  genus.  Lex- 
ington, Kentucky. 

18—5.     Enslen'ia,     47.     Ascl.  acr.  stim. 

Southern, 
ed'bida,  N.  (W.  Ju.  y-w.  71.)   twining:  stem   marked  with  an  alternating  pubescent 
line:  leaves  opposite,  smooth,   cordate-ovate,  somewhat  acuminate,  sinuate  at  the 
base:  corymbs  axillary,  many-flowered,  long  peduncled:  pedicels  and  calyx  pubes- 
cent. 

18—1.     Epiden'drum.     21.     Orch.  g-r.  bit.  d-r.  sto. 
Soutliern. 
conopsmm,  Ai.  (y.  Au.)  stem  simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  rigid,  lucid,  perennial:  spikes 
erect:  lamina  of  the  hp  3-lobed;  middle  one  retuse:  inner  petals  narrow.    Parasitic. 

10 — 1.     Epigae'a.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

repens,  L.  (trailing  arbutus.  W.  r.  &  w.  Ap.  h . )  stem  creeping:  branches  and  petioles 
very  hirsute:  leaves  cordate-ovate,  erjtire:  corol  cylindric.     T.  C.  F.  P.  V. 

Epifagas,  Epiphegus. 

8 — 1.     Epilobium.     88.     Onag.  erno. 

spicatum,  Lk.  (1)  (willow  herb.  O.  p.  Ju.  2(.)  leaves  scattered,  lance- linear, 
veiny,  glabrous;   flowers  unequal  bracted:  stamens  declined.     4 — 6  f.     Mch. 

opacum,  hehm.  {  ZC-)  stern  erect,  pubescent:  leaves  sub-sessile,  narrow-lanceolate, 
sub-entire,  opakely  veined:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  peduncled;  style  reflexed 
glabrous,  shorter  than  the  stamens.     12 — 18  i.     R.  A. 

latifolium,  L.  (p.  Ju.  Zi-)  leaves  alternate, lance-ovate,  nearly  entire,  pubescent,  with- 
out veins:  flowers  unequal.  Var.  telrapetalum,  leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  entire: 
stem  low.     R. 

coloratum,  M.  (2)  (O.  r-p.  Ju.  21-)  stem  terete,  pubescent,  leaves  lanceolate,  serru- 
late, pelioled,  opposite:  upper  ones  alternate,  glabrous,  red  veined.  Var.  tetrairo- 
num,  has  the  stem  4-cornered  pari  of  its  length.     3 — 4  f.     iS.     Mch. 

Uneare,"*  M.  (3)  (w.  &  r.  Ju.  2i-)stem  terete,  pubescent,  wand-like,  branched  above: 
cauline  leaves  opposite,  branch-leaves  alternate,  linear,  very  entire:  flowers  few, 
terminal,  long  peduncled.     1 — 2  f.     Mch. 

moUe,  T.  (W.  w-p.  Au.  Zf. )  densely  and  softly  pubescent:  stem  terete:  leaves  ob- 
long-linear, sessile,  very  entire;  lower  ones  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate:  flowers 
pedicelled,  sub-terminal,  regular.     12 — 18  i.     F.  N.     Mch. 

palustre,  W.  (marsh  willow-herb.  O.  p.  Ju.  li.)  stem  terete:  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
sub-denticulate:  stigma  undivided.     Damp.     S.     W.  P.  N. 

alpi'num,  L.  (A.  w-r.  Au.  Z[.)  stem  simple,  sub-terete,  1  or  2-flowered:  leaves  oppo- 
site, oval,  entire:  flowers  sessile.     1 — 3  i.     Whitehills. 

origanifolium,  Lk.  (r.  w.)  stem  creeping  at  the  base,  somewhat  glabrous,  nodding  at 

Enemion.     Probably  the  name  of  an  obsolete  genus. 
Enslenia.     In  honor  of  A.  Enslen,  a  researcher  in  American  botany. 
Epidendrum.     Gr.    epi,  upon,  and  dendron,   a  tree,  alluding  to  its  parasitical  growth. 
Epigaea.     Gr.  epi,  upon,  and  ge,  the  earth,  the  stem  growing  flat  upon  the  ground. 
Epilobium.     Gr.  cpi,  upon,  and  lobos.  a.  poA;  the  flowers  growing  upon  the  end  of  a 
pod-like  capsule. 

(1)  angustifolium,  W.     (2)  laevigatum,  Le  Conte.     (3)  oliganthum,    Mx.  rosma- 
rinifolium.  Ph.  squamatum,  N. 
"This  and  the  two  following  species  are  probably  synonyms  of  the  same  plant.  Aikin. 
30 


234  EPILOBIUM,    EQUISETUM. 

the  apex:  leaves  sub-petioled,  ovate,  denticulate,  upper  ones  acuminate:  stigma 
undivided,  clavate:  capsules  peduncled,  glabrous.     6 — 12  i.     R. 

glandulosum,  Lehm.  (w.)  stem  simple,  creeping  at  the  base,  angled,  glabrous:  leaves 
sessile,  lance-ovate,  sub-decurrent,  acute,  glandulous-denticulate:  flowers  erect: 
stigma  clavate:  capsules  sessile,  angled,  very  slenderly  pubescent.     A.  R. 

tetraguiium,  L.  (  )  stem  4-cornered,  erect,  branching:  leaves  lance-oblong,  serru- 
late, decurrent:  flowers  erect:  stigma  clavate:  capsules  short  pedicelled,  finely 
pubescent.     R.  A.     Canada. 

minulum,  Doug.  (r.  0.)  stem  sub-erect,  terete,  finely  pubescent,  branching:  leaves 
alternate,  lance-oval,  obtuse,  sub-entire,  pellucid-punctate:  flowers  nodding,  minute: 
stigma  clavate:  capsules  short  pedicelled,  reflex-curved,  somewhat  glabrous. 
R.   A.  , 

luteum,  Ph.  (W.  y.  ZC.)  stem  4-cornered,  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  opposite;  upper 
ones  alternate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate:  peduncles  axillary,  alternate, 
elongated:  divisions  of  the  calyx  narrow,  as  long  as  the  petals:  style  exsert;  stigma 
thick,  4-lobed. 

densum,  R.  (  )  hairy:  leaves  near  each  other,  scattered,  sessile,  lance-linear, 
nearly  obtuse,  nerved:  panicles  peduncled:  bracts  oblong. 

lepiopltyUum,  R.  (  )  stem  branching,  sub-scabrous:  leaves  alternate,  sub-sessile, 
linear  narrow,  entire,  glabrous,  1-nerved,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base:  flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  peduncled.     Dense  woods  in  Penn.  and  Md. 

divaricatum,  R.  (  )  stem  branching,  glabrous:  branches  spreading;  leaves  opposite, 
petioled:  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  unequally  toothed. 

tenellum,  R.  (  )  stem  filiform"^  sub-simple:  leaves  opposite,  glabrous,  sessile,  nar- 
row-linear, entire,  acute,  1-nerved:  flowers  few,  terminal,  peduncled.     Penn. 

Epipactis,  Listera. 
12—2.     Epiphe'gus,  N.  (1)    36.     Orob.  ast. 

virginianus,  (2)  (beech  drops,  cancer-root.  O.  y.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  very  branching: 
flowers  alternate,  distant:  calyx  short,  cup-form,  shorter  than  the  capsule.  The 
whole  plant  is  yellowish-white,  or  brown,  and  of  a  naked  appearance.  8 — 12  i. 
S.     Astringent.     Bw.     Mch. 

Epimedium.  Caulophyllum. 
21 — 1.     Equise'tdm.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

arvense,  L.  (horse-tail.  O.  Ap.  If.)  barren  stems  with  simple  branches:  the  branches 

scabrous,  4-sided:  fructification  simple:  sheaths  cylindric,  gash-toothed;  teeth  acute. 

8  i.     S. 

hycma'le,  L.  (scouring  rush.  W.  Ju.  It.)   stem  erect,  very  scabrous,  bearing  spikes  at 

the  apex:   sheaths  2-colored.  withering  at  the  base  and  apex:  teeth  with  caducous 

awns.     2—3  f.     -S.     T.  C.  B.  O.  V. 
syli-aiicuni,   L.   (W.    Ap.  2,^)  barren  and  fertile  stems  doubly-branched:  branches 

scabrous,  deflected,  4-sided;  branchlets  somewhat  3-sided.     <S.     T. 
limosnm,  T.   (W.  Ju.)  steins  branched  upwards,  with  the  branches  about  12  in  a 

whorl,  simple,  pentagonal,  smooth.     2 — 4  f. 
scirpoides,  Mx.   (O.   Jn.  21.)  stem  simple,  ascending,  glabrous,   filiform,  bearing  a 

spike  at  the  top:  sheaths  3-toothed;   teeth  withering,  with  caducous  awns  at  the 

apex.     3 — 6  i. 
ul,i"ino'sum,   M.    (IT.)    stem   erect,    round,    furrowed,    nearly  smooth,    somewhat 

branched:  branches  from  the  middle  joints  unequal:   sheaths  serrate  above;  teeth 

even,  acute,  black.     P.  Y.  W.  C.  B. 
palustre,  W.  (W.  J.  21-)  stem  simply  ramose,  glabrous,  sulcate;  branches  pentagonal, 

bearing  spikes  at  their  apexes.     Y.  C. 
torreyanum,   Stewart.   (Zf-)  stems  branched:  branches  thick,  roughish,   hexagonal, 

close-pressed  to  the  stem:  spike  terminal.     Perhaps  not  a  distinct  species.     Y. 

Epiphegus.     Gr.  epi,  upon,  sindphegas,  the  beech,  it  being  parasitical  on  that  tree. 
Equisetum.     Lat.  equus,  a  horse,  and  seta,  hair,  alluding  to  the  fine  branches  of  all 

the  species:  or  its  general  resemblance  to  the  tail  of  a  horse. 

(1)  Orobanche,  L.         (2)  americanus,  N. 


*« 


ERIANTIIUS,    ERIGERON'.  •  235 

2—2.     Erian'thus.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  sug— . 
Southern.  ' 

alopecur aides,  L.  (1)  (p.  S.ZC.)  hair-like  involucre  much  longer  than  the  glumes:  awns 

straight.     6—10  f. 
hreviburbis,  Mx.   (p.  S.  If.)  panicle  somewhat  spreading:  hair-like  involucre  shorter 

than  tlie  glumes:  awns  straight.     3 — 5  f. 
strktua,  Bald.   (p.  Au.)  involucre  very  short,   or  none:   panicle  closely  appressed: 

branches  remote:  peduncles  2-flowered:  awns  straight,  twice  as  long  as  the  glumes. 

4—6  f. 
contorlus,  Bald.  (Oc.  Zf.)  hairy  involucre  as  long  as  the  glume;   inner  valve  of  the 

paleas  eared:  awns  spirally  twisted. 

8 — 1.     Eri  ca.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

Exotic. 

pubescens,  (downy  heath,  r.  M. )  corol  linear,  pubescent,  with  the  limb  erect:  capsule 

glabrous:  leaves  fringed. 
tel'ralix,  {h.)  anthers  awned:   corol  ovate:  style  enclosed:  leaves  in  fours,  ciliate: 
flowers  in  heads. 

Eri^enia,  Hydrocotyle. 

17 — 2.     Eri'geron.     55.     Aste.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb.  sud. 

alpinum,  W.  (p.  Ju.  ![.)  villose:  stem  generally  1-flowered:  involucre  villose:  rays 
spreading:  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish.     2  i. 

bdUdi/oliuin,  W.  (2)  (robert's  plantain.  O.  b.  &  w.  M.  If.)  hirsute,  hoary:  radical 
and  lower  cauline  leaves  obovate,  sub-serrate;  uppei  ones  few,  distant,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  entire:  stem  3 — 8- flowered:  rays  long.     12 — 18  i.     S.     Mch. 

purpureum,  W.  (O.  p.  Ju.  Z(.)  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  clasping;  upper 
ones  entire:  peduncles  thickened,  corymbed;  lower  ones  elongated:  scales  of  the 
involucre  hairy  on  the  keel:  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre.     2  f.     »S'. 

compositum,  Ph.  (W.  w-r.  Jn.  21-)  pilose,  somewhat  stemless:  radical  leaves  long- 
petioled,  thrice  3-parted;  divisions  Imear,  divaricate;  cauline  leaves  linear,  gene- 
rally undivided:  stem  naked  above:  1-flowered.     8  i. 

phikiddptdcum,  VV.  (O.  b-p.  Au.  H.)  pubescent:  leaves  wedge-oblong,  rarely  gash- 
toothed;  cauline  ones  half-clasping:  stem  weak,  simple,  corymbed  above:  peduncles 
elongated,  1-flowered:  rays  capillary,  twice  as  long  as  the  hemispherical  involucre. 
1—3  f.     S.     Mch. 

strigosum,  W.  (O.  w.  Ju.  $.)  strigose-pilose:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both 
ends;  in  the  middle  are  a  few  coarse  teetli,  or  often  entire:  flowers  corymbed-pani- 
cled.     2— 3f     S.     Mch. 

hcterojilnjllum,  L.  (3)  (W.  w.  J.  $.)  radical  leaves  round-ovate,  deeply  toothed,  pe- 
tioled;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  in  the  middle:  corymb  terminal. 
2— 3f.     C.  N.   D.     Mch. 

nervosum,  W.  (4)  (y.  w.  Ju.  If.)  white  pubescent:  leaves  lance-linear,  very  entire, 
silky,  nerved:  flowers  panicled. 

hys'sopifo'litiin,  Mx.  (y.  Ju.  21.)  stem  panicled,  with  sterile  branches,  a  few  of  them 
protracted  mto  naked  peduncles:  leaves  linear,  glabrous,  ciliate:  rays  much  longer 
than  the  cylindric  involucre. 

canadmsc,  (L.  colt's  tail,  Hea-bane,  pride-weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  hispid,  panicled: 
leaves  lance-linear,  ciliate:  involucre  cylindric:  rays  crowded,  short.  Var.  grandi- 
fiuni'in,  rays  yellowish,  flowers  very  large,  short  peduncled,  crowded,  terminal  and 
axillary.  Var.  pusillum,  low,  smoothish:  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  scabrous 
along  the  margin.  This  last  variety  is  made  a  distinct  species  by  Mr.  Nuttall.  4  i. 
—3  f.     S.     Mch. 


Erianthus.     Gr.  erion,  wool,  and  anthos,  flower,  referring  to  the  hairy  involucre. 
Erica.     Gr.  ereiico,  to  break,  in  allusion  to  the  brittle  branches  of  the  plant. 
Erigeron.     Gr.  er,  the  spring,  and  geron,  an  old  man;  because  some  species  become 

old  in  the  beginning  of  the  season. 

(1)  saccharoides,  Mx.  Anthoxanthum  giganteum,  Wr.  Andropogon,  L.  Sac- 
charum  giganteum.  Ph.  (2)  pulchellum,  Mx.  (3)  Aster  annuus,  L.  (4)  stri- 
gosum?  E. 


236  ERIGERON,    ERIGONUM, 

Southern, 

pumUum,  N.  (1)  (W.  w.  2£.)  hirsute:  stem  simple,  1-flowered:  leaves  linear,  entire, 
sessile,  without  nerves:  involucre  hirsute.     4 — 5i. 

nudicauk,  Mx.  (w.  y.  J.  21.)  glabrous:  radical  leaves  lance-spatulate,  acute,  slightly 
toothed:  stem  simple,  nearly  leafless,  long:  terminal  corymb  few-flowered:  rays 
as  long  as  the  involucre.     2  f. 

quercifolium,  Lk.  (b.  w.  Ju.  2^.)  finely  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  radical 
ones  somewhat  lyrate,  coarsely  toothed;  upper  ones  entire:  stem  sub-simple,  few- 
flowered  (3)  at  the  summit:  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre.  Elliott  thinks 
this  and  the  philadelphicum  may  be  the  same.     8 — 10  i. 

longifoLium,  Lk.  (y.  Au.)  very  glabrous:  stem  virgately  panicled;  branches  straight: 
leaves  very  long-linear,  straight:  involucre  ovate:  rays  scarcely  longer  than  the  in- 
volucre.    Does  it  belong  to  this  genus?     E. 

ambigvum,  N.  (w-y.)  pubescent,  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  linear;  lower  ones 
slightly  serrulate:  flowers  small,  generally  in  pairs,  axillary  and  terminal:  involucre 
hemispherical.     18  i. 

asperum,  N.  (W.  w.  Au.)  hirsute-scabrous:  stem  slender,  about  2-flowered,  leaves 
lanceolate,  qcute,  entire;  involucre  hemispherical.     12  i. 

glabellum,  N.  (W.  w-b.  Au.  2i-)  leaves  lance-lmear,  smooth,  acute;  radical  ones 
long-petioled,  lance-spatulate,  nerved;  stem  pubescent  above,  3 — 5-flowered:  invo- 
lucre pubescent.     12 — 18  i. 

divaricatum,  Mx.  (W.  Au.  0.)  decumbent,  divaricate-branching:  panicles  sub-fasti- 
giate;  leaves  subulate:  florets  qf  the  disk  4-cleft. 

19 — 4.     Eriocau'lon.     13.     June.  ton. 

pellu'cidum,  Mx.  (pipe-wort.  W.  g.  Au.  71.)  scape  very  slender,  about  7-striped: 
leaves  linear-subulate,  channelled,  glabrous,  pellucid,  5-nerved,  reticulate:  head 
small,  globose:  scales  of  the  involucre  oval-obtuse.  Grows  in  water.  6 — 12  i. 
D.  T.  C.  M.     Mch. 

decangulare,  Mx.  (2)  (tall  pipe-wort.  w.  S.  If.)  scape  lO-striped:  leaves  ensiform, 
glabrous:  heads  large,  depressed-globose:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute: 
chaff"  of  the  receptacle  mucronate.     3 — 4  f     S.     P.  Y.     S — C. 

fiavidulum,  Mx.  (Ju.  0.  or  2i.)  scapes  numerous,  about  7-furrowed,  sub-pubescent: 
leaves  short,  subulate-ensiform:  head  convex;  scales  of  the  involucre  roundish.  2 
_4  i.     S. 

gnaph'idoides,  Mx.  (3)  (Ju.  2J!.)  scape  sub-compressed,  with  10  grooves:  leaves  short, 
subulate,  ensiform,  glabrous:  heads  hemispheric-convex:  the  involucre  consists  of 
shining  scarious,    oval,    round-obtuse  scales.      10 — 14  i.      S.      Sheffield,  Mass. 

Southern, 
villosum,  Mx.  (M.  S.  2X.)  scapes  numerous,  compressed,  about  4-furrowed,  villous: 
leaves  short,    subulate,  linear,    hairy:  head  small,    spherical:  corol  nearly  black. 
12  i.     Charleston,  S.  C. 

3—1.     Erioco'ma.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Southern. 

membranacea,  Ph.  (4)  (W.)  leaves  convolute-filiform,  glabrous:  panicle  lax:  pedicels 

flexuose:  glumes  membranaceous,  3-nerved,  long  acuminate:  paleas shorter  than  the 

glumes,   silky-villose,    hairs  exceeding    the  paleas:  awn  naked,    straight,    a  little 

longer  than  the  glumes. 

9 — 2.     Eeigo'num.     28.     Poly.  cat.  coo.  lax. 

parvifoUum,  S.  (W.)  calyx  naked:  cauline  leaves  petioled,  alternate,  ovate,  revolute, 
shining  above,  rusty  tomentose  beneath. 

Eriocaulon.     Gr.  erion,  wool,  a.nd  kaulus,  a  stem;  in  allusion  to  the  velvety  stem  of 

some  species. 
Eriocoma.     Gr.  erion,  wool,  and  kome,  a  lock  of  hair;  from  the  hairy  corol. 
Erigonum.     Gr.  erion,  wool,  and  o-owe,  the  knee,  the  stem  of  this  plant  being  woolly 

at  the  joints. 

(1)  umflorum,    W.'?  hirsutum,  Ph.  (2)  serotinum,  Wr.  (3)  decangulare, 

Wr.     compressum,  Lk.        (4)  cuspidatum,  N.     Stipa,  Ph. 


ERIGONUM,    ERODIUM.  ^37 

latifolium,  S.  (W.)  calyx  naked:  cauline  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  cordate,  undulate, 
white  downy  above,  white- woolly  beneath;  petioles  clasping. 

tenellum,  T.  «fe  J.  (W.  Zf.)  stem  dichotomous,  naked,  slender,  very  glabrous:  branches 
elongated,  bearing  fascicles  of  flowers  at  their  extremities:  flowers  very  minute: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  roundish,  obtuse,  glabrous:  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  white- 
downy  beneath,  (both  sides  when  young)  pubescent  above.     12.  i. 

umbdlatum,  T.  »fc  J.  (W.  2X0  stem  naked,  simple:  peduncles  elongated,  (about  in 
sixes)  umbelled,  bearing  a  single  involucre  at  the  apex:  calyx  glabrous:  divisions 
obovate  narrow  at  the  base,  obtuse:  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  woolly  beneath,  some- 
what glabrous  above.     8  i. 

Southern. 

tommtosum,  Mx.  (Ju.  7i-)  leaves  oval,  wedge-form  at  the  base,  glabrous  above, 
white-downy  beneath;  cauline  leaves  in  threes  and  fours:  fascicles  of  flowers  axil- 
lary solitary,   sessile,     2  f     Charleston,  S— C.     Florida. 

serictuin,  Ph.  (1)  W.  y.  Ju.  2_f.)  stem  simple,  naked:  flowers  fascicled,  in  terminal 
umbels,  peduncled:  umbel  involucred:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong,  acute,  silky- 
lanate:  radical  leaves  petioled,  lance-oblong,  villose  above. 

paucijlorum,  Ph.  (W.  w.  2i.)  stem  simple,  leafy  at  the  base:  umbel  few-flowered: 
flowers  sub-sessile:  leaves  lance-linear,  hoary-tomentose  on  both  sides. 

3 — 1.     Erioph'oruji.     9.     Cype.  far.  nut.  sug. 
1 .     Spike  solitary. 

alpbium,  L.  (2)  (Au.  2£.)  culm  triquetrous,  somewhat  scabrous,  naked:  leaves  very 
short,  subulate:  spike  oblong:  woolly  hairs  crisped,  few.     8—10  i.     Whitehills. 

virginatum,  L.  (3)  (Ju.  21.)  culm  terete  below,  obtusely-triangular  above,  smooth  and 
rigid;  sheaths  inflated:  spike  oblong-ovate:  glumes  scarious:  wool  straight,  dense. 
12  i.     N.  V.  T. 

2.     Spikes  numerous. 

polysta'chjon,  L.  (4)  (cotton  grass.  W.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  flat,  triquetrous  at  the  extremi- 
ties: culm  nearly  terete:  spikes  nodding:  peduncles  scabrous.  18 — 24  i.  Y.  V. 
F.  P.  O.  C.  B.  N.  D. 

virginicum,  L.  (moss-crop,  J.  2i-)  culm  nearly  terete  below,  obtusely  triangular 
above:  leaves  flat,  very  long:  spikes  clustered,  eiect,  sub-sessile:  involucre  2 — 3- 
leaved.  Var.  gracile,  culm  very  slender,  leaves  almost  filiform.  2 — 4  f.  S.  B> 
N.  W.  C.  Y.  T.  P.  D. 

angustifulium,  Roth.  (J.  2i.)  culm  somewhat  triangular:  leaves  channelled,  trique- 
trous: peduncles  very  smootii.  Var.  mcgastacliyon,  culm  somewhat  triangular, 
short:  involucre  longer  than  the  umbel:  spikes  peduncled,  very  large.  Dr.  Torrey 
thinks  the  E.  angustif'oUum,  of  Wiild:  is  not  found  in  this  country,  and  the  one  so 
called  by  authors  is  a  variety  of  the  E.  polystacliyon.     C.  T.  B. 

15 — 5.     Ero'dium.     73.     Geran.  ast.  aro. 

cicutarium,  W.  (hemlock  geranium.  W.  Ap.  p.  0.)  stem  prostrate  or  diff'used,  rough- 
haired:  leaves  gash-pinnate;  segments  sessile,  gash-pinnatifid:  peduncles  double, 
many-flowered:  petals  unequal.  Var.  bipinnatum,  W.  caulescent,  diffuse:  segments 
pinnatifid,  with  linear  lobes.     6  i. 

Exotic. 

ciconium,  (stork-bill  geranium.  O.)  peduncles  many-flowered:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets 
pinnatifid,  toothed:  petals  oblong,  obtuse:  stem  ascending. 

Eriophorum.     Gr.  erion,  wool,  and  pliero,  to  bear,  because  the  seeds  are  covered  with 

a  long  down. 
Erodium.     Gr.  erodios,  a  heron,  because  the  fruit  resembles  the  head  and  beak  of  that 

bird. 

(l)flavum,  N.     (2)  hudsonianum,  M.\-.     Trichophorum,  Ph.     (3)  cespitosum,  Ph. 
(4)  tenellum,  N.  angustifolium,  Bw? 


2S8  ERODIUM,    ERYSIMUM. 

TOOSfAa^Mm,  (musk  geranium.  0.)  peduncles  many-flowered:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets 
sub-petioled,  oblong,  gash-toothed:  petals  equalling  the  calyx:  stem  procumbent. 

16 — 10.     Erv0m.     93.     Legu.  asc.  ton — . 

Mrsutran,  W.  (I)  (creeping  vetch.  L.  p.  J.  0.)  peduncles  many-flowered;  legumes 
hirsute,  2-seeded:  leafets  Unear,  cruncate.     C.  Y. 

Ervum,  Vicia. 

5 — 2.     Eryn'gidm.     60.     Umbe.  stem,  or  nar.  if  nau. 

4iquaiicum,  Ju.  (2)  (button  snake  root.  W.  w-b.  Ju.  Z(.)  leaves  ensiform,  fringed  with 
soft  spines;  floral  leaves  undivided,  very  short.     3 — 4  f.     S.     P.  S — C.  K.     Mcli. 

virginiamim,  Lk.  (3)  (g.  &  b.  Ju.  2_C-)  very  tall:  leaves  long-lanceolate,  serrate: 
involucre  much  longer  than  the  heads:  chaff  3-cuspidate.     4 — 6  f.     S.     P.  Y.  C. 

.ovalifoliuvi,  Mx.  (4)  (sea-holly.  W.  L.  b.  Ju.  Z{.)  leaves  spatulate-ovata,  irregularly 
toothed:  heads  shorter  than  the  involucre;  chaff  equally  3-cuspidate.  2 — 3  f.  jS. 
P.  Y.  S— C. 

diffusum,  T.  &  J.  (W.  w?  0.)  stem  dichotomous-branched,  diffuse:  leaves  all  digi- 
tate-palmate; divisions  oblong,  gash-serrate,  spinous:  little  heads  sub-globose: 
leafets  of  the  involucre  4  to  6,  3-cleft,  gash-serrate,  longer  than  the  heads:  geim 
squamose.     6 — 8  i.     R. 

petiolatum,  H.  (  )  stem  dichotomous  above:  leaves  with  parallel  nerves,  lanceolate, 
attenuated  into  a  long  petiole,  jemotely  ciliate-spinose:  upper  ones  narrow,  sessile; 
leafets  and  clialFs  of  the  involucre  subulate,  ciliate-spinose,  rigid,  twice  as  long  as 
the  little  globose  head.     R. 

americanuni.  Wr.  (  )  leaves  entire;  radical  ones  roundish;  cauline  ones  lance- 
ovate,  trifid  at  the  summit:  stem  procumbent.     Carolina. 

Sojiihciii. 
/(B'tidum,  W.    (Ju.  21.)  radical  leaves  lanceolate,   serrate;   floral  leaves  many-cleft: 
stem  dichotomous.     1  f. 

aromat'icum,  Bald.  (S.  Oc.  21-)  stem  leafy:  leaves  cuspidate,  pinnate,  3-cleft  at  the 
summit,  cartilaginous  along  the  margins:  involucre  5-leaved;  leaves  3-cleft:  chaff 
3-pointed.     9—10  i. 

gracile,  Bald.  (Ju.  C;J-)  leaves  petioled,  oval,  entire:  stem  branching,  slender:  heads 
numerous,  very  small:  involucre  2-leaved,  3-cleft,  linear.     K. 

plukcntei,  E.  (w-b.  J.)  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate:  involucre  8-leaved, 
longer  than  the  head;  leafets  dissected;  chaff" 3-awned.     2  f. 

prostralum,  N.  ( W.  ![.)  surculus  creeping,  filiform:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  not  prickly, 
membranaceous— some  entire  and  others  having  teeth  and  lobes  increasing  from 
the  base:  little  heads  axillary,  peduncled,  ovate:  leaves  of  the  involucre  .5,  oblong- 
linear,  entire,  deflexed:  chaffs  linear,  small,  sometimes  none:  calyx  papillose  with 
vesicles.     Arkansas. 

baldicini,  Sr.  (W.  )  leaves  petioled,  oval:  stem  very  branching,  slender,  oflen 
prostrate:  little  heads  numerous,  minute:  leafets  of  the  involucre  twice  3-parted; 
lobes  linear,  somewhat  toothed  at  the  base.     Florida. 

14 — 2.     Ery'simum.  (-5)     03.     Cruc.  asc.  ase. 

lanceolatum,  Hk.  (W.  )  pubescence  two-parted,  close-pressed,  every  where  rough 
and  white:  stem  sub-simple:  leaves  lance-linear,  lower  ones  mostly  toothed:  claw 
longer  than  the  calyx:  pod  long,  erect:  stigma  eniarginate.     Canada. 

elalum,  N.  (y.  ^ .)  somewhat  scabrous:  the  hairs  on  the  stem  fixed  by  the  middle,  on 
the  leaves  3  to  4-parted:  stem  tall  and  simple:  radical  leaves  usually  runcinate; 
cauline  lanceolate,  remotely  denticulate,  attenuated  at  each  extremity.  Oregon. 
3—5  f 


Ervum.     Lat.  ervum,  from  eruo,  to  pluck  out,  because  it  was  troublesome  in  fields. 

Eryngium.     Gr.  eni^rgion,  the  name  of  a  prickly  plant,  which  Dioscorides  declares 
to  be  a  specific  against  flatulence,  from  crcii^o,  to  eruct. 

Erysimum.     Obscure:  it  is  said  to  be  from  Gr.  cruo,  to  draw,  because  it  makes  blis- 
ters, and  is  a  cure  for  the  sore  throat. 
(1)  Vicia  mitcheIIa,R.         (2)  yuccifolium,  Mx.       (3)  aquaticum,  Mx.       (4)  vir- 

gatum,  Lk.     iategrifolium,  Wr.        (5)  Sisymbrium  of  Authors. 


ERYSIMUM,    ESI'ELETIA.  239 

parriforum,  N,  (y.  ^  or  21.)  canescent  and  scabrous:  stem  low  and  simple:  leaves  all 

linear  or  somewhat  lanceolate,  almost  wholly  entire:  siliques  erect:  petals  scarcely 

longer  than  the  calyx.     2 — 4  i.     Rocky  Mts. 
pumilum,  N.   (y.  Q.)  somewhat  scabrous:   leaves  linear,  all  entire:   siliques  flatly 

4-sided,  very  long  erect:  pedicels  very  short:  stigma  small,  nearly  entire:  petals 

longer  than  the  calyx.     2—4  i.     Rocky  Mts. 

Southern, 

cheiranthoides,  (  g.  )  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-dentate,  somewhat  scabrous,  green: 
siliques  erect,  spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  stigma  small,  sub-sessile. 
Flowers  small.     Virginia,   Louisiana.     D. 

asperum,  (W.  )  leaves  linear-oblong;  lower  ones  tooth-runcinate,  all  scabrous 
pubescent:  siliques  spreading;  style  sliort  and  thick.     Missouri. 

arkansanum,  N.  (y.  |^.)  sliglilly  roughened  with  appressed  hairs,  which  on  the  stem 
are  fixed  by  the  middle,  and  on  the  leaves  3-parted:  stem  simple:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  runcinately  and  sinuately  toothed,  attenuate  at  the  base:  siliques  elon- 
gated, nearly  erect,  tapering  at  the  summit:  stigma  2-lobed.  \\ — 3  f.  Arkansas. 
Texas. 

grandiflorum,  N.  (y.  March.)  dwarfish,  slightly  roughened,  with  appressed,  forked, 
or  stellate  hairs:  leaves  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  entire  or  somewhat  angularly 
lobed  towards  the  base:  petioles  long  and  slender:  flowers  in  capitate  corymbs: 
siliques  very  long,  somewhat  torulose:  stigma  conspicuously  2-lobed.  3 — 6  i. 
Upper  California. 

Erysimum,  Sisymbrium,  Barbakea. 

16 — 10.     Erythri'na.     93.     Legu.  asc.  ape. 
Exotic. 
crista-galli,  (coxcomb  evergreen,  r.  M.'h.)  leaves  ternate:  petioles  prickly,  glandular: 
stem  unarmed. 

Southern. 
herbacm,  W.  (r.  M.  If.)  small:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  rhoraboidal,  glabrous:  spikes 
very  long:  stem  herbaceous:  prickly.     2 — 4  f.     Florida.     S — C. 

6 — 1.     Erythro'nium.     14.     Lili.  g-r.  exp.  sti. 

americanum,  S.  (1)  (dog-tooth  violet,  adder's  tongue.  O.  y.  Ap.  2X.)  leaves  lance- 
oval,  maculate:  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  point;  inner  ones  2-dentate 
near  the  base:  style  clavate;  stigma  3-lobed.  (Stigmas  3,  Elliott.)  6 — 8  i.  S. 
Mch. 

albidum,  N.  (W.  b-w.  Ap.  2i.)  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  not  punctate:  petals  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse;  inner  ones  without  dentures,  sub-unguiculale:  style  filiform: 
stigma  3-cleft,  lobes  reflexed.     6 — 8  i.     S.     K.     Near  Albany.     Rare. 

bractcatum,  Boott.  (A.  y.  J.  21- )  scape  bracted,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, very  unequal:  style  clavate:  stigmas  united?     Vermont. 

grandiflorum,  Ph.  (W.  w-y.  J.  21.)  petals  lanceolate,  sub-unguiculate,  acute:  germ 
oblong:  leaves  linear-lanceolate.     A  species  not  satisfactorily  defined.     N. 

Erythrorkiza,  Galax.  • 

EschschoUzia,  Chrtseis. 

17 — 2.     Espele'tia.    55.     Inul.  ton.  sec-sti. 

amplexicaulis,  N.  (y.  21'.)  glabrous,  shining:  radicalleaves  very  long,  lanceolate;  cauline 

ones  clasping,  sub-lance-ovate,  acute:  stem  somewhat  3-flowered:  akenes  elliptic, 

compressed.     R. 
helianlhoides,  N.  (        7X.)  villose:  radical  leaves  very  long,  petioled,  heart-hastate, 

oblong,  acute;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  long,  petioled:  stem  somewhat  1-flowered: 

leafets  of  the  i.nvolucre  smallish,  lanceolate,  acuminate.     R. 

Erythrina.     Gr.  Sruthros,  red,  from  its  scarlet  flowers. 

Erythronium.     Gr.  eruthros,  red,  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flower  and  leaves. 
Espeletia.     Gr.  esper,  evening,  leitos,  common. — Sed  quero. 
(1)  lanceolatum.  Ph.     longifolium,  Pt.     dens-canis,  W. 


240  EUCHROMA,    EUPATORIUM. 

13—2.     Euchro'ma.     36.     Rhin.  aro.  ton.  sti. 

.eoccin'ea,  W.  (painted  cup.  W.  y.  &  r.  J.  $.)  leaves  alternate,  linear,  gash-pin- 
natifid;  divisions  linear:  bracts  dilated,  generally  3-cleft,  longer  than  the  flowers: 
calyx  2  cleft;  divisions  retuse,  emarginate.  Flowers  yellow,  with  scarlet  bracts. 
One  variety,  pallens,   has  yellow  bracts.     10—1(5  i.     S.     U.  C.  M.  F.  B.  N.  D. 

Southern, 
^andiflora,  N.  (W.  g-w.  M.  2i-)  leaves  and  bracts  mostly  3-cleft;  segments  divari- 
cate: calyx  4-cleft,    partly  oblique:  corol  longer  than  the  calyx:  divisions  of  the 
lower  lip  acuminate.     Bracts  nol  colored. 

5 — 2.     EuLo'pHus.     60.     Umbe.  stom.  or  nar.  if  nau. 

amhiguus,  N.  (y.  If.)  glabrous,  branching:  Jeaves  somewhat  gash-biternate:  lobes 
narrow-linear;  petioles  becoming  tumid  sheaths  at  the  base:  little  umbels  crowded: 
general  and  partial  involucres  wanting:  root  tuberous.     R. 

triternatus,  N.  (  y.  Zf.)  finely  pubescent:  stemless:  leaves  gash-biternate,  with 
the  partitions  sub -divided  in  the  middle;  divisions  narrovv-linear,  long,  acute:  pe- 
tioles becoming  narrow  sheaths;  little  umbels  crowded:  involucres  many-leaved, 
narrow.     R.     Seseli  triteinatum?     Ph. 

Southern, 
americanus,  Nut.  (W.)  root  tuberous,   oblong,  fasciculate:  stem  terete,   fistulous. 
Arkansas. 

5 — 1.     Euon'ymus.     95.     Celas.  cat. 

-atropurpu'reus,  Ju.  (spindle  tree.  W.  p.  J.  fp.)  leaves  petioled,  lance-oblong,  acumi 
nate,  serrate:  peduncles  divaricate,  many-flowered;  flowers  4-cleft:  fruit  smooth, 
red.     4—5  f.     S.     P.  Y.  R.  M.  D.     Mch. 

■americanus,  W.  (burning  bush.  W.  r-y.  J-  ^•)  branches  4-angled,  smooth:  leaves 
sub-sessile,  lance-oval,  acute,  serrate:  peduncles  about  3-flowered;  flowers  all  5- 
cleft:  fruit  warty-muricale,  red.  Var.  sarmentosus,  N.  stem  sarmentose,  often 
rooting,  acutely  4-angled:  leaves  sub-sessile,  opake,  lance-oval,  acute,  obtusely- 
serrate;  serratures  generally  undulate.     3 — 4  f.     S.     Y.  P.  D.  M.     Mch. 

Southern. 
■<mgustifoUus,  Lyon.  (      Ju.  ^.)  branches  4-angled:  leaves  long-linear-elliptic,  some- 
what ensiform,  nearly  entire:  peduncles  about  1 -flowered;  flowers  all  5-clefl:  fruit 
roughened,  warty.     A  doubtful  species.     Elliott. 

17 — 1.     Eupato'rium.     55.     Eupa.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb. 
1.     Involucres  not  more  than  h-flowered. 

hyssopifolium,  L.  (hyssop  thorough-wort,  hemp-weed,  w.  Au.  2X.)stem  erect:  lowest 

leaves  opposite,  lance-linear,  sub-dentate:  corymb  sub-fastigiate:  style  much  longer 

than  the  corol.     2  f.     &'.     C.     S— C. 
linearifolium,  Wr.  (w.  S.)  stem  sub-procumbent,  villose  towards  the  summit:  cauline 

leaves  opposite,  lance-linear,  rarely  dentate,  sometimes  clustered:  style  as  long  as 

the  corol.     1—2  f.     S. 
sessilifolium,  W.    (W.  w.  Au.  21-)   leaves  sessile,    clasping,    distinct,    lance-ovate, 

rounded  at  the  base,   serrate,   very  glabrous:  stem  somewhat  glabrous.     2  f.     S. 

P.  Y.  F.  N.  T.  M.     Mch. 
truncatum,  W.  (w.  Ju.  >>.)  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  distinct,  lanceolate,  truncate  at 

the  base,  serrate,  somewhat  glabrous:  stem  pubescent.     S.     P. 


Euchroma.     Gr.  eu,  beautiful,  chroma,  color;  alluding  to  the  scarlet  bracts. 

Eulophus.     Gr.  eulophos,  crested;   from  the  appearance  of  the  seed. 

Euonymus.     Gr.  eu,  good,    nomas,  name;  probably  a  favorite  remedy,  deserving  a 

good  name. 
Eupatorium.     Dedicated  to  Eupator  or  Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus;  who  first  used 

it  as  a  counter  poison. 


EliPATORIUM.  241 

tilbum,  L.  (Au.  Z[.) 'c^^^3  Bub-se?sile,  lance-oblong,  roughish,  serrate:  inner  scales 
of  the  involucre  long,  lanceolate,  scarious,  colored.     18 — 24  i.     S.     P.   S — C.     K. 

lanceotaium,  W.  (Au.  21-)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  lance-oblong,  scabrous,  deeply  ser- 
rate at  the  base:  scales  of  the  involucre  1-colored.     S.     P. 

verbenaefoUum,  Mx.  (1)  (w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  lance-ovate,  rugose, 
scabrous;  upper  ones  with  coarse  teeth  at  the  base,  and  with  the  summit  entire. 
2  f     *'.     P.  Y.  W.  C.  B.  M.  n.  N. 

melissioideSj  W.  (w.  Au.  2X.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  obtusish,  obtusely  serrate,  veiny, 
somewhat  glabrous.     1—2  f     P. 

rotundi/oliuin,  W.  (w.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  deltoid,  roundish,  somewhat 
glaucous,  obtusely-serrate,  veiny:  scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate.  12 — 18  i.  S. 
P.  S-C. 

puhescms,  W.  (2)  (w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  sub-scabrous,  veiny; 
lower  ones  doubly  serrate,  upper  ones  sub-serrate:  stem  panicled,  pubescent; 
branches  fastigiate.     18—24  i.     S.     Y.  P.  B.  N. 

altiss'imum,  W.  (W.  w.  Au.  21.)  leaves  sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  tapering  to 
both  ends,  pubescent;  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle.     3—7  f.     S.     P.  F. 

amocnurti,  Ph.  (A.  p.  S.  li.)  leaves  with  short  petioles,  opposite  and  in  threes,  lance- 
oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  serrate,  sub-glabrous,  sub-rugose,  net  veined  beneath: 
corymb  fastigate,   crowded:  scales  of  the  involucre  oblongy  colored,  acutish.     2  f. 

irifoluitum,  W.  (3)  (p.  Au.  2X0  leaves  petioled,  in  threes  or  fours,  ovate^  and  oval, 
acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  punctate.     3—4  f.     &     C.  Y.  N.  F.  P. 

2.     Involucre  more,  than  ^-Jhwered. 

ceanoUnfolium,  W.  (Au.  21.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed,  3-nerved, 
somewhat  glabrous:   involucre  5 — 10  flowered.     2  f     .S'.     K. 

purpu'reum^  L.  (trumpet  weed,  purple  thorough-wort,  joe-pye.  O.  p.  Au.  21.)  leaves 
in  fours  or  fives,  petioled,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  rugose-veined,  roughish:  stem  hol- 
low. Var.  liievigiitum,  involucre  about  .5-flowered:  leaves  in  fives,  petioled,  lanceo- 
late, very  glabrous  both  sides,  slender:  stem  hollow,  smooth,  sub-glaucous.  4 — 6  f. 
,S.     Mch. 

macubitum,  W.  (VV.  p.  Au.  H.)  leaves  in  fours  or  fives,  lance-ovate,  unequally  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath:  stem  solid,  furrowed.     4 — .5f.     »S'.     P.  Y.  W.  C.  N. 

certicillMlum,  W.  (4)  (joe-pye's  weed.  VV.  p.  Au.  21.)  leaves  petioled,  in  threes  or 
fouis,  lance-ovate,  acuminate  at  eacii  end,  unequally  serrate,  somewhat  glabrous* 
stem  solid,  smooth.     6—7  f.     iS.     B.  C.  T.  D.  F.  P.  N.     Mch. 

punctntum,  W.  (W.  p.  Au.  2f.)  leaves  in  fours  or  fives,  petioled,  ovate, 'acuminate, 
serrate,  scabrous  both  sides:  stem  solid,  terete.  Is  this  a  variety  of  the  lasf  N. 
3—5  f     P.  Y.  O.  D.  F. 

perfoliatiumi  (5)  (boneset,  thorough-wort.  O.  w.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  connate-perfoliate» 
oblong-serrate,  rugose,  downy  beneath:   stem  villose.     2f     »S.      Mch. 

coelesti'num,  W.  (b.  Au.  2X0  leaves  pelioled,  heart-ovate,  obtusish,  3-nerved,  obtusely 
serrate,  slightly  scabrous:  involucre  many-leaved,  many-flowered  (30 — 40:)  re- 
ceptacle conic.     2 — 3  f.     S.     P.     Harper's  Ferry.  M.     Mch. 

ovatum,  Bw.  (w.  Au.  2f.)  hairy,  scabrous:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  obtusely 
dentate:   corymb  fastigiate:   mvolucre  about  8-flowered.     3 — 4  f     B. 

•aromatkiim,  Mx.  (6)  (w.  Au.  H-)  leaves  petioled,  cordate-ovate,  (ovate.  Ph.)  acute, 
3-nerved,  obtusely  serrate,  somewhat  scabrous:  flowers  corymbed:  scales  of  the 
involucre  ?ub-equal.     2  £     S.     B.     M.  S— C. 

ageraloides^  W.  (7)  (w.  Au.  21.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  un- 
equally and  coarsely  toothed,  serrate,  glabrous:  corymb  many- flowered,  spreading; 
involucre  simple.  2—4  f.  S.  V.  C.  T.  P.  O.  F.  N.  White  Mts.  M.  S— C. 
Mch. 

Southern. 

foenkuhceum,  W.  (8)  (y-w.  S.  21.)  stem  panicled:  leaves  glabrous;  lower  ones  pin- 
nate; upper  ones  clustered;  all  filiform.     3 — 10  f.     Charleston,  S — C. 

(1)  teucrifolium,  W.  pilosum,  Wr.  (2)  glandulosum,  Mx.  (3)  temifolium, 
G.  E.  (4)  purpurerum,  Mx.  (5)  connatum,  Mx.  (0)  cordatum,  Wr.  (7)  ur- 
ticaefolium,  Mx.  Ageratum  altissimum,  L.  '  (8)  foeniculoides,  Wr.  Chryso- 
coma  capillacea,  Mx. 

31 


243  EUPATORIUM,    EUPHORBIA. 

coTonojnfoUum,  W.  (1)  (w.  S.  If.)  stem  panicled :  lower  leaves  pinnatifid;  divisions 
lance-linear,  denticulate;  upper  leaves  undivided,  linear,  clustered;  all  punctate, 
pubescent.     3 — 4  f. 

cuncifolium,  W.  (w.)  leaves  petioled,  obovate-lanceolale,  slightly  serrate  at  the  sum- 
mit. 3-nerved,  pubescent  on  both  sides.     1  f. 

falcatuin,  Mx.  (W.)  without  hair:  leaves  in  fours,  lance-oval,  acuminate  at  each  end, 
sub-falcate,  sparingly  serrate:  outer  scales  of  tlie  involucre  short,  oval. 

pinnatijiduin,  E.  (w.  S.  Zf.)  leaves  pinnatifid:  lower  ones  verticillate;  upper  ones 
alternate;   divisions  linear,   pubescent:   flowers  corymbed.     3 — 4  f.     S — C. 

glauccsens,  E  (w.  S.)  leaves  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  entire  at  the 
base,   3-nerved,  somewhat  glaucous,  pubescent:   flowers  corymbed.     2  f. 

parvifloruin,  E.  (w.  S.)  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  very  acutely  serrate,  pubes- 
cent on  both  sides:  flowers  corymbed,  small:  akenes  angled.     2  f. 

serotinum,  Mx.  (w.  S.)  leaves  petioled,  lance-ovate,  tapering  towards  the  summit, 
acute,  coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  3-nerved,  pubescent:  scales  of  the  involucre 
imbricate.     5—6  f.     H.     S— C.     K. 

incarnatum,  Wr.  (p.  Oc.)  leaves  long,  petioled,  deltoid,  cordate,  acute,  obtusely  tooth- 
ed, 3-nerved,  thin,  nearly  glabrous:   scales  of  the    involucre  nearly  equal.     2  f 

torreyaimm,  (S.)  leaves  ternate  and  opposite,  sub-sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  three-nerved,  punctate  beneath,  glabrous  above.  2  f  Found  on  dry  sand- 
stone knobs  in  the  barrens  of  Kentucky  near  Mammoth  Cave. 

19 — 1.*     Euphor'bta.     96.     Euph.  ton.  iri.  cat — .  poi — . 

1.     Floicers  with  iuvolucred  umbels.  (2) 

coroiZaia,  W.  (W.  Ju.  2|.)   umbel  5-cleft,   3-cleft,    and  dichotomous:  involucels  and 

leaves  oblong,    obtuse:   petals  obovate,    and  resembling  appendages   of  the  calyx. 

Var.  anffustifolia,    E.   leaves  linear-lanceolate,   sessile,    paler   and    hairy    beneath: 

umbel  3^cleft;   rays  elongated:  upper   branches   dichotomous.     1 — 2  f.     S.     Y.  T. 

P.  H.  N.  D.  M.     S— C.     Mch. 
peplus,  W.   (wild  caper,  W.  Ju.  ^.)  umbel  3-cleft,  dichotomous:   involucels  ovate: 

leaves  entire,  obovate,  petioled.     S.     P.  K. 
obtusata.   Ph.   (W.    Ju.  2i-)  umbel   3-rayed,    twice   dichotomous:    involucels  ovate, 

obtusish,  sub-cordate:  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  spatulate,  serrulate,  smooth:  capsule 

muricate.     12—18  i.     S. 
mercuri'ali'na,    Mx.  (W.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  slender,  weak,  simply  3-cleft:  leaves  opposite 

and  ternate,   sub.-sessile,   oval,    entire:    peduncles   terminal,  solitary,   1-flowered. 

».     P. 
pilosa,  W.   (W.  Ju.  2_f.)  umbel  with  5  primary  rays,  bifid:  involucels  ovate:  leaves 

lanceolate,  somewhat  hairy,  serrulate  at  the  extremity:   petaloid  segments  of  the 

involucre  entire.     1 — 2  f.     i^. 
helioscopia,   L.    (0.)   umbel  with  .5  primary  rays,  bifid:    involucels   obovate:   leaves 

wedge-form,  serrate,  glabrous:  capsules  smooth.     12 — 18  i.     T.   B.     Mcli. 
kerronii,  Riddell.  (Au.  S.  #•)   root  small,    branching  and  fibrous:  stem  erect,  pilose: 

branches  .decussately  opposite:    petioles  ciliate,    half  as  long  as  the  leaves;  lower 

leaves   rhomb-ovate;   those  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  dentate-serrulate,  pilose 

above,  veins  and  midrib  very  liairy  beneath:  umbels  small,  terminal,  involucred  and 

few-flowered.     Middletown,  O. 

Euphorbia.     Dedicated  to  Euphorbus,  the  physician  of  Juba,    king  of  Mauritania, 

who  first  used  it  in  medicine. 

(1)  compostifolium,    Wr.     Chrysocoma  coronopifolia,  Mx.  (2)  This   section 

comprises  the  genus  Esula,  2d  ed. 

*Authors  have  diflfered  much  in  regard  to  the  location  of  this  plant  in  the  Linnean 
system.  Linneus  placed  it  in  the  Polyandria  monogynia  in  his  first  edition — in  the 
Dodecandria  trigynia  in  his  sixth.  Smith,  Persoon,  Muhlenburgh,  and  Bigelow,  fol- 
low Linneus.  Darlington  places  it  in  the  Monoecia  polyandria.  Nuttall  says,  the 
stamens  are  attached  to  the  involucre,  by  which  he  supposes  them  sufficiently  united 
to  be  placed  in  the  Monoecia  monadelphia.  But  it  appears  to  me,  that  the  German 
botanist,  Roeper,  has  demonstrated  in  his  Enumeraiio  Eiiphorbiarum,  that  it  belongs  to 
Monoecia  monandria.  He  has  shewn  that  each  stamen  has  a  distinct  location,  with- 
out any  connexion  with  the  pistil  or  with  any  other  stamen. 


EUPHORBIA,    EUPHRASIA.  243 

2.     Flowers  not  in  involucred  umbels. 

hypericifolia,  W.  (spurge,  eye  bright.  W.  Ju.  0.)  dicliotomous,  glabrous,  very  branch- 
ing, sub-erect,  spreading:  leaves  opposite,  serrate,  oval-oblong,  sub-falcate,  short 
petioled:  corymb  terminal  and  axillary.  Var.  Idrsuta,  T?  stem  slender,  hairy; 
leaves  oblong,  smootli,  serrulate.     12—18  i.     S.     B.  C.  F.  T.  M.  S— C. 

maculata,  L.  (1)  (W.  Ju.  O.  Q.)  stem  procumbent,  or  erect,  branching,  hairy:  leaves 
opposite,  oval  or  oblong,  serrulate,  oblique  at  the  base,  short  petioled,  smooth 
above,  hairy,  and  pale  beneath;  Howers  solitary  and  axillary,  much  shorter  than 
the  leaves.     6—12  i,     S. 

polygonifolia,  Jn.  (W.  Ju.  7i>)  very  glabrous,  diiFused,  succulent:  leaves  opposite, 
entire,  lance-linear,  obtuse  at  the  base:  flowers  solitary,  axillary:  stipules  simple. 
Y.  P.  B.  C.  D.  F.  S— C.  M.     Mch. 

ipecaman' hue,  (W.  Ju.  21- )  procumbent,  small,  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  oboval  or 
lanceolate:  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1 -flowered.     &     Y.  P.  F.  M. 

poTtulacoides,  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  21.)  erect:  leaves  entire,  oval,  retuse:  peduncles  axillary, 
1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves.     A  variety  of  the  corollata?  T.     &'.     P. 

dentata,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  ^.)  hairy:  leaves  opposite,  oval,  dentate:  flowers  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem.     S.     P. 

Exotic. 

latJiyrus,  (spurge  caper.  J.  ^.)  umbel  4-cleft,  dichotoraous:  leaves  opposite,  entire, 
lanceolate,  pointing  four  ways. 

Southern. 

cyathophora,  W.  (O.  Ju.  ^.)  somewhat  shrubby:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  slightly 
toothed,  panduriform;  upper  ones  and  involucres  colored:  flowers  sub-umbelled. 
2  f. 

gramini folia,  Mx.  (  )  small,  erect,  branching  at  the  base,  finely  pubescent:  leaves 
scattered,  linear,  entire;  upper  ones  discolored  at  the  base:  flowers  fascicled, 
terminal. 

thymifulia,  L.  (W. )  procumbent,  slender,  pubescent:  leaves  opposite,  oval-oblong, 
obtuse,  slightly  serrate  near  the  summit:  heads  axillary,  clustered,  nearly  sessile. 

puhentissima,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  very  pubescent;  stem  somewhat  diejiotomous: 
leaves  opposite,  sessile,  oval,  sub-cordate,  obtuse:  peduncles  solitary. 

marginata^  Ph.  (W.  w.  Ju.  0.)  umbel  3-cleft,  twice  dichotomous:  involucre  leaf-like; 
involucels  oblong,  cordate,  colored,  membranaceous  at  the  margin;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  sub-cordate-clasping,  acute,  becoming  glaucous,  glabrous:  petal-like  appen- 
dages of  the  calyx  roundish:  capsules  pilose. 

cordifolia,  E.  (w.  M.  0.)  procumbent,  glabrous,  branching:  leaves  small,  opposite, 
broad-oval,  entire,  cordate  at  the  base:  flowers  axillary,  solitary.     8 — lb  i. 

gra'cilis,  E.  (J.  21- )  stem  erect,  dichotomous,  glabrous;  leaves  opposite,  remote, 
sessile,  lance-linear:  peduncles  solitary,  in  the  divisions  of  the  stem,  longer  than 
the  leaves.     12  i.     S— C. 

paniculata,  E.  (Au. )  umbel  3-cleft,  dichotomous:  flowers  terminal,  somewhat  pani- 
cled:  leaves  oval,  sessile,  slightly  hairy  beneath:  stem  sometimes  hairy.  1 — 2  f. 
S-C. 

hez'ago'na,  N.  (W.)  tall,  slender,  very  branching:  leaves  linear;  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters. 

variegata,  leaves  oval,  entire,  wavy,  edged  with  white:  capsules  smooth:  stem  hairj'. 
Missouri.     Louisiana. 

13 — 2.     Euphra'sia.     36.     Rhin.  aro.  ton.  nar — .  ast. — . 

officinalis.  W.  (eyebright.  w.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  obtusely  toothed:  lower  divisions 

of  the  lipemarginate.     P.     Canada. 
latifolia,  W.  (Ap.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  tooth-palmate:  flowers  spiked:  corol  tubular; 

divisions  of  the  lower  lip  obtuse.     Labrador. 


Euphrasia.     Gr.   euphraino,  to  exhilarate,  alluding  to  its  reputed  joyful  effects  ii 
disorders  of  the  eyes. 
(1)  thjmifolia?  Ph.     depressa,  E. 


344  EVOLVULUS,    FEKULA. 

5—2.     Evol'vulijs.     44.     Conv.  r.  cat.  ape. 
Southern. 
argenteus,  Ph.  (W.  p.  M.  Zf.)  stem  simple,  erect:  leaves  oblong,  acute,  silky-tomen- 

tose  on  both  sides;  peduncles  1-flowered,  shoit. 
nummularis,  (W.  0.)  leaves  roundish:  stem  creeping:  flowers  sub  sessile. 
sericeus,   Sw.   (1)   (^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,   silky  beneath:  peduncles  short, 
1-flowered. 

17 — 2.     Eury'bia.     55.     Aste.  ton.  sec-stim. 

macrophylla,  Cass.     Described  under  Aster  macroplnjllus. 
corymbosa,  Cass.     Described  under  Aster  corymbosus. 

14 — 1.     Eu'trema.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  edi.  s.  slim. 

edwardsii,  R.    Brown,    (w.)   silicles  lanceojate:    septum   obliterated:  leaves   ovatsr 

lanceolate,  on  long  petioles.     2 — 4  i.     Arctic  America. 
arenicola,  Richards,  (w.)  silfcles  broadly  linear:  septum  complete,  leaves  spatulate- 

oblong.     2—3  i.     Arctic  America. 

4 — 1.     Ex'acum.     4G.     Gent,  ton-bit. 

pulchellum,  Ph.  (gentianella.  L.  r.  Au.  0.)  corol  4-cleft:  calyx  4-parted;  divisions 
subulate:  panicle  corymbed:  peduncles  filiform. 


19 — 12.     Fa'gus.     99.     Ciipu.  emo.  tim.  f.  nut.  b.  ast. 

fer'rugi'nea,  A.  (red  beech.  O.  y-w.  M.  Tj.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  at  the  base  obtuse,  sub-cordate-oblique:  nuts  ovate, 
acutely  3-sided.     40—60  f. 

sylvatica,  (2)  Var.  umericajia,  (white  beech,  y-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
sHghtly  toothed,  ciliate  at  the  margin,  acate  at  the  base:  nuts  ovate,  3-sided,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate.     50—100  f.     S.     T.  F.     Florida. 

3 — 1.     Fe'dia.  (3)     56.     Vale.  ton.  ver.  bit.  ner. 

radiata,  Mr.  (4)  (wild  lamb  lettuce,  corn-sallad.  W.  w.  J.  0.)  stem  dichotomous: 
leaves  spatulate-oblong,  sub-entire:  fruit  pubescent,  about  4-sided,  naked  at  the 
apex.     8—18  i.     S.     P.  T.     S— C. 

chenopodifolia,  Vh.  (W.  0.)  dichotomous:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  dentate  below:  cyme 
naked,  divaricate,  dichotomous:  filaments  long.     8  i.     M. 

Exotic. 
qlitoria,  (lamb  lettuce,)  stem  dichotomous:  leaves  lance-linear. 

5 — 2.     Fer'ula.     60.     Umbe.  s.  stom.  h.  nar.  if  nau. 

palmella,  H.  (W.  w.)  glabrous,  somewhat  stemless:  leaves  bipinnatifid,  glaucous, 
lon<r  petioled,  segments  linear,  obtusish,  with  the  lower  ones  often  a  second  time 

Evolvulus.     Lgit.  evolvo,  to  roll  outward,  in  opposition  to  Convolvulus. 

Eurybia.     Gr.  eurus,  broad,  bia,  a  redundant  adjunct:   on  account  of  the  broad  leaves. 

Eutremgi.     Gr.  ew,  elegant,  trcino,    to  tremble;   in  allusion  to  the  elegant  tremulous 

motion  of  the  long-petioled  leaves? 
Exacum.     The  ancient  name  of  a  plant  nearly  related  to  Centaurium;  derived  from 

Gr.  ex,  out,  and  ago,  to  drive;  being  reputed  to  expel  poison  from  the  stomach. 
Fagus.     Gr.  phage,  to  eat;   the  fruit  having  been  long  known  as  edible. 
Fedia.     Gr.  pheido,  clemency;  from  its  harmless,  inert  qualities. 
Ferula.     Lat. /mo,  to   strike;  it  being  much  used  for  whipping  school-boys  when 

the  stalk  is  dry;  for  it  makes  a  great  noise,  without  giving  pain. 

(1)  nuttallianus,  R.         (2)  sylvestris,  Mx.         (3)  Valerianella,  Dc.         (4)  Vale- 
riana, W.   Ph. 


FERULA,    FICUS.  245 

pinnalifid:  peduncle  eomewhat  sliorter  than  the  leaves:   involucre  0;  involucels 

unilateral,  halved,  palmate:  disk  flower-bearing.     9  i.     A. 
foenkula'cm,  N.  (W.  y.  M.  2i-)  stemless,  pubescent:  leaves  more  than  decompound, 

somewhat   biternate-pinnate;  primary  divisions  dccuissate   at   the   base;   seo^meuts 

shortish,  narrow-linear,  acutish;  ultimate  divisions  3-cleft:  involucel  halved,  5 — 7- 

lobed.     i  f. 
nultallii,  Dc.  (1)  (W,  w.  M.  24;.)   leaves  radical,    thrice  ternate;  leafets  unequally- 

sparingly  toothed;  ray  umbels  elongated:  involucre  and  involucel  nearly  wanting: 

scape  radical. 

3 — 2.     Festd'ca.  (2)     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

filatior,  (fescue-grass.  O.  J.  7i-)  panicle  spreading,  very  branching,  lax;  spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate,  4— 5-flowered;  florets  slightly  armed:  leaves  flat:  root  creeping. 
3—4  f. 

fnyuriis,  L.?  (.T.  ^- .)  panicle  slender,  crowded,  equal:  spikelets  about  4-flowered; 
florets  subulate,  awned,  hairy,  monandjous.     6 — 12.  i.     S.     S — C.  M.     Mch. 

tmdlaJ  W.  (3)  (W.  J.  C-.)  panicle  spiked,  very  simple,  1-sided:  spikelets  about  9- 
flowered:  bristles  shorter  than  the  subulate  florets:  culm  filiform,  angular  above: 
leaves  setaceous.     8—15  1.     S.     P.  W.  Y.  B.  N.     S— C. 

durius'cula,  L.  (hard  fescue-grass.  J.  21.)  panicle  1-sided,  oblong,  contracted:  spike- 
lets 5 — 6-flowered,  nearly  terete:  florets  terminated  by  short  bristles:  root  fibrous. 
Perhaps  introduced.     12—18  i.     S.     Y.  K. 

rubra,  L?  (J.  21.)  panicle  I -sided,  erect,  spreading:  spikelets  teretish:  florets  longer 
than  the  bristle  at  their  tips:  leaves  pubescent  above:  root  creeping.   _  18  i.     P. 

praien'sis,  Hd.  (W.  J.  Z£.)  panicle  spreading,  branched:  spikelets  linear,  many- 
flowered,  acute:  leaves  linear:  root  fibrous.  P9,nicle  sub-secund,  nearly  simple. 
1— 2f     M. 

poaeoi'dcs,  Mx.  ('A'.)  panicle  somewhat  crowded;  lower  branches  simple:  spikelets 
alternate,  oblong,  sub-sessile,  unarmed:  leaves  flat,  very  glabrous.     Canada. 

jiutaiis,  W.  (W.  J.  21.)  panicle  diffuse,  at  length  nodding:  branches  long,  in  pairs, 
naked  below:  spikelets  ovale,  3 — 5-fiovvered;  florets  somewhat  obtuse,  unarmed, 
nerveless.     3  f     S.     Y.  ?.  C.  O.  M.  N.  D.     Mch. 

fasciculttris,  Lk.  (4)  (Au.  0.)  culm  procumbent,  geniculate:  panicle  sub-secund: 
branches  straight,  spike-like:  spikelets  oppressed,  8— 10-flowered;  florets  armed: 
leaves  very  long.     1  f     .S'. 

clandcstina,  M.  (VV.)  panicle  partly  concealed  in  the  sheaths:  branches  solitary,  sim- 
ple: spikelets  10-flowered;  florets  awned.     8  i.     Y. 

ovina,  W.  (  )  panicle  contrasted:  spikelets  ovate,  4-flowered:  paleas  roundish: 
leaves  very  narrow,  rough.     Mch. 

Southern. 

spicnta.  Ph.  (W.  J.)  spikelets  alternate,  sessile,  erect,  somewhat  .5-flowered;  florets 
subulate,  sub-glabrous,  with  along,  scabrous  awn:  linear  leaves  and  culm  glabrous. 

grandijiora,  Lk.  (  )  panicle  simple,  erect:  spikelets  very  few,  generally  7-flowered: 
florets  acute,  distant. 

parvi flora,  E.  (A p.  21.)  panicle  equal,  slender,  appressed:  spikelets  terete-subulate, 
5-flowered,  awned:  glumes  unawned.     12 — 18  i. 

Festuca,  Glyceria,  Diakrhena,  Uniola,  Ceratochloa. 

20—3.     Fi'cus.     93.     Urti.  f.  nut.  sug.  b.  ton. 
Exotic. 

carica,  (fig  tree.  g.  Ju.  Tp.)  leaves  cordate,  3  or  5-lobed,  repand-toothed;  lobes  obtuse, 
scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath.     5 — 8  f. 


Festuca.     In  Celtic  the  word /es<,  signifies  pasture,  food. 

Ficus.     A  name  as  obscure  as  it  is  ancient,  and  nearly  tJie  same  in  many  languages, 

always  ap[iUed  to  the  fig. 

(1)  F.  nudicaulis,  N.  Smyrnium  nudicaulis,  Ph.  (2)  Schenodorus,   R  &  S. 

(3)  bromoides,  Mx.  octoflora,  W;         (4)  polystachya.  Ph.  E.  Mx. 


246  FIMBRISTYLIS,    FRANKENIA. 

3 — 1.     Fimb'ristjt'lis.  (1)    9.     C3'pe.  far.  nut.  sug- 

spadi'ceum,  (Ju.  Zf.)  spikes  ovate-lanceolate:  involucre  rigid,  with  one  leaf  longer 
than  the  umbel:  leaves  subulate,  teretish,  striate.     2 — 3  f.     jS.     Mch. 

ferrugincum,  (2)  (M.  2X-)  stem  compressed;  angles  near  the  summit  scabrous:  leaves 
concave,  those  of  the  involucre  unequally  ciliate:  spikes  lanceolate,  roundish. 
1—3  f.     S.    P. 

Southern. 

castaneum,  Mx.  (Ju.  Zf.)  spikes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse:  involucre  2-leaved,  rigid,  as 
long  as  the  compound  umbel. 

cylindricum,  {!{..)  spike  cylindric,  very  obtuse:  involucre  about  1-leaved,  rigid,  equal- 
ling the  simple  umbel. 

6 — 1.     Floer'kea.     92.     Chrys.  ton — .  nut. 

uliginosa,  M.  (3)  (false  mermaid.  W.  w-y.  Ap.  H-)  leaves  alternate;  those  under 
water  ternate,  those  above  water  quinate-pinnate.  Grows  in  great  quantities  along 
the  south-east  part  of  Lake  Erie — often  1  f.  Found  in  ditches  between  Albany  and 
Troy.     S.     T. 

Forrestiera,  Borya. 

11 — 2.     Fothergil'la.    78.     Hama.  ton. 
Soudiem. 
alnifolia,'W.   (4)  (witch  alder,   w.   Ap.  ];•.)  leaves  wedge-obovate,  crenate-toothed 
above.     Var.  major,   has  ovate-oblong  leaves,  subcordate.     Var.  acuta,  has  ovate- 
acute  leaves. 

11—13.     Fraga'ria.     92.     Rosa.  ast.  f  ref  feb. 

eirginiana,  (.5)  (wild  strawberry.  O.  w.  M.  2iO  calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading,  distinct: 
hairs  on  the  petioles  erect,  on  the  peduncles  close-pressed:  leaves  somewhat  gla- 
brous above;  pedicels  generally  few:  receptacles  of  the  carpels  conic-oblong,  or 
ovate  with  carpels  immersed. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (mountain  strawberry.  W.  w.  M.  2I-)  large:  leafets  broad-oval, 
lateral  ones  manifestly  petioled:  pedicels  numerous,  recurve-pendulous:  receptacles 
of  the  carpel  globose,  honeycomb-scrobiculate,  villose:  calyx  of  the  fruit  erect, 
cohering.  Leaves  darker  green:  carpels  upon  the  external  surface  of  the  berrv-like 
receptacle.     S.     P.  D.  T.     Canada. 

cJiilensis,  Ehr.  (  )  flov.'ers  spreading:  leafets  broad-ovate,  very  obtuse,  coarsely 
serrate,  coriaceous,  rugose,  beneath  silky  villose:  peduncles  and  calyx  silky.    A.  R. 

Exotic, 
vesca,  (english  strawberry,  w.  M.  2i-)  calyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed:  hairs  on  the  petioles 

spreading,  on  tiie  peduncle  close-pressed. 
elatior,  (hautboy  strawberry,  w.  21-)  calyx  of  the  fruit  reflexed:  hairs  on  the  peduncle 

and  petiole  spreading. 
grandiflora,   (pine-apple  strawberry,   w.  2X-)  calyx  of  the  fruit  erect:  hairs  on  the 

peduncle  and  petiole  erect:  leaves  coriaceous,  somewhat  glabrous  above. 

7 — 3.     Frankenia.     82.     Gary.  emo. 
Southern, 
(rrandifolia,  Cham,  and  Schlecht.  (         )  leaves  obovate-cuneiform,  mucronate,  with 
revolute  margins,  railier  coriaceous,  very  minutely  hairy  and  ciliate,  particularly  at 
the  base:  stem  prostrate:  branches  and  calyx  minutely  hairy.     California. 

Fimbristylis.     Lat.  fimhria,  a  fringe,  and  stylis,  the  style,  alluding  to  the  fringed  style 

of  the  flower. 
Floerkea.     In  honor  of  Floerke,  a  German  botanist. 

Fothergilla.     In  honor  of  John  FotherRill,  an  English  cultivator  of  exotics. 
Fragaria.     ha.i.fragro,  to  smell  sweetly,  on  account  of  the  perfume  of  its  fruit. 
Frankenia.     In  honor  of  Prof  John  Frankenius,  of  Upsal,  Sweden. 

(1)  Scirpus,  L.     Mx.  &c.         (2)  puberulum,  Vahl.         (3)  palustris,  N.     lacus-  ^ 
trig,  P.    proserpinacoides,  W.        (4)  gardeni,  Mx.        (5)  glabra,  Du  Hamel. 


FRASERA,    FUCHSIA.  247 

4 — 1.     Frase'ra.     46.     Gent.  ton. 

carolintensis,  Wr.  (1)  (pyramid  flower,  Colombo  root.  AV.  r.  &  y.  .Tu.  $.)  leaves 
whorled  or  opposite:  flowers  in  clusters.  Tonic,  bitter,  mild  cathartic,  and  emetic. 
Bw.     3—6  f.     S.     D.     Mcli. 

20—2.     Frax'inus.     34.     Olea.  b.  bit.  ast. 

samhucifolia,  Mx.  (black  ash.  O.  M.  >?.)  leafets  sessile,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  rugose, 
shining,  round-oblique  at  the  base:  axils  of  the  veins  villose  beneath:  flowers  naked, 
not  calycled.     5.     Mch. 

acttminnta,  Lk.  (2)  (white  ash.  O.  w-g.  M.  Tp.)  leafets  petioled,  oblong,  shining, 
acuminate,  very  entire,  or  slightly  tootiied,  glaucous  beneath:  flowers  calycled. 
S.     Mch. 

pubescens,  Wr.  (3)  (red  ash.  M.  f-.)  leafets  petioled,  oval-ovate,  serrate;  petioles  and 
branchlets  downy  beneath:  flowers  calycled.  Var.  longifol'ui,  leafets  narrow,  lance- 
ovate,  sub-serrate.  Var.  latifolia,  leafets  ovate,  broad,  serrate,  serratures  obsolete 
towards  the  middle.  Var.  sub  pubescens,  leafets  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  sub-pubescent  below,  common  petiole  very  glabrous.     P.  C.  N.  T.     Mch. 

juglandifolia,  W .  (4)  (walnut-leaf  ash,  swamp  ash.  5l.  ^.)  leafets  petioled,  ovate, 
opake,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath:  axils  of  the  veins  pubescent:  branchlets  glabrous: 
flowers  calycled:  leafets  6  to  15,  long.     S.     P.   W.  T. 

epiptera,  Vahl.  (5)  (M.  \^.)  leafets  lance-oval,  sub-serrate:  samaras  wedge-form, 
obtuse-emarginate  at  the  apex,  terete  below.     /S.     P.  Y. 

platycarpa,  Mx.  (Ap.  ^ .)  leafets  petioled,  serrate,  and,  like  the  fruit,  lance-elliptic.  S.  Y. 

carolinlann,  W.  (Ap.  >>.)  leafets  petioled,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  shining,  glabrous: 
branchlets  glabrous:  flowers  calycled.     S. 

ipiadrangulata,  W.  (blue  ash.  W.  M.  ^ .)  leafets  sub-sessile,  lance-oval,  serrate,  pubes- 
cent beneath:  samara  obtuse  at  each  end.     Mch. 

Southern, 
triplera,  N.  C^.)  leafets  obovate,    entire,    sub-sessile,    tomentose  beneath,  oblique  at 
the  base:  fruit  broad,  obovate,  generally  3- winged,  tapering  at  the  base. 

6 — 1.     Fritilla'ria.     14.     Lili.  diu.  emo. 
Southern. 
ianceolata,  Ph.    (5)   (W.   p.    Jn.  If.)  stem  leaf3^  1 — 2-flowered:  leaves  lance-linear 

obtusish:   lower  ones  whorled:  petals  lanceolate. 
<ilba,  N.  (W.  w.  Ap.  IS-.)  glaucous:  leaves  remotish,  alternate,  sessile,  oblong-linear, 
flattish,  oblique,  obtuse,  substriate   beneath:  flowers  1 — 3,   axillary  and  terminal. 
1  f. 
atropurpurea,  M.  (br.       )  leaves  scattered,  linear,  acute:  stem  sub-3-floweied:   petals 
lanceolate,  distinct  at  the  base:  stigma  revolute,  very  long.     8 — 12  i.     R. 

Exotic, 
impcrialis,  (crown  imperial,   r.   tt  y.    M.    Zf-)  flowers  under  a  leafy  crown  nodding: 

leaves  lance-linear,  entire.     From  Persia. 
melcagris,    (frittillary.  guinea-hen  flower,   p.  «&  y.  M.  21.)  leaves   alternate,  linear, 

channelled:  stem  1 -flowered:  nectary  linear.     Flower  checkered. 

8—1.     Fu'cHsiA.     88.     Hydr.  ton—. 
Exotic. 
tnagellanica,  Lk.  (7)  (ear-drop,  r.)  peduncles   axillary,  1-flowered:  leaves   opposite 
or  in  threes,  very  entire.     Flowers  pendulous. 

Frasera.     In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  an  American  cultivator  of  exotics. 

Fraxinus.     Lat.  fraxinus,  the  ash,  supposed  from  Gr.  jjhraxis,  a  hedge,  from  the  use 

sometimes  made  of  it. 
Fritillaria.     Supposed  from  fritillus,  a  chess  board,  alluding  to  the  chequered  petals. 
Fuchsia.     In  honor  of  L.  Fuchs  or  Fuchsin,  a  noted  German  botanist. 

(1)  walteri,  Mx.  (2)  concolor,  Mx.     americana,  W.  (3)  tomentosa,  Mx. 

(4)  caroliniana,  Wm.  (5)  discolor,  Mx.  (6)  LiHum  kamschatkiense,  W. 

(7)  coccinea,  A. 


248  FUIRENA,    GALACTIA. 

3 — 1.     Fuire'na.     9.     Cjpe.  far.  nut.  sug; 

squarrosa,  Mx.  (umbrella  grass.  W.  Ju.  21- )  spikes  clustered  (5 — 6,)  ovate:  culrri 
smooth:  leaves  ciliate:  slieaths  hairy:  valves  of  the  corol  cordate-ovate.  Var. 
/ijtmiZfl,  culm  pubescent  above:  leaves  smooth:  throat  of  the  sheaths  hairy:  spikes 
1 — 3,  terminal.     Id  i.     <S'.     Xai.  pumila,,'6 — 6  1.     Y.     Charleston,  S — C.    Mch. 

Southern. 

his'pida,  E.  (Au.)  leaves  long,  with  the  sheaths  very  hispid:  stem  hispid  abdvef 
heads  many  (5 — 8)  clustered:  valves  of  the  corol  ovate,  niucronate.     1 — 2  f. 

Fuirena,  Vaginaria. 

16 — 6.     FcMA'KiAi     93.     Legu.  nut.  asc.  ape. 

officinalis,  {fumitory,  r.  J.  C^.)  stem  branching,  spread:  leaves  more  than  decom" 
pound;  leafets  lance-wedge-form,  gashed.  Naturalized.  0 — 10  i.  I  have  seen  this 
plant  growing  wild  in  extensive  plats  on  fields  and  road  sides,  in  the  south  part  of 
Barrington,  Mass.    G.  C.  Y.  P.  B.  F.     Canada. 

Fumaria,  CoRvoAtis. 


16 — 10.     Galactia.     93.     Legu.  nut.  asc.  ape^ 

glabella,  Mk.  (1)  (milky-way  plant,  r.  &  w.  .1.  2i.)  prostrate,  somewhat  twining  and 
glabrous:  leaves  ternate;'  leafets  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate  at  both  ends: 
raceme  axillary,  as  long  as  the  leaves:  legumes  villose.     S.     Y.  P.     Peekskill. 

mollis,  Mx.  (2)  (r.  &  w.  Ju.  21.)  twining,  having  soft  whitish  pubescence:  leaves 
ternate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  smoothish,  glaucous  beneath:  racemes  axillary, 
simple,  elongated,  few-flowered:  legumes  villose.     ^'.     Y.  P. 

Southern. 

villosa,  N.  (p.  Ju.  21.)  densely  pilose:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  obtuse, 
pale  beneath:  racemes  axillary,  much  longer  than  the  leaves!  flowers  scattered  on 
short  pedicels. 

dliotti,  N.  (w.  Ji  21.)  leaves  pinnate:  leafets  oval,  emarginate,  glabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent beneath:  racemes  long,  few- flowered. 

pilosa,  N.  (  )  stem  twining,  minutely  and  retrorsely  hirsute:  leafets  oblong-ovate, 
finely  hirsute  on  both  surfaces,  pale  beneath:  racemes  much  longer  than  the  leaves: 
flowers  on  short  pedicels,  scattered  and  remote:  legume  villous.  North  Carolina 
to  Florida;   west  to  Louisiana  and  Arkansas. 

jloridamt,  T.  (r-p.  )  prostrate:  whole  plant  tomentose,  with  a  whitish  pubescence: 
leafets  oval,  very  obtuse:  racemes  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves:  fascicles  of  flowers 
approximated:  pedicels  half  the  length  of  the  calyx:   legume  villous.     Florida. 

canescens,  Benth.  (  )  creeping,  somewhat  twining,  canescent:  leafets  broadly  ovate, 
retuse,  slightly  hirsute  above,  silky  pubescent  beneath:  peduncles  fasciculate, 
elongated,  interruptedly  few-flowered:  calyx  silky  villous.     Texas. 

spiciformis,  T.  {p-T.  )  stem  nearly  glabrous:  leafets  ovate-oblong,  coriaceous,  rather 
acute,  indistinctly  veined,  glabrous  above,  minutely  hirsute  beneath:  racemes  much 
longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  approximated,  and  nearly  sessile:  legume  slightly 
falcate,  pubescei:t.     Florida. 

hrarhypoda,  T.  (p.  )  nearly  glabrous:  stem  not  twining:  leafets  oblong  or  linear- 
oblong,  somewhat  coriaceous,  reticulated,  paler  beneath,  obtuse  or  emarginate: 
petioles  longer  than  the  leafets;  racemes  shorterthan  the  petioles,  few-flowered: 
calyx  villous.     Middle  Florida. 

Fuirena.     In  honor  of  Geo.  Fuiren,  a  Dutch  botanist. 

Fumaria.     Lat.  fumus,  smoke,  from  the  juice  and  odor  having  the  same  efftjct  as 

smoke  on   the  eyes. 
Galactia.     Gr.  gala,  milk,  the  plant  being  milky  in  all  its  parts. 

(I)  Dolichos  regularis,  W.     Ervum  vokibile,  Wr.        (2)  Hedysarum  volubile,  W. 


GALACTIA,    GALIUM,  249 

eessiliflora,  T.  (p.)  glabrous:  stem  erect,  flexuous:  leafets  shorter  than  the  petiole, 
oblong-linear  or  linear,  somewhat  coriaceous,  glaucous  beneath,  the  terminal  one 
sub-sessile:  racemes  very  short,  sessile.     1  f.     Florida,  Alabama. 

marginalis,  Benth.  (r.  )  suffruticose:  branches  prostrate,  somewhat  silky-pubescent, 
at  length  glabrous:  leaves  l-foliolute;  leafet  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  coi'iaceous,  glabrous,  with  a  marginal  nerve  beneath:  peduncles  very 
short,  axillary,' l~3-flovvered:  calyx  pubescent;  segments  as  long  as  the  tube.  Texas. 

6 — 1.     Galan'thus.     17.     Amar.  r.  erne.+  diu. 

Exotic, 
nivalis,  (snowdrop,  w.  Ap.  Zf.)  leaves  linear,  keeled,  acute,  radical:  scape  1-flowered. 

17 — 3.     Galar'dia.    55.     Heli.  ton.  sec — .  stim. 

pinnatifida,  T.  &  J.  (W.  y.  p.)  leaves  pinnatifid:  divisions  lance-linear,  somewhat 
entire.     8  i. 

Southern. 

licolor,  Lk.  (1)  (W.  p.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  alteinate,  sessile,  lance-linear,  acute,  pubes- 
cent, sparingly  serrate,  ciliate;  cilia>  hooked:  flowers  solitarjs  terminal:  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent;  outer  ones  refle.xed;  inner  ones  erect: 
chaff  of  the  egret  very  entire,  awned.  Var.  aristata,  Ph.  very  liirsute,  scabrous: 
stem  branching:  leaves  lance-linear,  sessile:  chaffs  of  the  egret  (5 — 7)  ovate-lance- 
olate, very  long  awned.     2  f     Florida. 

Galardia,  Actinella,  Leptopoda. 

17 — ^2.     Galatel'la.     55.     Corym.  ton.  sec-stim. 

ncmoralis,  Cass.     Described  under  Aster,  by  the  specific  name  ledifolius^ 
graminifoliai     Described  under  Aster,  graminifolius. 

5 — 1.     Ga'lax.     83.     Gala.  ton—;. 
Southern, 
rotundifolia,  Mx.  (2)  (A.  w.  J.  Zf.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  round-reniform,  toothed;- 
spike  very  long. 

Galega,  Tephrosia. 

13 — 1.     Galeop'sis.     42.     Labi,  stom.  ton. 

tetra'hit,  (flowering  nettle,  hemp  nettle.  O.  r.  w.  Jn.  0.)   the  spaces  between  the 

joints  of  the  stem  thicken  upwards:  leaves  ovate,    hispid,  serrate,    calyx  prickly, 

shorter  than  the  corol:  stem  rough-haired.     1 — 2  f. 
ladanum,  (red  hemp  nettle.  E.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stem  hairy:  internodes  not  swollen:  leaves 

lanceolate,   sub-serrate,   hairy:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  sub-crenate.     1  f.     B.  M«. 

Holyoke. 

4 — 1.     Ga'lium,     57.     Stel.  ast.  dye. 

1.     Fruit  glabrous. 

trifidUm,  W.  (3)  (bed-straw.  W.  w.  Ju.  U-)  stem  procumbent,  scabrous  backwards; 
cauline  leaves  in  fives;  branch  leaves  in  fours,  linear,  obtuse:  scabrous  at  the  mar- 

Galanthus.     Gr.  gala,  milk,  and  anthos,  flower,  alluding  to  its  milky  whiteness. 
Galardia.     In  honor  of  M.  Gaillard  de  Charrentonneau,  a  French  amateur  of  botany. 
Galateila.     Gr.  gala,  milk,  with  a  diminutive  adjunct;  on  account  of  the  milky  juice 

of  the  plant. 
Galax.     Gt.  galax,  milky;  from  the  whiteness  of  its  flowers. 
Galeopsis.     Gr.  gale,  a  weasel,   and  opsis,  appearance;  from  the  grotesque  figure  of 

the  flower. 
Galium.     Gr.  gala,  milk,  because  one  species  will  coagulate  milk. 

(1)  lanceolata,  Mx.         (2)  aphylla,  W.     Erythrorhiza,  Mx.       (3)  Claytoni   Mx 
32 


260  GALIUM,    GAULTHERIA. 

gin  and  on  the  nerves:  fascicles  terminal,   few-flowered:  pedicels  short:  corols 

mostly  3-cleft.     S.     W.  Y.  P.  T.  B.  C.  N.  F.     Meh.     K.  M. 
verum,  (j-ellow  bed-straw,  y.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  whorled,  about  in  eifrhts,  linear,  grooved, 

entire,  scabrous:  flowers  in  dense  panicles.     Var.  lulifoUum.  leaves  wedge-obovate. 
tinctoriuin,  (wild  madder,    dyer's  cleaveia.  O.  w.   Ju.   21-)  stem  diffuse,  saioolhish: 

cauline  leaves  in  fives  and  sixes;   branch  leaves  in  lours,  linear-acutish:  peduncles 

terminal,  elongated,  2 — 3-flowered.     1  f.     <S'.     Mch. 
oblusuin,  Bvv.  (W.  \v.  Ju.  Z{.)  stem  srnooih,  procumbent:  leaves  in  fours,   oblanceo- 

lale,  obtuse,  rougli  on  the  margin  and  midrib.     B.   T.  C.     Mch. 
asprelluin,  Ms.  (rough  bed-straw.  O.  vv.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  diffuse,  very  branching,  prickly 

backwards:  leaves  in  fives  and  sixes,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  margins  and  nerves 

prickly:  pedicels  sliort.     18 — 24  i.     S.     Mch. 

2.     Fruit  hirsute. 

brachiatum,  Ph.  (bed-straw,  w.  Ju.  If.)  stem  limber,  long,  brachiate-ramose,  hispid: 
branches  short:  leaves  in  sixes,  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous;  margin  and 
keel  ciliate:  branches  whorled,  the  longest  dichotomous:  pedicels  2- flowered:  fruit 
with  hooks.     S.     V.  Y.  P.  T.  C.  N.     Mch. 

aparine,  (catch- weed,  goose  grass.  W.  w.  J.  ^.)  stem  limber,  scabrous  backwards: 
leaves  in  about  eig:hts,  linear,  and  linear-obianceolate,  mncronate,  hispid  above, 
margin  and  keel  prickly:  fruit  hook-bristled.  3—4  f.  P.  Y.  W.  B.  C.  O.  N.  F. 
M. 

micranfhum,  Ph.  (W.  w.  Ju.  lU)  stem  very  branching,  prickly  backwards:  leaves 
short,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  glabrous;  margin  and  keel  prickly:  pedicels  about 
2-flo\vered. 

triflorum,  Mx.  (1)  (O.  vv.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  procumbent,  smoothish:  leaves  in  fives  or 
sixes,  lance-obovate,  mucronate  glabrous,  scarcely  ciliate  at  the  margin:  branchlets 
3-flowered  at  the  end;   flowers  pedicelled:  fruit  small.     /S.     Mch.     M. 

pilosum,  A.  (W.  p.  J.  21.)  stem  nearly  simple,  long,  ascending,  remotely  geniculate, 
hispid:  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  short-mucronate,  very  hirsute  both  sides,  nerveless: 
branchlets  nearl}'  simple,  about  3-flowered  at  the  end:  fiuit  pilose.  1  f  S.  P. 
Y.  T.  N.  C.  O.  F.     Mch. 

circcE'zans,  Mx.  (2)  (wild  liquorice,  cross  cleavers.  O.  w-y.  J.  2X.)  stem  erect, 
smooth:  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  acutish,  smoothish;  margins  and  nerves  a  little 
ciliate;  peduncles  few-flowerd;  flowers  remote,  sub-sessile:  fruit  with  hooked 
bristles.     Leaves  taste  much  like  liquorice.     6 — 12  i.     S.     Mch.     M. 

lanceolutum,  T.  (W.  p.  Ju-  2i.)  stem  erect,  very  smooth:  leaves  in  fours,  lanceolate, 
generally  acute,  smooth,  3-nerved.  sub-ciliate  at  the  margin:  peduncles  divaricate: 
fruit  sub-sessile,  nodding,  hook-bristled.  1  f.  D.  O.  B.  P.  T.  H.  N.  Owego. 
Mch.     K.  M. 

boreale,  (3)  (VV.  w.  Ju.  2|'.)  stem  stiffly  erect,  smoothish,  branching:  branches  short, 
erect:  leaves  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  with  involute  scabrous 
margins:  flowers  panicled,  terminal:  fruit  minutel}'  hook-bristled.  12 — 24  i.  T.  Y. 
P.  E.  C.  O.  F.   N.     Owego.     Mch. 

Southern. 

latifolium,  Mx.  (A.  p.  Ju. )  stem  erect,  smooth:  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  acute,  mem- 
branaceous, somewhat  hispid  on  the  margin:  peduncles  divaricate,  loosely  many- 
flowered:   fruit  smooth.     Carolina. 

uniflonan,  Mx.  (p.  J.  2X.)  stem  assurgent,  smooth:  leaves  generally  in  fours,  linear, 
acute,  revolute:   peduncles  generally  solitary,   1-flowered:   fruit  smooth. 

hispid' ulum,  Mx.  (w.  M.  24..)  stem  procumbent,  pubescent,  much  branched:  leaves 
in  fours,  lanceolate,  dotted,  scabrous:  fruit  scabrous.     Carolina. 

cuspidatum,  Dc.  (  21.)  stem  prostrate,  glabrous:  leaves  about  in  sixes,  lance-acumi- 
nate, thinly-ciliated:  peduncles  trifid:  lobes  of  the  corol  acuminate:  fruit  pilose. 
Hairs  on  the  fruit  long  and  white. 

10 — 1.     Gaul'theria.     51.     Eric.  h.  ast.  o.  sto.  stim. 
proeumbens,  (spicy  wintergreen.    O.    w.    J.  24-    or    ^.)  stem  procumbent:  branches 

Gaultheria.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Gaulthier,  a  JVench  botanist  of  Quebec. 

(1)  cuspidatum,  M.  (2)  brachiatum,  M.  boreale,  Wr.  (3)  strictum,  4th 

ed.  septentrionale,  Dc. 


GAULTHERIA,    GEL6EMINUM.  951 

erect:  leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base:  flowers  few,  nodding.  Berries  red,  ooo- 
sisting  in  part  of  the  permanent  calyx;  a  little  mealy;  pleasant  tasted.  S. 
Mch. 

hispid' uhi,  M.  (1)  (creeping  wintergreen.  W.  w.  M.  ^.)stem  creeping,  hispid:  leaves 
oval,  acute:  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sub-sessile,  having  but  8  stamens,  short-bell- 
form.     B.  D.  N.     Mch. 

skallon,  Ph.  (W.  w.  J-  ^.)  erect,  fruticose:  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  serrulate:  ra- 
ceme 1 -sided,  bracted:  pediclels  2-bracted  in  the  middle.     <S'. 

8 — 1.     Gziu'RA.     83.     Onag.  emo. 

biennis,  (virginian  loosestrife,  r.  &  y.  Au.  §.)  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed:  spike  crowd 
ed:  fruit  roundish-4-cornered,  pubescent.  4 — 6  f.  S.  T.  P.  C.  H.  O.  M.  Peeks- 
kill.     Mch.     S— C. 

vilLosa,  T.  &  J.  (W.  r.)  herbaceous:  stem  panicled  above,  naked,  very  glabrous: 
leaves  silky-villose,  lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  toothed  and  entire:  petals  obovate, 
obtuse:  stamens  declined:  flowers  octandrous:  capsules  linear-oblong.     3  f. 

parvifolia,  T.  &.  J.  (W.  r.)  stem  glabrous,  panicled  above:  leaves  linear,  hirsute, 
entire:  flowers  loosely  spiked:  petals  roundish,  with  short  claws:  capsules  ovate- 
oblong,  narrowing  towards  each  end. 

mara-inuta,  Lehm.  (  r.)  stem  ascending,  base  suffruticose:  leaves  lanceolate,  re- 
pand-dentate,  sub-revolute,  becoming  whitish,  with  close  pressed  pubescence  on 
both  sides:  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  whorls  crowded,  bracts  linear,  deciduous: 
fruit  becoming  white.     R. 

glabra,  Lehm.  (r. )  stem  ascending,  base  sufiruticose:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  un- 
dulate, very  glabrous:  spikes  elongated:  flowers  alternate:  bracts  linear,  persistent: 
germs  linear,  4-angled,  glabrous.     A. 

parvijloru,  Dg.  (  )  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  pilose:  leaves  oblong,  acuminate,  re- 
mote-toothed, margin  ciliate;  in  the  young  state  somewhat  velvety:  spikes  elonga- 
ted: flowers  minute,  crowded:  fruit  distant,  4-angled,  tapering  at  both  ends,  some- 
what glabrous.     12 — 18  i.     R.  A. 

Southern. 

angustifolia,  Mx.  (2)  (w.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  clustered,  linear,  repand,  undulate:  fruit 
oblong,  4-angled,  acute  at  each  end.     K. 

coccinea,  N.  (W.  r.  0.  U.)  silky-pubescent:  leaves  lance-linear,  sub-denticulate:  spike 
crowded:  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx:  stigma  sub-entire.  Var.  integerrima,  stems 
numerous,  hoary-sub-villose,  simple:  leaves  lance-oblong,  very  entire,  acutish, 
narrow  at  the  base:  racemes  lax,  few-flowered:  petals  ovate,  obtuse,  with  very  nar- 
row claws. 

mollis,  N.  (VV.)  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 

lini/ulia,  N.  (W.  w.)  stem  erect,  spaiingly  branched,  smooth:  leaves  smooth,  sessile, 
lance-linear,  entire:  midrib  translucent:  spike  terminal,  crowded,  becoming  much 
extended  after  flowering:   fruit  triquetrous,  shorter  than  the  linear  bracts.       3 — 4  f. 

sinuata,  N.    (W.  )  brandies  and    Ipaves  with  close-pressed   hairs;   leaves  numer- 

ous, linear  sinuate:  flowers  long  soiked:  fruit  distant,  clavate,  4-sided  at  the  apex, 
tapering  at  the  base  and  short  pedicelled:  angles  tumid.  Arkansas,  and  Red 
River. 

5 — 2.     Gelsem'ikum.     47.     Apo.  acr.  stim.  r.  bit.  erne.  sud. 
So7Uhern. 

sempervirens,  W.  (3)  (y.  March.  2S-)  stem  twining,  smooth,  glabrous:  leaves  oppo- 
site, ppiennial,  lanceolate,  entire,  dark-green  above,  paler  beneath:  petioles  short. 
Var.  inodorum,  has  inodorous  flowers.     Florida.     S — C. 

Gaura.     Gr.  gauros,  pompous  or  elated,  from  its  rose  colored  flowers  in  fine  terminal 

spikes. 
Gelseminurn.     One  of  the  ancient  names  of  the  jasmine. 

(1)  serpyllifolia.  Ph.     Vaccinium  hispidulum,  L.     Oxycoccus   hispidulus,  P.     Ar- 
butus thymifolia,  A.  filiformis,  Lk.     (2)  biennis,  Wr.     (3)  Bignonia,  W. 


25^  GENISTA,    GERANIUM. 

16—10.     Genista.    93.     Leg.  nut.  asc.  ape. 
Exotic, 
tinctoria,  (dyers  broom,  wood  waxen,  y.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous:  branches 
terete,  striate,  erect,  unarmed:  legumes  glabrous.     1  f.     B.  Peekskill. 

5 — 2.     Gentia'na.     46.     Gent.  r.  ton.  bit.  alli.  dysp.  ust. 

saponaria,  (1)  (soap  gentian.  O.  b.  &.  w.  S.  2|.)  stem  terete,  glabrous:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  3-nerved:  flowers  sessile,  fascicled,  terminal  and  axillary:  corol  5-cleft,  bell- 
ventricose,  almost  closed  at  the  top;    inner  folds  tootlied.     i.2 — 18  i.     iS'.     Mch. 

pchrokuca,  Frl.  (2)  (marsh  gentian.  W.  y.  6l  b.  S.  21- )  stem  somewhat  angled,  gla- 
brous: leaves  lance-ovate;  flowers  sessile,  fascicled,  terminal:  corol  5 — 10  cleft,  bell- 
ventricose;  divisions  acute;  inner  folds  simple,  acute.     If     .V.     Mch. 

fubricaulis,  Bz.  &  Keating  (W.)  stem  terete,  glabrous,  red:  leaves  lance-oblong,  3- 
nerved,  obtuse:  flowers  terminal,  fascicled,  sessile:  corol  5-cleft,  bell-form,  not 
ventricose;  divisions  acute,    connivent;  inner  fold  1-toothed.     If.     K. 

pneumvnantha,  (calathian  violet,  b.  Au.  If.)  stem  terete:  leaves-linear,  obtusish: 
floweis  terminal,  fasicled:  lateral  ones  solitary,  peduncled:  corol  5-cleft.  bell-form; 
divisions  roundish;  inner  folds  with  one  acute  tooth.     If.     S.     P.  B.     Canada. 

angiistifolia,  Mx.  (3)  (b.  O.  If.)  stem  simple,  slender,  1-flowered:  leaves  linear  and 
wedge-form,  spreading:  corol  funnel-forin,  with  the  alternate  divisions  lacerate. 
1  f.     8.     Y. 

linearis,  Frl.  (4)  (A.  b.  Au.  21-)  ^tem  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  lance-linear,  undu- 
late, ciliate:  flowers  sessile,  in  terminal,  crowded  fascicles:  calyx  ciliate:  corol  bell- 
form,  .5-cleft:  divisions  obtuse,  with  the  inner  folds  denticulate.     .S'.     P. 

miinqutflora,  Frl.  (5)  (O.  b.  Au.  $.)  stem  4-cornered,  branching:  leaves  half-clasping, 
oval,  acute,  3-nerved:  flowers  5-cleft,  bell-tubular,  with  a  glabrous  throat,  terminal 
and  lateral,  in  threes  or  fives,  sub-pedicelled;  divisions  lanceolate,  acuminate: 
calyx  short.     If     -S.     M.     Mch. 

crinita,  W.  (6)  (fringed  geiitian.  O.  b.  S.  Zf.)  stem  terete;  branches  long,  1-flowered: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute:  corol  4-cleft;  divisions  obovate,  gash-ciliate.  18  i.  S. 
M.     Mch. 

acuta,  Mx.  (W.  A.  g.  y.)  stem  4-angled:  leaves  somewhat  clasping,  oblong,  very 
acute:  flowers  fascicled,  terminal  and  lateral;  throat  of  the  corol  ciliate.     S. 

lutea,  (yellow  gentian,  y.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  nerved:  corols  about  5-cleft,  wheel- 
form,  whorled.     Y.     New  Jersey. 

Southern, 
patesbaei,  Wt.   (Oc.)  rough:   leaves  narrow-lanceolate:   divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube:  corol  with  the  border  erect;  inner  segments  short, 
2-cleft,  fimbriate. 

15 — 10.     Gera'niuhi.     73.     Gera.  ast,  aro. 

maculatum,  (crow-foot  geranium,  cranesbill.  O.  r.  &  b.  J.  Zf.)  erect:  pubescence 
reversed:  stem  dichotomous:  leaves  opposite,  3  or  5-parted,  gashed;  upper  ones 
sessile;  peduncles  2-flowered:  petals  obovate.  1—2  f  S.  West  Rocky  Mts. 
Mch. 

carolininnum,  (W.  w.  I.  3u.  $.)  diff"use,  pubescent:  leaves  opposite,  5-lobed;  lobes 
3-cleft,  gashed;  peduncles  2-flowered.  sub-fasciJIed:  petals  emarginate,  equalling  in 
length  the  awned  calyx:  carpels  villose.  2—12  i.  S.  Y.  C.  P.  M.  R.  D.  Mch. 
S— C.  K. 

pusillum,  (small  crane's  bill.  b.  M.  =§.)  peduncles  2-flowered:  flowers  penlandrous, 
with  5  abortive  filaments;  petals  retuse,  of  the  length  of  the  awnless  calyx:  leaves 


Genista.     Lat.  genu,  a  knee,  in  allusion  to  the  bending  of  the  twig;  or  from  Celt,  gen, 

a  small  bush. 
Gentiana.     After  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  according  to  Pliny,  first  used  it  for  its 

tonic  qualities. 
Geranium.     Gr.  geranion,  from  geranos,  a  crane,  the  germ  and  style  resembling  the 

head  and  beak  of  that  bird. 

(1)  fimbriata,  Vahl.  (2)  saponaria,  Wr.     villosa,  W.  (3)  purpurea,  Wr. 

(4)  puberula,  Mx.  (5)  quinquefolia,  L.     amarelloides,  Mx.  (6)  fimbriata, 

Bpt.  rep. 


GERANIUM,  OERARDIA.  253 

enb-reniform,  5  to  9-Iobed;  lobes  2  to  3-parted,  wedge-form,  divisions  acute,  sub- 
tootlied:  carpels  pubescent.     Probably  synonomous  wiih  G.  dissectum.     P.  O. 

dissectuin,  W.  (wood  geranium,  r.  J.  O.)  spread,  hairy:  leaves  opposite,  5-parted; 
lobes  :3-cleft,  gashed,  linear;  peduncles  2-ilo\vcred,  long:  petals  emarginate,  the 
length  orthe  awiied  calyx:  carpels  with  glandular  hairs.     1  f.  Y.  P.  B.  C.  II.  M.  F. 

rohcrliaiium,  (herb  robert.  O.  r.  J.  ^.)  spread  hirsute:  leaves  opposite,  ternate  and 
quinate,  3-cleft,  pinnatifid;  peduncles  2-Hovvered:  petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as 
the  awned  calyx:  carpels  net-veined.     10 — 15  i.     S.     Mch. 

columbimtm,  (long  stalked  geranium,  b.  M.  21.)  peduncles  2-flowered:  longer  than 
the  leaves:  leaves  5-parted;  lobes  many'cleft,  linear:  petals  emarginate,  of  the 
length  of  the  awned  caly.x:  carpels  glabrous.     P.  Y. 

caespitosum,  J.  (W.  r.)  somewhat  erect,  sparingly  branched  above;  radical  leaves 
reniform,  deeply  5  to  7-cleft. 

alhijloruin.  Hook,  {w.)  stem  erect,  dichotoriious,  somewhat  angled,  glabrous  below; 
glandular-pilose  above:  leaves  deeply  5-parted;  segments  ovate,  acuminate,  incisely 
sub-pinnatifid,  rallier  hairy;  radical  ones  on  long  petioles;  tiie  uppermost  opposite, 
on  short  petioles,  3-parted,  rather  acuminate:  sepals  glandular-pilose:  petals  as  well 
as  filaments  hirsute  at  the  base,     llocky  Mts. 

criantlium,  Dc.  (p.)  stem  erect,  angled,  sparingly  dichotomous,  minutely  pubescent 
Of  nearLj'  glabrous  below:  leaves  deeply  5  to  7-lobed;  lobes  3-cleft;  segments  laci- 
niate-incised;  radical  ones  on  long  petioles;  the  uppermost  sub-sessile:  peduncles 
short  and  crowded:  sepals  and  base  of  the  petals  and  stamens  densely  villose. 
N.W.  Coast  and  Kamschatka. 

Exotic. 

sanovivaim,  (bloody  geranium.  2X.)  peduncles  1-flowered:  leaves  5-parted,  3-cleft, 
orbicular:  capsule  bristly  at  the  top. 

Geraniuvi,  Pelargonium,  Erodium. 

13 — 2.     Gerar'dia.     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc.  feb— .  abs. 

1.  Floicers  yeiloxo. 

Jiata.  (false  foxglove.  O.  y.  .Tu.  Ti-)  pubescent:  stem  nearly  simple:  leaves  sub-sessile, 
lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed;  lower  ones  sub-pinnatifid,  gashed:  flowers  axillary, 
opposite,  sub-peduncled.     2 — 3  f.     &'.     Mch. 

glauca,  Eddy.  (1)  (oak-leaf  foxglove.  O.  y.  Ju.  71.)  glabrous:  stem  glaucous,  panicle- 
like: leaves  pelioled,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  acute  lanceolate  divisions;  upper 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire.     3 — 5  f.     S.     Mch. 

pediadaria,  (louse-wort  foxglove.  W.  y.  S.  ^.)  pubescent,  brachiate-panicled:  leaves 
oblong,  doubly  gash-serrate  and  pinnatifid:  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  pedicelled; 
divisions  of  the  calj'X  leafy,  gash-toothed.  Var.  pcctinata,  stem  and  branches 
densely  pilose:  leaves  ovate,  pectinately  sub-bi pinnatifid,  soft  pubescent:  calyx 
hirsute.     2  f.     S.     N.  C.  D.  Y.  P.  B.  O.  H.  N.     Peekskill.     Mch. 

2.  Flowers  purple. 

purpurea,  (p.  Au.  -C^.)  stem  with  opposite  branches:   leaves  linear,  slender:  flowers 

axillary,  opposite,   sub-sessile:   segments   of  the   calyx  subulate.     12 — 18  i.     S. 

P.  Y.  C.  B.  N.  F.     Mch. 
maritima,   R.   (2)  (W.  L.  p.  Ju.  0.)'  leaves  linear,   fleshy,  short,  oblusish:  flowers 

peduncled:  upper  segments  of  the  corol  ciliate:  calyx  truncate.     6 — 12  i.     W.  D. 

N.  C.  Y.  F.  B. 
auriculata,  Mx.  (3)  (W.  p.  Au.  #.)  nearly  simple,  rough:  leaves  lance-ovate,  2-eared 

at  the  base,   entire:  flowers  axillary,  opposite:  leaves  and  flowers  closely  sessile. 

8  i.     S.     P.     Mch.  ^ 

tenuifoUa,  W.  (4)  (W.  p.  Au.  $.  -^?)  very  branching:  leaves  linear,  acute,  scabrous: 

peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the  flowers:  teeth  of  the  calyx  acute.     6 — 12  i.     S. 

P.  Y.  T.  B.  O.  H.     Mch. 


GerardiX.     In  honor  of  John  Gerarde,  the  old  English  herbalist,  a  great  cultivator  of 

exotic  plants. 

(1)  quercifolia,  Ph.     Rhinanthus  virginicus,  G.     heterophylla,  M.         (2)  crinita, 
Eddy,  crassilblia,  Var.  of  purpurea.  Ph.     (3)  Erinus  africanus,  M.     (4)  erecta,  Vahl. 


254  GERARDIA,    GEUM. 

aetacea,  Wr.  (1)  ^p.  S.  0.)  stem  very  branching:  leaves  setaoeons,  glabrous:  flowers 
scattered,  terminal  and  axillary:  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  2  f.  S. 
P.  S — C 

Southern, 

aphylla,  N.  (p.  Ju.  0.)  stem  naked,  nearly  simple,  with  small,  deciduous,  opposite, 
ovate  scales:  corol  longer  than  the  peduncle.     3  f. 

plukenttii,  (  y-  S.)  stem  very  branching:  leaves  setaceous,  glabrous:  fk)wers  axil- 
lary and  terminal:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous, 
very  short.     2  f. 

JasdcuUiUi,  (L.  p.  S.  ^.)  stem  rigid,  erect,  branching  near  the  summit:  leaves  oppo- 
site, and  in  threes,  sometimes  alternate,  linear,  clustered,  very  scabrous:  peduncles 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves.     3 — 5  f. 

JilifuUa,  N.  (p.  S.)  stem  terete,  branching:  leaves  filiform,  someWhat  clustered,  gla- 
brous, alternate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  acutely  toothed:  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves.  <  '  '      ^ 

linifolia,  N.  (2)  (p.  S.  2_(.)  stem  terete,  virgate:'  leaves  linear,  acute,  smooth,  ap- 
pressed:  calyx  truncate,  denticulate:  corol  pubescent  without,  villous  within:  pe- 
duncles a  little  shorter  than  the  leaves.     2  f 

cuneifolia,  Ph.  (         )  branching;  branches  erect:  leaves  wedge-form,  lanceolate,  un- 
equally serrate;  upper  ones  alternate:  peduncles  axillary,    longer  than  the  leaves: 
calyx  5-parted.     Is  this  a  Gerardia?     E. 
frulicosa,  Ph.  (W.  p.  J.  ^.)  very  branching:  leaves  lanceolate,  seriate,  attenuate  at 
the  base,  sub-petioled:  racemes'terminal:  flowers  opposite,  bracted.     Rocky  Mts. 

Gerardia,  Seymeria. 

11—12.     Ge'um.     92.    Rosa.  ast.  ref  feb. 

stridum,  W.  (3)  (upright  avens,  herb  bennet.  O.  y.  J.  21.)  hirsute:  leaves  all  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate,  the  odd  one  largest;  leafets  ovate,  toothed:  stipules  gashed:  the 
five  alternating  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,  short;  flowers  erect;  petals  roundish, 
longer  than  the  calyx:  awns  naked,  hooked,  sometimes  hairy,  not  hooked.  2  f. 
Mch. 

cirginianum.  (avens.  O.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  pubescent:  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  ter- 
nate,  upper  ones  lanceolate:  gtipules  ovate,  sub-enlire:  flowers  erect;  petals  shorter 
than  the  calyx:  awns  hooked,  naked;  at  the  apex  twisted,  hairy.  Var.  trilobum, 
has  tlie  radical  leaves  3-lobed  or  ternate.     2  f.     S.     Mch. 

album,  W.  (4)  (W.  w.  Ju.  2_f.)  pubescent:  radical  leaves  pinnate;  cauline  ones  ter- 
nate; upper  ones  simple,  3-cleft:  lower  stipules  gashed:  flowers  erect;  petals  of 
the  length  of  the  calyx:  awns  hooked,  naked,  hairy  at  the  end.  2  f.  <S.  P.  B. 
F.  T. 

rivale,  (purple  avens.  O.  p.  M.  If.)  pubescent:  stem  simple:  radical  leaves  interrupt- 
edly pinnate;  cauline  ones  3-cleft:  flowers  nodding;  petals  of  the  length  of  the 
calyx:  awns  plumose,  nakedisk  above,  a  little  hooked.  Excellent  tonic.  Damp. 
Mch. 

agrimonoides,  (  w.  ZC-)  very  hirsute:  leaves  all  pinnatifid;  lobes  sub-equal,  un- 
equally gash  serrate:  stipules  ovate,  sub-entire:  flowers  erect;  divisions  of  the 
calyx  sub-equal:  petals  oval,  of  the  length  of  the  calyx.     Penn. 

peckii,  Ph.  (A.  y.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  few-flowered:  radical  leaves  reniform,  rounded,  sub- 
truncate  at  the  base,  gash-toothed;  petioles  very  long,  sometimes  appendaged:  pe- 
tals roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx.     4—8  i.      VVJiite  iiills. 

geniculatum,  Mx.  (Zf.)  many-flowered,  sub-panicled:  cauline  leaves  sub-sessile,  3- 
parled:  stipules  entire:  petals  wedge-obcordate:  aw^ns  all  over  hairy,  geniculate  in 
the  middle.     Canada. 

radiatum,  Mx.  (A.  y.)  very  hirsute:  radical  leaves  pinnate;  terminal  one  large,  reni- 
form, with  radiating  nerves,  dentate;  stem  leaves  clasping,  gash-lacerate:  awns 
glabrous,  simple  at  the  summit.     <S'. 

Geum.     Gr.  guio,   to  be  proud,  from  its  gaudy  appearance;  or  from  geuo,  to  give 

taste;   relating  to  the  aromatic  smell  of  G.  urbanum. 

(1)  erecta,  Mx.  (2)  erecta,  Wr.?  (3)  canadense,  Mx.     aleppicum,  Jn. 

(4)  canadense,  Jn.     carolinianum,  Wr. 


GEUMj    GLYCERA.  255 

ciliatum,  Ph.  (W.  y-p.  Ju.  2f.)  pubescent:  stem  simple;  leaves  a  little  glabrous,  ciliate 
at  the  marofin;  lower  ones  pinnate,  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  palmate; 
divisions  Imear,  gashed:  flowers  corynibed. 

Exotic, 
urbanum,  (y.  M.  Zf.)   flowers  erect,    awns   hooked,    naked:  stem  erect,   branching, 
hairy:  radical  leaves   pinnalilid   in  fives;  cauline  ones  palm-ternate;  upper  ones 
ovate,  1-lobed:  stipules  large,  sub-orbicular.     1'^ — 16  i. 

11 — 5.     Gille'nia.     92.     Rosa.  ast.  ref.  feb. 

trifollata,  Mn.  (1)  (Indian  physic,  bowman's  root.  W.  w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  ternate, 
lanceolate,  serrate,  nearly  equal:  stipules  linear,  entire:  flowers  terminal,  in  loose 
panicles:  calyx  bell-tubuW.     Styles  5.     2  f.     S.     P.  Y.  O.  H.  M.     Mch. 

stipulated,  (2)  (W.  w.  .T.  'Z{.)  leaves  ternate,  lanceolate,  gash-serrate,  nearly  equal: 
stipules  leafy,  ovate,  gash-toolhed:  flowers  in  a  lax  panicle:  calyx  bell-form.  Styles 
5.     Var.  incisa,  has  ternate  leaves,  with  leafets  gash- toothed.     2 — 3  f.     S.     P. 

12 — 1.    Glau'cium.     62.     Papa.  nar.  ano — • 
Soutltern. 
luteum,  S.  (3)  (horned  poppy.  L.  y.  Ju.  0.)  stem  glabrous:  cauline  leaves  clasping, 
repand:  peduncles  1-flowered:  silique  tuberculate,  and  a  little  scabrous. 

5 — 1.     Glaux.     35.     Prim.  acr.  ton — . 

maritima,  (sea  milk-v;ort.  L.  r.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  oblong,  smooth:  flowers  axillary, 
sessile.     4 — 5  i.     In  salt  marshes.     Harper's  ferry.     Canada. 

13 — 1.     Gle'choma.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

hederacea,  (ground  ivy,  gill  over  the  ground.  O.  b.  &  r.  M.  Zf.)  leaves  reniform,  cre- 
nate:  stem  rooting.     Var.  cordata,  leaves  cordate.     (S. 

20 — 6.     Gledits'chia.     93.     Legu.  nut.  asc.  ape. 

triacanthos,  (honey-locust,  w.  J.  ^.)  thorn  strong,  cross-branched:  leaves  oval,  and 
oblong:  legumes  very  long,  compressed.  A  large  tree.  One  side  of  the  long  flat 
legume  contains  a  sweet  pulp.  Cultivated.  Var.  inennis,  branches  unarmed.  S. 
T.  P.  C.  D.  F.     Mch. 

Southern. 

hrachycarpa,  Ph.  (O.  Ju.  ^.)  spines  thick,  short,  sub-ternate:  leafets  oblong,  obtuse: 
legumes  short-oblong. 

monosperma,  W.  (swamp-locust.  O.  Ju.  T?.)  branches  somewhat  spiny:  leafets  ovate- 
oblong,  acute:  legumes  oval,  mucronate,  somewhat  1-seeded. 

Gloitedium,  Robinia,  Sesbania. 

3 — 2.     Glyce'ra.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod — . 

fiuitans,  (4)  (water  fescue.  W.  Ju.  Zf.)  panicle  one-sided,  slightly  branched;  spikelets 
linear-terete,  appressed,  8  to  12-flowered;  florets  very  obtuse,  7-nerved:  leaves 
long,  flat.     2—3  f.     S.     T.  Y.  P.  C.  O.  H.  N.  D.     Mch. 

Gillenia.     Gr.  gelao,  to  laugh;  in  allusion  to  its  exhilerating  qualities. 

Glaucium.     Gr.  glaukos,  sea  green;  from  its  color. 

Glaux.     Gr.  glaux,  so  called  by  Dioscorides,  from  its  glaucous  color. 

Glechoma.     Gr.  glechon,  the  herb  pennyroyal;  others  say  from  glukus,  sweet;  from 

its  taste. 
Gleditschia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Gleditsch,  a  German  botanist  and  author  of 

several  botanical  works. 
Glyceiia.     Gr.  glukus,  sweet,  the  seeds  baing  very  sweet  and  called  manna  seeds  in 

Germany. 

(1)  Spirea,  L.  (2)  Spirea,  stipulata,  M.  (3)  Chelidoniura  glaucium,  W. 

(4)  Festuca,  L.  Poa,  S.   Devauxia,  Ph. 


256  CLYCERA,    CNAPHALIUM. 

hreoifoVui,  M.  (1)(J.  2X.)  panicle  simple,  elongated,  appressed;  spikelets  linear-terele^ 
4  to  12-flovvere(];  florets  attenuated,  acute,  indistinctly  nerved:  leaves  short,  erect. 
18  i.     B.  O.  M. 

10 — 10.     Gly'cine.     93.     Legn.  nut.  asc.  ape.  sug. 
Soiithern. 
striata,  (         )  stem  twining:  leafets  oblong,  very  soft  downy:  raceme  of  the  length 
of  the  leaves:  legumes  very  hirsute.     Is  this  species  as  high  north  as  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico? 
angulata,  D.  (        )  stem  angled,  with  the  angles  hairy:  leafets  oblong-ovate,  obtuse, 
silky  beneath:  legumes  linear,  compresaed,  hirsute.  ^•■' 

Glycine,  Phaseolcs,  Sub.  G.  Strophostyles,  Amphicakpaea,  Rhtnchosia,  Wistaria, 
and  Apios.     (2). 

16 — 10.     Glycyrrhi'za.     93.    Liegii.^pfc.  asc.  ape.  sug. 

lepidota,  N-  (W.  w.  Ju.  11.)  leafets  oblong,  acute,  silky  villose:  legumes  racemed, 

oblong,  hispid.     3 — 5  f.     R.     Hudson's  Bay.    . 
glulinosa,  N.  (         )  leafets  oblong  and  oblong-lanceolate,  strigose  with  scaly  glands: 

stems  and  calyx  pubescent  with  glandular  hairs:  spikes  pedunculate,  much  shorter 

than   the  leaves:  bracts  with  a  long  acuminate  point:  calyx  nearly  equal.     Banks 

of  Lewis's  River. 

Exotic, 
officinalis,  (liquorice.  21.)  leaves  pinnate,  the  terminal  ones  petioled.     Root  tuberous- 

cyUndric,  sweet. 

17—2.     Gnapha'lium.     ^.     Inul.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb.  sud.  f.  h.  odo, 

polyccpW alum,  Mx.  (3)  (sweet-scented  life-everlasting.  O.  y-w.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance- 
linear,  acute,  glabrous  above,   downy  beneath:  stem  panicled,   downy:   corymbs 

terminal.     1—2  f.     -S'.     Mch. 
deciirrens,  Ives,  (4)  (neglected  life-everlasting.  O.  y-w.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  lanceolate, 

broad  at  the  base,  acute,  decurrent,  somewhat  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath: 

stem  leafy,  branched,  spreading.     1 — 3  f.     C.  V.  T. 
purpureum,  W.   (5)   (W.    p.  Ju.  2i-)  leaves  linear-spatulate,  downy  beneath:  stem 

erect,   simple:   flowers  sessile,  glomerate,  terminal  and  axillary:  involucre  purple. 

G— 12  i.     S.     Y.  P.  C.  N.     Florida. 
luteo-album,  L.  (         )  leaves  sub-amplexicaule,  both  sides  and  the  stem  arachnoid- 
woolly,   lower  ones  spatulate,   upper  ones  lance-linear,  undulate:   flowers  dense, 

corymbose-capitate.     R.   A. 
supinum,  L.  (         )  stem  decumbent  at  the  base  and  branching;  fruit-bearing  one 

erect:  leaves  linear,  both  sides  arachnoid-tomentose:  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or 

racemed:  scales  of  the  involucre  fuscous  at  the  margin.     A. 
ullglnosum,  W.  (cudweed,  mud-life-everlasting.  O.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  branched,  spread 

woolly:    leaves  lance-linear,    narrowed  at  both  ends,    downy:    flowers    terminal, 

heaped:  involucre  brown.     Damp.     4 — 6  i.     -S'.     Mch. 
germanicum,  W.   (w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,   dichotomous:   leaves  lance-linear,  acute, 

tomentose:   flowers  in  a  globular  head,   terminaj,  and  lateral.     6 — 8  i.     iS.     P. 

H.  M. 
amcricanum,  W.   (6)  (W.  y-w.  J.  0.)  herbaceous,  erect,  branching:  leaves  obovate- 

spatulate,  pubescent  beneath:  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  in  glomeratefcpikes. 

6—8  i.     S.     P.  Y.  * 

sylcatlcum,  W.  (Ju.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  simple,  downy:  flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  axillary 

and  terminal:  leaves  lance-lineari  downy.     12  i. 

Glycine.     Gr.  ^ukus,  sweet,  from  the  leaves  of  some  species  having  a  sweet  taste. 
Glycyrrhiza.     Gr.  gluUus,  sweet,  and  rlza,  root,  from  its  sweet  taste. 
Gnaphalium.     Gr.  gnaphalon,  cotton  or  wool,  from  its  soft  downy  surface. 

(J)  acutiflora,  T.  Festuca,  M.  (2)  The  old  genus  Glycine  is  thus  distributed 
under  the  sub-divisions  of  Phaseolus  by  Elliott  and  De  Candolle.  I  follow  them 
reluctantly,  but  not  precisely.  (3)  obtusifolium,  Wr.  (4)  luteo-album?  M. 

(5)  hyemale,  Wr.        (6)   spatulatum,  Lk.     pennsylvariicum,  M. 


GNAPHALIUM,    GOODYERA.  257 

Sub-genvs  Antennaria,  Br.  st7jlc  very  simple  or  short,  bifid. — didiniatc. 

margaritacea,  (pearl-flowered  life-everlasting.  O.  y.  &  w.  Jii.  H-)  tall,  simple:  leaves 
lance-linear,  acute,  3-nerved,  sessile,  under  side  and  stem  woolly:  corymb  many- 
flowered:  scales  of  the  hemispheric  involucre  elliptic,  obtuse,  opaque,  white,  the 
outer  ones  only  tomentose  at  the  base.     1 — 2  f. 

dioica,  (w.  M.  2^.)  stoloniferous,  creeping:  leaves  tomentose  beneath  chiefly:  radical 
ones  spatulale,  obscurely  3-nerved  at  the  base;  cauline  ones  lance-linear:  stem 
simple:  flowers  corymbose-capitate,  dioecious.    Canada.     A.  R.  T.  C.  N.  F.   Mch. 

raceinosa,  H.  (A.  )  stoloniferous,  creeping:  leaves  on  the  upper  side  and  the  simple 
stem  glabrous,  under  side  wliite-tomentose;  radical  ones  ovate-spatulate;  cauline 
ones  lance-linear:  (lowers  racemed,  dioecious:  racemes  lax,  somewhat  compound: 
scales  of  the  invoWcre  all  obtuse,  shining,  very  glabrous.     R. 

carpatica,  W-d.h\.  {lyi^A.  21.)  somewhat  low,  simple,  woolly:  leaves  lanceolate,  3- 
nerved,  inferior  ones  petioled:  corymb  capitate,  few-(C — 8)-flowered:  involucre 
turbinate,  woolly  beneath;  scales  obtuse,  shining,  becoming  fuscous;  upper  ones 
elongated,  apexes  white,  becjtoing  opake.     .Canada.     R. 

alpina,   (  )  stolonifero^^   short,  sub-erect:  leaves  white-tomentose  beneath 

chiefly;  radical  ones  spatulate;  cauline  ones  linear:  corymb  capitate:  interior  scales 
of  the  involucre  acute,  membranfljipeous,  becoming  fuscous,  shining.     R.  A. 

Gompho carpus.  Acerates,  Asclepiab. 
5 — 1.     Gomphre'na.     30.     Amar.  cat.  r,  ton. 
Exotic, 
globosa,  (globe  amaranth,  bachelor's  button,  r.  Au.  #.)  stem  erect:  leaves  lance- 
ovate:  heads  solitary:  peduncles  2-leaved. 

Gompkrena,  Achyranthes. 

Gonolobium,  Gonolobus. 

IS — 5.     Gonolobus.     47.     Ascl.  acr.  stim.  eme.  sud. 

obliquus,  (false  choak-dog.  p.  J.  21.)  stem  twining,  hirsute:  leaves  heart-ovate,  acute: 
corymbs  axillary:  segments  of  the  corol  ovate,  acuminate.     S.     P. 

hirsutus,  Mx.  (2)  (W.  p.  Ju.  li.)  sarmenls  and  petioles  very  hirsute:  leaves  gradually 
acuminate,  pubescent  on  both  sides:  divisions  of  the  corol  oval-oblong,  obtuse: 
follicles  oblong,  muricate.     Charleston,  S— C. 

Southern. 
macrophyUus,  Mx.  (W.  y.  Ju.)  leaves  broad,  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed,  abruptly 

acuminate:   follicles  muricate:   lobes  of  tlie  crown  divided.     Charleston,   S — C. 
proslratus,  (  p. )  stem  prostrate,  herbaceous:  leaves  reniform-cordate,  acute,  tomentose 

beneath. 
viridijhrus,  N.  (W.  g.)  smooth,  twining:  leaves  sub-reniform-cordate,  auricled  at  the 

base,  acuminate,  somewhat  long-peduncled:  divisions  of  the  corol  oblong-linear, 

oblique,  obtuse:  follicles  ribbed. 

18—1.     Goodye'ra,  Br.  (3)     21.     Orch.  aro.  vis. 

pubescens,  W.  (rattle  snake  leaf,  scrofula  weed,  adders'  violet.  O.  y.  w.  Ju.  2I-)  leaves 

radical,  ovate,  petioled;  veins  colored,  reticulate:  scape  sheathed:  scape  and  flowers 

pubescent:  lip  ovate-acuminate:   petals  ovate.     10 — 15  i.     <S. 
repens,  W.  (A.  w.  Ju.  li.)  radical  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  reticulate:  scape  sheathed: 

scape  and  flowers  pubescent:  flowers  one-sided:  lip  and  petals  lanceolate.     8  i.    C. 

B. 


Gomphrena.     From  Gromphrena,  a  name  applied  by  the  ancients. 

Gonolobus.     Gr.  gonia,  an  angle,  and  lobos,  a  pod,  alluding  to  the  ribs  or  angles  on 

the  legume. 
<ioodyera.     In  honor  of  John  Goodyer,  a  Hampshire  botanist,  celebrated  in  Gerarde's 

Herbal. 

(I)  G.  alpinum,  W.         (2)  carolinensis,  E.     Cynanchum  carolinense.  W, 
<3)  Neottia,  W. 

33 


258  GOKDOMA,    CRATIOLA 

15 — 12.     Gordo  NiA.     70.     Tern.  stom.  ton.  ref. 
SouUiern. 
lasianthus,  W.  (holly-bay.  Ju.  w.    T: .)  leaves   lance-oblong,  yeiy  glabrous,  shining, 
coriaceous:  floweis  long-peduncled:  capsules  conical,  acuminate.     Charleston,  S — 
C. 
puhescetis,  W.  (vv.  M.  ^ .)  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  serrulate,  pubescent  beneath,  de- 
ciduous: capsules  spherical. 

15—13.     Gossy'fium.     74.     Malv.  niuc. 

Exotic. 

herbaceum,  (cotton.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  5-lo^itl,  mucronate,  one  gland  beneath:  stem 
herbaceous,  smooth.     5  f. 

2 — 1.     Grati'ola.     o7.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc. 

carolinensis,  Ph.  (1)  (w.  .Tu.  Z[-)  f'tem  smooth,  somewhat  branched,  procumbent  at 
the  base,  4-sided  above,  terete  below:  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  obtusish,  dentate, 
3-nerved:  peduncles  pubescent,  short:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear,  equal, 
entire:  bracts  broader,  expanding:  corol  pubescent  within:  sterile  filaments  none: 
capsule  globose.     Le  Conte.     /S.  v..,, 

virginica,  Ph.  (2)  (creeping  hedge  hyssop.  W.  w,5&  y.  21.)  stem  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent, branching  at  the  base,  assurgent,  terete:  leaves  smooth,  sessile,  lanceolate, 
obtusish,  dentate  above,  attenuate  below:  peduncles  long,  setaceous,  pubescent: 
divisions  ot"  the  calyx  equal,  lanceolate,  obtuse:  bracts  broader:  corol  pubescent 
within:  capsule  ovale,  acutish:  sterile  filaments  none.  Le  Conte.  6 — 8  i.  S. 
C.  N.  F.  T. 

au'rca,  M.  (hedge  hyssop.  W.  y.  Jo.  IS-)  smooth:  stem  4-angled,  repent  at  the  base, 
blanching:  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  punctate,  dentate  or  very  entire,  acute  or 
obtusish:  peduncles  long,  setaceous,  pubescent:  divisions  of  the  calyx  equal,  linear: 
bracts  linear,  expanding:  corol  pubescent  within:  capsule  ovate  rather  acute:  sterile 
filaments  2,  jninute.     Le  Conte.     4—8  i.     S.     X- 

anugalloulea,  Mx.  (3)  (water  hedge  hyssop,  w-b.  Ju.  21.)  sub-erect,  very  smooth: 
st'em  4-sided:  leaves  oblong-oval,  sparingly  denticulate,  shorter  than  the  flowers: 
calyx  without  bracts,  subulate,  pubescent:  corol  smooth  within;  divisions  generally 
obtuse.     S.     3—6  i.     S— C.  '  *, 

Southern. 

viscosa,  Sz.  (4)  (w-p.  Ap.  21.)  stem  assurgent,  viscid-pubescent,  sub-terete:  leaves 
smooth,  sessile,  lance-ovate,  acutish,  dentate,  3-nerved:  peduncles  long:  divisions 
of  the  calyx  equal.  lance  linear:  bracts  broader,  expanding,  shorter  than  the  calyx: 
corol  pubescent  within:  sterile  filaments  two:  capsules  ovate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Le  Conte. 

quadridenlata,  Mx.  (5)  (w.  Ju.  0.)  smoothish:  stem  terete,  procumbent,  sometimes 
viscous:  leaves  sessile,  lancejolale,  acute,  sub-punctate,  4-toothed;  two  anterior 
teeth  longest:  divisions  of  the  calyx  unequal,  linear:  bracts  small,  only  on  the 
flowers  that  fiisi  appear:  (later  flowers  without:)  corol  pubescent  within:  sterile 
filaments  2,  small:   capsule  ovate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx.     Le  Conte. 

pilosa,  Mx.  (G)  (w.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  branching,  very  hairy;  stem  4-sided:  leaves  sessile, 
ovate,  dentate:  rtovvers  sub-peduncled:  divisions  of  the  calyx  unequal:  two  inter- 
mediate ones  small,  setaceous:  corolsmooth  within:  steiile filaments  2,  very  minute. 
Le  Conte.     1— 2  f     S— C.  ,  ;     , 

vmsouriana,  Bk.  (W.  J.  y.  21-)  erect,  terete,  nearly  simple:  leaves  narrow,  lanceo- 
late, connate,  opposite,  toothed  at  the  apex;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  seg- 

Gordonia.     In  honor  of  James  Gordon,    an   eminent  cultivator  of  many  new   plants 

near  London. 
Gossypiuni.     Of  Egyptian   origin,  from  gotae,  whence   gottipium,    the  name  of  the 

cotton  plant. 
Gratiola.     Lat.  gratia,  grace   or  favor,  on  account  of  its  supposed  medical  qualities. 

(1)  virginianarand  acuminata,  Wr.  sphaerocarpa,  and  megalocarpa,   E.   officinalis, 
M.v.  (2)  officinalis,  Mx.  (3)  tetragona,  E?    Lindernia  pyxidaria,  Ph.  &c. 

(4)  virginica,  E.         (5)  ramosa,  Wr.  (6)  peruviana,  Wr. 


GRATIOLA,    HABENARIA.  259 

ments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corol 
bracts  longer  tlian  tlie  calyx:  whole  plant  viscid,  pubescent.     4 — (i  i. 
fioridana,  N.  (y.  Mar.  0.)  glabrous,  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  obsoletely  denticulate, 
acutish:  peduncle  longer  than  the  leaf:  flowers  largish,  divisions  Qmarginate.     9  i. 

GiindtUa,  Donia. 
2 — ].     Gymnandra.     37.     Scro    cat.  asc. 
[See  p.  34,  where  this  reference  is  made.] 

Calyx  2-parted,  spathaceus,  or  0:  superior  lip  of  the  corol  entire;  inferior  one  2 — 3- 
parted:  stamens  2,  exsert:  capsule  2-celled;  cells  one-seeded. 

huUii,  Ea.*  villose:  stem  naked  above:  radical  leaves  petioled,  cordate,  oblong, 'cienate; 
coriaceous  cauline  ones  sessile,  lanceolate,  erose-denticulate:  flowers  spiked;  on 
short  bracted  pedicels.     15  i.     P| gicieg-  of  Mch.     Is  Hk's  spec,  a  var.  of  this? 

20— IO.wKinocla'dus.     99. 

canadensis,  W.  (W.  w.  J.  ^.)  ^^TO?Jipinnate;  leafets  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent. 
S.     O.     Banks  of  Seneca  La^r.. '  V 

3 — 2.     Gymnopo^gon.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

racemosum,  Ph.  (1)  (Au.  2i.)  spikes  panicled:  flower  solitary,  remote:  the  exterior 
palea  awned  at  its  summit;  the  interior  at  its  base.     Sand.     181. 

17 — 4.     Gvmxosty'les.     55.     Inul.  ton.  sec-stim.  r.  exp. 
Southern, 
stolonifera,  P.  (2)  (M.  H.)   herbaceous,    procumbent,  creeping,  glabrous:  leaves  pin- 
natifid:  flowers  sessile  at  the  root. 

6 — ].     GvNANDROPsis.     64.     Capp.  ton.  ath. 

pentaphylla,  Dc.  (w.  Ju.  ^.)  smooth:'  leaves  quihate  and  ternate;  leafets  entire,  sub- 
serrulate:  stamens  inserted  on  the  pedicel  of  the  germ.     2  f.     S.  F. 

Gynandropsis,  Cleomi;. 

6—3.     Gyro'mia.  ivK.     12.     Smil.  diu.  dem. 

mrginica,  (3)  (Indian  cucumber.  O.  y.  g.  M.  21.)  several  leaves  in  a  whorl  near  the 
middle  of  the  stem  and  3  in  a  whorl  at  the  top,  lance-oval,  acuminate:  pedicels  ag- 
gregated, terminal.     Root  white,  edible.     12 — 18  i.     S.     Mch. 

H. 
18—1.     Habena'ria.     W.  (4)    21.     Orch.  nut.  emo. 

cUiaris,  (orchis.  O.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  lip  lance-oblong,  pinnate-ciliate,  twice  as  long  as   the 

petals:  spur  longer  than  the  germ.     1 — 2  f      6'.     Mch. 
blepliariirluttis,  W.  (w.  Ju.  2X.)  lip  lanceolate,  ciliate,  of  the  length  of  the  upper  petal; 

spur  longer  than  the  germ.     Resembles  the  last.     18  i.     S.     T.  Y.  B.  N. 

Gymnandra.     Gr.  gumnos,  naked,  aw<Zros,  (of  areer)  stamen  (man.) 

Gymnocladus.  Gr.  gumnos,  naked,  and  Idadus,  slender  branch,  in  allusion  to  the 
naked  appearance  of  its  strange  rigid  shoots  in  winter. 

Gymnopogon.     Gr.  giimnos,  naked,  and  pogon,heaTd,  from  the  awn  of  the  corol. 

Gymnostyles.  Gr.  gumnos,  naked,  and  slulos,  style,  from  the  long,  permanent, 
naked  style. 

Gynandropsis.  Gr.  gime,  pistil,  andros,  stamen,  opsis,  appearance;  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  class  Gynandria. 

Gyromia.     Gr.  giiros,  a  whorl,  alluding  to  the  whorls  of  leaves  on  the  plant. 

Habenaria.     Lat.  habena,  a  thong  or  lash,  on  account  of  the  long  narrow  strips  of  the 
lips  of  the  corol. 
(1)  Andropogonambiguum,  Mx.       Anthopogon  lepturoides,  N.         (2)  Hippia   P. 

(3)  Medeola,  L.  &c.         (4)  Orchis,  L.  ' 

*To  Mr.  Geo.  Bull,  Ast.  Bot.  to  Mich.  Commission. 


260  HABENARIA,  HAMAMELIS. 

eristata,  Mx.  (y.  J.  If.)  lip  oblong,  pinnate-ciliate;  petals  round,  2  lateral  ones  tooth- 
ed; spur  shorter  tlian  the  germ.     S.     P.  Y. 

psycho' des,  W.  (l")  (y.  J.  li.)  lip  3-parted,  divisions  capillary-many-cleft;  petals 
obtuse;  spur  filiform-clavate,  ascending,  of  the  length  of  tlie  germ.  C.  Y.  P.  T. 
B.     Mch. 

Integra,  (y.  Ju.  ![.)  lip  oblong,  entire,  longer  than  the  inner  petals;  spur  longer  than 
the  germ,  acute  at  the  point;  stem  leafy;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

huronensis,  N.  (W.  g-vv  Au.  21.)  lip  lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  incurved;  petals 
subulate,  connivent;  spur  about  the  length  of  the  hp,  incurved;  petals  flat:  stem 
leafy.     1—2  f.      Mch. 

fuscescens,  W.  (py.  Ju.  Zf.)  hp  ovate,  toothed  at  the  base;  petals  spreading;  spur 
subulate,  of  tlie  length  of  the  germ:  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers.     S.     C. 

herbioLa,  Br.  (y.  J.  71.)  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  toothed  at  the  base;  palate  1-toothed:  spur 
filiform,  shorter  than  the  germ:  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers.  1  f.  F.  P.  N.  T. 
Moh. 

bracteata,  W.  (2)  (vegetable  satyr,  g-w.  M.  2X0  lip  linear,  emarginate,  obtusely  3- 
toothed;  spur  short,  sub-inflated,  somewhat  2-lobed:  bracts  twice  as  long  as  the 
flowers,  leaf-like,  spreading;  roots  palmate.     6— lOi.     iS.     O.  F.  P.  T.N.    Mch. 

fimbriata,  W.  (O.  p.  Ju.  2f.)  lips  3-parted;  divisions  wedge-form,  ciliate,  fringed; 
lateral  petals  ovate,  toothed;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  longer  than  the  germ.  2  f. 
Mch. 

grandiflora,  Bw.  (3)  (p.  J.)  lip  dependent,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  3-parted;  divi- 
sions wedge-form,  fringed;  middle  one  largest,  with  connivent  fimbria;  lateral  pe- 
tals fimbriate;  spur  ascending,  clavate,  longer  than  the  germ:  leaves  oval-oblong. 
2f.     iN.     Mch. 

incisa,  W.  (w-p.  Ju.  2_C.)  lip  3-parted;  divisions  wedge-form,  gash-toothed,  middle  one 
emarginate;  lateral  petals  obtuse,  sub-dentate;  spur  subulate,  ascending,  of  the 
length  of  the  germ.     2—4  f.     S.     P.  Y.  N. 

fissa,  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  2X.)  lip  3-parted;  divisions  wedge-form,  toothed,  intermediate 
one  2-lobed;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  longer  than  the  germ.  Tall.  S. 
P.  K. 

tridentata,  W.  (4)  (W.  w.  J.  H.)  lip  lanceolate,  3-toothed  at  the  apex;  petals  obtuse; 
spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  longer  than  the  germ.  6 — 12  i.  S.  C.  Y.  P. 
N.     Mch. 

Southern. 

quinqueseta,  Mx.  (5)  (w.  S.)  lip  3-parted;  lateral  segments  setaceous;  inner  petals 
2-parted;  lower  segment  setaceous,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  outer  petal;  spur 
twice  as  long  as  the  germ:   leaves  lance-oval:  bracts  acuminate.     2  f 

repens,  N.  (y-g.  Au.  2i.)  lip  3-parted;  lateral  segment  setaceous;  inner  petals  2-parted; 
lower  segment  setaceous,  scarcely  longer  than  the  outer  petals;  horn  as  long  as  the 
germ:  leaves  narrow,  lanceolate:  bracts  acute. 

Hahenaria,  Orchis. 
15 — 12.     Hale'sia.     71.     Styr.  stom.  aro.  ast. 
Souther7i. 
tetraptera,  W.  (snow-drop  tree.  O.  w.  Ap.   Ip.)  leaves  lance-oval,  acuminate,  serru- 
late:   corol  4-cleft:    flowers  dodecandrous:    fruit  equally  4-winged.     Charleston 
S— C.     Florida. 
diptera,  W.    (w.  A  p.  Tp.)  leaves  lance-oval  and  ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate:  petals 

4:  flowers  octandrous:  fruit  compressed,  vv^ith  two  large  wings.     Florida. 
parvijiora,  Mx.  (^.)  fruit  unequally  and  somewhat  4-winged,  clavate,  small:  flowers 
small. 

4 — 2.     Hamame'lis.     78.     Hama.  ton. 

virginica,  W.  (witch  hazel.  O.  y.  Oc.  h.)  leaves  obovate,  acute,  toothed,  cordate 
with  a  small  sinus.     Var.  parvifolia,  (A.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  upper  part  undulate- 

Halesia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  S.  Hales,  the  eminent  physiologist. 

Hamamelis.     Gr.  amamells,  from  ama,  accompanying,  and  mtlea,  apple  tree;  applied, 
it  is  thought,  because  the  apple  in  fruit  accompanies  this  flower. 
(1)  lacera,  Mx.  (2)  Satyrium,  P.  (3)  Orchis,  Bw.  (4)  Orchis  claveU 

ata,  Mx.  (5)  michauxii,  N.     Orchis,  Mx, 


HAMAMELIS,    HEDYSARUM.  261 

coarse-crenate,  pubescent  and  Bomewliat  hirsute  beneath:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
oblong.  Flowers  in  the  fall,  and  perfects  the  fruit  the  next  summer.  5 — 15  f.  S. 
Mch. 


macrophylla,  Ph.  (  ^.)  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  toothed,  sca- 
brous and  punctate  beneath.     A  doubtful  species. 

20 — 5.     Hamilto'nia.    25.     Santa,  nut.  sed. 

oleifera,  W.  (1)  (anierican  oil-nut.  A.  g-y.  J.  '^.)  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  entire, 
acuminate:  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.     Flowers  small.     4 — 6  f.     S.     C. 

Hapalostemium,  Harpalya,  Hieracium. 

Harpahjce,  Prenanthes. 

13—1.     Hedeo'ma.  (2)     42.     Labi,  stom  ton.  fra. 

pulegioi'des,  (penny-royal.  O.  b.  J.  0.)  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  serrate:  peduncle* 

axillary,  whorled.     6 — 8  i.     S.     Mch. 
glabra,  P.  (3)  (W.  r-p.  Au.  21.)  smooth:  stem  surculose:  radical  leaves  nearly  oval; 

cauline   ones   oblong-linear,    all  entire:    flowers   axillary,    mostly   solitary,   long- 

peduncled.     6— 12  i.     S.     F.  D.     Niagara  Falls.     Mch. 

Southern, 
hispida,  Ph.  (4)  (W.  Ju.  0.)  branching,    pubescent:  leaves  linear,    acutish  at  both 

ends,  very  entire,  veined,    revolute  at  the  margin:    whorls  many-flowered:  calyx 

strigose.     3^6  i. 
iracteoluta,  N.  pubescent:  stem  simple,  slender:  leaves  linear,   sub-lanceolate,  acute- 

at  each  end,  entire:  pedicels  3 — 5-flo,wered:  bracts  setaceous. 

5 — 1.     He'dera.     58.     Capr.  ast.  fra. 

Exotic. 

helix,  (english  ivy.  g-w.  S.  ^.)  leaves  3  or  5-lobed:  floral  ones  ovate:  umbel  erect, 

Hcd&ra,  Ampelopsis. 

HedyiMoa,  Kyllingia. 

4 — 1.     Hedyo'tis.     57.     Cine,  feb-j-.  ton.  ast. 

glomerata,  Mx.  (5)  (creeping  green  head.  w-g.  M.  0.)  stem  assurgent:  leaves  lance- 
olate, pubescent,  attenuate  at  the  base:  flowers  fascicled,  axillary  and  terminal, 
S.     W.  Y.  S— C. 


ianceolata,  Dc.  (6)  glabrous:  stem  erect,  4-sided,  angles  somewhat  winged:  leaves 
sessile,  lanceolate,  acute:  stipules  lanceolate,  membranaceous:  corymbs  trichoto- 
mous,  terminal:  corols  funnel-form,  with  exsert  anthers.     Carolina. 

16 — 10.     Hedysa'rcm.     93.     Legu.  nut.  asc.  ape. 

ainadense,  (bush  trefoil.  O.  r.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  smoothish:  leaves  ternate,  lance-oblong: 
stipules  filiform:  flowers  racemed:  bracts  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  ciliate:  joints  of 
the  loment  obtusely  triangled,  hispid.     3  f.     S.     Mch. 

Hamiltonia.     Dedicated  by  Muhlenberg,  to  Mr.  Hamilton,  an  American  patron  of 

botany. 
Hedeoma.     Gr.  edits,  edees,  eatable,  peihaps  so  called  from  its  fragrance. 
Hedera.     Said  to  be  from  huedus,  a  kid;   being  given  to  increase  the  milk  of  goats. 
Hedyotis.     Gr.  edus,  sweet,  and  oits  ( otos  )  the  ear;  said  to  cure  deafness. 
Hedysarum.     Uncertain:  supposed  from  tdus,  sweet,  and  aroma,  fragrance,  applied 

to  the  flowers  of  some  species. 

(1)  Pyrularia  pubera,  Mx.  (2)  Cunila,  L.  (3)  Cunila  glabella,  Mx. 

(4)  hirta,  N.  (5)  Oldenlandia,  Mx.  (6)  Anotis,  Dc. 


262  HEDYSARUM. 

canescens,  W.  (r-b.  Au.  2i.)  erect,  pilose:  stem  angled,  ciliate,  hispid:  leaves  ternate, 
roundish,  with  close-pressed  hairs  beneath:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate:  racemes 
panicled:  bracts  cordate:  joints  of  the  loment  triangular,  hispid.     S.     P.  Y.     Mch. 

marylandicum,  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  erect,  branching,  pilose:  leaves  ternate,  oblong, 
villose  beneath:  stipules  subulate;  racemes  panicled:  loment  3-jointed;  the  joints 
rhomboid,  reticulate,  a  little  hairy.     S.     P.  Y.  O.  T.     Mch. 

ciliarc,  ^V.  (O.  p.  Au.  21.)  erect,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  short-petioled, 
pubescent  beneatli,  margin  ciliate:  stipules  filiform:  panicle  terminal:  joints  of  the 
loment  (2  or  o)  half  orbicular,  hispid,  reticulate.  Var.  oblongifolium,  E.  leaves 
longer,  nearly  glabrous,  sub-glaucous  beneath,  long-petioled.     2  f.     S.     Mch. 

viridifloruin,  L.  not  Ph.  (g.  &  p.  J.  7l- ,  erect:  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  obtuse,  scabrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  soft-villose  beneath,  panicle  terminal,  long,  naked:  joints  of 
the  loment  triangular.     E.     3—4  f.     S.     Y.  M.  N.  D.  P.  C.  F.  T. 

aikini,  Esi.  (1)  (W.  g.  &p.  Au.  H-)  erect:  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  ternate, 
ovate-oblong  and  subdeltoid,  acute-mucronate,  scabrous  beneath:  stipules  cuspi- 
date: racemes  panicled,  bracted.  Flowers  become  greenish  in  full  maturity.  3  f. 
Very  abundant  on  the  islands  about  Troy,  N.  Y. 

ohtusum,  W.  (W.  p.  &  g.  Au.  2£.)  erect,  slender,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  ternate, 
ovate,  obtuse,  sub-cordate  at  the  base:  stipules  subulate:  panicle  terminal:  joints  of 
the  loment  sub-orbiculate,  reticulate,  hispid.     1—2  f.     6'.     P.  Y.  N.  M.  T.     Mch. 

humifusum,  M.  (p.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  prostrate,  sub-glabrous:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  ovate 
or  oval,  acutish,  slightly  hairy:  racemes  elongated:  joints  of  the  loment  sub- 
rhomboidal,  hispid.     B. 

rotundifolium,  Mx.  (W.  p.  Au.  21.)  prostrate,  hirsute:  leaves  ternate,  orbicular, 
pilose  both  sides:  stipules  round-cordate,  reflexed:  racemes  axillary,  and  in  the 
terminal  panicles  few-flowered:  joints  of  the  loment  sub-rhombic,  reticulate- 
scabrous.     2—3  f.     S.     T.  N.     Mch. 

paniciilatum,  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  2i.)  erect:  leaves'teinate,  lance-linear,  smoothish,  revo- 
lute  at  the  margin:  stipules  subulate:  panicle  termkim:  loment  hispid;  joints  some- 
what triangular.     2— 3f.     S.     B.  O.  II.  M.  F.  C.'P.  N.  T.     Mch. 

strictum,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Ju.  2i.)  stiffly  erect,  glabrous,' simple:  leaves  ternate,  sub-linear, 
net-veined:  stipules  subulate:  "racemes  axillaiw  antj.  terminal:  loments  about  2- 
jointed;  joints  lunate-triangular,  hispid.     2 — ^1     S.     JVJch. 

laevlgatuin,  N.  (W.  p.  Au.  2i.)  very  smooth:  stem  simple,  erect,  sub-glaucous:  leaves 
ternate,  long-petioled;  leafets  ovate,  acute:  stipules  suiiulate,  minute,  caducous: 
panicle  terminal,  sub-simple:  ft^vers '  in  ^^f^  ou  long  peduncles:  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  flower-buds:  joinfiBp'tlie  loment  triangular,  iiispid.  S. 
Y.     Rich.  ^^ 

nudiflorum,  (W.  p.  Ju.  2[.)  leaves  ternate,  broad-oval,  acuminate,  sub-glaucous 
beneath:  scape  panicled,  glabrous,  radical,  taller  than  the  stem:  joints  of  the  loment 
round-triangular.     1—2  f.     S.     Y.  B.  O.  'N.  C.  f .     Mch. 

acuminatum,  Mx.  (O.  p.  Ju.  2X.)  erect,  sin>ple,  pubescent,  leafy  at  the  summit:  leaves 
ternate,  ovate,  long-acuminate,  with  scattered  hairs*  on  both  sides,  close-pressed, 
long-petioled;  the  odd  leafet  round-rhomboid:  "panicle  long-peduncled,  terminal. 
1—2  f.     S.     Mch. 

Iractco' sum,  Mx.  (2)  (r.  Au.  2X.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate,  oblong-oval,  acumi- 
nate: stipules  subulate:  racemes  terminal,  with  scattered  flowers:  bracts  ovate, 
acuminate,  striate,  glabrous:  joints  of  the  loment  sub-oval.  3 — 5  f.  S.  N.  T. 
Mch. 

alpinum,  Var.  amencanum,  Mx.  (3)  (W.  A.  p.  IS.)  erect:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets 
oval-oblong,  hairy:  stipules  partly  sheathing:  joints  of  the  loment  roundish.  S. 
R.     Canada. 

glahdlum,  Mx.  (W.  p.  Ju.  7S-)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate,  ovate-obtuse,  sub- 
glaucous  beneath:  stipules  sniall,  subulate:  panicle  terminal:  joints  of  the  loment 
rhomb-triangular.     2  f.     8.     D.  C. 

paucijluruw,  N.  (W.  w,  Zf.)  decumbent:  stem  filiform:  leaves  ternate,  long-petioled; 
leafets  broad-ovate,  acuminate,    pubescent-ciliate;  terminal   one  broad-rhomboid: 

(1)  viridiflorum.  Ph.  not  Lin.  See  Elliott.  Vol.  II.  p.  217.  As  the  viridiflorum 
of  Linneus  is  retained  by  Elliott  and  Torrey,  and  as  we  certainly  have  Pursh's  plant 
in  abundance,  it  becomes  necessay  to  give  the  latter  a  new  name.  I  have  given  this 
name  as  an  expression  of  my  esteem  for  Dr.  William  Aikin,  a  most  indefatigable 
and  very  accurate  young  botanist.  (2)  cuspidatum,  W.         (3)  boreale,  N? 


HEDYSARUiM,    HELI  W T HEMUM.  263 

stipules  obsolete:  raceme  terminal,  pcduncled,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  very  few- 

(4 — 8)  flowered.     Canada. 
mackenzii,  R.  (  )  caulescent,  decumbent:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oblong,  both 

sides  becoming  whitish  pilose:  stipules  sliealhi:ig:  joints  of  the  loment  transversely 

rugose,  pilose.     A. 

Southern, 
llneatum,  Mx.  (2i.)  stem  creeping,  striped  with  green:  leaves  ternate,  roundish,  sub- 
sessile:   racemes  long,  with  small  scattered  iiovvers:  joints  of  the  loment  lenticular. 
rigidiim,  E.  (W.  p.  Au.    TJ..)   erect,    very  branching:   leaves  oblong-ovate,    obtuse, 

reticulate,    pubescent:    panicle   branchmg:    bracts  lance-ovate,    acuminate.     3  f. 

S— C. 
rhomhifolium,  E.    (p.  S.  If.)   pubescent:  leaves  ternate,'  rhomboid,   obtuse,    thick, 

reticulate,    rugose:   panicle  compound:  bracts  small:  loment  1 — 3-jointed;  joints 

roundisli,  veined.     2 — 3  f.         •      . 
scabcrrimum,  E.    (p.  Ju.  21.)  erect,   very  scabrous:  leaves  ternate,    ovate,    tapering 

towards  the  apex,  acute,  pilose- pubescent:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,   persistent: 

panicle  terminal:  joints  of  the  loiuent  somewhat  triangular,  very  hispid.     3—4  f. 

K.  1 

Hedysanan,  Lespedeza. 

17 — 2.     Hele'nium.     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb.  s.  ole. 

autu.mnale,  (false  sunflower.  O.  y.  Au.  21.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  sub-decurrent: 

stem  corymbed  above:    disk  florets   5-cleft;  rays   flat,    reflexed.     Var.  jmbescens, 

leaves  pubescent.     3 — 5  f.     S.     Mch. 
canaliculatnm,    Lk.    leaves   lanceolate,    serrate,    sub-decurrent:    stem   simple:    disk 

florets  5-cleft:  ray-florets  channelled. 
quadndentalum,  Mx.  (O.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  broad-decurrent;  lower  ones  sub-pinnatifid; 

upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous:  disk  florets  4-toothed.  3 — 4  f.     La.   S — C. 
tenui/uliiim,  N.  (W.  y.  If.)  leaves  very  long  and  narrow-linear:  branches  1 -flowered: 

egret  very  long,  acuminate,  bearded:  stem  low,  naked.  9  i.    Alabama,  Mississippi. 

La. 

12 — 1.    ^Helianthemum.  (1)     SO.     Cist.  exp.  ton.  stim.  cat. 

canadense,   Mx.   (rock-rose,Trost  plant.   O.  y.  J.  2X-)  without  stipules,   erect 

alternate,  erect,  linear-lanceolate'  flat,  lomentose  beneath:  racemes  terminal,  few- 
flowered:  divisions  of  Uie  calyx  broad-ovate,  acuminate:  capsules  shorter  than  the 
calyx.  At  the  foot  of  tlie  Pine-rock,  New  Haven,  the  barren  plains  produce  great 
quantities  of  this  plant.  In  Nov^iber  and  December  of  1816,  I  saw  hundreds  of 
these  plants  sending  out  broad,  tl^,  curved  ice  crystals,  about  an  inch  in  breadth, 
from  near  the  roots.  These  were  melted  away  by  day  and  renewed  every  morning 
for  more  than  25  days  in  succession,    (i — 14  i.      .8'.     Mich.     Cistus  canadensis   W. 

corymbosum,  Mx.  (J.  21.)  without  stipules,  erect,  ramose,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves 
alternate,  lanceolate,  whitish  downy  beneath:  corymb  fastigiate,  with  numerous 
crowded  flowers:  divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute:  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 
12  i,     S.     Y.  W.  N.     Cistus  corymbosum,  Mx. 

Southern. 

carolinianum,  Mx.  (J.  21.)  without  stipules,  hirsute,  erect:  leaves  alternate,  oblong- 
oval,  sub-denticulate;  bottom  ones  obovate,  hirsute  on  both  sides:  peduncles  few, 
terminal,  with  the  calyx  very  villose;  divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong,  acute,  shorter 
than  the  petals.     Cistus  carolinianum,  Mx. 

poUt'oliuiu.  T.  (Ju.  Au.)  primary  or  petaliferous  flowers  terminating  the  stem  and  the 
numerous  short  branches,  on  filiform  peduncles,  many  times  longer  than  the 
flower,  the  broadly  cuneiform  petals  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx:  secondary  flowers 
very  small,  apetalous,  3  to  6-androus,  clustered  in  lateral  cymules  on  the  foliferous 
branches,  at  first  glomerate  and  nearly  sessile,  at  length  on  pedicels  as  long  as  the 

Helenium.     From  Helen,   the  wife  of  Menelaus,  who  is  said  to  have  used  it  as  a 

cosmetic. 
Heliantliemum. 

(I)  Cistus. 


'264  HELIANTHEMUM,    HELIANTHU8. 

calyx:  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  with  revolute  margins,  beneath  tomentose- 
canescent.  Texas. 
scoparium,  N.  (y.)  slightly  pubescent,  decumbent  and  much  branched  below:  flowers 
paniculate-racemose:  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  tlie  outer  ones  minute  and  subulate: 
petals  5,  cuneate-oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx:  capsules  about  6-seeded:  leayes 
scattered,  linear-subulate,  exstipulate.     California. 

17—3.     Helian'thus.     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec.  stim.  s.  ole^-. 

1.     Leaves  opposite. 

atroTubens,  W.  (W.  y.  &  p.  Au.  Zf.)  hispid:  stem  nakedish  above,  lax-panicled: 
leaves  spatulate,  ovate,  crenaie,  3-nerved,  scabrous  above:  scales  of  the  involucre 
lance-ovate,  of  the  length  of  the  disk.     3 — 4  f.     S.  P. 

divaricatus,  (y.  Au.  li.)  stem  glabrous,  very  branching:  leaves  nearly  opposite,  ses- 
sile lance-ovate,  3-nerved,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath:  panicle  trichotomous, 
slender,  few-flowered.     5—6  f.     S.     T.  Y.  P.  B.  C.  O.  N.  F. 

frondosus,  W.  (W.  y.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  smooth  below:  leaves  lance-ovate,  remotely  and 
acutely  serrate,  scabrous  above,  paler  and  sub-scabrous  beneath,  3-nerved:  pedun- 
cles scabrous:  petiole  ciliate:  involucre  squarrose,  undulate,  leafy,  ciliate:  rays  8- 
flowered.     4—5  f     T.  Y.  P.  N.     Canada.     Mch. 

trachdifolius,  W.  (1)  (W.  y.  Au.'2Lf.)  leaves  short-petioled,  lance-ovate,  coarse-serrate, 
acuminate,  3-nerved,  scabrous  above,  rough-haired  beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  acute,  ciliate,  pubescent,  spreading  at  the  tips:  rays  numerous.  2 — 4  f. 
S.     T.  Y.  P.  V.  W.  C.  N.  F.     Mch. 

hispidulus,  E.  (W.  y.  S.  TJ..)  stems  scabrous:  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  tapering  to- 
wards the  summit,  serrulate,  scabrous  above,  paler  and  slightly  hispid  beneath: 
scales  of  the  involucre  lance-ovate,  ciliate:  chaft'3-toothed.     3 — 4  f.     5'.     D. 

heteropliyllus,  N.  (y.lf.)  stem  1-flowered,  slender:  leaves  pilose-hirsute,  mostly  oppo- 
site; radical  ones  oblong-elliptic";  upper  ones  lance-linear,  all  entire:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate.     1 — 3  f.     Alabama.     Mch. 

2.      Upper  leaves  alternate. 

angustrf alius,  W.  (2)  (y.  &.  p.  O.  21.)  stem  slender,  slightly  scabrous:  leaves  narrow- 
lanceolate,  revolute  at  the  margin,  scabrous,  entire,  glaucous  beneath:  scales  of 
the  involucre  lance-linear,  ciliate,  expanding:  chaff  3-toothed.  3 — 5  f.  S.  Y. 
C. 

mollis,  W.  (y.  Ju.  2(.)  stem  smooth  below,  scabrous  above:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute, 
serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  and  hoary  beneath:  flowers  few,  terminal.  3 — 
6  f     S.     F.  P   N. 

strumosus,  W.  (W  y.  If.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3-neived,  scabrous  be- 
neath: scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  ciliate  at  the  base.     T.  O. 

nltissimus,  W.  (W.  y.  Au.  Z{.)  leaves  alternate,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  scabrous,  3- 
nerved,  slender  at  the  apex,  with  ciliate  petioles:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late, ciliate.  Chaff"  on  the  receptacle  green:  stem  purple.  4—8  f.  S.  T.  H. 
M.  F.  N.     Mch. 

gigantens,  W.  (W.  y.  S.  2I-)  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous,  alternate,  obscurely  3- 
nerved,  sub-sessile,  attenuate  at  each  end,  ciliate  at  the  base:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  ciliate.  Var.  crinitus,  leaves  approximate,  long  lance-linear,  acumi- 
nate, sub-entire,  scabrous,  sub-sessile,  both  sides  colored  alike:  involucre  squarrose; 
segments  linear.     5 — 6  f     S.     C.  F.  P. 

decapetaius,  (W.  y.  Au.  H-)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate,  3-nerved, 
scabrous,  pubescent  beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  sub-equal,  sub- 
ciliate:  rays  ten  or  twelve.     3 — 4  f.     S.     N.  D. 

multijlorus,  W.  (A.  S.  21- )  leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous;  lower  ones  cordate;  upper  ones 
ovate:   rays  many-flowered:   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate.     iSf. 

macrophylivs,  W.  (y.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  unequally-serrate, 
scabrous  above,  while  pubescent  beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre  long-linear, 
spreading,  ciliate  at  the  base:  chaff  pubescent  above?     iS.     P. 

petiolaris,  N.  (W.  y.  &.  p.  Au.)  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  entire,  very 
long  petioled,  scabrous:  stem  erect,  branching:  flowers  long-peduncled:  akenes 
villose.     S. 


Helianthus.     Gr.  elion.  the  sun,  and  anthos,  flower;  because  it  turns  with  the  sun. 
(1)  gigas,  Mx.        (2)  Rudbeckia,  W.  in  the  same  work. 


HELIANTHUS,  266 

lenticularis,  Lind.  (  0.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  hispid,  three- 
nerved:  peduncles  in  single  heads,  equal.     A.  R. 

hallii*  (I)  (y.  )  loaves  lance-oblonjj,    obtuse,    very   longly-attenuated  into   the 

petiole:  scales  of  the  involucre  spreading,  broad  lanceolate,  ciliate:  egret  with 
awns  solitary,  or  in  twos  unequal,  strong.     R. 

Exotic. 

tuberosus,  (Jerusalem  artichoke. y.  S.  21-)  leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous;  lower  ones  heart- 
ovate;  upper  ones  ovate,  acuminate:  petioles  ciliate.  Root  tuberous.  Naturalized. 
4— 8i. 

annuus,  (common  sunfloWer.  y.  &  w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  all  cordate,  3-nerved:  peduncles 
thickening  upwards:  flowers  nodding.     6 — 10  f. 

Southern. 

1.     Leaves  opposite, 

puhcsccns,  W.  (2)  (W.  y.  Au.  li.)  hoary-pubescent:  stem  villose!  leaves  sessile, 
heart-ovate,  clasping,  3-nerved,  crenulate,  Very  soft:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo.- 
late,  villose.     2-3  f. 

tongifolius.  Ph.  (O.  y.  S.  2^.)  very  glabrous:  stem  panicled:  brandies  few-flowered 
at  the  summit:  leaves  sub-sessile,  very  long-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  very  entire;  lower 
ones  serrate:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute;  outer  ones  linear,  divaricate. 
4— 7f 

sparsifulius,  E.  (y.  &  p.  Au.  7i-)  stem  scabrous:  branches  sub-glabrous:  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  coarsely  toothed,  hispid,  very  scabrous  on  both  sides,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  petiole:  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-oval,  ciliate.     4 — .5  f 

trunmtus^  Sz.  (W.  y.  S.  2|!.)  stem  slender  glabrous:  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  tapering  to- 
wards the  apex,  hairy,  scabrous,  closely  sessile:  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-ovate, 
ciliate:  chatf  lanceolate,  ciliate,  pubescent.     2  f. 

tenuifolius,  E.  (y.  S.  2X«)  stem  smooth:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, a  little  scabrous  on  both  sides,  long  petioled,  membranaceous:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  ciliate:   flowers  small.     4  f 

spatnlatus,  E'  (y-  S.  IS')  stem  scabrous  above:  leaves  spatulate-ovate,  sub-acuminate, 
serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath:  branches  opposite;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre  lanceolate,  hispid:  chaff  acuminate,  entire.     4 — 6  f. 

tricuspis,  E.  (y.  S.  2X0  leaves  oblong,  lance-ovate,  scabrous  on  both  sides:  scales  of 
the  involucre  broad-subulate,  ciliate:  chaff  of  the   receptacle  tricuspidate.     3 — 4  f. 

divcTsif alius,  E.  (y.  S.  li.)  stem  scabrous:  lower  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate;  upper 
ones  heart-ovate,  mucronate;  all  scabrous  above,  and  pubescent  beneath:  scales  of 
the  involucre  lanceolate,  ciliate:  chaff  slightly  3-toothed.     3 — 5  f 

acaber'rimus,  E.  (W.  y.  S.  21  •)  leaves  lanceolate,  very  scabrous  on  both  sides,  nearly 
entire:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate:  chaff  of  the  receptacle  entire,  ciliate  on  the 
back.     4 — 6  f 

tubaeformis,  W.  (W.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  wedge-form  at  the  base,  villose,  S-nerved: 
peduncles  thickened,  hollow. 

laetiflonis,  P.  (2f.)  leaves  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  3-nerved,  serrate,  rough:  peduncles 
elongated:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  erect,  ciliate:  rays  many-floweredj 
very  long. 

paucijorus,  N.  (W.  y.)  leaves  lance-linear,  acuminate,  serrate,  smoothish:  stem  naked, 
trichotomous,  fewflowered:  involucre  close-imbricate:   divisions  ovate.     4 — 5  f. 

2.     Upper  leaves  alternate. 

tomento'suS)  Mx.?  E.  (  y.  S.  Z[.)  stem  rough:  leaves  lance-ovate,  tapering  to 
the  summit,  acute,  serrulate,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  beneath,  generally  alter- 
nate:  scales  of  the  involucre  leafy,  sqij,arrose,  lanceolate:  chaff  3-cleft.     4 — 6  f. 

aristatus  ,E.  (y.  S.)  stem  erect  .scabrous:  lower  leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  lance- 
oval,  acute,  toothed,  scabrous,  hairy  beneath:  corymbs  few-flowered:  akenes  com- 
pressed; awns  2,  persistent.  This  species  appears  to  be  intermediate  between 
Actinomeris  and  Helianthus,  and  may  belong  to  a  distinct  genus.     Elliott.     2 — 3f. 


(1)  longifolius.         (2)  mollis,  Lk.  canescens,   Mx. 

*In  honor  of  John  Ball,  Esq.,  a  naturalist  who  travelled  beyond  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. 

34 


266  HELIOPSIS,    HELOSCIADIUM, 

17—2.     Heliop'sis.     55.     Heli.  ton.  sec.  stim.  feb.  sud. 

lavis,  P.  (1)   (ox-eye.  O.  Ju.   2X-)  stem  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  serrate,  3- 

nerved,  smooth  benealJi.     3 — 5  f.     S.     AIcli. 
scahia,  Dunham.  (VV.         )  leaves   shortly   petioled,  ovate,  3-nerved,  deeply  serrate, 

apex  very  entire,  both  sides  scabrous:  involucre  pubescent.     Red  River. 

5—1.     Heliotro'pium.     43.     Helio.  ast.  ton.  tes. 

Southern. 

indicum,  (turnsole,  b.   Ju.  #.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  acute,   roughish:  spikes  solitary; 

fruit  bifid.     8—12  i.     Florida.     S— C. 
curussavicutrtf  (O.  y.  w.  J.  0?)  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  succulent,  glabrous,  with- 
out veins:  spikes  conjugate.     6 — 12.  i. 
europcum,  (w.  #.)  leaves   ovate,    very  entire,  tomentose,  rugose:  spikes  conjugate. 
Inodorous.     11.     M. 

12 — 12.     Hellebo'rus.     61.     Ranu.  ace.  cau.  r.  poi.  cat.  ver. 

foetidiis,  (hellebore.)  stem  many-flowered,  leafy:  leaves  pedate,  remotely  serrate,  cori- 
aceous: corol  somewhat  converging. 

HtUehorus,  Coptis. 
6 — 3.     Helo'nias.     13.     Mela.  poi.  asc.  s.  acr.  atli. 

latifoliti,  Ms.   (2)'^.(helonias.  p.   M.  If.)  scape  almost  leafless:  spike  ovate,  crowded: 

bracts  lance-linear:  leaves  lanceolate,  mucronate,  nerved.     S.     P.   Y. 
paniculata,  N.  (         .1-  K.)  monoecious:  scape  below  leafy,   paniculate;  above,  below 

the    apex,  fructiferous:    bracts^ membranaceous,    acuminate:    petals  lance-oblong: 

stamens  exserl;  anthers  yellowT 
cTijIhrosptr'ma,  Mx.  (3)  (w.  •&  g.  J.  If.)  scape  leafy:  racemes  oblong:  bracts  short: 

leaves  lineai,   very  long:   seed  ovate,  reddish:   capsule  shortened  with   divaricate 

horns.     2  f     >S.     P.   S — C. 
anfrustifolia.  Mx.  (J.  If.)  scape  leafy:  leaves  linear,  subulate:  raceme  simple,  terminal: 

capsules  oblong,  covering  at  the  summit:  seeds  linear.     2  f.     S.     P.     Florida. 
dio'ica     Wr.   (4)  (blazing  star,  false  unicorn  root.  W.  w.  J.  If.)  scape  leafy:  racemes 

spiked,  nodding;  pedicels  short,  sub-bracted:  filaments  longer  than  the  corol:  petals 

linear:  leaves  lance-oblong.    Generally  dioecious.     1 — 2  f.     S.     P.  T.  Y.  F.  C.  O. 

Cattskill,  Great  Barrington.     M.  S— C. 

Southern, 
duhiti   Mx.   (21)  leaves  grass-like,  very  long  and  narrow:  scape  naked:  spike  slender: 

flowers  small,  sessile.     2 — 3  f 

Helonias,  Xerophvllum. 

5 — 2.     Heloscia'dium.     GO.     Umbe.  stom.  or  nar.  if  nau. 

Southern. 

nodijbriim,  Dc.  (         Zf.)  stem  procumbent,   striate:   leaves  gash-pinnate,  segments 

Heliopsis.     Gr.  elion,  the  sun,  and  cpsis,  face,  from  its  yellow  rays. 

Heliotropium.     Gr-  elion,  the  sun,  and  trope,  a  turning,  because  it  turns  its  leaves 

to  the  sun. 
Helleborus.     Gr.  elein,    to  cause  death,  and  bora,  food,  on  account  of  its  poisonous 

properties. 
Helonias.     Derived  from  Slos,  a  marsh,  where  some  species  grow. 
Helosciadium.     Gr.  elos,  button,  protuberance,  sidados,  shade,  pavillion.     Sed  quere. 

(1)  Helianthus  Itevis,  L.  Rudbeckia  oppo.^ilifolia,  L.  in  another  place.  Ruph- 
thalmum  helianthoides,  W.  Silphium  solidaginoiues,  L.  the  last  time  he  notices  it. 
(2)  bullata,  W.  (3)  Melanlhium  luteuni,  \V.     phalargioides,  Lk.    muscaeloxi- 

cum  Wr.  Anthericum  subtriginum,  Jn.  (4)  pumila,  Jn.  Melanthium  dioicum, 
^Vr.  densum,  Lk.  Veratruni  luteum,  L.  It  is  still  placed  where  Linneus  left  it 
by  N.,  but  it  differs  too  widely  in  habit  and  sensible  qualities  to  remain  with  the 
Veratrum  viride. 


HRLOSCIADIUM,    HERPESTRIS.  267 

oblong,  equally  serrate:  umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  sessile  or  shortly  peduncled: 
involucre  none  or  few-leaved,  deciduous. 

leptophyUum,  Dc.  (         )  described  under  jEthusa. 

calif  or  nicv  771,  H.  (  )  procumbent?  leaves  pinnate,  in  6  to  9-pairs,  with  an  ovate 
terminal  one,  acute,  gash-serrate:  lower  ones  pinnatifid  or  pinnate,  divisions  few: 
umbels  lateral  and  terminal:  involucres  and  involucels  many-leaved:  styles  elon- 
gated. Douglas  says  the  stems  are  from  2  to  3  feet  high — probably  not  procum- 
bent.    R. 

6 — 1.     Hemerocal'lis.     14.     Lilia.  diu.  emo. 

Exotic. 
Jlava,  (yellow  day-lily.   y.   Ju.  21-)  leaves  broad  linear,   keeled:   petals  flat,   acute: 

nerves  of  the  petals  undivided. 
fulva,  (tawny  day-lily.  y.  Ju.  Zf-)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  keeled:  three  inner  petals 

obtuse,  undulate;  outer  nerves  of  the  petals  branching.     Naturalized.     3  f. 
japonica,  (vv.  Au.         )  leaves  cordate,  acuminate:  corol  funnel-shaped.     Japan. 

2 — 1,     Hemian'thus.     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc.  cat — . 

micrantha,  Ph.  (1)  (w.  Au.  0.)  glabrous,  succulent:  leaves  closely  sessile,  ovate  and 
oval,  obtuse,  entire,  nerved:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  calyx  5-cleft: 
style  2-cleft.     S.     Y. 

12—23.     Hepat'ica.     61.     Ranun.  h.  ton.  deo.  cac, 

acutiloha,  Dc.  (heart-liverleaf  O.  vv.  &  b.  Ap.  Zf-)  leaves  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed;  lobes 
entire,  acute:  sepals  acute.  Grows  in  woods,  preferring  the  north  side  of  hills  and 
mountains.  This  is  the  Var.  acuta  of  the  triloba,  of  W.  5  i.  Mch. 
america/ia,  Dc.  (kidney-liverleaf  O.  w.  &  b.  Ap.  Zf.)  leaves  heart-reniform,  3-lobed; 
lobes  entire,  round-obtuse:  sepals  obtuse.  Grows  chiefly  in  woods,  preferring  the 
south  side  of  hills  and  mountains.  This  has  been  mistaken  for  the  triloba  of  W. 
5  i.     Mch. 

The  last  species  has  lately  come  into  great  repute  as  a  tonic,  deobstruent,  and 
diuretic.  Prof.  Tully  believes  its  powers  are  exaggerated,  and  that  it  cannot  be  relied 
on  in  a  dangerous  disease,  but  that  it  may  be  considerably  useful  in  moderate  com- 
plaints. It  ought  not  to  be  called  the  Liverwort,  as  this  is  the  well  known  name  of 
the  Marchantia  polymorpha.     Its  true  English  name  is  Liverleaf. 

5 — 2.     Herac'leum.     go.     Umbe.  h.  nar.  r.  poi-]-. 

lanatum,  Mx.  (master  wort;  cow  parsnip.  O.  w.  J.  2_C.)  petioles  and  nerves  of  the 
leaves  very  villose  beneath:  leafets  petioled,  broad,  round-cordate,  sub-palmate- 
lobed:  carpels  orbicular.  A  large  umbelliferous  plant  of  a  white  woolly  appearance. 
Meadows  and  other  damp  places.     Very  poisonous.     Mch. 

dovirlassii,  Dc.  (  Z£.)  leaves  below  scabrous,  also  the  petioles,  above  glabrous, 
gash  3-cleft;  segments  petioled,  cordate,  3  to  5-tobed,  acuminate,  dentate:  leafets 
of  the  involucre  many,  subulate  at  the  apex:  fruit  obovate  glabrous:  dorsal  leafet 
elongated,  sub-clavate:  commisures  2,  short,  club-form,  and  2  others  very  small, 
sub-abortive.     R. 

spondylium,  (W.  $ .)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  5,  oblong,  pinnatifid,  acute,  dentate: 
corol  nearly  uniform. 

13 — 2.     Herpes'tris.  (1)     37.     Scro.  acr.  poi.  asc.  cat-(-.  eme — . 

cuneifoUa,  Mx.  (b.  Au.  21.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  obscurely  crenate 
above:  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  corol  5-clefl.     S.     La. 


Hemerocallis.     Gr.  emera,  a  day,  and  kallos,  beauty;  appUed  with  singular  propriety 

to  the  beauty  and  short  duration  of  the  flower. 
Hemiantlms.     Gr.  e7iiisus,  half,  and  anthos,  flower,  from  their  form. 
Hepatica.     Gr.  epar,  tlie  liver,  the  leaves  having  a  resemblance  to  the  human  liver. 
Heracleum.     Dedicated  to   Hercules,   who  is  said  to  have  added  a  knowledge  of 

Botany  to  his  other  exploits.     Du. 
Herpestis.     Gr.  erpestes,  any  thing  which  creeps. 

(1)  micranhemoides,  N.     Herpestvis,  Ph. 


268  HERPESTIS,    HEUCHERA. 

Southern. 

rotimdifolia,  Mx.  (W.  b.  Au.)  finely  pubescent:  leaves  oval,  roundish,  rpany-nerved: 

peduncles  opposite,  as  long  as  the  leaves:   corol  4-cleft. 
amplexicaidis,  Mx.  (2)  (Au.)  stem  woolly:  leaves  cordate,   clasping,  entire,  obtuse: 

peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:  corol  4-cleft.     Charleston,  S.  C. 
broionei,  Ph.    (W.)  leaves   oblong,  entire:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  stem 

declined. 

14 — 2.     Hes'peris.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut— . 

pinnatifirla,  Mx.  (wild  rocket.  W.  J.  $.)  leaves  sharply  serrate;  upper  ones  lanceo- 
late,  lower  ones  pinnatifid:  silique  sub-pedunclod:  pedicel  at  length  much  longer 
than  the  calyx.     1  f.     -S.     P.  K. 

matronaiis,  (garden  rocket,  dame  violet.  W.  21.)  stem  simple,  erect:  leaves  ovate, 
denticulate:  petals  emarginate,  mucronate.  Var.  hort.ensis,  flowers  double,  odorifer- 
ous, white.     Said  to  be  a  native  on  Lake  Huron.     Dr.  Todd. 

pygmaia,  H.  (p.  ^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  attenuate  at  the  base,  entire  or  dentate: 
pubescence  2-parted,  appressed:  siliques  numerous,  erect,  compressed,  pubescent: 
stem  erect,  simple.     A. 

jnenziesii,  H.  (2i.)  leaves  spatulate,  fleshy:  pubescence  2-parted,  appressed:  siliquea 
spreading  (when  young;)  stem  very  short,  erect,  smiple.     California.     R. 

Exotic, 
tristis,  (yellow  rocket.  ^.)stem  hispid;  branches  spreading:  leaves  lance-ovate:  silique 
pword-form. 

3 — 1.     Heteran'thera.*     17.     Pont,  ton — . 

reniforinis,  Mx.  (3)  (mud-plantain.  W.  g-w.  Ju.  2i:.)  leaves  round-reniform:  spathe 
oblong,  acuminate,  2— 3-tlowered;  flowers  obscure,  scarcely  colored.  4—8  i.  S. 
Hudson,  south  bay.     T.  Y.  P.  C. 

Southern. 

ovalis    Mx.  (4)  (W.  b.  Ju.  IX-)   leaves  ovate-oblong:  spathe  lanceolate,  1-flowered. 

5 — 2.     Heuche'ra.     84.     Saxi.  ast. 

americana,  (5)  (alum-root.  W.  r.  Ju.  If.)  viscid-pubescent:  scape  and  leaves  roughish: 
leaves  r'ound-lobed,  with  dilated,  obtuse,  mucronate  teeth:  panicle  dichotomous: 
calyx  short  obtuse:  petals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  calyx:  starneus  exsert.  2— 3  f. 
S.     F.  T.  Y.   P.  C.  H.  D.     Catskill,  Mch. 

pubescens,  Ph.  (W.  r.  «fc  y.  J.  li-)  dusty-pubescent:  scape  glabrous  below:  leaves 
sub-acute  lobed,  toothed,  glabrous  beneath:  peduncles  of  the  panicle  short,  with 
crowded  flowers:  calyx  bell-form:  petals  longer  tlian  tiie  calyx,  large:  stamens 
scarcely  exserted.     2  f.     S.     P.   M.     Allegany  Mts.     McNab. 

hispida,  Ph.  (A.  p.  J.  2i-)  hispid  scabrous:  scape,  petioles  and  leaves,  glabrous  beneath; 
leave's  hispid-pilose  above,  acute-lobed,  toothed;  teeth  very  short,  sub-retuse,  mu- 
cronate: peduncles  of  the  panicle  few-flowered:  calyx  shortish,  sub-acute:  petals 
spatulate,  as  long  as  the  cMyx:  stamens  exsert. 

Hesperis.     Gr.  esperos,    the  evening;  because  the  flower  is  more  fragrant  in  this  pait 

of  the  day  than  in  any  other. 
Heteranthera.     Gr.  cleros,  other  or  different,  and  ancr,  anther,    because  the  anthers 

are  of  diflTerent  sizes  in  the  same  flower. 
Heuchera.     In  honor  of  J.  H.  Heucher,  Prof,  of  medicine  in  Wittenberg,  in  171 1, 

(1)  Monniera,  Mx.  (2)  Obolaria  caroliniana,  Wr.  (3)  acuta,  Vahl.  Lep- 
tanthus  Mx.  virginica,  P.  (4)  limosa,  Vahl.  Leptanthus,  Mx.  (5)  cortusa, 
Mx.     viscida.  Ph.  _  ,.        , 

*  See  pao'e  30^  there  describe  this  remarkable  genus,  as  intermediate  between 
triandroux  and  gynandrous.  As  I  am  not  a  celebrated  manufacturer  of  genera  and 
species,  little  attention  has  been  given  to  it.  Advocates  for  truth  are  very  respect-, 
fully  requested  to  examine  this  plant,  when  in  its  unostentatious  bloom.         A.  E. 


IIEUCHERA,    HIBISCUS.  269 

eaulesccns,  Ph.  (W.  A.  w.  J.  IC.)  suffruticose  at  the  base:  scape  at  the  base,  and 
petioles  pilose:  leaves  glabrous  above,  pilose  at  the  nerves  beneath,  acutely  lobed, 
ciliate,  dentate;  teeth  acute,  mucronate:  calyx  short,  villose:  petals  linear,  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx:   stamens  exsert. 

hracteala,  (W.  If.)  pubescent:  scape  racenied:  leaves  heart-orbicular,  gash-serrate; 
teeth  mucronate:  Hovvers  bracted:  petals  very  narrow,  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
calyx:   stamens  not  exsert.     R. 

4Lcerifulia,  R.  ( VV.  Z[.)  petioles  hirsute;  leaves  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  acutely 
5-lobed,  unequally  toothed — teeth  mucronate.  scape  smooth:  panicle  elongated, 
las-flowered:   petals  short;  stamens  exsert.     Kentucky,   Maryland. 

vucrantliii,  Douglass.  (W.  2i-)  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  acutely  crenate,  sub-5-lobed: 
petioles  long,  having  scattered  hairs  as  well  as  the  base  of  the  stem;  cauline  leaves 
gashed:   panicle  compact:   petals  lance-linear,  entire:   stamens  exsert. 

villosa,  Mx.  (A.  w.  J.  U.)  very  villose:  leaves  acutely  lobed,  toothed:  teeth  acute, 
mucronate:  fascicles  of  the  panicle,  capillary,  lax-flowered:  calyx  short:  stamens 
exsert. 

16 — 12.     HiBis'cus.     74.     Malv.  f.  mue.  h.  dem. 

moschcutos,  W.  (!)  (marsh-mallow.  W.  w.  &  p.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  sub-3-lobed,  sub-5-nerved,  white-downy  beneath:  peddncles  flower-bearingr 
calyx  downy:  capsule  glabrous.  4 — Of.  jS.  Y.  Canada.  M.  S — C.  R.  B.  C. 
F.'    Newburg,   Salina. 

militaris,  (2)  (W.  w-r.  Au.  2X.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  3-lobed,  hastate,  acuminate, 
set  rate:  corol  tubular,  campanulate:  capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous:  seeds 
silky.     3—4  f.     «.     P.    S— C. 

xirtfiuims,  (3)  (sweat  weed.  L.  r.  Au.  21.)  downy,  rough:  leaves  acuminate,  unequally 
toothed;  lower  ones  cordate,  undivided;  upper  ones  cordate-oblong,  3-lobed; 
peduncles  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes;  flowers  nodding:  pistils  nodding.  2 — 
4  f.     S.     P.  Y. 

Exotic. 

phaniceus,  (phenicean  mallows,  r.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  and  cre- 
nate, lower  ones  3-cuspidate:   peduncles  jointed:   seeds  woolly.     0 — 8  f, 

5?/riacws,  ( Syrian  mallow,  w.  &.  p.  Au.  h.)  leaves  wedge  ovate,  3-lobed,  toothed: 
bracts  about  8,   of  the  length  of  the  calyx.     .^) — 10  f. 

esculends,  (okra.  y.  Ju.  |^.)  leaves  heart-.5-lobed,  obtusish,  toothed:  petiole  longer 
than  the  flower:  bracts  about  .5,  caducous,  bursting  lengthwise.     3  f. 

trioimm,  (bladder  ketmia,  flower  of  an  hour.  0.)  bracts  many;  calyx  inflated:  capsule 
membranaceous:  leaves  toothed;  upper  ones  3  parted.     6 — 181.     Mch. 

Southern. 

grandiflorns,  Mx.  (W.  r.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  large,  coriaceous,  triangular-cordate,  3-lobed, 
tomentoseon  both  sides:  hoary  beneath:  cfipsules  tomentose,  sub-truncate.     5 — 7  f. 

incanus,  W.  (y-w.  S.  7i.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  serrate,  hoary-tomentose 
on  both  sides:  peduncles  axillary:   calyx  tomentose,  nearly  equal. 

coccineus,  Wr.  (4)  (r.  Au.  2i-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  palmate-5-parted:  divisions  lance- 
linear,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate  at  the  apex:  capsule  ovate,  glabrous.  4 — 8  f. 
S— C. 

munihot,  W.  (W.  y.  &  p.  Au.  2S-)  stem  and  petioles  unarmed:  leaves  palmate-digi- 
tate, 7-parted;  divisions  linear:  peduncles  hispid:  outer  bract  1:  calyx  torn:  cap- 
sule very  hirsute,  pyramidal. 

scaler,  (5)  (y.  &  p.  Au.  Z[.)  stem  scabrous:  lower  leaves  cordate,  angled;  upper 
ones  palmate,  3— 5-lobed;  lobes  irregular-dentate  angled:  calyx  very  hispid,  twice 
as  long  as  the  bracts.     3  f. 

carolinhinus,  M.  (p.  Au.  21- )  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  on 
both  sides,  sometimes  sub-3-lobed:   seeds  hispid.     4 — 6  f. 

coUinsiana,  N.  (y.)  lowest  leaves  obtusely  .o-lobed;  upper  ones  pedately  5-parted,  the 
lobes  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed;  petiole  as  long  as  the  lamina: 
flowers  on  short  peduncles:  leaves  of  the  involucel  10—12:  calyx  spathaceous,  5-- 
toolhed,  cleft  on  one  side.     West  Florida. 

Hibiscus,  ibiskos:  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  marsh  mallows. 

(1)  palustris,  Wr.         (2)  virginicus,  Wr.  hastatus,  Mx.     riparius,  P.         (3)  cly 
peatus,  Wr.         (4)  speciosus,  A.        (5)  aculeatus,  Wr. 


^70  HIERAGIUM. 

17 — I.     Hiera'ciuim.     53.     Cich.  sec-stim.  ano — .  ton — . 

gracile,  H.  (  )  scape  naked  or  one-leaved,  glabrous:  cyme-racemed  above,  pubes- 
cent, and  with  the  involucre  black-pilose,  snb-glandulous:  leaves  oblong,  oblusish 
glabrous,  attenuated  into  a  longish  petiole,  nieuibranaceous,  entire:  flowers  small. 
12— ISi.     R. 

albiflorum,  H.  (w.  )  stem  leafy,  with  sotl  reflexed  hairs  below:  leaves  broad- lanceo- 
late, entire,  obtuse,  attenuated  into  a  petiole,  with  long  white  hairs;  cauline  leaves 
remotish,  becoming  gradually  smaller,  sessile:  panicle  slender,  many-flowered, 
glabrous:  petioles  divaricate:  involucre  wiih  scattered  long  white  hairs.     II. 

scouleri,  H.  (  )  setose-pilose,  hairs  long,  rigid,  spreading,  tawny:  stem  leafy,  panicu- 
late: panicle  large,  many-flowered,  erect:  leaves  broad-lanceolate  sub-coriaceous, 
rigid,  acute,  scarcely  toothed;  radical  ones  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole;  cauline 
ones  remotish,  sessile:  involucre  fuscous-pubescent,  the  pubescence  intermixed  with 
long  glandular  hairs.     F.  R.     Jlch. 

gronovii,'*  L.  (vein-leaf,  hawk-weed.  O.  y.Ju.  2X-) scape  leafy,  panicled  above,  glabrous: 
leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-pilose,  ciliate;  midrib  villose  beneath:  pedicels  arid  involucre 
glandular-pubescent.  Var.  venosum,  scape  naked;  leaves  smoothish  with  colored 
veins:   involucre  smooth. 

paniculatum,  W.  (O.  y.  Ju.  7S-)  somewhat  glabrous:  stem  erect,  leafy  panicled,  white- 
woolly  below:  pedicels  capillary:  leaves  lanceolate,  naked,  toothed,  membranace- 
ous.    2—4  f     S.     Mch.  « 

kalmii,  W.  {y.  Aa.  2X-)  stem  erect,  many-flowered,  smooth,  downy  above:  leaves 
sub-sessile,  larrceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  toothed  outside:  peduncles  axillary  and 
terminal,  downy.     B.  F.  N.  T.     Mch. 

marianiim,  W.  (1)  (O.  y.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  erect,  villose:  leaves  oval-obov.ate,  strigose, 
villose  on  the  keel;  lower  ones  sub-dentate:  peduncles  and  involucre  downy.  1 — 
2f.     S.     Mch. 

pusUliim,,  W.  (y.  Ju.  H-)  small,"  very  villose:  stem  simple,  erect,  one-flowered, 
somewhat  2-leaved:  leaves  remote,  lanceolate,  slenderly  tapering,  acute,  entire; 
cauline  ones  linear:  involucre  very  villose.  Probably  a  variety  of  H.  uljnnum.  Ph. 
Labrador. 

moUe,  W.  (soft  hawk-weed.  y.  Au.  Zf.)  pilose:  stem  erect,  simple,  leafy,  corymbed, 
few-flowered:  leaves  lance-oblong,  attenuate,  sparingly  toothed  below;  radical  ones 
petioled.     Labrador. 

macrophjlhun,  Ph.  (y.  Zf.)  very  tall:  stem  erect,  leafy,  hispid,  sulcate:  leaves  cor- 
date, half-clasping,  ovate-oblong,  remotely  coarse- toothed,  nearly  naked;  nerves 
and  veins  pubescent  beneath:  panicle  divaricately  corymbed:  peduncles  elongated, 
naked,  glabrous:  involucre  glabrous. 

sylvaticum,  S.  (  )  stem  leafy,  branching  above,  sub-corymbed,  sub-villose:  pedun- 
cles more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves  lance-ovate  or  lanceolate,  sub-hirsute,  dentate, 
with  the  teeth  erect:  involucre  with  short  pubescence.  A  var.  has  the  leaves 
lance-ovate,  green,  teeth  minute.     Canada. 

prenanthoUlcs,  Vill.  (  )  stem  erect,  leafy,  pubescent-hirsute:  panicle  corymbose: 
pedicels  and  involucre  pilose-glandulous:  leaves  oblong-cordate,  half  clasping  at 
the  base;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller,  ovate-cordate  all  with  coarse  remote  teeth. 
D.   R.  A.     Canada. 

umbdlaium,  L.  (  )  stem  erect,  sipiple,  very  leafy:  leaves  lance-linear,  somewhat 
glabrous,  toothed  and  very  entire; ,  flowers  sub-umbelled:  peduncles  pubescent: 
involucres  glabrous.     D.  A. 

scabrius'aduin,  Sz.  &  Say.  (W.  y.)  stem  glabrous,  erect,  terete,  sulcate,  leafy:  leaves 
lance-ovate,  sessile,  clasping,  sub-dentate,  scabrous  and  somewhat  involute  at  the 
margin,  rugose  above,  glaucous  and  pilose  beneath:  involucre  smoothish. 

Hieracium.     Gr.  ierax,   a  hawk,  from  the  vulgar  opinion  that  these  birds  removed 

films  from  their  eyes  with  it. 

(I)  scabrum,  Mx. 

*  Dr.  Aikin  has  written  me,  after  thoroughly  studying  this  and  the  venosum,  in 
numerous  localities,  that  they  cannot  be  retained  as  distinct  species.  He  proposes 
the  above  amendment. 

I  am  not  singular  in  my  views.  Every  old  botonist  doubts  the  opinions  of  all  bo- 
tanists, who  decide  hastily.  Dr.  A.  is  exceedingly  cautious;  of  course  I  receive  his 
opinions  in  all  cases. 


HIERACIUM,    nOMALOBUS.  271 

Exotic, 
auraniiacvm,   (orange  liawkweed.   y.   2Z.)   scape   leafy,    hispid:    flowers   corymbed; 
peduncles  glomerate:  leaves  oblong,  aculish,  pilose-liifpid. 

Southern. 

runciniitum,  J.  (W.)  hirsute:  leaves  radical,  oval-oblong,  runcinate;  scape  few- 
flowered,  angular:  involucre  glandular-pilose.     1  f. 

barbatum,  N.  (W.  y.  2i.)  very  pilose,  tall,  rigid  leaves  entire:  radical  ones  cuneate- 
oblong  aculish,  upper  ones  sessile,  much  smaller,  sub-linear:  flowers  scattered, 
panicFed:  branchlets  very  short,  few-flowered:  peduncles  and  involucre  pulverulent- 
tomentose.     3 — 4  f.     Arkansas. 

3 — 2.     Hierochlo'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

borealis,  Sch.  (1)  (sweet  summer  grass,  seneca  grass.  M.  2_f.)  panicle  sub-secund,  a 
little  spreading:  peduncles  smooth:  florets  unarmed:  outer  palea  ciliate  on  the 
margin:  root  creeping.     16  i.     O.   P.  Y.  N.  B.    D.     Seneca  Lake.     JVlch. 

alpina, Wa,h\.  (A.  J.  2X0  panicle  ovate,  contracted:  spikelets  compressed,  longer  than 
the  branches:  glumes  lanceolate,  nearly  nerveless:  lateral  florets  triandrous;  one 
of  them  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as  the  valves;  sides  almost  smooth,  margins 
ciliate.     G— 8  i.     While  Mis. 

20—8.     HxppoPHAE.     24.     Elae.  ton. 

canadensis,  W.  (sea  buckthorn.  M.  \: .)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  glabrous,  with  scattered 
stellate  pubescence  above,  stellate,  pubescent  and  scaly  beneath:  scales  ferruginous 
and  deciduous.     G— S  f.     P.  Y.  O.  D.     Canada,  Sciioliarie.     Mch. 

argenteu,  Ph.  (W.  \ .)  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous  on  both  sides  and  covered  with 
silvery  scales.     12 — 18  f.     D. 

1 — 1.     Hippu'ris.     88.     Onag.  emo.  nau. 

vulgaris,  (mares  tail.  W.  y-g.  M.  2X-)  leaves  linear  and  lance-linear,  verticil  late  in 
6s,  8s,  9s.  Sf.  P.  T.  D.  Cayuga  Lake,  plenty.  Near  Schenectady,  rare.  U. 
Canada.     Mch. 

monlana,  (Reichen)  (         )  slender:  leaves  in  sixes,  linear,  acute.     A. 

maritima,  Hel.  (  )  leaves  in  fours  or  sixes,  lanceolate,  obtuse  scarcely  gangrenous. 
9—18  i.     A. 

3—2.     Hol'cus.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

latnanus,  (soft  grass.  J.  21.)  panicle  equal:  florets  shorter  than  the  glumes;  superior 
one  with  a  recurved  awn:  root  fibrous.     1 — 2  f.     P.  Y.  D.     Mch. 

HolcUS,     HlEROCHLOA,    KoELERIA. 

16 — 10.  HoMAi.oBus.  93.  Legu.  asc.  ape. 
Caulescent. 
dispar,  N.  (J.)  decumbent,  puberulent:  stem  somewhat  striate,  nearly  glabrous; 
leaves  almost  sessile;  leafets  6  to  10  pairs,  linear-oblong  obtuse:  stipules  short, 
ovate,  the  lower  ones  united:  racemes  many-flowered,  loose,  almost  sessile,  scarceli"- 
longer  than  the  leaves,  often  2  or  3  together:  bracts  minute,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels:  legumes  elliptical-oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  somewhat  slipilate;  the  stipe 
shorter  than  the  calyx.     Missouri  and  West. 


Hierochloa.     Gr.  ieros,  sacred,  and  chloe,  green  herb  or  grass,  because  in  Silesia  it  is 

strewed  before  the  church  doors,  and  esteemed  sacred  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 
Hippopha?.     Gr.  ippns-,  a  horse,  and  p/tad,  to  destroy,  from  the  supposed  qualities  of 

some  of  the  species. 
Hippuris.     Gr.  ippos,  a  horse,  and  oura,  a  tail,  this  genus  having  a  great  affinity  to 

the  Equisetum. 
Holcus.     Gr.  otkus,  the  Greek  name  of  a  plant,  with  awns  like  barley. 
Homalobus.     Gr.  omolos,  similar,  lohos,  lobe  of  the  ear. 

(1)  fragrans,  Rs.  Holcus  odoratus,  Mx.  lanatus,  L. 


273  HOMALOEUS,    HOPEA. 

mvUiflorns,  T.  (p.)  nearly  erect,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs  or  at  length  nearly 
glabrous:  stem  slightly  striate:  leafets  6  to  10  pairs,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuseJ 
stipules  small,  ovate,  the  lower  ones  united:  racemes  usually  solitary,  pedunculate, 
many-flowered,  loose  at  length,  longer  than  the  leaves:  bracts  very  minute,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels:  legumes  linear-oblong,  acute,  flat,  stipilate;  the  stipe  longer 
than  the  calyx.     Missouri. 

■campastris,  N.  (y. )  nearly  erect,  stout,  with  rigid  rush-like  branches:  petioles  semi- 
cylindrical,  somewhat  dilated  towards  the  extremity;  the  lower  ones  bearing  3  to  5 
pairs  of  rigid  linear-subulate  leafets;  the  upper  ones  3-foIiate  or  simple:  stipules 
triangular-subulate:  the  racemes  short,  5  to  10  flowered,  loose:  calyx  hirsute 
with  black  hairs,  with  short  subulate  teeth:  legumes  pubescent,  long  and  straight, 
compressed.     1  f.     Oregon. 

Junceus,  N.  (  )  erect,  slender,  much  branched:  radical  petioles  bearing  1  to  2  pairs 
of  minute  leafets;  the  cauline  ones  filiform  and  leafless:  stipules  broadly  triangular, 
minute:  peduncles  very  long,  the  flowers  few  and  remote:  bracts  scarcely  any: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short  and  obtuse:  legumes  long,  linear,  straight,  puberulent. 
Rocky  Mts. 

wtliorarjms,  N.  (y.)  decumbent,  slender,  flexuous,  much  branched  from  below:  lower 
leaves  with  1  to  2  pairs  of  long  narrowly  Imear  and  very  acute  leafets;  upper  leaves 
simple,  sessile,  similar  to  the  lower  leafets:  stipules  minute,  dilated:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves,  few-flowered:  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short,  acute:  legumes 
oblong-linear,  nearly  straight,  coriaceous,  somewhat  puberulent,  torulose,  6  to  8- 
seeried.     Rocky  Mts. 

decumhens,  N.  (y.  p.)  much  branched  from  the  base,  diff"use,  or  decumbent,  slender: 
leafets  3  to  5  pairs,  mostly  very  small,  narrowly  lanceolate-linear,  on  long  often 
slightly  dilated  petioles:  stipules  subulate,  the  lower  ones  partly  united:  peduncles 
very  long:  racemes  very  loose,  5  to  10-flowered:  legumes  flat,  linear,  elongated, 
falcate,  somewhat  puberulent.     Rocky  Mts. 

tetiuifoiais,  N.  (y.  p.)  low,  brancbefl  froi!)  the  base,  somewhat  cespitose:  leafets  3  to  6 
pairs,  very  small,  subulate,  on  a  narrow-channelled  rachis:  stipules  triangular- 
acuminate;  the  lowermost  broader  and  membranaceous:  peduncles  very  long,  5  to 
8-flowered:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short  and  acute:  legumes  short  and  flat,  linear- 
elliptical,  straight,  somewhat  puberulent.     3 — 4  i.     Rocky  Mts. 

Acuuhsc.ent. 

cespitosus,  N.  (J.  p.)  leaves  simple  or  pinnately  3  to  5-foliolate,  linear-lanceolate  «>r 
oblanceolate,  narrow,  acute,  tapering  below:  racemes  loose:  bracts  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, about  the  length  of  the  pedicels  in  fruit:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about 
the  length  of  the  lube:  legumes  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  very  slightly 
curved,  at  length  glabrous,  about  12-ovuled.  3—4  i.  Hills  of  the  Platte  towards 
Rocky  Mts. 

brackycarpus,  N.  (p.)  leaves  simple,  rarely  3-foliolate,  lanceolate-linear,  acute,  taper- 
ing below:  racemes  loose:  bracts  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx:  teeth  of  the 
calyx  setaceous-subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  legumes  oblong-elliptical,  with  an 
abrupt  short  point,  flat,  straight,  at  length  almost  glabrous,  about  8-ovuled.  Hills 
of  the  Platte  towards  Rocky  Mts. 

canescens,  N.  (p.)  leaves  simple,  lanceolate,  pungent,  tapering  below  into  slender 
petioles:  racemes  sub-capitate,  at  length  rather  loose:  liowers  larger:  bracts  subu- 
late, nearly  the  length  of  the  calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  tube:  legumes  linear,  flat,  abruptly  pointed,  somewhat  curved,  puberulent, 
about  12-ovuled,     High  hills  of  the  Platte  towards  Rocky  Mts.     2—4  i. 

15—12.     Ho'pEA.     71.     Styr.  stom.  aro,  ast. 
Southern. 
tinctoria,  (sweet-leaf.  y.  Ap.  2S-)  leaves   lance-oblong,   glaucous,  pubescent  beneath: 
flowers  sessile,  axillary,  in  clusters.     15 — 18  f.     Charleston,  S.  C.  Florida. 

3—2.     Hor'deum.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

juhatum,  (squirrel  tail  grass,  wall  barley.  W.  3.  $.)  lateral  florets  abortive,  neuter: 
awns  of  the  glumes  and  paleas  six  times  as  long  as  the  flowers.  2  f.     S.     B.  C.  D- 

Hopea.     In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Hope,  Prof,  of  botany  at  Edinburgh. 
Hordeum.     Lat.  kordmm,  the  derivation  of  which  is  uncertain. 


HORDEUM,    HOSACKIA.  273 

Exotic. 
Tulgare,  W.  (barley.  Ju.  0.)  florets  all  perfect,  awned,  in  two  erect  rows. 
distichon,  W.  (J.  0.)  lateral  florets  imperfect,  awnless:  seeds  angular,  imbricate. 

Southern. 

ptisillum,  N.  (W.)  lateral  florets  staminate  or  neuter,  awnless,  acute:  four  inner 
glumes  coriaceous,  dilated;  all  short  awned:  awns  scabrous.     4 — 6  i.     Decumbent. 

10—10.     Horke'lia.     92.     Rosa.  ast.  ref.  feb. 

congesta,  Doug.  (  )  radical  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  cuneate-oblong,  gashed  at  the 
apex:  exterior  divisions  of  the  calyx  very  entire:  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.   R. 

10 — 3.     Horten'sia.     58.     Capr.  ton.  feb — . 
Exotic, 
speciosa,  (changeable  hydrangea,  r.  «&.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  broadly  ovate,  serrate,  acu- 
minate: flowers  corymbed.     From  the  East  Indies.     This  is  the  common  flower- 
pot shrub,  usually  called  hyderindia. 

16 — 10.     Hosack'ia.     93.     Leg.  nut.  asc.  ape. 

bicolor,  Douglass.  (W.  y.  w.  )  glabrous,  decumbent:  leafets  sub-opposite,  7  to  9, 
oblong  or  obovate:  stipule?  heart-ovate,  membranaceous,  very  obtuse:  flowers  ura- 
belled:  bracts  1-leaved  or  none.     Rocky  Mts.  and  west  of  them. 

decunibens,  Bent.  (W.  y.  2i-)  rough  haired,  decumbent:  leafets  alternate,  4  or  5, 
wedge-oval,  acute:  stipules  very  minute,  acute,  caducous:  flowers  umbelled:  bracts 
1  to  3-leaved.     West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

parviflora,  Bent.  (W.  )  erect,  glabrous,  chiefly  ramose  at  the  base:  leafets  alter- 
nate, 4  to  6,  obovate-oblong,  glaucous  beneath:  stipules  obsolete,  caducous:  pe- 
duncles 1 -flowered:  bracts  under  the  flowers  often  3-leaved.     West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

unifoLiida,  Hk.  (W.)  decumbent,  hirsute,  branches  much  spread:  leaves  generally 
with  a  single  leafet,  rarely  2  or  3,  sub-sessile,  oval,  acute  at  the  apex  and  base: 
stipules  obsolete:  peduncles  1-flowered:  bracts  under  the  flowers  l-leaved,  ovate. 
West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

pUitycarpa,  N.  (  )  slightly  pubescent,  robust:  leafets  7—9  pairs,  most  opposite, 
oblong-oval  or  obovate:  stipules  small,  cordate-ovate,  membranaceous,  obtuse:  pe- 
duncles bracteate  with  a2 — 4-foliolate  leaf  belnw  the  umbel:  calyx  truncate,  minutely 
toothed:  legume  rather  broad  and  flat.     Oregon. 

parviflora,  Benth.  (0.  J.  w-r. )  erect,  nearly  glabrous,  branched  from  the  base:  leafets 
4 — 6,  oblong  and  obovate,  alternate:  peduncles  1-flowered:  bracts  3-lbliolate:  calyx 
one-third  the  length  of  the  corol;  teeth  linear-subulate.     Oregon.     S. 

microphylla,  N.  ($•)  nearly  prostrate,  and  much  branched,  somewhat  strigosely  pu- 
bescent: leafets  4—5,  obovate  or  oval-oblong,  alternate:  peduncles  shorter  or  a 
little  longer  than  the  leaves,  bract  usually  trifoliolate.     Oregon.     S. 

data,  N.  (May.  w.)  sparsely  hirsute:  stem  tall  and  somewhat  branching  above:  leaves 
on  short  petioles;  leafets  elliptical-oblong,  somewhat  obtuse:  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves:  bract  of  a  simple  leafet:  calyx  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  coiol;  the 
segments  twice  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume  terete,  slender.     Oregon. 

fjorihunda,  N.  (J-Ju.)  smoothish  or  pubescent,  much  branched  and  decumbent:  leafets 
elliptical-oblong,  the  lateral  ones  narrower:  extreme  branches  with  unifoiiolate 
leaves:  flowers  on  short  peduncles,  approximated  towards  the  extremity  of  the 
branchlets:  bract  of  a  single  leafet:  legume  compressed,  few-seeded.     Rocky  Mts. 

pilosa,  N.  (  )  densely  clothed  with  soft  hairs,  decumbent  and  much  branched:  leafets 
elliptical-oblong,  obtuse  or  slightly  acute:  branches  unifoiiolate:  bract  of  a  single 
leaf:  flowers  scattered:  peduncles  very  short:  legume  flattish,  few-seeded.  Rocky 
Mts. 

mollis,  N.  (J.     )  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  erect,  branching  from  the  base:  leafets 


Horkelia.     The  name  of  a  friend  to  the  botanist  who  gave  it,  latinized. 
Hortensia.     From  hortus,  a  garden,  its  former  specific  name.     Hydrnngia  hortensia. 
Hosackia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  David  Hosack,  of  New  York,  who  was  the  earliest  patron 
of  botany  in  the  Northern  States. 

35 


274  HOSACKIA. 

oblong  and  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  bract  of  a 
single  leafet:  calyx  as  long  as  the  corol:  legume  almost  flat,  glabrous.  Banks  of 
the  Wahlaniet. 


sioloitifera,  Lindl.  (g.  p.  U-)  glabrous,  erect,  stoloniferous:  leafets  11 — 15,  ovate  or 
oblong,  mucronate:  stipules  ovate,  heibaceous:  umbels  many-flowered,  capitate: 
bracts  1—3-foliolate:   teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short.     California. 

o-racUis,  Benth.  (y.  Z{.)  glabrous,  decumbent:  lower  leafets  obovate-cuneate:  stipules 
large,  membranaceous:  bracts  trifoliolate:  calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  the  teeth  half 
as  long  as  the  tube.     California. 

stipidarls,  Benth.  (  )  stem  and  petioles  hairy:  stipules  foliaceous,  broadly  semi- 
sagittate:  bracts  trifoliolate:   teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube.     California. 

crasiifolia,  Benth.  (  )  leafets  broadly  obovate,  somewhat  fleshy,  stipules  scarious: 

bracts  3-foliolate:   teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short.     California. 

ochroleuca,  N.  (y.  March.  A.  Z[.)  pubescent,  nearly  erect:  leaves  sessile;  leafets  3—4 
pairs,  obovate  or  oblong,  alternate:  stipules  very  minute:  umbels  bracteate  with  a 
single  sessile  leafet:  teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume 
sub-terete.     St.  Barbara.     California. 

grandijiora,  Benth.  (U-  )  «teni  slightly  pubescent  above:  leafets  about  7:  peduncles 
elongated:  bract  1-foliolate,  sessile:  teeth  of  the  calyx  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
tube.     California. 

tomtntosa.  Hook.  &.  Arn.  (y.  r.  2X.)  herbaceous,  canescently  tomentose,  decumbent: 
leafets  4 — 6,  obovate,  mostly  obtuse:  peduncles  very  short:  bracts  1-foliolate:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube.     California. 

micrantlia,  N.  {y.  ^.  March,  Ap.)  herbaceous,  pubescent,  prostrate:  leafets  4 — 6, 
cuneale  or  obovate,  obtuse:  umbels  almost  sessile,  few-flowered,  without  bracts. 
California. 

ajtisoides,  Benth.  (y.  )  suffruticose,  somewhat  pubescent,  decumbent:  branches  an- 
gular: leafets  3 — G,  cuneate-obiong;  petioles  very  short:  umbels  many-flowered, 
on  short  peduncles:  bracts  of  1 — 3  minute  leafets:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate, 
recurved.     California. 

prostrata,  N.  (y.  r.  A.)  suffruticose,  nearly  glabrous,  prostrate:  branches  terete: 
leafets  3 — 7,  oblong,  obtuse:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  elongated: 
umbels  many-flowered:  bracts  I-foliolale:  calyx  nuich  shorter  than  the  corol,  the 
teeth  scarcely  one  third  the  length  of  the  tube:  legume  with  a  very  long  subulate 
point.     California. 

juncca,  Benth.  (y.  )  suffruticose,  glabrous:  branches  angular  and  erect:  leafets  3 — 5, 
oblong,  obtuse,  peduncles  very  short,  3 — 5-flowered,  without  bracts:  calyx  some- 
what prismatic,  with  very  short,  pointless  teeth.     California. 

crassifolia,  N.  (y-r.  )  suffruticose,  decumbent,  nearly  glabrous:  branches  angular: 
leafets  3 — 4,  oblong  or  cuneate-obiong,  obtuse,  thick:  umbels  nearly  sessile,  5 — 7- 
riowered:  bracts  none:  teeth  of  tlie  calyx  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  tube: 
legume  with  a  very  long,  subulate  point.     California.* 

scopTiria,  N.  (y-r.  March,  Ap.)  suffruticose,  erect,  much  branched,  nearly  glabrous: 
branches    terete:    leafets    3 — 4,    linear-oblong,    somewiiat    acute:    umbels    sessile, 

5 7.flowered:   bracts  none:   teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  one-third  the  length 

of  the  tube:  legume  with  a  very  long,  subulate  point.     3 — 4  f.     California,  used 
there  for  making  brooms. 
scricea,  Benth.  (r-y.     )  densely  silky-tomentose:  leafets  usually  3:  peduncles  very 
short,  1 — 3-rtowered,  without  biacts.     California. 

nudifiora,  N.  (#.  Marcli.)  somewhat  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base:  leafets  5 — 7,  alternate,  oblong-linear,  acute:  peduncles 
with  a  minute,  glandular  scale  in  the  place  of  the  bract:  legume  pubescent,  straight, 
curved  at  the  joint,  somewhat  terete.     California. 

strigosa,  N.  (2/?  March,  y.)  strigosely  pubescent,  decumbent,  much  branched:  leafets 

6—'d.  alternate,  lanceolate-linear,  acute:  peduncles  naked,   or  with  a  bract  of  1 — 3 

minute  leafets:  corol  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  legume  pubescent,  nearly 

straight.     California. 

ruhdla.  N.  (Zf.   r. )  strigosely  pubescent,    much  branched:  leafets  6 — 10,   alternate, 

*  It  seems  there  are  two  H.  crassifolia,  one  of  Bentham,  and  one  of  Nuttall.     From 
the  descriptions,  they  are  evidently  distinct  plants. 


HOSACKIA,    HOYA.  iilO 

linear,  rather  obtuse:  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered,  naked,  or  with  a  bract  of  a  single 
leafet:  legume  pubescent,  nearh'  straight.     California. 

maritimn,  N.  (March,  y.  0?)  rather  succulent,  somewhat  strigose,  prostrate,  much 
branched:  leafets  4 — 5,  alternate,  obovate,  obtuse:  peduncles  I — 3-fiowered,  naked, 
or  with  a  trifoliolate  bract:  legimie  glabrous,  sub-terete,   straiglit.     California.' 

suh-pinnata,  T.  (0.  )  canescently  villose,  branched  from  the  base:  leafets  about  5, 
obovate,  obtuse:  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile:  bracts  none:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume  pubescent,  3 — 6  i.     California. 

loratigeiiana,  T.  (  )  diffuse,  sparsely  hirsute:  leafets  4,    oblong,  somewhat  glau- 

cous: peduncles  axillary,  very  short,  l-flowered:  bracts  none:  legume  pubescent. 
California. 

5 — 1.     Hotto'nia.     35.     Prim.  sed.  sop. 

infata,  E.  (1)  (water  violet.  W.  w.  J.  21-)  flowers  whorled,  short  peduncled:  corol 
shorter  than  the  calyx:  scape  short,  inflated  between  the  joints:  leaves  alternate, 
piunatifid,  crowded.     S.     Rhode  Island.     B.  C.  F. 

4—1.     IIousto'nia.  (2)     40.     Gent,  ton+. 

carvlea,  (3)  (venus'  pride,  innocence,  dwarf  pink.  O.  b.  &  w.  M.  2i-)  stem  erect, 
setaceous,  dichotomous:  rndical  leaves  spatulate;  cauline  ones  oblanceolate,  oppo- 
site: peduncles  l-flowered,  elongated.     4 — 6  i.     S.     Mcli. 

longifoUa,  W.  (4)  (W.  p.  J.  IS-)  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end: 
flowers  corymbed.     6—1-2  i.     S.     P.  B.  H.  D.     U.  Canada.     Mcli. 

puipurea,  W.  (5)  (W.  p.  w.  Ju.  21-)  stem  erect,  branching  above,  pubescent  at  the 
joints:  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  lance-linear:  fascicles  terminal,  corymb- 
ed.    4— S  i.     S.     S— C. 

ciliolata,  T,  (W.  p.)  radical  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  narrow  at  the  base,  ciliate  at  the 
margin;  cauline  ones  ov:ite-spatulate,  sessile:  corymbs  terminal,  pedicelled: 
peduncles  trichotomous:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear:  stem  smooth,  branched 
above,     Niagara  Falls.     Mch. 

pubescens,  R.  (VV.)  leaves  wedge-form  acute,  pubescent;  lower  ones  sub-petioled, 
lanceolate;  upper  ones  sub-oval,  sessile:  panicle  trichotomous,  terminal. 

patens,  E.  (6)  (p.  March.  ^.)  small,  stem  branching,  dichotomous,  with  scabrous 
angles:  flowers  solitary,  terminal  and  axillary.     1 — 2  i.     S — C. 

Southern. 

serpyllifoliat  Mx.  (O.  b.  M.  2/-)  procumbent,  cespitose:  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse: 
peduncles  terminal,  l-flowered,  very  long.  , 

(enellu,  Ph.  (A.  b.  J.  2X-)  stem  creeping,  filiform:  leaves  round  acute,  nerved:  pedun- 
cles terminal,  1-tlowered,  very  long.     Smaller  than  the  last. 

rotundifolia,  Mx.  (L.  w.  Ap.  2X.)  creeping:  leaves  ovate,  roundish,  abruptly  narrow- 
ed at  the  base:  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  l-flowered.  Leaves  evergreen.  Florida. 

lenuifoUa,  N.  (W.)  smooth:  stem  erect,  divaricate,  very  brandling;  branches  sub- 
trichotomous:  leaves  narrow-linear:  corymbs  terminal,  sub-fastigiate,  with  long 
setaceous  peduncles.     (5  i. 

minima,  Bk.  (W.  b.  March,  0?)  stem  erect,  simple,  4-cornered,  somewhat  scabrous: 
leaves  opposite,  spatulate-ovate,  sub-acuminate,  ciliate,  scabrous  on  both  sides; 
flowers  peduncled,  solitary,  terminal.     1 — 2  i, 

18 — 2.     HoYA.     47.     Ascl.  dia.  r.  nau.  exp. 

Exotic. 

carnosa,  R.  Br.  (w-r.)  leaves  ovate:  flowers  bearded.     A  vine. 

Hottonia.     In  honor  of  John  Hotton,  the  predecessor  of  Boerhaave  at  Leyden. 
Houstonia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Wm.  Houston,  an  English  botanist  of  considerable 

merit. 
Hoya.  In  honor  of  the  gardener  of  the  Duke  of  Northumberland. 

(1)  palustris?  Ph.        (2)  Hedyotis,  H.       (3)  linnei,  Mx.       (4)  angustifolia,  Mx. 
(5)  varians,  Mx.     Hedyotis  umbellata,  Wr.     Knoxia  purpurea,  Lk.  (6)  linnei, 

Var.  coerulea.     Mx.  Var.  minor.  Ph. 


276  HUDSONIA,    HYDRASTIS. 

12—1.     Hudso'nia.     80.     Cist.  stom.  ton. 

ericoldes,  (false  heath.  W.  y.  J.  h.)  leaves  acerose-subulate,  hirsute:  peduncles  fili- 
form, solitary.     About  6  i.  high,  a  very  delicate  shrub.     Pine  barrens.     Y. 

tomentosa,  N.  (W.  L.  y.  Ju.)  hoary  lonientose:  leaves  ovate,  imbricate,  shorter  than 
the  intervale  of  the  stem:  flowers  sub-sessile:  calyx  obiuse.  B.  D.  Canada. 
N.  Jersey.     Mch. 

Southern. 

montana,  N.  (A.)  decumbent,  smoothish,  cespitose:  leaves  long  filiform-subulate, 
sub-imbricate:  peduncles  terminal,  solitary:  calyx  bell-form,  woolly:  capsule  villose. 
3—5  i. 

20 — 5.     Hu'mulcs.     98.     Urti.  nar.  ton.  ano. 

lupubis,  (hop.  O.  g-y.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  twining  with  the  sun:  leaves  lobed.  One  of  the 
best  of  tonics. 

14 — 1.     Hutchin'sia.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  nut. 

calydna,  (w.  )  white-pubescent:  leaves  mostly  radical,  deeply  pinnatifid,  long 
petioled:  calyx  permanent:  silicles  oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  acuminated  by 
the  style.     A  Var.  lower  leaves  all  entire.     R.  A. 

6 — 1.     Hyacin'thus.     16.     Asph.  exp.  nar.  stim. 

Exotic. 

orientalis,  (garden  hyacinth,  r.  Ap.  2i-)  corol  funnel-form,  half  6-clefl,  ventricose  at 

the  base. 
rmiscari,  (musk  hyacinth,  b.  Ap.  If.)  carols  ovate,  all  equal. 
botryoides,  (grape  hyacinth,  b.   Ap.  U-)  corols  globose,  uniform:   leaves  cylindric, 

channelled,  straight. 
comosus,  (purple  grape  hyacinth,  p.)  corols  angular  cylindric:  upper  flowers  sterile, 

long-peduncled,  erect. 
racemosus,  (hare-bell  hyacinth.  2|.)  flowers  thick,   ovate,   those  at  the  top  sessile: 

leaves  lax,  pendant,  linear,  carinate. 

10 — 2.     Hydran'gea.     58.     Capr.  ast.  fra. 

vulgaris,  Ph.  (1)  (hydrangea.  W.  w.  Au.  Ip.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
acuminate,  toothed,  glabrous  beneath:  cymes  naked.  5  f.  S.  P.  H.  M.  Har- 
per's Ferry. 

nivea,  Mx.  (2)  (w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  snow-white  down 
beneath;  cymes  radiate,    6-^8  f.     S.     P.  S — C. 
Southern. 

cordata,  Ph.  (3)  (W.  A.  Ju.  11.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  acumi- 
nate, coarsely  toothed,  glabrous  beneath:  cymes  generally  radiate. 

quercifolia,  Bart.  (w.  «&  r.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate-lobed,  toothed,  tomentose 
beneath;  cymes  radiate,  thyrse-panicled.     4—5  f     Florida. 

Hydrangea,  Hortensia, 

12 — 12.     Hydras'tis.     61.     Ranu.  acr.  cau.  poi. 
canadensis,  (orange  root,  turmeric  root.  W.  w-r.  Ap.  2^.)  stem  with  two  opposite 

Hudsonia.     In  honor  of  Wm.  Hudson,  a  correspondent  of  Linneus,  and  author  of 

Flora  Anglica. 
Humulus.     Lat.  huinvs,  fresh  earth,  from  its  choosing  rich  soil, 
Hulchinsia.     The  name  of  a  friend  to  the  botanist  who  gave  it,  latinized. 
Hyacinthus.     After  Hyacinth,  the  favorite  of  Apollo,  who  was  changed  into  this 

plant. 
Hydrangea.     Gr.  udor,  water,  and  aggeion,  a  vessel,  in  allusion  to  the  pitcher-like 

shape  of  the  seed-vessel. 
Hydrastis.     From  Gr.  udor,  water,  in  reference  to  the  humid  places  wherein  it  grows. 

(1)  arborescens,  W.        (2)  radiata,  Wr.        (3)  vulgaris,  Mx. 


HYDRASTIS,    HYDROPELTIS,  277 

leaves  above:  leaves  petioled,  emarginate  at  the  base,  palmate^  serrate,  gashed: 
peduncle  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.     Root  yellow.     S.     P.  Y.  C.  D.     Mch. 

20—9.     Hy'drocha'ris.     22.     Hydr.  ton. 
Southern. 
spongiosa,  Bosc.  (1)  (w.  Au.  21-)  monoecious:  leaves  floating,   round-cordate,  reticu- 
late beneath,  with  vesicles  at  the  base.     Stagnant  water. 

10 — 6.     Hydrochlo'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Jfuitans,  Mx.  (2)  (Ju.  2X.)  small;  stem  slender,  branching:  leaves  linear,  flat:  spikes 
sohtary,  axillary,  setaceous,  about  4-flowered:  glumes  unawned.     S. 

5 — 2.     Hv'drocoty'le.     60.     Umb.  ton — .  dem. 

umbellata,  W.   (water  navel-wort.  g-w.  M,  Zf.)  leaves  peltate,  crenate,  at  the  base 

eniarginate:    umbels  peduncled,  many-flowered.     S.     P.  B.   C.   F.     Mch.     S — C» 
americana,    (O.  g-w.  J.  If-)  glabrous,  tuberous:  leaves  sub-peltate,  orbicular,  doubly 

crenate:  glomerules  few-flowered,  sessile.  V a.r.  flexicaidis,  stems  firmer  and  shorter, 

somewhat  flexuous-angled.     Var.  gracilis,   slender,  filiform,  not  flexuous:  leaves 

smaller.     Plant  low  and  prostrate.     Flowers  very  smalK     ;S. 
vulgaris,  (3)  (penny-wort.  g.  w.  J.  If.)  leaves  orbicular,   peltate,   slightly  crenater 

scape  interruptedly  spiked,  few-flowered.     jS*.     P.  C.     Canada. 
ranunculoides,  (4)  (J.  2X-)  leaves  cordate,  somewhat  5-lobed,  crenate-dentate:  umbels 

capitate,  8  to  10-flowered.     iS'. 
lineata,  Mx.  (5)  (r-w.  Ju.  7i.)  glabrous,  creeping:  leaves  sessile,  cuneate-linear,  with 

transverse  nerves:  umbels  peduncled.     S.     C.     Peekskill. 

Sub-genus  Erigenia.     Described  at  page  60. 

hulhosn,  N.  (W.  w.  2i.)  glabrous:  leaves  one  or  two,  radical,  petioled,  gash-biternate: 
leafets  of  the  involucels  few,  unequal:  anthers  exsert,  dark  purple.  Root  globe- 
tuberous.     S.     P.  O.  F. 

repanda,  P.  (r-w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  round-cordate,  somewhat  repand;  petioles  and  nerves 
pilose:  heads  3-flowered,  peduncled. 

Hydroglossum,  Lygodium. 

5 — 2.     Hydro'lea.     44.     Hydr.  h.  epis. 
Southern, 
quadrivalms,  Wr.    (6)   (b.   Ju.    II.)   spinose,   pilose:  leaves  long-lanceolate:  flowers 

nearly  sessile,  axillary:  capsules  glabrous.     Charleston,   S — C. 
corymbosa,  Macbride.  (b.  &  y.  Ju.  Zf.)   without  spines,  sub-glabrous:  leaves  lanceo- 
late: calyx  hispid:   llowers  terminal.     2  f. 
spinosa,  (W.)  leaves  lanceolate,  hirsute:  flowers  terminal. 


12 — 12.     Hydkopel'tis.     61.     Ranu.  acr.  cau. 


poi. 


purpurea,  Mx.  (7)  (water.shield,  water-target.  O.  p.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  peltate,  oval, 
entire:  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered.  The  leaves  float  on  the  surface  of  water, 
having  long  flexible  petioles.     Plant  mostly  covered  with  mucilage.     S.     Mch. 

Hydrocharis.  Gr.  udor,  water,  and  charts,  grace,  as  this  little  plant  may  be  con- 
sidered to  be  an  ornament  of  still  waters. 

Hydrochloa.     Gr.  iidor,  water,  and  cidoe,  grass,  it  growing  principally  in  water. 

Hydrocotyle.  Gr.  udor,  water,  and  kotuLe,  a  cavity,  from  the  leaves  being  a  little 
depressed  in  the  centre,  so  as  to  hold  a  drop  of  water. 

Hydrolea.  From  Gr.  udur,  water,  and  daia,  oil,  because  the  leaves  of  this  water 
plant  are  viscous  as  if  they  were  smeared  with  old  oil. 

Hydropeltis.     Gr.  udor,  water,  and  pelte,  a  shield,  from  the  floating  peltate  leaves. 
(I)  cordifoUa,  N.         (2)  zizanea,  Mx.  ;(3)  interrupta,  M.  (4)  oymbalari- 

folia,  M.        (5)  Crantzia,  N.        (6)  caroliniana,  Mx.        (7)   Brasenia  peltata,  Ph. 


278  HYDROrHYLLUM.  HYOSCYAMUS. 

5 — 1.     Hvdrophyl'lum.     43.     Hydro,  emo.  ton — . 

cirginicum,  (burr-flower.  W.  b.  J.  2i.)  smoothish:  leaves  pinnate  and  pinnatifid;  divi- 
sions lance-oval,  gash-serrate:  fascicles  of  the  flowers  conglomerate.  The  flowers 
have  the  appearance  of  a  burr  several  weeks  before  they  expand.  9 — 18  i.  S.  O. 
D.  P.     Windsor,  Vt.  Mch.     M. 

canadense,  W.  (rough  burr-flower,  W.  p.  &w.  Ju.  21-)  hirsute:  leaves  lobe-angled: 
fascicles  of  the  flowers  crowded.  Resembles  the  last  in  some  respects,  but  the 
leaves  are  much  larger.     W.  P.  C.  X.  O.  D.     Mch.     M. 

hispidum,  Riddell.  whole  plant  hispid:   leaves  mostly  radical. 

■macrophyUum,  N.  (W.  w.  Zf.)  leaves  pinnatifid,  coarsely  gash-toothed,  divisions 
sub-rhornboid,  oval,  upper  ones  confluent:  peduncles  very  long,  and  with  the  calyx 
hirsute:  cyme  crowded:  divisions  of  the  calyx  shorfer.     K. 

SouOicm. 
lineare,  Ph.  (W.  Ap.  If.)  pilose:  leaves  linear:  racemes  elongated. 

15 — 1.     Hymexolobis.      C3.     Cruc.  asc.  diu. 

divaricatus,  N .  (  )  procumbent,  much  branched:  leaves  short  and  pinnatifid,  with 
several  oblong  lobes;  upper  ones  linear  and  often  entire:  silicle  eiliptical-oblong- 
obtuse.     Oregon. 

erectus,  N.  (  )  stem  erect,  much  branched:  leaves  oblong,  SQinewhat  pinnatifid  or 
entire:  silicle  linear-oblong.     Oregon. 

17 — 1.     Hymenopap'pcs.     55.     Heli.  s.  ole.  sto. 

Suttihtrii. 

scabiosaeus,  Mx.  (w.  Ap.  Zf.)  whitish-woolly:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions 
linear-oblong,  sub-dentate:  flowgrs  corymbed.     2 — 3  f.     Floiida. 

tenuifoLius,  Ph.  (W.  g-w.  Q .)  whitisli- woolly:  stem  corymb-branched:  leaves  sub- 
bipinnatifid;  divisions  narrow-linear,  entire:  flowers  compoundly  coryiiibed:  pedi- 
cels crowded:  involucre  about  6-leaved,  shorter  than  the  florets;  akenes  very 
villose. 

dougiasii,  H.  (  )  tomentose,    with   white  deciduous  wool:  branches  elongated, 

sub-corymbed:  leaves  bipinnatitid,  segments  linear,  sinuate:  flowers  solitary:  leafets 
of  the  mvolucre  about  "20,  linear,  pubescent,  shorter  tlian  the  flower:  corol  filiform, 
apex  pilose,  chaff's  of  tlie  pappus  linear,  scarcely  longer.     1 — 3  f     R. 

fdifvlius,  H.  (  )  tomentose  with  white  deciduous  wool:  branches  paniculate, 
scattered:  leaves  bipinnatifid,  segment  filiform,  elongated,  very  entire:  flowers 
solitary:  leafets  of  the  involucre  about  12,  elliptic,  pubescent,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  flower:  tube  of  the  corol  campanulate  above:  piippus  very  short.  18 — 
24  i. 

21 — 1.     Hyjiesophvl'lum.     5.     Fili.  sec.  stim. 

ciliatum,  W.  {![.)  frond  pinnate:  lower  leafets  larger;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller, 
pinnatifid;  divisions  linear,  obtuse,  2-cleft,  ciliate,  hairy  on  the  veins:  rachis  and 
stipe  with  ciliate  wings.     On  trunks  of  trees.     <S'. 

5 — 1.     Hyoscy'amus.     38.     Sola.  f.  nar^--  b.  poi. 

niger,  (henbane,  y.  &  p.  Ju.  $ .)  leaves  clasping,  sinuate:  flowers  veiny,  sessile. 
Naturalized.  T.  B.  D.  F.  N.  Black  Rock.  Grows  spontaneously  at  Detroit, 
and  Upper  Canada,  near  Buffalo.     Cooley. 

Hi/oseris,  Krigia. 

Hydrophyllum.  Gr.  udor,  water,  and  phuUon,  a  leaf,  from  the  leaves  in  the  spring 
being  filled  with  water. 

Hymenolobus.     Gr.  umen,  membrane,  lohns,  lobe.     Pod  membranaceous. 

Hymenopappus.  Gr.  wj/teyj,  a  membrane,  and  pappus,  seed-down,  from  the  tops  of 
the  akenes  being  covered  with  membranaceous  egret. 

Hymenophyllum.  Gr.  umen,  a  membrane,  and  pliuLLon,  a  leaf,  the  foliage  being  re- 
markable for  its  filiny  texture. 

Hyoscyamus.  Gr.  us,  (uos)  a  hog,  and  huamos,  a  lot  or  measure;  because  it  is  good 
enough  for  hogs.     Probably  named  by  a  Jew. 


HYPERICUJU.  279 

12—5.     Htpe'ricum.     68.     Hype.  cat.  feb. 
1 .     Flowers  tcilk  5  styles. 

kalmianum,  W.  (W.  y.  Ju.  f;.'.)  friiticose,  very  branching;  branchlets  4-cornered: 
leaves  lance-linear:  corymbs  terminal,  3 — 7-llo\vered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
olate, obtusish:  capsule  as  long  as  tlie  calyx.  3 — 5  f.  S.  P.  Niagara  Falls, 
Lake  Huron,  N.  Jersey.     Mch. 

pyruinidutum,  W.  A.  (VV.  y.  Ju.  HO  ilovvers  pentagj'nous,  terminal:  styles  shorter 
than  the  stamens:  sepals  ovate,  acute:  stem  somewhat  4-sided,  branching:  leaves 
sessile  (^sub-amplexicaule,)  oblong,  acute,  glabrous. 

2.     Flowers  with  3  styles,  or  fewer. 

prolificum,  W.  (1)  (W.  y.  J.  ^.)  braches  2-edged:  leaves  lance-linear,  obtusish: 
corymbs  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered:  petals  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens: 
sepKls  lanceolate.     1—3  f.     S.     H.  D.     xMch. 

galluides,  Lk.  (W.  y.  Ju.  f?.)  branches  4-sided:  leaves  linear,  sessile,  revolute  at  the 
margin,  fascicled:  panicles  terminal',  divaricate-dichotomous:  petals  and  stamens 
equal,  scarcely  longer  tlian  the  linear  sepals:  styles  united,  sub-exsert.     2  f.     S. 

perforatum,  (2)  (O.  y.  J.  2i-)  erect,  brandling:  stem  2-edged:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse, 
transparently  punctate:  panicle  terminal,  brachiate,  leafy:  petals  longer  than  the 
acute,  lanceolate  sepals.  This  is  the  common  st.  John's  wort,  so  troublesome  to 
farmers.     1 — 3  f.     iS'. 

corymbosum,  W.  (3)  (W.  y.  Ju.  71.)  erect,  glabrous,  darkly  punctate:  stem  terete, 
branching:  leaves  clasping,  oblong-oval,  obtuse:  corymbs  terminal,  brachiate, 
dense-flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute.  IS — 24  i.  S.  B.  D.  F. 
T.  P.  N.  V.     Mch. 

parvijlorum,  W.  (4)  (low  centaury.  O.  y.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  small,  glabrous,  dichoto- 
mous-ramose,  somewhat  4-sided:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sub-cordate,  obtuse,  nerved, 
sessile:  panicles  terminal,  dichotomous-corymbed:  petals  shorter  than  the  lance- 
olate sepals.     6 — 12  i.     <S.     Florida.     Mch. 

can/idense,  (W.  y.  Ju.  0.)  erect,  small,  few-flowered:  stem  4-sided,  dichotomous 
above:  leaves  sessile,  linear,  slender  at  the  base:  the  branches  of  the  panicle  oppo- 
site, the  branchlets  dichotomous:  capsule  long,  conic,  colored,  led.  9 — 18  i.  S. 
P.  Y.  VV.  N.  B.  C.  D.     iMch. 

adpressum,  B.  (y.  Ju.  Zf-)  stem  erect,  2-edged  immediately  below  each  pair  of  leaves, 
and  sub-cylmdric  near  the  root:  leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  lanceolate-obtuse, 
transparently  punctate,  with  very  tine  dots;  those  of  the  branches  sub-linear, 
crowded;  those  of  the  cymes  small,  acute,  crowded:  flowers  terminal  and  axillary, 
with  obtuse,  entire  petals:   style  1 :  capsule  sub-conic.     P. 

petiohitum,  Wr.  (5)  (y.  Ju.  2Z.)  leaves  petioled,  oblong-oval,  round-obtuse:  flowers 
opposite,  axillary,  sub-sessile,  sub-ternate:  stamens  adnate  as  far  as  the  middle: 
capsule  oblong.     S.     P. 

tingulosuin,  Mx.  (6)  (y-r.  Ju.  2i-)  erect:  stem  4-sided:  leaves  oblong-,  acute,  closely 
sessile:  panicle  terminal,  dicholomous-branches  divaricate,  with  distant  alternate 
flowers:  calyx  sub-campanulate;  divisions  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled  below,  almost 
as  long  as  the  corol:   petals  with  a  single  lateral  tooth.     2  f.     N. 

mitranthuin,  Choisy.  (W.  )  stem  terete,  punctate,  becoming  purple:  branchlets 

straight:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  black-punctate:  flowers  crowded,  terminal:  sepals 
small,  obtuse:  corol  and  anthers  black-punctate.     »S*.     Canada.     D. 

ellipticum,  Hk.  (VV.  )  stem  erect,  herbaceous,  sub-ramose  above,  acutely  4- angled: 
leaves  oval,  very  obtuse,  pellucid  and  fuscous,  punctate:  corymbs  small,  terminal: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong,  spreading,  very  unequal,  nerved,  foliaceous:  styles 
2  or  3,  compactly  united.     Canada.     N.  VV.  Lakes. 

cistifolium,  (  21.)  stem  angled:  leaves  ovaie-oblong,  black-punctate  beneath, 

acutish,  somewhat  clasping,  margin  revolute:  flowers  in  dichotomous  corymbs: 
sepals  ovate,  entire:  styles  coadnate.     N.  > 

frondosum,  Mx.  (7)  (W.  y.  Ju.  >?.)  branches  two-edgedr  leaves  oval-oblong,  obtuse, 
mucrouate,  narrow  at  the  base:  flowers  terniinal,   sub-solitary:    divisions  of  the 

Hypericum.     Obscure.     Gr.  trperikon,  in  Dloscorides. 

(1)  kalmianum,  Du  Roi.         (2)  virginicum,  VVr.         (3)  punctatum,  Lk.  macula- 
turn,  Wr.         (4)  quinquenervium,  VVr.    niutilum,  VV.         (5)  axillare,  Mx.     Elodea 
*     petiolata,  Ph.         (0)  denticulatum,  VVr.         (7)  elatum,  A. 


280  HYPERICUM. 

calyx  oblong,  acute,  equalling  the  stamens  and  petals;  styles  united,  as  long  as  the 
stamens.     Canada. 

scoulcri,  Hk.  (  )  stem  terete  below,  quadrangular  above:  leaves  oblong-ovale, 
closely  sessile  and  somewliat  clasping,  not  dotted;  under  surface  witli  numerous 
prominent  veins:  cyme  somewhat  conjpoiind:  sepals  broadly  ovate,  rather  obtuse, 
one  third  the  Jen^tli  of  tlie  petals,  dotted  with  black:  styles  3,  distinct,  erect. 
Oregon.     Rocky  Alts. 

sarotlira,  Mx.  (J.  Au.  nitx/ced,  false  John's  wort,  orange  grass,  pifie-weed.  p.  y.  0.) 
small,  erect,  setaceous-ramose:  leaves  minute,  close-pressed:  flowers  on  the  branch- 
lets  alternate,  solitary:  styles  3.  4—8  i.  S.  T.  Y.  C.  B.  P.  H.  M.  F.  N. 
Sarothra  gentianoides  of  7th  edition. 

Southern. 

Floiccrs  iciik  3  styles. 

aspathaloides,  W.  (1)  (y.  ><.)  branches  sub-terete,  dichotomous:  leaves  fascicled, 
linear,  acute,  striate:  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sub-sessile:  styles  united. 

fasciculatum,  Mx.  (2)  (y.  Ju.  fp .)  branches  4-angled:  leaves  crowded,  somewhat  in 
verticillate  clusters,  filiform,  linear,  obtuse,  sessile:  peduncles  axillary,  near  the 
summit  of  the  branches,  1  to  3-flowered:  sepals  filiform:  styles  united.  Does  this 
really  differ  from  the  galioides?     Elliott.     1 — 2  f. 

rosmarinifolmm,  (3)  (W.  y.  Ju.  T).)  stem  terete,  somewhat  angled:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  acute,  tapering  at  the  base,  somewhat  clustered:  panicle  long:  peduncles 
near  the  summit  of  the  branches,  axillary,  3-flowered:  styles  united.  2 — 4  f. 
Charleston,   S— C. 

amiiigmim,  E.  (J.  If.)   branches  compressed:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  mucronate: 
flowers  axillary    and  terminal:   sepals  lance-linear,    unequal,    as  long  as  the  corol: 
petals  toothed  near  the  summit:  styles  3,  united.     2 — 4  f. 
Jastigiatum,  E.  (J.  Tj.)  branches  "somewhat   compressed:    leaves  narrow-lanceolate, 
very  acute:   corymbs  terminal,  many-flowered,  fastigiate:   styles  united.     3  f. 

nudiflorum,  Mx.  (y.  An.  Ip .)  branches  winged:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  sessile: 
panicle  terminal,  naked,  compound:  corol  larger  than  the  calyx;  styles  united.  S — 
C.     K. 

glaucum,  (4)  (y.  Ju.  ^.)  branches  terete:  leaves  oblong,  cordate,  clasping,  obtusish, 
smooth,  glaucous,  coriaceous:  panicle  leafy,  divaricate-dichotomous:  divisions  of 
the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  longer  than  the  petals:  stamens  and  petals  about  equal: 
styles  united. 

opacum,  T.  (  )  stems  2-winged:  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  closely  sessile,  some- 
what coriaceous,  opaque,  punctate  with  minute  brown  dots,  veinless:  cyme  com- 
pound, naked;  the  diciiotomal  flowers  sessile:  sepals  very  unequal,  obovate  and 
oblong:  petals  somewhat  dolabriform,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals:  styles  united  to 
the  summit:  capsules  globose-ovate,  3-lobed  by  the  inflexion  of  ihe  dorsal  sutures. 
Georgia,  Alabama.     2  f. 

drummondii,  T.  (Ju.  S.)  stem  and  branches  rather  stout,  terete  below,  quadrangular 
above:  leaves  narrowly-linear,  longer  than  the  internodes:  flowers  pedicellate:  sta- 
mens 10  to  20:  capsules  ovate,  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  sepals:  styles  3.  Mis- 
souri, La.  G. 

elatum,  A.  (  )  trigynous:  sepals  lanceolate-ovate,  acute;  stamens  longer  than  the 
corol:  stem  shrubby:  leaves  ovate-oblong. 

pilosum,  Wr.  (Ju.  )  pilose;  stem  virgate,  simple:  leaves  expanding,  ovate,  acute, 
tapering  at  the  base:  panicle  few-flowered. 

acutifulium,  E.  (y.  )  stem  herbaceous?  branching,  glabrous:  leaves  narrow-lanceo- 
late, acute:  panicle  many-flowered:  capsules  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

tuhulosum,  Wr.  (5)  (  )  leaves  sessile:  corol  tubular:  stamens  united  above  the 
middle. 

triplinerve,  Vent.  (W.  y.  Au.  2X.)  erect,  somewhat  branching:  stem  somewhat  two 
edged:  leaves  linear,  spreading,  3-nerved:  llowers  raceme-panicled:  corol  unequal: 
acute  sepals  and  petals  glandular-serrate. 

dolabrifurme.  Vent.  (W.  y.  Ju.  Zf. )  erect,  branching:  stem  two-edged:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  spreading,  obtuse:  corymb  terminal,  dichotomous:  sepals  lanceolate,  un- 
equal: petals  ax-form. 

(1)  fasciculatum,  Lk.  (2)  tenuifolium,  Ph.  (3)  fasciculatum,  Ph.   W. 

(4)  myrtifolium,  Lk.         (5)  Elodea,  Ph.  &c. 


HYPERICUM,    HYSSOPUS.  281 

sphaerocdrpiim,  Mx.  (W.  y.  2i.)  efect,  very  glabrous:  leaves  oblong:  panicle  naked, 
dichotomous;   forks  all  1-flowered:  styles  united:   capsule  globose. 

virs^atiim,  (  2X-)  steiri  straight,  quadrangular:  leaves  lance-ovate,  slightly  claspr 
ing,  black-punctate,  margin  rpvolute:  panicle  few-flowered,  dichotomous:  sepals 
lanceolate,  entire:   styles  2  or  3:   sligma  capitate. 

hcdijiififoiium,  (  Zf.)  stem  straight,  quadrangular:  leaves  sessile,  decussate,  lance- 
olate, sub-acute,  close-pressed,  black-punctate  beneath,  not  pellucid;  sepals  lancer 
linear,  black-pudctate:  styles  3  or  4;    stigma  capitate. 

Floicers  with  5  styles. 

rostratum,  (  Zf.)  stem  woodyj  2-edged:  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
at  the  margin  revolute,  punctate:  corymbs  axillary  and  terminal:  calyx  2-bracted: 
germ  beaked^  with  5  styles.     Louisiana. 

Hypericum)  Sarothra. 
21 — 1.     HYPOPEL'xiSi     6.     Fili.  seic-stim. 

obtusa,  W.  (1)  (W.  Ju.  It.)  frond  doubly-pinnate,  the  lesser  leafets  oblong,  obtuse, 
the  upper  ones  having  united  bases;  tooth  crenate:  rachis  pubescent  above.  4 — 5  it 
Rocks.     T.  O.  H. 

6 — 1.     Hyfox'is;     17.     Hypo.  ton^. 

erecia,  W;  (2)  (star-grass.  O.  y.  Ju.  2X.)  pilose:  scape  2  or  3-flowered:  leaves  lance* 
linear:  divisions  of  the  corol  lance-oblong.  Var.  graminea,  has  longer  and  nar- 
rower leaves;  more  flowers,  longer  lance-linear  divisions  to  the  corol — and  altor 
gether  a  more  grassy  appearance.     S. 

Southern. 
filifoUa,  E.  (Ap.         )  leaves  filiform,    somewhat  angled,    hairy:  scape  generally  2- 

flowered. 
juricea,  S.  (J.  21.)  pilose:  leaves  filiform,  channelled,  very  entire:  scapes  1-flowered. 

13 — ].     Hyp'tis.     42-     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 
Southern. 

tadiata,  (  w.  Au.  21.)  heads  of  flowers  opposite:  peduncles  aS  long  jis  the  inter- 
nodes:  bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  fruit-bearing  calyx:  leaves  oblong,  ser- 
rate.    3—4  f. 

capitata,  W.  (w.  Ju.  2i.)  heads  of  flowers  opposite:  peduncles  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes:  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  fruit-bearing  calyx:  leaves  oblong,  at- 
tenuate at  each  end,  unequally  serrate.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this  species  has 
been  found  in  this  country. 

spicata,  Poit.  (  )  spikes  terminal:  flowers  in  little  heads,  pedicelled,    crowded: 

leaves  cordate-ovate,  doubly  serrate.     Florida. 

13 — 1.     Hysso'pOs.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 

nepetoidbs,  W.  (3)  (giant  hyssop.  W.  g-y;  Ju.  7X.)  stem  acutely  4-angled,  sub-alates 

leaves  ovate,    acutely  dentate;    petioles  smooth.     4 — 8  f.     S.     T.  Y.  P.  W.  D. 

N.  C.  H.  F.  O.     U.  Canada.     Mch. 
scrophularif alius,  W.  (4)  (W.  Ju..   2^.)  stem  obtusely  4-angled:  leaves  heart-ovajte, 

obtusely  dentate;  petioles  ciliate-pubescent.     3 — 5  f.     Dr.  Darlington,  arid  Dr.  M. 

Stevenson,  have  shewn  that  these  are  perfectly  distinct  species.     P.  W.  C  D. 

Mch. 
foeniculum.   Ph.    (5)   (W.  b.  Ju.   0.)  erect^  pubescent:  leaves  heart-ovate,   toothed, 

glabrous  above,  whitish-tomentose  beneath:  whorls  about  6- flowered. 

Hypopeltis.     Gr.  vpo,  under,  and  pelte,  a  shield. 

Hypoxis.     Gr.  i/po,  under,  and  oxus,  sharp;  from  the  sharp  pointed  capsules. 

Hyptis.     Gr.  uplios,  resupinate,  referring  to  the  corol. 

Hyssopus.     Gr.  ussopus,  a  word  from  the  Hewbrew  ezoh. 

(1)  Aspidium  obtusum,  5th  ed.  (2)  caroliniensis,  Mx.  (3)  Lophanthus. 

(4)  Lophanthus.         (5)  aristatus,  N.  Stachys,  Ph. 
.36 


282  HYSSOPUS,    ILLICIUM. 

Exotic, 
officinalis,  (Ijyssop.  Ju.  Zf.)  flowers  whorled:  racemes  one-way:  intermediate  divisions 
of  the  corol  2-lobed,  entire:  leaves  lance-linear. 

I. 

14 — 1.     Ibe'ris.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  ton. 
Exotic. 

umheUata,  (candytuft,  w.  J.  #.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate;  lower  ones  serrate, 
upper  ones  entire. 

4 — 1.     Ic'todes.     (1)7.     Aroi.  dr.  ast.  cat.  as<. 

fottida,  Mx.  (skunk  cabbage,  fetid  hellebore.  O.  p.  A.  H.)  stemless:  leaves  radical, 
heart-ovate,  very  large:  spadix  supporting  the  flowers  in  a  sub-globose  head.  Odor 
resembles  that  of  the  skunk.     Mch.     .S'. 

4 — 4.     I'lex.     95.     Ilic.  ton.  ast. 

opaca,  A.  (evergreen  holly.  M.  g-w.  M.  21.)  leaves  evergreen  ovate,  acute,  spinose 
glabrous,  Hat:  flowers  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  shoots  of  the  preceding  year.  A 
middle  sized  tree.     S.     Y.  C.  P.  B.     Canada.     Charleston,  S— C.     Florida.    M. 

Southern. 

laxifiora,  Lk.  (J.   \  .)  leaves  ovai.e,  sinuate-toothed,  spinose,  shining,  flat:  peduncles 

super-axillary,  in  the  young  branches  aggregate,  lax-ramose. 
cassina,  A.   (J.  ^■)  leaves  lauce-ovale,  sharply  serrate,   flat,  glabrous  on  the  mid-rib 

beneath:  lateral  peduncles  corymb-branched.     8—12  f     Charleston,  S— C. 
dako'on,  Wr.  (w.  M.  >).)  leaves  lance-oblong,  nearly  entire,  reflexed  at  the  margin, 

villose  on  the  mid-rib  beneath:  peduncles  lateral  and   terminal,   corymb  panicled. 

4—12  f.     La. 
laurifoLia,  N.  (      )  leaves  large,  elliptic,  acutish,  very  entire,  sempervirent:  pedicels 

elongated,  sub-3-flowered.     Florida. 
myrtifolia.  Wr.  (2)  (W.  J.  ^.)  leaves  lance-linear,    mucronate,   rigid,  very  glabrous: 

fertile  flowers  solitary.     6 — 10  f 
ligustrina,  E.  (3)  (J.  >?.)  leaves  lance-linear,  wedge-form  at  the  base,  generally   en- 
tire:  fertile  florets  solitary.     6— 10  f 
vomito'ria,  A.  (4)  (south-sea  tea.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  crenate, 

senate,  glabrous:  umbels  lateral,  sub-sessile.     6 — 1.5  f 
prinoideSy  A.    (M.     fp.)   leaves   deciduous,   lance-oval,   acute   at   each  end,  serrate: 

peduncles  1-flowered;  fertile  ones  solitary.     6 — 8  f     S — C. 

Ilex,  Myginda,  Nemopanthes. 
Illecebrum,    Achyranthes. 

12 — 12.     iLLi'cirM.     75.     Wint.  h.  b.  aro.  spi. 

Southern, 
parvijlorum,  Mx.  (y.  M.    ^.)*leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  perennial: 

petals  and  sepals  round,  concave.     6 — 10  f. 
floridanum,  W.  (W.  p.  J.  >>.)  leaves  acuminate:  petals  numerous,  oblong  and  linear. 

Florida. 

Iberis.     From  the  country  Iberia,  now  Spain. 

Ictodes.     From  Gr.  ikds,  a  kind  of  weasel,  a  ferret:   a  skunk:  in  allusion  to  its  odor. 
Ilex.     Lat.  scarlet  oak.     Boerh.  says  it  is  from  Hebrew  elou,  which  signifies  oak. 
Illicium.     Lat.  illicio,  to  attract,  on  account  of  its  aromatic  fragrance. 

(1)  Pothos.  L.  Symplocarpus,  Sy.  Dracontium,  E.  in  another  part  of  his  work. 
(2)  angustifolia.  Ph.  rosmarinifolia,  Lk.  M.  (3)  angustifolia,  M.  Var.  liguslri- 
folia,  Ph.  (4)  cassine,  Wr. 


IMI'ATIENS,    lONIDIUM.  283 

5 — 1.     Impa'tiens.     73.     Bals.  cat — . 

pallida,  N.  (1)  (jewel-weed,  touch-me-not.  O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles  solitary,  2  and 
4-floweied:  spur  obtusely  conic,  dilated,  shelter  tlian  the  petals,  recurved,  very 
short:  tlowers  sparingly  puncate:  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  mucronate-lootlied.  2 — 4  f. 
S.     Not  so  common  as  the  next. 

fulva,  N.  (2)  (speckled  jewels.  O.  y.  &  r.  Ju.  #.)  peduncles  solitary,  2— 4-flowered: 
spur  acutely  conic,  longer  than  the  petals,  resupinate,  emarginate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  galea:  dowers  with  crowded  spots:  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  raucronate,  toothed. 
2—4  f.    ;s. 

Exotic. 

balsamina,  (balsam  weed.  r.  &  w.  Au.  0.)  peduncles  aggregate,  1-flowered:  leaves 
lanceolate,  upper  ones  alternate:  spur  shorter  than  the  flowers.  1 — 3  f.  by  rich 
culture  5  f. 

Tmperatoria,  Angelica. 

16 — 10.     In'digofe'ra.     93.     Leg.  ape.  hea.  dye. 

Exotic. 

tinctoria,  (indigo.  T>.) leaves  pinnate,  oblong,  glabrous,  in  four  pairs:  racemes  shorter 

than  the  leaves:  legume  terete,  somewhat  arched.     From  the  East  Indies. 

Southern. 

caroliniana,  Wr.  (b.  Au.  2X-)lP^ves  pinnate;  leafets  oval  and  obovate:  spikes  longer 
than  the  leaves:   legumes 2-see(ied,   reticulate-veined.     2 — 7  f. 

leptustpala,  N.  (r.  Zf.)  rough  and  cinereous  with  appressed  hairs:  stem  herbaceous, 
decumbent:  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  on  short  petioles;  leafets  3 — 4-pairs,  obovate- 
oblong  or  cuneiform,  nearly  sessile,  somewhat  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface:  ra- 
cemes pedunculate,  longer  than  the  leaves,  6 — l."i-flowered,  the  flowers  nearly 
sessile:  calyx  deeply  parted;  the  segments  attenuate-subulate,  equal:  legumes 
linear,  reflexed,  somewhat  quadrangular  or  nearly  terete,  straight  and  even,  6 — 9- 
seeded.     Arkansas,  Georgia. 

17 — 2.     I'nula.     5.5.     Inul.  r.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb.  sud.  r.  exp. 

he'lenium,  (elecampane.  W.  y.  Au.  2l[.)  leaves  clasping,  ovate,  rugose,  tomentose 
beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate.  Naturahzed.  3 — 5  f.  B.  T.  C.  O.  V. 
Mch. 

Inula,  Chrysopsis. 
5 — 1.     Ioni'dium.     80.     Viol,  cat — .  ton. 

concolor,  Forst.  (3)  (green  violet.  W.  w-g  M.  Zf.)  straight,  erect:  leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  sub-entire:  stipules  subulate  entire:  peduncles  short:  petals  connivent, 
emarginate:  spur  0.     20  i.     S.     O.  M.  K. 

Southern. 

stipulaceum,  N.  (M.  J.  0.)  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  alternate;  lower  ones  oblong; 
upper  ones  oblong-linear  and  linear,  entire:  stipules  large,  linear-lanceolate:  sepals 
very  acute:  limb  of  the  inferior  petals  reniform,  twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx:  ap- 
pendages of  the  lower  stamens  subulate.     8 — 12  i.    Arkansas,  Texas. 

lineare,  T.  (  )  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  branched:  leaves  hnear  narrow,  entire: 
stipules  linear,  minute.     Arkansas. 

Impatiens.     Lat.  in,   not,  and  potior,  to  suffer,  from  the  elasticity  of  the  capsule, 

which  will  open  as  soon  as  touched. 
Indigofera.     Meaning,  bearing   indigo;  this  being  the  plant  from  which  indigo  is 

obtained. 
Inula.     Gr.  elenion,  fabled  to  have  sprung  from  the  tears  of  Helen, 
lonidium.     Gr.  ion,  violet,  and  eidos,  like;  from  its  resemblance  to  the  violet. 

(1)  aurea,  M.     nolitangere,  Ph.  (2)  maculata,  M.  biflora,  Ph.  (3)  Viola, 

Forst.  Ph.  &c. 


§84  IPOMEA,    IRIS. 

5 — I.     Ipome'a.     44.     Conv.  r.  cat. 

laeuno'sa,  Mx.  (w.  &  p.  J.  0.)  glabrous:  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  ecrobienkte, 
angled  at  the  base:  peduncles  short,  about  one-flowered;  calyx  hairy:  corol  tubular, 
short:  capsules  hairy.     S.     P. 

nil,  Mx.  (1)  (morning  glory.  W.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  hirsute:  leaves  Cordate,  3-lobed:  pedun- 
cles short,  1 — 3-flowered:  calyi  very  Villose,  long-acuminate.  S.  P.  Harper's 
Ferry.     S— C.     M. 

quamo'dit,  W.  (jasmine  bindweed,  r-  w.  Au.  0.)  leaves  pinnitifid,  linear:  flowers 
sub-solitary;  corol  tubular.     P. 

Simthern. 

coocinea,  Wr.  (y-r.  Ju.  0.)  pubescent:  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  sub-angled:  pedun- 
cles about  5-flowered:  caylx  awned:  corol  tubular;  limb  sub-entire, 

fiissecta,  Mx.  (Ju.  Zf.  Tpf)  stem,  petioles,  and  peduncles  very  pilose:  leaves  glabrous, 
7-lobed:  divisions  sinuate:  peduncles  1-flpwered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oval:  corol 
bell-form. 

trichocarpa,  Mx.  (2)  (p.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  entire,  pordate,  or  3-lobed,  villose;  caly:? 
ciliate:  capsules  hirsute:  peduncles  about  2-flowered.     S — C. 

lona'nox,  W.  (w.  Ju.  #.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  cordate,  entire  or  angled:  peduncle 
1  to  3-flowered:  calyx  awned;   corol  undivided;   lube  long. 

tamnifoliq,,  W.  (b.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute:  le^ve^  cordate,  acuminate:  flowers  in  aggregate 
heads,  itiVolucred:  bracts  linear:  corol  ghprt,  tubular;  limb  spreading:  capsule  gla-: 
brous. 

filiosq,,  Mx.  (W.)  glabrous?  leaves  cordate,  sub-ciliate  ^t  tl>e  rpargin:  peduncles 
long,  l-flowered:  calyx  without  bracts;  divisions  broad-oval, ^obtuse:  corol  tubular, 
bell-form. 

prhlcularis,  E.  (p.  Ju.)  prostrate:  leaves  round,  ematginate,  veined,  glabrous:  pe- 
duncles about  3-flowered:  tube  «f  the  corol  short. 

farolina,  Gates.  (     b.)  leaves  digitate;  leafets  petioled:  pedunclss  l-flowered. 

Ipomea,  Convolvulus, 

20 — 5.     Ire 'sine.     30.     Amar.  caf^.  r.  ton. 

Soutlieni. 

Pfilosioides,  W.  (W.  S.  ^.)  leaves  punctate,  scabrous;  lower  ones  oblong,  acuminate; 

upper  ones  lance-ovate:  panicle  branching,  crowded:  stem  furrowed.     3 — 4  f. 

3 — 1.     I'ris.     18.     Irid.  stim.  poi.  cat. 

persic'olor,  (3)  (snalje  lily,  blue  flag.  O.  b.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  ensiform:  stem  acute  on  one 
side:  capsules  oblong,  3-sided,  with  obtuse  angles.  Var.  sulcata,  (4)  inner  petals 
longer  than  the  stigmas:  germ  with  sulcate  angles  and  concave  sides:  capsule  ob- 
long, ventricose;  angles  somewhat  furrowed.  Var.  communis,  (.5)  stem  erect, 
iflexuous:  leaves  narrow-ensiform:  inper  petals  a  little  shorter  than  the  stigmas: 
fingles  of  the  germ  not  grooved  when  young,  sides  deep-concave:  capsule  cylindric- 
oblong.     2— 3f.     -S.     Mch. 

prismatica,  Ph.  (6)  (boston  iris.  b.  y.  J.  'U.)  flowers  beardless:  leaves  linear:  stem 
round,  many-flowered:  germs  triangular,  twice  grooved  on  the  sides.  1 — 2  f.  C. 
Y.  B.  N.  M. 

lacustris,  N.  (W.  b.  21.)  beardless:  leaves  short-ensiform:  scape  much  shorter  thart 
the  leaf,  l-flowered;  petals  sub-equal?  attenuated  on  the  tube:  capsule  turbinate, 
3sided,  margined,  seed  roundish,  smooth:  root  tuberous.     Great  lakes.     Mch. 

jnissourimsis,  N.  (W.  y.  b.  21-)  beardless;  stem  terete,  higher  than  the  leaves,  some- 
what 3-flovvered:  leaves  narrow-ensiform:  capsules  oblong-lineal-:  flowers  bicolored. 
12-16  i.     11. 


Ipomea.     Gr.  ips,  vine  ol-  twining,    and  omoios,    like;   from  its  resemblance  in  ap- 
pearance and  habit.     T(iken  by  Linneus  from  Convolvulus. 

Iresine.     Gr.  eiroS,  wobl,  because  this  plant,  when  in  fruit,  bears  a  soH  of  wooUiness. 

Iris.     Gr.  iris,  the  rainbow,   from  the  varied  and  soipewhat  concentric  hues  of  the 
flower. 
(I)  Convolvulus,  W.        (2)  Carolina,  Ph.  W.  Sl  Mx.        (3)  yirginica,  Bw.  1st  ed., 

Sind  probably  of  L.  (4)  versicolor,  W.     virginica,  th,  (5)  versicolor,  Pl^, 

(6)  gracilis,  Bw.  Jst  ed.     virginica,  T, 


IRIS,    ISNARDIA.  285 

Exotic. 

iamhucina,  (elder-scented  iris,  garden  iris.  b.  p.  w.  M.  Zf.)  stem  many-flowered,- 
higher  than  the  leaves:  divisions  of  tlie  corol  emarginate;  outer  ones  Hal:  leaves 
inriex-falcate  at  the  apex:  spathe  membranaceous  at  the  apex:  lower  flowers  pe- 
duncled:  stigmas  with  acute  serrate  divisions.  IS — 24  i.  Cultivated  in  gardens, 
common.     Called  pLicala  in  5lh  ed.,  now  corrected  by  Prof.  Tully. 

pum'da.  (dwarf  flower-de-luce.  b.  M.  ZI-)  bearded:  scape  1-flowered:  leaves  ensiform, 
glabrous:   lube  of  the  corol  exsert:   petals  oblong,  obtuse.     (3 — 10  i. 

ochroleu  ca,  (yellow  iris.  y.  M. )  beardless:  leaves  ensiform,  depressed,  striate:  scape 
6ubr terete:  germ  6-cornered, 

Southern. 

cristala,  Mx.  (W.  b.  &  y.  Ap.  2X.)  bearded;  beard  crested:  scape  generally  1-flower- 
ed, as  long  as  the  leaves:   germs  3-angled:   petals  about  equal.     2 — 4  i.     S — C. 

tripe'tala,  Wr.  (1)  (b.  M.  2i.)  beardless:  stem  terete,  longer  than  the  leaves:  leaves 
ensiform:  rudiments  of  the  jnner  petals  3-toothed;  middle  tooth  acuminate:  cap- 
sule 3-angled.     2  f.     S— C. 

cuprca,  Ph.  (O.  r-y.  Ju.  21-)  beardless:  stem  terete,  flexuous,  equalling  the  leaves: 
leaves  broad-ensiform:  stigmas  linear,  short:  petals  all  reflexed,  emarginate,  obo- 
vate;   inner  ones  siiortest:  capsules  large,  6-angled.     3  f.     La. 

Verna,  W.  (VV.  A.  b.  M.  2i-)  beardless,  stemless,  1-flowered:  leaves  very  long,  grass- 
like, glaucous:  tube  very  long;  petals  nearly  equal:  capsules  roundish,  sessile. 
On  the  earth. 

eibirica,  W  (W.  b.  Ju.  H.)  beardless:  stem  hollow,  terete,  higher  than  the  leaves,, 
somewhat  3-flowered:  leaves  linear:  capsules  short,  3-ahgled,  obtuse  at  each  end. 

13 — 1.     Isan'tHu^.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton. 

paruhus,  Mx.  (2)  (blue  gentian,  false  pennyroyal.  O.  b.  Ju.  1[.)  viscid-hairy:  leaves 
lance-oyal,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-nerved:  peduncles  1  or  2-flowered. 

14 — 1.     Isa'tis.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia.  dye. 
Exotic, 
tinctoria,  (woad.  J.  $ .)  radical  leaves  crenate;  caiiline  ones  sagittate,  oblong. 

[4 — 1.     Isnar'dia.  (3)     88.     Onag.  emo. 

palustris,  W.  (water  purslane.  O.  g.  J.  If.)  prostrate,  creeping:  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base:  capsple  oblong,  sub-angled.  Var.  americana, 
leaves  acuminate,  large:   flowers  sessile,  apetalous.    Mch. 

uscendens,  Hall,  stem  obliquely  ascending,  rigid,  (never  creeping  or  prostrate)  some- 
what angular,  reddish,  Grows  with  the  palustris,  but  is  generally  smaller  and  quite 
different  in  appearance,     Albany. 

Southern. 

alata,  E.  (Ju.  )  glabrous:  leaves  wedge  lanceolate,  decurrent,  stem  winged:  cap- 
sule cubic,  sessile.     2  f. 

tnicrocarpa,  Mx.  (4)  (Au.  0?)  stem  decumbent,  slightly  winged:  leaves  alternate, 
spatulate-obovate:   flowers  axillary,  sessile.     1  f. 

sphaerocarpa,  E.  (Au.  Z[.)  stem  erect,  branching:  leaves  lance-linear:  capsules  small, 
sessile,  globose,  pubescent.     2  f. 

cylindrica,  E.  (Au.  2_C.)  stem  erect,  branching,  slightly  angled:  leaves  lanceolate; 
capsules  cylindrical.     3  f. 

lanceolata,  E.  (Ju.  2i.)  stem  virgate:  leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  glabrous,  sub-decur- 
rent:  capsules  cubic,  sessile,  winged. 


Isanthus.     Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  antkos,  flower;  because  this  plant,  unlike  the  rest  of 

the  class,  has  a  regular  corol. 
Isatis.     Gr.  and  Lat.  istitis;  from  Gr.  isazo,  to  render  equal.     The  plant  was  believed 

to  destroy,  by  its  simple  application,  all  rougljness  and  inequalities  of  the  skin. 
Isnardia.     In  honor  of  Danti  d'Isnard,  a  French  botanist. 

( 1 )  tridentata,  Ph.         (2)  Trichostema  brachiata,  L.       (3)  Ludwigia,  E.  Ph.  &c. 
(4)  glandulosa,  Ph.? 


286  ISOETES,    JASMINUM. 

21—1.     Isoe'tes.     5.     Fill,  sec-stim. 

lacustris,  W.  (quill-wort.  1[.)  frond  dilated  and  imbricate  at  the  base,  narrow  and 
subulate  above,  flat:  root  fibrous.  From  2  to  12  inches  liigh:  color  green:  growing 
immersed,  or  at  the  margin  of  ponds.     Resembles  a  zoophyte.     P. 

6 — 1.     Isome'eis.     64.     Capp.  ver.  asc.  ape. 
Southern. 
arhorea,  N.  (y.  Tj.)  leaves  crowded,  trifoliate;  leafets  lanceolate,    somewhat  mucro- 
nate,  glabrous:  calyx  campanulate;  segments  triangular-ovate,  acuminate.     Alow 
tree.     California.     With  the  unpleasant  odor  of  PoLanisia. 

Isalensis,  Scirpus. 

Isopyrum,  Enemeon. 

5 — 1.     I'tea.     84.     Saxi.  ast. 

Southern. 

virginica,  W.  (ilea.  W.  w.  J.  ^'.)  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate, 

pubescent  on  the  veins.     3 — 6  f.     S.     New  Orleans,  Florida.     S — C. 

17 — 4.     I'vA.     55.     Ambr.  ton.  sec.  stim.  feb.  sud. 

frutesccns,  (high-water  shrub.  L.  g.  Au.  fp.)  leaves  lanceolate,  punctate-scabrous, 
deeply  serrate:  glomerules  of  florets  globose,  depressed.  Somewhat  shrubby.  3 — 
4  f     S.     B.  C.  F.  M. 

axillaris,  Ph.  (VV.  y-g.  M.  21.)  herbaceous,  sub-pilose:  leaves  generally  opposite, 
lance-linear,  entire:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  nodding:  involucre  nearly  simple; 
leafets  ovate.     6 — 8  i.     R. 

Sojithern. 

imbricata,  Wr.  (L.  Au.  T-.)  shrubby,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-linear,  wedge-form,  en- 
tire, glabrous:   involucre  imbricate. 

xanthifolia,  N.  (W.  Au.  0.)  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate,  soft-villous,  hoary  bpneath:   spikes  naked,   panicled.     5 — 6  f 

ciliata,  Ph.  (VV.  Ju.  #.)  heibaceous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-serrate:  spike  some- 
what crowded:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate:  bracts  and  petioles  long-ciliate.     2  f. 

3 — 1.     Ix'iA.     18.     Irid.  stim.  poi — . 
Exotic, 
chinensis,  (blackberry  lily.  y.  r.  J.  2_f.)  corol  about  6-petalled:  stem  flexuose:    leaves 
ensiform. 

Southern, 
coelestina,  B.  (O.  b.  M.  21.)  leaves  linear-subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  1- 
flowered  scape. 


2 — 1.     Jasmi'num.     34.     Jasm.  fra.  stom. 
Exotic. 
fruticans,    (jasmine,  y.  b.)  leaves  alternate,  ternate,  simple;  leafets  obovate,  wedge- 
form,  obtuse:  branches  angled. 
officinale,  (jasmine,  w.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  opposite;  leafets  acuminate.     Florida. 


Isoetes.     Gr.  isos,  equal,  and  etos,  the  year;  from  its  being  evergreen. 
Isomeris.     Gr.  isos,  equal,  meris,  divisions. 

Itea.     Gr.  ilea,  a  willow,  from  ienai,  to  go; on  account  of  its  rapidity  of  growth. 
Iva.     A  name  of  barbarous  origin,  or  an  abbreviation  of  Abiga,  (see  Ajuga,)  applied 
by  Linneus  to  those  plants,  because  their  smell  resembles  that  of  the  ancient  Iva. 
Ixia.     Derived  from  Gr.  icho,  to  fix;  alluding  to  the  viscid  roots  of  some  species. 
Jasminum.     From  the  Arabian  jasmin  (ysman.  ) 


JATROPHA,    JUNCUS.  287 

19 — 15.     Ja'tropha.     96.     Eiiph.  ton.  iri.  stom. 

f^ouihcrn. 
stimulosa,   Mx.   (tread  softly,  w.  Ju.  2i.)  hispid  with   stimulating  prickles:   leaves 
palmate-lobed;  lobes  obtusish,  sub-sinuale-tootlied:  c\'mes  short-peduncled.   6 — 18  i. 
Florida.     S— C. 

8 — 1.     Jeffeuso'nia.     G2.     Podo.  cat. 

diphjlla,  B.  (1)  (twin-leaf.  W.  w.  M.  21.)  stemless:  peduncles  naked,  1-flowered: 
leaves  in  pairs.     Var.  luhata,  leafets  incisely  5  to  7-lobed.     J.  lobata  M.     P.  O.  K. 

19 — 12.     Ju'glans.     94.     Jugl.  cat.  ast.  erne,  f  ole. 

njo-m,  (black  walnut.  O.  M.  Ti.)  leafets  numerous,  lance-ovate,  serrate,  sub-cordate, 
narrowed  above;  petioles  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  sub-pubescent:  fruit  globose, 
with  scabrous  punctures,  nut  wrinkled.     Mch. 

cinerea,  (butternut.  O.  M.  ^.)  leafets  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the 
base,  soft-pubescent  beneath;  petioles  villose:  fruit  oblong-ovate,  viscid,  long- 
peduncled;  nut  roughly  sculptured.     The  bark  is  a  cathartic.     Mch. 

Exotic, 
regia,  (madeira  rmt.  M.  h.)  leafets  about  9,   oval,  glabrous,  sub-serrate,  sub-equal: 
fruit  globose.    Va.i.fraxinifol.ia,  has  9  or  10  leafets,  oblong,  serrate,  smooth;  lateral 
lower  one  adnate  on  the  common  petiole.     It  is  said  that  this  variety  is  indigenous 
to  North  America. 

Juglans,  Carya. 

6 — 1.     Jun'cus.     13.     June,  ton — . 

1.     Scapes  naked;  flowers  lateral. 

effusus,  (soft  rush,  bulrush.  W.  J.  Zf.)  scape  minutely  striate;  (soft:)  panicle  loose, 
very  branching,  spreading:  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  longer  than  the 
obovate,  obtuse  capsule.     2—3  f.     S.     T.  B.  C.  O.  F.  P.  Y.     Mcii. 

sctacciis,  Roslk.  (W.  Zf.)  scape  filiform,  striate:  umbel  lateral,  compound,  few- 
tlowered:  peduncles  many-flowered:  sepals  subulate.     2  f.     <S.     C.  P.  N. 

acutus,  (O.  it.)  scape  naUed,  terete:  panicle  lateral:  involucre  2-leaved,  spinous: 
capsule  roundish,  mucronate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  2 — 3  f.  S.  Y.  C. 
Mch. 

2.     Leaves  all  radical;  flowers  terminal. 

squarrosus,  (2f.)  leaves  setaceous,  (rigid)  grooved:  panicle  terminal,  elongated,  com- 
pound: capsules  elliptical. 

tenuis,  W.  (W.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  erect,  filiform,  somewhat  dichotomous  at  the  summit, 
nearly  terete:  leaves  setaceous,  channelled:  flowers  solitary,  approximate,  sub- 
sessile:  calyx  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule.  1  f.  S.  T.  B.  C.  O.  P.  F.  N. 
Mch. 

nodosus,  (W.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  somewhat  leafy:  leaves  nodose-articulate:  heads  about  2, 
globose;  one  of  them  lateral  and  peduncled,  the  other  sessile:  sepals  mucronate, 
shorter  than  the  acuminate  capsule.     8 — 10  i.     .S'.     C.  N.  D.     Mch. 

3.     Stems  leafy. 

(Leaves  nearly  plane,  grooved  above.) 

marginatus,  Rostk.  (2)  (W.  Au.  IS-)  leaves  flat,  smooth:  corymb  terminal,  simple, 
proliferous:  heads  5  to  10-flowered;  flowers  triandrous:  sepals  about  as  long  as  the 


Jatropha.     Gr.  intron,  a  remedyj  and pJuigo,  to  eat,  the  fruit  being  used  both  for  food 

and  physic. 
Jeffersonia.     In  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  was  a  patron  of  natural  science. 
Juglans.     Contracted  from  Jovisglans,  the  acorn  of  Jupiter,  from  its  goodness. 
Jimcus.     Lat.  jungo,  to  join,  from  its  use  in  tying  or  binding  things  together. 

(1)  Podophyllum,  L.         (2)  aristulatus,  Mx.  E. 


288  JUNCUS,    JUNIPERUS. 

obtuse  capsule;  outer  ones  and  bracts  somewhat  awned.  Var.  odoratus,  stem  tall, 
sub-terete,  leafy:  panicle  very  branching,  proliferous.     12—18  i.     <S.    Y.  P.  H.  M. 

irijidus,  (A.  Ju.  2i-)  slieaths  ciiiate;  those  at  tlie  base  of  the  stem  leafless:  bracts 
leafy,  very  long,  grooved:  heads  about  3-iiowered,  terminal:  stem  1-leaved.  6  i> 
White  Mis. 

hulbosus,  (1)  (black  grass.  Au.  H.)  stem  simple,  leafy,  compressed:  leaves  linear- 
setaceous,  channelled:  panicle  terminal,  compound,  sub-cymose,  shorter  than  the 
involucre:  sepals  incurved,  obtuse  or  acute,  generally  shorter  than  the  ovate,  sub- 
globose  capsule.     Y.  B.  C.  P.     Mch. 

lufonius,  (toad  rush.  W.  Ju.  0.)  stem  dichotomous  above,  panicled:  leaves  filiform- 
setaceous,  channelled:  flowers  sub-solitary,  sessile,  1-sided:  sepals  very  acuminate, 
much  longer  than  the  oval-ovate  capsule.  3 — 6  i.  S.  P.  H.  B.  F.  N.  Black 
Rock. 

(Leaves  rounded  or  sub-compressed,  nodose-articulate.) 

ucuminatus,  Mx.  (W.  Au.  2_f.)  stem  leafy,  erect:  leaves  terete,  nodose-articulate: 
panicle  terminal,  compound:  heads  3  to  6-flowered,  peduncled  and  sessile:  sepals 
lance-linear,  somewhat  awned  shorter  than  the  acute  capsule,  viviparous?  18  i. 
S.     N.  Y.  P.  C.   H.     Owego. 

polyceplia/us,  Mx.  (2)  (W.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  leafy,  erect:  leaves  compressed,  nodose- 
articulate:  panicle  decompound:  heads  globose,  many-flowered:  floweis  triandrous: 
sepals  somewhat  awned,  rather  shorter  than  the  triangular,  acute  capsule. 
18—24  i.     S.     N.  H.  B.  T.  C.  M.  D. 

subverticiUa'tus,  W?  (3)  (Zf.)  cauline  leaves  subulate,  nodose-articulate:  panicle 
corymbed:  heads  about  5-flowered,  fasciculate-whorled:  sepals  striate,  as  long  as 
the  obtuse  capsule.     18  i.     Canada. 

militaris,  Bw.  (  )  leaf  one,  jointed,  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  stem:  panicle 
terminal,  proliferous:  heads  abont  5-flowered:  sepals  acute.     2 — 3  f.     B. 

congiomeratus,  S.  (Ju.  21- )  stem  naked,  straight:  panicle  lateral,  conglobate:  capsule 
retuse:  flowers  triandrous.     Y. 

Southern. 

repens,  Mx.  (J.  2X. )  creeping:  stem  geniculate,  branching:  leaves  linear,  flat:  fascicles 
lateral  and  terminal:  flowers  triandrous:  leaves  of  the  calyx  subulate,  carinate, 
very  acute.     6 — 10  i. 

bijiijrus,  E.  (J.  71.)  stem  terete:  leaves  linear,  flat:  panicle  decompound,  long;  fasci- 
cles 2- flowered.     3  f.     S— C. 

20—15.     JuNi'PERus.     100.     Conif.  f.  res-ton.  diu^-.  sti.  sud.  car.  ast.  dro. 

communis,  W.   (juniper.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes,  spreading,  mucronate,  longer 

than  the  beiry.     Var.  erccta,  branches  erect.     Var.  depressa,  (4)  branches  prostrate 

or  horizontal.     P.   T.  N.     Canada,  Mch. 
virginiuna,  Wm.   (red  cedar.  O.  M.  f-.)  leaves  in  threes,  adnate  at  their  bases;   in 

their  young  state  they  are  imbricate,   older  they  become  spreading.     15 50  f 

Mch. 
sabina,  W.   (savin.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,   obtuse,   glandular  in  the  middle, 

imbricate  4-vvays;    the    young  tender  ones  opposite,   acute.     Grows  near  Lake 

Superior,   Pitcher.     Var.  procumbeiis,  G  inches  high.     Rocky  Mountains,  Ph,     B, 

Canada. 

Southern. 

excelsa,  W.  (M.  h.)  leaves  opposite,  obtusish,  glandular  in  the  middle,  imbricate 
4-ways:  the  young  tender  ones  acute,  in  threes,  spreading:  stem  arboreus.  A 
middle  size  tree.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last. 

barbadensis,  W.  (  ^ )  leaves  all  imbricate  four  ways;  younger  ones  ovate;  older  ones 
acute. 

Juniperus.  Lat.juvenis,  young,  and ;;«rio,  to  bring  forth,  because  ii  produces  young 
fruit  while  the  old  ones  are  ripening;  or  from  the  Celtic  word  jenuprus,  sisnifvins- 
rough  or  rude.  >     ^     J     e, 

(1)  dichotomus,  E.       (2)  Var.  crassifolius,  E.  Ph.  Bw.     echinatus,  M.       /3)  flui- 

tans,  Mx.  verticillatusjPh.         (4)  repens,  N.     prostrata,  M. 


JUSSIAEA,    KENTROPHYTA.  289 

10 — 1.     Jussi^'a.     88.     Onag.  emo.  ton — \ 
Southern. 
^andiflora,  Mx.  (y.  Ju.  2i.)  creeping:  stem  erect  and  ascending:  leaves  lanceolate, 
eiitire,  with  the  peduncles  and  calyx  fillose:  flowers  decandrous.    2—3  f.  Charles- 
ton, S—C.     New  Orleans,  Dr.  Riddell.     La. 
erecta,  W.  (y.  An.  2|.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate:  flowers  octandrous,  sessile. 
subdtaulis,  Ph.  (VV.  y.  J.  2i.)  creeping,  glabrous:  leaves  laince-linear.  repand-toothed: 
flowers  solitary,  octandrous,  peduncled:   alternate  filaments  shortest:   petals  obo- 
vate. 
leptocnrpa,  N.  (W.  y.  0.)  erect;  stem  and  calyx  somevfhat  hirsute:  leaves  lanceolate, 

attenuate  at  each  end:  flowers  sessile:  capsule  slender,  cylindric. 
tenuifulia,    N.    (         )   leaves  sessile,  linear,    glabrous;   flowers  sessile,   octandrous; 
Florida. 

2—1.     JrsTi'ciA.     36.     Rhin.  aro.  ton—. 

pcdunculosa,  Vahl.  (1)  (water  willow.  W.  Ju.  Tp.)  spikes  axillary:  flowers  crowded: 
peduncles  elongated,  alternate:  leaves  lanceolate.  S.  H.  Niagara  river.  S—C. 
M. 

Exotic. 

adkaioda,  (malabar  nut.  p.  fp.)  leaves  lance-ovate:  bracts  ovate,  nerved,  permanent: 
helmet  of  the  corol  concave. 

Southern. 

humilis,  Vsihl.  (Ju.  2I-)  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered:  flowers  distant: 
bracts  linear:  leaves  lance-oblong.     La. 

brdchiata,  Ph.  (W.  r.  Ju.  If.)  peduncles  axillary  in  whorled  racemes:  pedicels  in 
pairs:  bracts  obovate,  3-flowered:  leaves  ovate,  acute;  petioles  very  long:  stem  six- 
angled,  very  branching. 

K. 

10— J .     Kal'mIa.     50.     Eric.  1.  poi.  1.  &  f.  nar.  ast; 

latifolia,  W.  (broad-leaved  laurel.  W.  w.  &.  r.  Ju.  >>.)  leaves  long-petioled,  scattered, 
and  in  threes,-  oval,  smooth  both  sides:  corymbs  terminal,  with  viscid  hairs. 
3—20.  f.     S.     B.  P.  T.  F.   M.  N.     Florida. 

angusiifolia,  (sheep  laurel,  dwarf  laurel.  O.  J.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes,  petioled,  oblong, 
obtuse,  sometimes  rusty  beneath:  corymbs  lateral:  bracts  llneair:  peduncles  and 
calyx  with  glandular  hairs.     Var.  ovata,  taller,  leaves  broader,  sub-ovate.     2 — 3  f. 

glauca,  A.  (2)  (swamp  laurel.  W.  r.  M.  >>.)  bjanchlets  2-edged:  leaves  opposite,  sub- 
sessile,  oblong  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  margin  revolute:  corymb  terminal, 
brae  ted:  peduncles  and  calyxes  very  glabrous.  Var.  rosmarinifolia,  leaves  linear^ 
green  beneath.     18—24  i.     D.  P.  N.  F.  T.     Plainfield,  Mass.     Mch. 

Southern. 

cantata,  Mx.  (A.  w.  r.  T;.)  leaves  scattered,  sessile,  wedge-form,  oblong,  pubescent 
beneath,  slightly  awned  at  the  apex:  corymbs  lateral,  few-flowered. 

hirsuta,  Wr.  (r.  Ju.  >■.)  branches,  leaves  and  calyx  hirsute:  leaves  opposite  and  alter- 
nate, sub-sessile,  lanceokte:  peduncles  axillary,  soUtary,  1-flowered;  longer  than 
the  leaves.     10—18  i.     Charleston,  S—C. 

16 — 10.     Kentrophyta.     93.     Legu-ton — . 

montana,  N.  (y.  2X-)  stipules  scarious,  cohering  about  half  their  length:  calyx  pubes- 
cent, with  dark  and  white  hairs.     Hills  of  the  Platte. 

niridis,  N.  (  )  stipules  herbaceous,  distinct  nearly  to  the  base:  hairs  of  the  calyx 
all  white.     Hills  of  the  Platte. 


Jussiaea.     In  honor  of  B.  Jussieu,  the  great  French  botanist. 
Justicia.     In  honor  of  James  Justice,  a  botanist  of  Edinburgh. 
Kalmia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Kalm,  a  pupil  ofLinneus. 
Kentrophyta.     Gr.  hentron,  spine,  phuton,  plant. 

(1)  Dianthera  americana,  L.     ensiformis,  Wr.         (2)  polifolia,  Wm, 
87 


290  KOCHIA,    KRIGIA, 

5—2.     Ko'cHiA.     29.     Chen.  nut.  ton.  lax—. 

Southern. 

dentata,  W.    (1)   (W.  J.  0.)   leaves  lanceolate,   sinuate-toothed:   stem  erect,  very 

branching. 
dioica,  N.  (W.  M.  #.)  low:  branching  axillary:   leaves  sessile,  very  entire,  lance- 
ovate,  acute,   glaucous,  somevphat  succulent:  stamiuate  flowers  terminal,  conglo- 
merate.    Both  species  resemble  chenopodium.     6 — 12  i. 

3—2.     Koele'ria.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

permsylvanica,  SI.  (2)  (J.  7i-)  leaves  flat,  and  with  the  sheaths  soft-pubescent:  panicle 
oblong,  slender,  rather  loose:  glumes  2-flowered,  nearly  equal;  lower  one  oblong, 
obtuse,  sul)-mucronate:  upper  palea  scabrous.     2  f.     O.  N.  T.     Mch.     K.   M. 

tnincata,  M.  (3)  (J.  U-)  leaves  flat,  smooth:  panicle  oblong,  racemed:  glumes  2- 
flowered  with  a  third  abortive  floret,  unerjual;  lower  one  a  little  scabrous,  obtuse: 
paleas  glabrous.  2  f.  Var.  major,  T.  panicle  large,  a  little  spreading:  leaves 
bioad-linear,  very  long.     3  f.     S.  O.  N.     Mch.     K.  M. 

nilida,  N.   (W.  0?)  spike  elongated,  lobed:  lobes  crowded,  appressed,  approximate; 
spikelets  oblong-ovate,  smooth,  awnless;  lower  ones  2-flowered;  upper  ones  3,  both 
with  an  additional  setaceous  rudiment:  stipule  hairy.     8  i.     D.     Mch. 
Southern. 

paniculata,   N.   (         )  panicle  oblong,  smooth:    spikelets  2  to  3-flowered,  shining: 

glumes  awnless,  very  unequal,  largest  one  obtusely  truncate. 
cristata,  S.  (4)  (W.  Ju.  21.)  spike  somewhat  lax:  spikelets  diverging,  3  to  4-flowered, 

somewhat  awned  and  wrinkled,  sub-ciliate  on  the  keel. 

4—1.     Krame^ia.     93.     Leg.  asc.  exp.  ast. 
lanccolata,T.  &  J.   (W.  y.  ^.)   hoary-pubescent:   leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  villose: 
pedicels  axillary,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

17 — 1.     Kri'gia.     .53.     Cich.  sec-stim.  ano.  sal. 

vivfrinica,    Mx.    (5)    (dwarf  dandelion,  y.   M.   0.)   small:    leaves   lyrate,   glaucous, 

smoothish,  ciliate:  scaj)e  1-flovvered,  becoming  elongated  after  flowering:  involucre 

about  8-leaved.     Var.  dichotoma,  caulescent,  dichotoinous.     4 — 8  i.     (S.     T.  B.  F. 

N.  D. 
amplexicauUs,  Mx.  (6)  (y.  Ju.  21.)  glaucous:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  lanceolate  and 

oval,  toothed:  scape  somewhat  leafy  and  branched.     12 — 14  i.     iS.     D.  N.    Mch. 
griffithli,   N.   (7)  (y.  If.)  very  glabrous:   glaucous:   radical  leaves  runcinate-lyrate, 

oblong;  cauline  ones  clasping,   stems  few-flowered  (2—3):  flowers  long  peduncled. 

Philadelphia. 

Southern, 
caroliniana,  Wr.  (8)  (Ap.  y.  Zf-)  leaves  runcinale,  nearly  glabrous:  scapes  very  long, 

with  the  base  of  the  involucre  glandular-hairy.     6— 12  i.     K. 
dandelion,  (9)  (y.  ![.)  glabrous;  slightly  glaucous:  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  smooth: 

scape  1-tlowered.     8 — 18  i. 
moniana   Mx.  (10)  (A.)  very  glabrous,  procumbent:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire:  scape 

1-flowered. 
occidentalis   N.  (W.  v-)  glabrous,  small:  leaves  sub-lyrate,  attenuate:  scape  nakedish, 

one  flowered:  divisions  of  the  involucre  lance-ovate:  bristles  of  the  egret  very  short. 

Arkansas. 

Kochia.     In  honor  of  Koch,  a  German  botanist. 

Koeleria.     In  honor  of  M.  Kohler,  a  German  botanist. 

Krameria.     In  honor  of  two  German  botanists,  Kramer,  father  and  son. 

Kricria.  In  honor  of  David  Krieg,  a  German  botanist,  who  found  many  new  plants 
in  the  U.   S.  „         ^ 

(1)  Salsola  platyphylla,  Mx.  (2)  Aira,  SI.  M.  (3)  Aira,  M.  triflora,  E. 

(4)  Aira,  L.       (5)  Ilyoseris,  Mx.       (6)  Troximon,  Ph.     Hyoseris,  Mx.       (7)  Hy- 

oseris,  Wr.         (8)  Hyoseris   angustifolia,   Ph,     Tragopogon,  L.  (9)  Hyoseris, 

Mx.        (10)  Hyoseris,  L. 


KRIGIA,    LAMIUM.  291 

lyrata,  N.  (I)  (y.  2{.)  very  glabrous,  stemless:  leaves  sub-lyrate,  oblong,  acute:  scape 
one-flowered,  naked:  divisions  of  the  involucre  linear-acute.     Arkansas. 

17 — 1.     Kuhn'ia.     55.     Eupa.  ton.  sec-stim.  feb. 

eiipaiorioides,  yV .  (2)  (false  boneset.  w.  Au.  2j;.)  glabrous:  leaves  petioled,  broad- 
lanceolate,  serrate:  corymbs  terminal,  few-flowered,  compact.  i2 — 3  f.  iS.  P. 
K.  M. 

critnnia,  W.  (3)  (y.  Au.  If.)  pubescent:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  about  2- toothed 
below,  petioled,  punctate  beneath;  upper  ones  linear,  entire,  sessile:  panicle  ter- 
minal, spreading.     3  i.     jS.     P.     Mch. 

glutinosa,  E.  (VV.  w.  S.)  pubescent,  glutinous:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  towards 
the  summit,  notched  and  toothed,  crowded:  flowers  corymb-panicled.     2  f. 

3 — 1.     Kylun'ga.     9.     Cype.  far.  ton — .  sug. 

wo«occ;>/i'a/«,  (false  bog-rush.  Zf.)  culm  filiform,   3-sided,  with  a  leafy  base:  heads 
globose,  sessile:  involucres  3-leaved,  very  long.     T.  Y.  N. 
Southern, 
pumila,  Mk.  (W.J.  2X.)  head  globose,   sessile,  solitary:    involucre  short  (longE.) 

culm  setaceous:  flowers  diandrous.     3 — 6  i.     S — C. 
maculata,  Mx.   (Ju.  2i-)  glumes  3,  unequal,  imbricate:  heads  about  3,   ovate,  sub- 
acute, sessile.     3 — 5  f. 

L. 
Lachnanlkes,  Dilatris. 
17 — 1.     Lacto'ca.     53.     Cich.  sal.  ase.  cac. 

elongata,  M.  (4)  (wild  lettuce.  O.  y.  J.  ^.  or  2l[.)  leaves  smooth  beneath;  lower  ones 
runcinate,  entire,  clasping;  lowest  ones  toothed;  highest  ones  lanceolate:  flowers 
corymb-panicled.     3 — 6  f     S.     Mch. 

kirsiita,  M.  (W.  y.  Au.  2_f.)  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  leaves  hairy:  radical  leaves 
lyrate;  segments  truncate,  sub-dentate;  upper  ones  partly  runcinate-pinnatifid: 
flowers  racemed. 

inie.o-rifolia,  Bw.  (W.  y.  Ju.  ^T)  leaves  sagittate,  entire,  unarmed,  clasping,  pale  be- 
neath, midrib  smooth;  lower  ones  a  little  eroded:   flowers  panicled.  3 — 4  f.   S.  B.C. 

sanguinea,  Bw.  (wood  lettuce,  r.  Au.  $1)  leaves  clasping,  glaucous  beneatli  runci- 
nate, with  the  midrib  filamentous:  flowers  panicled.     2 — 3  t.     B.  C.     Mch. 

Exotic, 
sativa,  (lettuce,   y.    Ju.  -^.)  leaves  roundish;  cauline  ones  cordate:  stem  corymbed. 
Var.  romana,  has  oblong,    straight  leaves,  narrowed   at  the  base.     Var.  crispa,  has 
sinuate-crenate leaves,  toothed,  undulated,  crisped;  radical  ones  hairy  on  the  keel. 
Var.  laciniala,  has  the  lower  leaves  piniiatifid.   and  the  upper  ones  runcinate. 

Snvthern. 
graminifolia,  Mx.  (p.  Ju.)  stem  erect,    simple:  leaves  unarmed,  generally  undivided, 

simple   at   the   base,    long-linear:    panicle   leafless,  loose;  branches  few-flowered: 

flowers  all  peduncled.     3  f. 
sagittifolia,  E.  (y?  Au.)  stem   erect,   glabrous:  leaves  lance-oblong,    acute,  entire 

glabrous,  pale  beneath,  close  sessile,  sagittate   at  the  base:  flowers  panicled.     S— 

13 — 1.     La'mium.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton.  all — . 

amplexicaule,  (hen-bit,  dead  nettle.  O.  p.  M.  0.)  floral  leaves  sessile,  clasping,  ob- 
tuse; radical  leaves  petioled,  sub-orbicular.     6 — 10  i.     S. 

Kuhnia.     In  honor  of  Adam  Kuhn,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pupil  of  Linneus. 

Kyllinga.     In  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist;  often  erroneously  spelled 

Kyllingia. 
Lactuca.     Lat.  lac,  milk,  from  its  milky  juice. 
Lamium.     Lat.  lamium,   from  Gr.   laimos,    the  throat,  alluding  to  the  shape  of  the 

corol;  or  from  the  sea-monster  Lamia,  from  the  grotesque  figure  of  the  flower. 

(I)  Cynthia.  (2)  Eupatorium  alternifolium,  L.  (3)  Critonia  kuhnia,  Mx. 

(4)  longifolia,  Mx. 


293  LAMIUM,    LATHYRUS. 

ji%rpurmm,  (p.  0.)  leaves  cordate,  obtuse,  toothed,  petioled,  crowded  at  the  top: 
stem  nakeciish  downwards.     P. 

Exotic, 
garga'nicum,  (dead  nettle.  Zf.)  leaves  cordate,  concave:  throat  of  the  corol  inflated; 
t;^e  short. 

Southern. 
;■     'lulam,  Mx.  (W.   w.)  stem  hispid:  leaves   long  petioled,  broad-cordate,  pubes: 
III    axils  1-flowered. 

13—2.     Lanta'na.     41.     Verb.  h.  dis.  cata-aro.  all— • 
Southern. 
camara.  (y.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  lance-ovate,  crenate  and  serrate,  scabrous: steni 
rough,  not  prickly:  flowers  in  umbellate  heads,  leafless.     2 — 4  f. 

17 — 1.     Lap'sania.     53.     Gich.  sec-stim.  ano^. 

communis,  L.  (  )  fruit  at  the  margin  of  the  calyx  angled:  gtepi  pauicled: 

'  peduncles  slender:  leaves  ovate,  petioled,  angular-dentate.  Canada.  Probably  in: 
troduced. 

Larbrea,  Stellaria. 

Larix,  Pin  us. 
16 — 10.     La'thyrus.     93.     Legu.  ijut.  asc.  ape. 

palustTis,  (marsh-pea.  w-p.  Ju.  21.)  stem  winged:  stipules  lance-semi-sagittate:  leaf- 
ets  six,  lance-linear,  acute:  peduncles  about  3-flowered.  B.  O.  D.  Canada. 
PeekskiU.     Mch. 

myrtif alius,  W.   (1)    (r.     Ju.  21-)  stem  naked,  winged,    4-cornered:  stipules  gemi^ 

'  sagittate,  lance-ovatp,  acpminate;  leafets  4,  lance-oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  net- 
veined:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  about  4  or  5-flowered.  C.  T.  P.  R. 
Mch. 

venosus.  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  If.)  stem  naked.  4-cornered:  stipules  semi-sagittate,  ovate, 
acuminate:  leafets  numerous,  somewhat  alternate,  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  veiny: 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  leayes,  5 — 40-flovvered.  Often  called  myrtifolius.  ?. 
D.  O.     Mch. 

maritimus,  Bw.  (2)  (beach  pea.  p.  Ju.  21.)  stem  compressed,    4-angled:  stipules  sa- 

■  gittale:  leafets  numerous,  sub-alternate,  obovate;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
about  7-flowered.     B.  C.  F.  D.     Mch. 

ochrokucus:  Rich.  (y.  J.)  very  glabrous:  leafets  3  to  4-paired,  broad-oval  or  ovate: 
stipules  broad,  semi-cordate,  sub-hastate,  angled  with  the  angles  obtuse,  and  some- 
times obtusely  toothed,  scarcely  smaller  tlian  the  leafets:  peduncles  many-flower- 
ed, somewhat  equalling  the  leaf:  the  two  upper  divisons  of  the  calyx  abbreviated: 
legumes  long-linear,  acuminate,  pompj-essed,  glabrous.     A.  R.     Mch. 

polypliyUus,  (p.)  glabrous:  stem  nearly  erect,  arigled:  leaves  5 — 8  pairs,  oval-ob- 
long, oblusisli;  the  tendrils  very  short;  stipules  as  large  as  the  leafets,  semi-cor- 
date, angularly  crenate  at  tiie  base;  sotiietimes  acuminate:  peduncles  7 — 10- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  segments  of  the  calyx  hairy  on  the  margin;  ihe 
two  upper  ones  triangular,  and  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  lateral  ones;  the 
inferior  one  subulate-setaceous,  rather  longest;  corol  purple:  legume  smooth,  acu- 
minated, long  and  flat.     2  f     Oregon. 

Xiestitus,  N.  (J.  p.)  erect  and  rigid,  or  a  little  climbing,  silky-canescent:  leafets  5 — 7 
pairs,  small,  elliptical  or  oval,  cuspidate;  tendrils  mostly  pinnated:  stipules  broadly 
semi-sagittate,  acuminate,  slightly  toothed  below,  about  the  size  of  the  leafets: 
racemes  about  the  length  of  the  leaves,  4 — 6-flowered;  flowers  large,  purple:  lower 

Lantana.  Lat.  lentus,  flexible;  this  name  was  first  applied  to  the  genus  Viburnum, 
with  which  this  agrees  in  some  things. 

Lapsania.     Gr.  iapuzo,  to  relax,  on  account  of  its  laxative  qualities. 

Latiiyrus.     Gr.  latkuros,  a  name  employed  by  Theophrastus  to  designate  a  legumin- 
ous plant. 
(I)  stipulaceous,  Le  Conte.        (2)  Pisum maritimum,  Ph. 


J^ATHYRUS,    LAURUS.  293 

segments  of  the  calyx  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  longer  than  the  tube: 
legume  flat,  pubescent,  attenuate  at  each  end:  style  villous  along  the  side  for  about 
one-third  its  length.     Oregon. 

linearis,  N.  (A.  p.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  decumbent,  slender,  angled:  leaves  nearly 
sessile;  leafets  5 — G  pairs,  narrowly  linear,  mostly  obtuse,  apiculate.  rigid;  tendrils 
short,  simple  or  bifid:  stipules  small,  lanceolate,  semi-sagittate,  laciniate-toothed 
or  incised  below:  peduncles  3 — 4-tlowered,  shorter  than  tlie  leaves:  flowers  rather 
large,  pale  purple:  segments  of  the  calyx  triangular-subulate,  shorter  tlian  the 
tube:  legume  attenuated  at  each  end;  style  nearly  filiform,  villous  all  round  at  the 
summit.     Plains  of  the  Platte. 

dissitifuUjis,  N.  (p.)  somewhat  pubescent,  climbing:  leafets  4—6  pairs,  nariowly 
linear,  rather  obtuse,  apiculate,  scattered;  the  petiole  thick  and  channelled,  ter- 
minating in  a  pinnatifid  tendril:  stipules  linear,  semi-sagittate,  entire:  peduncles 
4 — G-flowered  ,niuch  shorter  than  the  leaves:  segments  of  the  caly.x  short,  the  up- 
permost obtuse.     Plams  of  the  Platte. 

prnatus,  N.  (M.  J.  p.)  erect,  glabrous,  often  glaucous:  stem  quadrangular:  leafets 
3 — 4  pairs,  lanceolate  linear,  rather  acute,  mucronate,  rigid  and  strongly  veined; 
tendrils  scarcely  any:  stipules  linear-lanceolate  and  slender,  semi-sagittate,  entire: 
peduncles  about  4-"(or  6 — 8)-flowered,  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  very 
large,  purple:  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  slightly  unequal,  rather  shorter  than 
the  tube:  legume  smooth  and  flat,  acuminate  at  eack  end,  about  10-seeded:  style 
minutely  pubescent  along  the  upper  side.     Oregon. 

Exotic. 

pdoratus,  (sweet  pea.  J.  ^.)  peduncles  2-flowered:  tendril  with  two  ovate-oblong 
leafets:  legumes  hirsute. 

Jnt'ifolhis ,  (everlasting  pea.  Au.  21.)  peduncles  many-flowered:  tendril  with  two  lance- 
ovate  leaves;  membranaceous  between  joints. 

cly'menum,  (various  pea.  0.)  peduncles  2-flowered:  tendril  with  many  lanceolate 
leafets:   stipules  toothed. 

articulntus,  (jointed  pea.  Ju.  C^.)  peduncles  about  1-flowered:  tendril  with  many  al- 
ternate lanceolate  leafets:  legume  jointed. 

sad'vus,  (chick  vetch,  f^.)  peduncles  1-flowerd,  tendrils  with  2  and  4  leafets:  legumes 
ovate,  compressed,  with  two  narrow  wings  on  the  back. 

Sovthern. 

pusillus,  E.  (p.  M.)  peduncles  long,  1-flowered:  stipules  falcate:  tendril  2-leaved, 
simple:  leaves  lance-linear:   stem  winged. 

decaphyllus,  Ph.  (1)  (\V.  p.  21.)  stem  4-angled:  stipules  linear,  semi-sagittate:  leaves 
in  5  pairs;   leafets  oval-oblong,  mucronate:   peduncles  3 — 4-flowered.     D. 

striclus,  N.  (A.)  pubescent,  rather  rigid:  stem  slender,  angled:  leafets  2 — 5  pairs, 
linear,  acute:  tendrils  bifid:  stipules  semi-cordate,  acuminate,  serrate:  peduncle 
about  4-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaf;  flowers  large:  lower  segments  of  the  calyx- 
acuminate,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  tube.     California. 

9 — 1.     Lau'rus.     27.     Laur.  aro-oil.  b.  &  r.  deob.  asp.  exp. 

paroliniensis,  Mx.  (y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oy.al,  coriaceous,  glaucous  beneath:  pe- 
duncles simple,  terminated  with  a  few-flowered  fascicle:  outer  segments  of  the 
calyx  half  as  long  as  the  inner  ones.  Var.  glabra,  leaves  glabrous  beneath.  Var. 
pubescms,  leaves  pubescent  beneath.  Var.  ubtusa,  leaves  obovate,  obtuse.  Leaves 
perennial.     10—30  f.     &'.     Charleston,  S— C.  Florida.     M. 

f/enzo'in,  (spice  bush,  fever  bush.  O.  g.  y.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  wedge- obovate,  whitish 
sub-pubescent  beneath:  flowers  in  clustered  umbels:  buds  and  pedicels  glabrous. 
4— 10  f     S.     iMch. 

sas'safras,  (sassafras  tree.  O.  y.  M.  ^.)  leaves  entire  and  lobed  on  the  same  plant: 
flowers  mostly  dioecious.     10 — 40  f.     S.     Mch. 
Exotic. 

cam'phora,  {camphor  tree.  ^ .)  leaves  about  3-nerved,  lance-ovate:  panicle  spreading. 
From  Japan. 


Laurus.     Lat.  laurus,    the  obscurity  of  its  derivation   denotes  its  antiquity.      The 
Celtic  hlauT,  (pronounced  laur)  signifies  green. 
(1)  polymorphus,  N.     Vicia,  stipulacea,  Ph? 


294  LAURUS,    LECHEA. 


SotUhcm. 


catesbyana,  Mx.  (w.  M.  Tp.)  lance-ovate  leaves  and  branches  glabrous:  panicles  short 
peduncled:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equal,  caducous.  Leaves 
perennial.     6 — 9  f. 

aestivalis,  (  )  leaves  veined,  oblong;  acuminate,  rugose  beneath:  branches  super- 
axillary. 

melissaefulia,  Wr.  (1)  (y.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  heart-lanceolate,  veined,  pubescent  beneath: 
flowers  in  clustered  umbels:  buds  and  pedicels  villose.     2 — 3  f. 

geniculata,  Wr.  (y.  Ap.  ^•.)  branches  divaricate-flexuose:  leaves  small,  oval,  smooth: 
umbels  terminal,  few-flowered.     lU — 15  f. 

alhida,  N.  (white  sassafras.  ^.)  buds  and  younger  branches  smooth  and  glaucous: 
leaves  entire  or  lobed,  every  where  smooth  and  thin,  obsoletely  veined  beneathi 
petiole  longer.     Is  this  a  distinct  species? 

13 — 1.     Lavan'dula.     42.     Labi.  stom.  ton.  car.  fra. 

Exotic. 

spica,  W.  (lavender.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  sessile,  lance-linear  with  revolute  marginst 
spikes  interruptedly  naked. 

15—12.     Lavate'ra.     74.     Malv.  emo.  muc.  f.  nut-muc. 

Exotic. 

thurin' giaca,  (gay  mallows.  2i-)  lower  leaves  angled;  upper  ones  3-lobed,  with  the 

middle  lobe  longest:  peduncles  solitary. 
arborea,  (tree  mallows.  S.  ^.)  leaves  7-angled:  peduncles  crowded. 

14 — 2.     Leavenvtorth'ia.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  diu — . 

Southern. 

aurea,  T.   (y.         )  style  distinct:  embryo  nearly  straight.      Arkensas,  Texas  and 

Alabama. 
michauxii,  T.  (ZC-)  style  almost  none:  radical  oblique.     Tennessee,  K. 

3—3.     Leche'a.   (2)     SO.     Cist.  stom.  ton. 

major,  (3)  (pin-weed.  W.  g-p.  Ju.  2X-)  erect,  hirsute:  leaves  lance-oblong,  mucro- 
nate:  panicle  leafy:  branches  bearing  flowers  at  their  tops:  flowers  in  fascicled 
racemes,  one-way,  sliort-pedicelled.     1 — 2  f.     S.     B.   P.   C.   F.  N. 

minor,  (W.  g-p.  If.)  smootliish:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  panicle  leafy;  branches 
elongated,   bearing  flowers  on  all  parts:  stem  ascending.     8  i.     B.  C.  F.  H.  N.  D. 

thymifoUa,  Ph.  not  of  Mx.  (.lu.  S.  Zf.)  frutescent:  stems  decumbent  at  the  base,  densely 
and  paniculately  branched  above,  canescenlly  villous  with  white  appressed  hairs: 
leaves  very  numerous,  and  often  articulate;  cauline  ones  oblanceoiate  or  linear; 
those  of  the  short,  procumbent  and  very  villose  radical  branches  imbricated,  ellip- 
tical, very  small;  those  of  the  floriferous  branches  narrowly  linear,  with  revolute 
margins,  erect  and  crowded:  clusters  terminal  and  axillary  near  the  extremity  of 
the  simple  floriferous  branches,  2 — 6-flowered;  pedicels  very  short:  calyx  tomen- 
tose-canescent:  capsule  globose.     Massachusets  to  Virginia. 

Southern, 
drummondii,  T.  (.T.  Ju.  p.)  decumbent  and  much  branched  at  the  base,    slightly  pu- 
bescent: leaves  linear-subulate,  scattered:  racemes  filiform,  terminating  the  numer- 
ous branches,  loosely  flowered;   flowers  unilateral,  on  capillary,    spreading,   and  at 
length  reflexed  pedicels:  capsule  globose-3-sided.     Texas. 

Lavandula.     Lat.  lavo,  to  wash:  from  its  distilled  waters  being  used  in  sprinkling  in 

baths. 
Lavatera.     Named  by  Tournefort,  in  honor  of  two  Lavaters,  physicians  of  Zurich. 
Leavenworthia.     In  hornor  of  Dr.  Leavenworth,  of  U.  S.  Army;  an  indefatigeable 

botanist. 
Lechea.     In  hornor  of  John  Leche,  Prof,  of  Medicine  at  Abo. 

(1)  dyospyrus,  Ph.  (2)  Helianihemum,  S.         (3)  villosa,  E. 


LECHEA,    LEONTICE.  295 

Remark.     All  the  species  of  this  genus  have  a  barren  aspect,  and  give  pastures  a 
ver^  unsightly  arid  appearance. 

Lecontia,  Rensselaeria. 

10 — 1.     Le'dom.     50.     Eric.  ton.  ast. 

paliisire,  (marsh  tea.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  linear,  margins  revolute,  iron-rust  down  be- 
neath: stamens  10,  longer  tiian  the  corol.     Canada. 

luti/oliiim,  A.  (1)  (labrador  tea.  w.  r.  J.  >>.)  leaves  linear-oblong,  folded  in  at  the 
margin,  iron-rust  down  beneath:  stamens  mostly  5,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
corol.     About  swamps.     D.'T.  P.  O.  N.     Pittsfield,  Ms.     White  Mts. 

Ledum,  Leiophyllum. 
3 — 2.     Leer'sia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

virffinica,  W.  (wiiite  grass,  rice  grass.  W.  Ju.  2X-)  panicle  simple:  lower  branches 
diffuse:  flowers  appressed,  monandrous,  sparingly  ciliate  on  the  keel.  Flowers 
often  diandrous  and  triandrous,  larger  and  more  ciliate.  3 — 4  f.  /S'.  P.  C.  M. 
T.  N.     Mch. 

onjzoi'des,  (2)  (cut  grass.  W.  Au.  21.)  panicle  diffuse,  sheathed  at  the  base;  flowers 
triandrous,  spreading:  keel  of  the  glumes  conspicuously  ciliate.  3 — 5  f.  »Si.  Y. 
B.  P.  C.  F.  M.  O.  T.  N.     Mcii. 

Imtimlaris,  Mx.  (catch-fly  grass.  W.  Ju.  21.)  panicle  erect:  flowers  large,  roundish, 
diandrous  imbricate;  keeland  nerves  ciliate.     2 — 4  f.     C. 

Leimantldum,  Melanthiusi. 

10 — 1.     Lei'ophvl'lum.     50.     Eric.  f.  aro.  asp — . 

Imxifolium,  T,  (3)  (sand  myrtle,  sleek  leaf.  w.  ^.)  leaves  small,  lance-oval,  entire, 
glabrous,  lucid,  revolute  at  the  margin:  corymbs  terminal.     6 — 8  i.     S.  Y.  S — C. 

19—2.     Lem'na.     7.     Pist.  acr— . 

trisulca,  (duck  meat.  W.  -^.)  leaves  thin,  lance-oval,  caudate  at  one  end,  serrate  at 
the  other:  roots  solitary.     Water.     N.  T.     Mch. 

minor,  (green  duck  meat.  W.  J.  0  )  leaves  nearly  ovate,  compressed:  roots  solitary. 
Var.  cydoslasa,  leaves  elliptic,  flat  on  both  sides,  cohering  in  a  circular  arc:  roots 
solitary.     Water.     /S.     Mch. 

gihha,  (W.  ^.)  leaves  obovale,  nearly  flat  above,  hemispherical  beneath:  roots  soli- 
tary.    Water.     C. 

polyrrhiza,  (water  flaxseed.  W.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  round  obovate,  compressed:  roots 
numerous,  fascicled.  The  leaves  of  this  species  become  purplish,  and  grealty  re- 
semble flaxseed  scattered  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters.  The  roots  rarely 
reach  tlie  ground;  but  merely  extend  downwards  a  kvi  inches  into  the  water.  6'. 
W.  P.  T.  V.  C.  D.  F.  O.  N.     Mch. 

6 — 1.     Leontice.     78.     Berb.  ton.  rhc. 

thaliclr aides,  L.  (poppoose-root,  false-cohosh.  p.  y.  Ap.  7i-  ^.)  very  glabrous:  leaves 
more  than  decompound;  leafets  oval;  tiie  lower  ones  lobed  and  jietioled;  the  end 
ones  3-lobed:  berries  dark  blue.  If.  iS'.  P.  D.  O.  Mch.  Canada.  The  roasted 
seeds  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee.  Caulophyllum  thalictroides  Mx. 
in  7th  edition. 

Leontice,  Caulophyllum. 

Ledum.     Lat.  Ixcdo,  to  hurt;  from  its  supposed  qualities. 

Leersia.     In  honor  of  John  Daniel  Leeis,  a  German  botanist. 

Leiophyllum.     Gr.  leios,  smooth,  and  phuUon,  leaf,  in  allusion  to  its  foliage. 

Lenma.     Gr.   levima,  a  husk  or  shell,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.     Theophrastus 

describes  under  tliis  name  an  aquatic  plant. 
Leontice.     Gr.  lean,  lion,  petalon,  leaf— abridged  from  the  old  name. 

(1)  Palustre,  Mx.  (2)  Phalaris,  L.  (3)  Amyrsine  busifolia,  Ph.     Ledum 

thymifolium,  Lk. 


296  LEONTODON,    LEPIDIUM. 

17 — i.     Leos'todon.     53.     Cich.  sal.  asc.  ase. 

tarax'acum,   (dandelion.  O.  y.  Ap.  H.)  outer  involucre  reflexed:   scape  2-flowered; 

leaves  runcinate,  witli  toothed  divisions.     Introduced. 
palustre,  S.  (marsh  dandelion.  Zf.)  outer  involucre  scales  short,  erect,  ovate:  leaves 

sinuate-toothed,  somewhat  glabrous.     /S*. 

13—1.     Leonu'kus.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 

Exotic. 

cardi'aca,   (mother-wort.   w-r.   Jn.  If.),  leaves  3-lobed,  toothed,  bases  wedge-form: 

calyx  prickly,  less  than  the  corol.     Naturalized.     2 — 3  f. 
marrubias'lrum,  W.   (r.  Au.)  leaves  lance-ovaie,  toothed:  calyx  somewhat  prickly,' 
as  long  as  the  corol.     Naturalized.     2 — 4  f. 

14 — 1.     Lepid'ium.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 

virginicum,  (1)   (wild  pepper-giass.   O.  w.  J.  $.)  radical  leaves  pinnatifid;   caulin* 

ones  lance-linear,  somewhat  gash-serrate:  flowers  4-petalled,  mostly  with  but  two 

stamens:  silicles  lens-form.     12—18  i.     <S. 
campestris,   R.   Br.   (2)  (J.  Ju.)  silicles  ovate,   winged,  emarglnate,  scaly-punctate r 

cauline  leaves  sagittate,  denticulate.     N.  Y.  Delaware. 
ruderale,  L.  (  )  flowers  diandrous,  apetalous;  radical  and  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid 

or  incised;  branch  leaves  linear,  very  entire:  silicles  (small)  broad-6va:l,  emarginate, 

spreading:  cotyledons  incunjbent.     A. 
menzlesia,  Uc.  (        )  flowers  diandrous,  apetalous:  radical  leaves  bi-pinnatifidr  cauline 

and  branch-leaves  many,  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  linear,  very  entire.     A  Var.  radical 

leaves  hispid.     Another  Var.  radical  leaves  pubescent.     R. 

Exotic, 

sativum,  (peppergrass.  W.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  oblong,  many-cleft. 

intcgrifolium,  N.  {J.  Jn.  2i-)  glabrous  and  decumbent:  silicles  elliptical-ovate,  wing- 
less, scarcely  emarginate:  septum  prominent:  style  short  but  distinct:  leaves  lance- 
olate-oblong, acute,  narrowed  below:  petals  about  twice  the  length  of  the  broad 
membranaceous  sepals.     Prairies  near  the  Rocky  Mts. 

inontanum,  N.  (2_[.)  nearly  glabrous,  decumbent:  silicles  elliptical,  slightly  emarginate, 
wingless:  style  conspicuous:  leaves  pinnatifid  and  bi-pinnatifid;  segments  oblong; 
uppermost  leaves  trifid  or  entire.     Oregon. 

Sovtherii. 

californicum,  N.  (0.)  stem  somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent,  much  branched:  silicic* 
nearly  orbicular,  emarginate,  wingless:  flowers  diandrous  (petals  4):  leaves  nearly 
glabrous,  laciniately  pinnatifid.     California. 

lasiocarpuin,  N.  (0.)  hispidly  pubescent:  silicles  elliptical-oval,  conspicuously  emar- 
ginate, wingless,  somewhat  pubescent,  reticulated,  rathei*  longer  than  the  pedicels: 
leaves  undivided,  linear-lanceolate,  incisely  toothed:  flowers  diandrous,  apetalous. 
California. 

nitidum,  N.  (  )   glabrous:   silicles  elliptical-obovate,  emarginate,  slightly  winged, 

shining:  pedicels  flattened,  about  the  length  of  the  silicles:  leaves  laciniafe;  the 
segments  linear  and  very  narrow:  flowers  apetalous  or  dipetalous,  diandrous. 
California. 

oxycarpum,  T.  (0.)  silicles  broadly  ovate,  deeply  emarginate,  wingless,  the  valves 
pungently  acuminate  and  raliculated:  stems  branched,  diffuse:  leaves  linear-filiform, 
sparingly  pinnatifid,  toothed:  flowers  apetalous,  diandrous.     California. 

latipes,  Hk.  (0.)  cespitose,  strigosely  pubescent:  flowers  in  dense  spiked  racemes: 
silicles  elliptical-ovate,  2-winged  at  the  summit,  reticulated:  pedicels  very  broad, 
flat,  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  filiformly  linear  segments.     California. 


Leontodon.     Gr.  leon  (leontos)  lion,  and  odous,  tooth,  from  the  jagged  edges  of  the 

leaves. 
Leonurus.     Gr.  leon,  lion,  and  aura,  tail;   so  named  from  its  spikes  resembling  the 

tuft  on  the  end  of  the  lion's  tail. 
Lepidium.     Gr.  lepis,  a  scale;  the  form  of  the  silicles  being  that  of  little  pcales. 

(1)  Senebiera  pinnatifida.  Do.        (2)  Thlaspi  compestre,  L. 


LEPTANDRA.  LEPUROPETALONT.  297 

.         2 — 1,     Leptan'dra.     37.     Scro.  ton.  cat. 

virginica,  (1)  (culver's  physic,  tall  veronica.  O.  w.  Aii.  ZfO  spikes  terminal,  long: 
leaves  whorled:  stem  erect.     Yar.  purpurea,  Ph.  flowers  purple.    3 — 8  f.    S.    Mch. 

Lcptanthus,  Schollera. 
10 — 2.     Lkptar'rhena.     84.     Saxi.  ton — . 

pT/rolifolia,  Br.  (  Z(.)  stem  woody  at  the  base,  covered  with  rudiments  of  withered 
leaves:  leaves  ovate,  coriaceous,  petioled,  glabrous  above,  shining,  reticulate, 
margin  crenate:  flowers  coarctate-panicled:  pedicels  and  calyx  covered  with  short, 
glutinous  pubescence:  sepals  very  short,  obtuse:  petals  linear,  longer  than  the 
calyx.     R.  A. 

Leptarrhena,  Saxifraga. 

5 — 2.     Lep'tocad'lis.     60.     Umbe.  r.  res.  ton.  exp.  cac. 

inermis,  N.  (  0.)  fruit  unarmed,  somewhat  rugose:  lobes  of  the  leaves  capillarj; 

umbels  4 — 5-rayed:  leafets  of  the  involucels  3 — 4. 

diffusus,  N.  (  0.)  fruit  with  bristles  somewhat  close-pressed,  muricate:  branches 
and  rays  divaricate:  umbels  and  umbellets  3-rayed;  pedicels  of  the  umbellets  some- 
what equalling  the  rays  of  the  umbel.  Stem  erect,  slender,  branching  at  the  apex: 
lobes  of  the  leaves  capillary:  leafets  of  the  involucels  1 — 2:  pedicels  half  an  inch 
long-     R. 

divaricalus,  Dc.  (2)  (w.  #.)     Described  under  ^thusa. 

patens,  N.  (  0.)  fruit  tubeiculose-muricate:   branches  divaricate:  rays  of  the 

umbels  and  umbellets  4 — 5,   contracted:   lobes  of  the  leaves  capillary.     R. 

eckinaius,  ^.  (  ^.)  fruit  witli  spreading  bristles,  echinate:  branches  at  length 
divaricate:  umbels  and  umbellets  sparingly  diverging.     R. 

Leptochloa,  Oxydenia. 

■■^3.     Lep'topo'da.     55.     Cory.  r.  exp-ton. 
^r  Southern. 

,  jimhriata,  W.  (3)  (y.  Ap.  If.)  stem  viscid-pubescent,  striate:  leaves  alternate,  lance- 
linear,   half  clasping,  glabrous,  punctate;  cauline  ones  gash-toothed:  chaff  of  the 
egret  torn.     2  f.     Florida. 
decurrens,  Macbride.  (4)  (y.  Ap.  7i-)  stem  very  glabrous:  leaves  lance-linear,  toothed, 
glabrous,  decurrent:  chaff  of  the  egret  torn.     12 — 18  i. 

3 — 2.     Leptu'rus.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  sec-stim. 

paniculatus,  N.  (W.  J.  0.)  rachis  incurved,  compound,  acutely  triangular;  branches 
and  summit  fioriferous:  spikes  subulate,  compressed,  one-sided:  glumes  2,  acumin- 
ate, l-flowered.     10  i. 

5 — 3.     Lepu'rope'talon.     E.  (5)  84.     Saxi.  ast. 
Southern. 
spathulatum,  M.  (w.    Ap.  0.)  glabrous:  stem  erect  and  procumbent,  somewhat  suc- 
culent, sub-angled:   leaves  alternate,  sessile,  lance-spathulate,  obtuse,  entire.  1 2  i. 


Leptandra.     Gr.  leptos,  slender,  and  aner  (andros,)  stamen,  in  reference  to  its  form. 
Leptarrhena.     Gr.  kplos,  slender,  thin,  renos,  wool,  flock,  &c.     Sed  quere. 
Leptocaulis.     Gr.  leptos,  slender,  kaulos,  stem.     Thin  stem;  perhaps  scaly  stem. 
Leptopoda.     Gr.  leptos,  slender,  ^adpous  (podos )  foot  or  stem,  from  the  weakness  of 

the  stem? 
Lepturus.     Gr.  leptos,  .slender,  and  oura,  tail,  from  its  long,  slender,  cylindrical  spike. 
Lepuropetalon.     Gr.  lepuron,  rind  or  peel,  and petalon,  a  petal,  from  the  appearance 

of  the  petals. 

(1)  Callistachia,  R.  Veronica,  L.  (2)  Daucus  divaricatus,  Wr.  Sison  pusil- 
lum,  Mx.  Ammi  divaricatum,  and  Ligusticum  pusillum,  Mx.  Sison  divaricatus 
Spreng.  ^ihusa  divaricata,  N.  (3)  puberula,  Macbride.  Galardia,  Mx.  (4)  He- 
ienium  N.         (5)  Pixidantherea,  M. 

38 


298 


LESPEDEZA,    LEWISIA. 


16—10.     Lespede'za.     (])     93.     Legu.  nut.  asc.  ape. 


capitata,  Mx.  (2)  (O.  w-p.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  ternate,  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  silky  beneath: 
stipules  subulate:  racemes  axillary,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  legumes 
hairy,  shorter  tiian  the  calyx.     3 — 0  f.     S.     Mch. 

angiuiifolid,  Ph.  (W.  w-p.  S.'Zf.)  leaves  oblong,  oval  and  lanceolate,  hoary-pubescent 
beneath:  racemes  capitate,  longer  than  the  leaves:  corol  longer  than  the  calyx. 
3— of.     .S*.     P.  C.  F.  H.  M.     Mch. 

stiivei,  N.  (p.  S.)  erect,  simple,  soft-downy;  leafets  oval:  spikes  ppduncled,  scarcely 
longer  than  tlie  leaves:   legume  naked,  pubescent.     2 — 3  t.     6'.     Y.  P. 

polystacliia,  Mx.  (3)  (W.  w-r.  Ju.  !(•)  erect,  branching,  very  villose:  leafets  round- 
oval:  spikes  axillary,  long  peduncled:  corol  and  legume  about  equal  to  the  calyx. 
2—4  f.     K     B.  C.  F.  O.  M.  iV.  T.     Mch.     ' 

sessdiflora,  Mx.  (4)  (bush  clover.  O.  p.  Ju.  21.)  erect:  leaves  oblong:  fascicles  of 
flowers  sessile,  numerous:  legume  nearly  naked,  acute:  calyx  minute.  Var.  re<JcM- 
lata,  stem  simple,  erect  or  erectish:  leaves  pubescent  beneath.     1 — 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

violacen,  W.  (5)  (O.  p.  Ju.  ZT.)  leafets  oval,  obtuse:  racemes  umbelled,  as  long  as 
the  petiole:  flowers  in  pairs:  legume  rhombic,  reticulate,  glabrous.  1 — 2  f.  S. 
Mch. 

procumOens,  Mx.  (6)  (W.  p.  &,  y.  Ju.  2X0  procumbent,  slender,  pubescent:  leafets 
oval:  peduncles  very  long:  flowers  in  setaceous  spikes:  legumes  naked:  calyx 
minute.     X     Y.  P.  B.  C.  F. 

divergens.  M.  (7)  (W.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  diffuse,  branched:  leafets  oblong,  obtuse,  close-, 
pressed,  hairy  beneath:  racemes  longer  than  the  petioles:  flowers  m  pairs:  legumes 
ovate,  reticulate,   smooth.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  violacea.     1 — 2  f.     S.     P. 

repens,  (p.  Au.  Z£-)  leaves  round-oval,  emarginate:  racemes  axillary:  legume  repand- 
tooihed:  stem  creeping.     P.  K. 

prostrata,  (W.  Zf.)  prostrate,  slgnder,  glabrous:  petioles  somewhat  shortened;  leaf- 
ets oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,  a  little  hairy  beneath:  racemes  axillary,  slender,  with 
scattered  florets  longer  than  the  leaves:  calyx  shorter  than  the  corol:  legumes  ovate, 
sub-pubescent.     P.    New  Jersey.     Hedysarurn  prostratum.  L.     Mch. 

Suvtlicrn. 

longifoUa,  (  Zf-)   stem  erect,   angled,   pubescent:  petioles   very  short;  leafets 

oblong,    glabrous  above,  silk-silvery    and  close-pressed    beneath:  racemes  fascicle- 
corynibed,  many-flowered,    axillary   snd   sub-terminal:  legume   shorter   than  the 
acuminate  lobes  of  the  calyx.     Louisiana. 
frutesccns,  (8)  (  Zf.)  erect,  villose:  petioles  very  short;  leafets  oval,  obtuse, 

eub-mucronate,  silk-hairy  beneath:  racemes  axillary,  sub-sessile,  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  calyx  shorter  than  the  corol:  legumes  hairy,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  In 
Caiolina.     S— C. 

villosa,N.  (  Zf.)  erect,  branching,  cotton  downy:  petioles  sub-elongated;  leaves 
oval,  obtuse:  spikes  axillary,  slender,  thrice  or  four  times  longer  than  the  leaves: 
calyx  shorter  than  the  corol  and  longer  than  the  legumes.     Hedysarurn  hirtum,  L. 

13 — 1.     Leu'cas.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 
Southern. 
mardniccnsis,  Br.  (       )  leaves  entire:  whorls  many-flowered,  capitate.     Probably  in- 
troduced. 

12 — 1.     Lewis'ia.     8G.     Port,  muc-nut.  lax. 
SijiU/icrn. 
redivica,  Ph.  (W.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  radical,  linear,  somewiiat  fleshy,  obtusish:  scape 
I — 2-flowered;   pedicel  genticulate  at  the  base:  capsule  oblong. 


Lespedeza.     Named  by  Mx.  in  honor  of  Lespedez,  governor  of  Florida. 
Leucas.     Gr.  Icukos,  white,  so  called  on  account  of  tlie  whiteness  of  the  flower. 
Lewisia.     In  honor  of  Gen.  Merrivvelher  Lewis,  the  leader  of  the  first  expedition  to 

the  Rocky  Mts. 

(I )  Hedysarum,  W.  (2)  fiutescens,  W.  (3)  hirtum,  W.  (4)  Hedysarurn 
reticulatum,  M.  Medicago  virgmica,  L.  (5)  divergens,  Ph.  (6)  prostrata,  Ph. 
(7)  Hedysarurn,  M.        (8)  Hedysarum  fruteecens,  L. 


LIATRIS,  399 

17 — 1.     Lia'tris.     55.     Inul.  r.  res.  diu.  ant.  poi-ton. 

sgiiarrosa,  W.  (1)  (W.  r.  Au.  li.)  stem  simple:  leaves  long-linear,  nerved;  margin 
a  little  scabrous:  raceme  leafy,  few-flowered:  scales  of  the  involucre  leafy  above, 
lanceolate,  risid,  spreading.     2—3  f     S.     C.  Y.  N.     Mch. 

scariosa,  (2)  (W.  b.  Au.  If.)  stem  simple,  snb-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing to  bolli  ends,  glabrous,  with  scabrous  margins:  involucre  squarrose  below,  ra- 
ceuied,  alternate,  di^5lant;  scales  spatulate,  with  membranaceous  colored  margins. 
S.     P.  Y.  C.  D.  F.  H.  "N.     Mch. 

spicata,  W  (3)  (gay  feather,  button  snakeroot.  W.  r.  Au.  7X-)  stem  simple,  tall: 
leaves  linear,  glabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base,  nerved,  and  punctate:  spike  very  long: 
flowers  sessile:  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  close-pressed.  2 — 4  f. 
^•.     P.  N.    D.     Mch. 

pilosa,  W.  (p.  S.  Zf.)  stem  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  linear,  pilose,  ciliate:  heads 
racemose,  lax:  scales  ofthe  involucre  oblong,  obtuse:  pedicels  bracted.  Var.  dubla, 
E.  stem  striate,  sub-pilose;  leaves  long,  Unear;  lower  ones  lance-linear,  puncta-te, 
acute,  pilose  and  ciliate  near  the  base,  nearly  glabrous  towards  the  summit:  ra- 
ceines  long,  leafy.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species.     Elliott.     2 — 3  f     S. 

cylindrica,  Mx.  (W.  p.  Au.  21.)  slender,  hirsute:  leaves  grass-like:  spike  few-flowered: 
involucre  sub-sessile,  cylindric,  few-flowered;  scales  round  at  the  summit,  abruptly 
mucronate.     1—2  f.     -S.     D.     Mch. 

Southern. 

1.     Flowers  iri  spikes  or  racemes:  roots  bulhoits. 

pijcnostachija,  Mx.  (W.  S.  21.)  stem  simple,  hirsute:  leaves  straight,  narrow-linear, 
pubescent:  spike  long:  flowers  clustered,  sessile:  involucre  appcessed,  squarrose  at 
the  summit.     2 — 4  f. 

graminifulia,  Wr.  (W.  p.  S.  H-)  stem  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  very  long-linear,  gla- 
brous, nerved,  margin  sub-scabtous;  midrib  hairy  above:  flowers  distant  sub-sessile: 
scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  ciliate,  appressed;  inner  ones 
colored.     2 — 4  f 

heterophijUa,  W.  (S.  21.)  stem  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  smooth; 
upper  ones  lanoe-linear,  much  smaller:  heads  spiked,  short  peduncled,  sub-squar- 
rose:   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute,   naked.     S — C. 

aspera,  Mx.  (W.  S.  2{.)  stem  somewhat  branching,  scabrous-pubescent:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  very  rough:  heads  sliort,  spiked,  distinctly  alternate,  solitary,  sessile: 
scales  of  the  involucre  roundish,  obtuse,  connivent. 

gracilis,  Ph.  (W.  p.  S.  21.)  stem  slender,  hairy,  (glabrous.  Ph.):  leaves  linear,  gla- 
brous, ciliate  at  the  base:  heads  in  racemes,  about  7-flowered:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre obovate,  ciliate,  appressed.     A  variety  of  the /;/7osrt.     N.     2 — 3f 

tenuifolia,  N.  (p.  S.)  stem  slender,  glabrous:  lower  leaves  crowded,  linear,  a  little 
hairy  at  the  base;  upper  ones  setaceous:  racemes  very  long:  pedicels  leafy:  scales 
of  the  involucre  oblong,  mucronate.     2 — 4  f     S — C. 

rcsinosa,  N.  (p.)  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  crowded:  lieads  spiked,  oblong,  4 — 5-flower- 
ed:  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse,   appressed,  resinous,  at  length  hoary.     2  f.  S — 

secunda,  E.  (p.  S.  21.)  stem  reclining,  pubescent:  leaves  linear,  glabro.as,  sparingly 
ciliate  at  the  base:  racemes  one-sided:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acute, 
appressed.     2—3  f     S— C. 

sphaeroidea,  Mx.  (p.  S.  Zf-)  leaves  smooth;  lower  ones  broad,  lanceolate;  upper 
ones  narrow:  flowers  raceined,  large,  solitary,  alternate:  involucre  sub-globose: 
scales  oval,  erect.     2 — 4  f 

elegans,  Wr.  (4)  (O.  p-r.  Oc.  2i.)  stem  simple,  villous:  leaves  lance-linear,  sub- 
scabrous  beneath:  raceme  cylindrical;  flowers  crowded:  inner  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre liixulate,  colored.     3 — 5  f 

paucifloscvlosa,  N.  (2{.)  leaves  sub-coniform;  lower  ones  lance-linear;  upper  ones 
linear,  acute,  glabrous:  raceme  very  long,  few-flowered:  calyx  somewhat  3-flower- 

Liatris.     A  name  probably  derived  from  Gr.  Uazo,  to  come  forth. 

(1)  Serratula,  L.         (2)  Serratula,    L.     Liatris  squarrulosa,  Mx,         (3)  macros- 
tachya,  Mx.     Anonymous  graminifolus,  Wr.     Serratula  spicata,  L.  (4)  Staehe- 

lina,  W. 


300  LIATRIS,    LILIUM. 

ed,  pedicels  filiform:  scales  of  the  inrolucre  oblong,  obtuse:  stem  finely  pubescent. 
Alabama. 

brachystachya,  N.  (ZT.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  near  together,  linear,  acute:  spikes 
abbreviated,  oblong:  flowers  close  together:  involucre  squarrose,  sub-5-flowered; 
divisions  oblong,  acute,  inner  ones  colored.     Spike  3  inches  long.     Arkansas. 

tirgata,  N.  (2i-)  finely  pubescent:  leaves  linear,  scattered:  racemes  compound,  branch- 
panicled;  branchlets  somewhat  one-flowered,  with  small  leaves:  involucre  sub- 
hemispheric,  many-flowered;  scales  obtuse,  appressed.  Georgia  and  North  Carolina. 

2.     Flowers  in  panicles  or  corymbs;  roots  not  bulbous. 

pauciflora,  Ph.  (2X.)  stem  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  linear:  panicle  virgate,  leafy; 
branches  short,  few-flowered:  involucre  sessile,  secund,  3 — 5-flowered;  scales 
erect,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous. 

paniculata,  Wr.  (p.  S.  21.)  stem  simple,  hairy-viscid:  leaves  lanceolate,  nerved,  sub- 
glabrous:  panicle  contracted;  involucre  about  5-flowered;  scales  lanceolate.  J  — 
If     S. 

odoratissima,  Wi.  (p.  S.  2i.)  very  glabrous:  stem  simple:  leaves  ovate  and  lanceo- 
late, nerved,  toothed,  sub-glaucous:  panicle  corymbed:  involucre  7 — 8-flowered; 
scales  obovate,  obtuse.     3 — 4  f. 

tomentosa,  Mx.  (1)  (p.  S.  1[.)  stem  simple,  and  with  the  wedge-lanceolate  leaveg 
hirsute:  corymb  few-flowered, 1,depressed-divaricate;  branches  few-flowered:  invo- 
lucre tomentose;  scales  ovate,  acute.     2  f 

lellidifolia,  Mx.  (p.  2X. )  low,  sub-glabrous:  leaves  wedge-oblanceolate:  corymb  un- 
equal: flowers  all  somewhat  long-pediceiled:  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-oval, 
obtuse.     8^12  i.     S^C. 

toal'teri,  E.  (p.  S.  2_C.)  stem  simple,  hairy  near  the  summit:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
glabrous,  punctate,  at  the  base:  involucre  many-flowered;  scales  acute,  tomentose. 
2  f 

opposiftfoliu,  N.  (HI)  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  opposite,  nerved:  stem 
branching;  branches  corymb-panicled:  involucre  cylindric-ovate,  smallish,  about 
15 — 20- flowered;  scales  oblong,  obtuse;  inner  ones  colored:  egret  a  little  scabrous. 
Florida. 

frutlcosa,  N.  (p.  'f>.)  glabrous:  stem  fruticose:  branches  corymbed:  leaves  wedge- 
obovate,  punctate:   involucre  sub-5-flovvered;   divisions  acuminate.     Florida. 

squamosa,  N.  (2(.)  pulverulent-canescent,  corymbose;  little  corymbs  3 — 5-flowered: 
radical  leaves  linear,  long;  cauline  ones  appressed,  very  short:  involucre  sub- 
hemispheric;  scales  acute.     Alabama. 

5 — 2.     Ligus'ticom.     60.     Umbe.  g-h.  odo.  exp.  r.  aro.  exp. 

scoticum,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  7S-)  cauline  leaves  bifernate;  upper  ones  trifoliate;  lateral 
leafets  trapezoid,  terminal  one  rhomboid:  umbels  stiffly  erect:  involucres  linear, 
many-leaved.     18  i.     B.     Canada. 

Exotic. 
lexiisdcum,  (lovage,  smellage.  w.  Zf-)  leaves  long,  numerous;  leafets  above  gashed. 
Strong-scented. 

Ligusticum,  Thapsia. 

2 — 1.     Ligus'trum.     34.     Olea.  b.  bit.  ast. 

vulgare,  (prim.  W.  w.  J.  T^  )  leaves  lanceolate,  acutish:  panicle  compact.  Perhaps 
introduced.     Indigenous  in  Missouri.     Y.  C.  P.  B.  F.  M.  N. 

6 — 1.     Lil'ium.     14.     Lili.  diu.  emo. 

philadelphicum,  (red  lily.  O.  r.  y.  J.  21.)  leaves  whorled,  lance-linear:  corol  erect, 
bell-form,  spreading;  petals  lanceolate,  having  claws.     1 — 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

Ligusticum.     Gr.  ligvstihon;  so  called  from  Liguira,  in  Italy,  its  native  place. 

Ligustrum.     Lat.  Ugo,  to  bind,  from  the  use  made  of  its  branches. 

Lilium.     Gr.  leirion,  lily,  smooth,  graceful;  or  from  the  Celtic,  li,  which  signifieg 

whiteness. 

(1)  corymbosa,  N. 


LILIUM,    LIMOSELLA.  301 

eanadense,  (nodding  lily.  O.  y.  r.  Ju.  7i.)  leaves  remotely  whorled,  lanceolate:  pe- 
duncles terminal,  elongated,  mostly  in  threes:  corol  nodding;  petals  spreading. 
2—3  f.     S.     Mch. 

superbum,  (superb  lily.  W.  y.  p.  Ju.  Zf-)  leaves-lance  linear,  3-nerved,  glabrous; 
lower  ones  whorled;  upper  ones  scattered:  flowens  in  a  pyramid-raceme,  recurved: 
petals  revolute.     3— (3  f.     S.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  B.     Catskill. 

catesbaei,  Wr.  (1)  (southern  lily.  W.  y.  r.  J.  Z£-)  leaves  scattered,  lance-linear:  stem 
1-flowered:  corol  erect;  petals  vvitli  long  claws;  margin  undulate;  apex  reflexed. 
1— 2f.     S.     P.     S— C. 

pennsylvaniaim,  Ker.  (A.  r.  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  scattered,  lance-linear;  the  uppermost 
ones  whorled,  about  equal  to  the  flowers:  stem  about  1-flowered,  somewhat  5-sided: 
peduncles  woolly:  corol  erect,  woolly  outside.     P.     Sandusky. 

Exotic. 

candidum,  (white  lily.  w.  J.  21- )  leaves  lanceolate,    scattered,    tapering  to  the  base: 

corol  bell-form,  glabrous  within. 
iulbiferum,  (orange  lily.  y.  J.  21.)   leaves  scattered,    3  nerved:  corol   canipanulate, 

erect,  scabrous  within. 

Southern. 
pudicum,  Ph.  (W.  y.  M.  21.)  leaves  scattered,    lance-linear:  stem  1-flowered:  corol 

bell-form, nodding;  petals  erect,  sessile,  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  flat  within. 
umbel latmn,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  r.  Ju.  2{)  leaves  scattered,  linear,  short,  acute:   upper  ones 

whorled:  flowers  1 — 5,    terminal,   erect;   petals  unguiculate,  lanceolate,  spreading, 
■carolininnum,  Mx.    (y.  r.  Au.  ZJ".)   leaves  whorled  and  scattered,    wedge-lanceolate: 

flowers  few,    (1 — 3,)  terminal!  peduncles  thick:  corol   revolute.     This  may  be  a 

variety  of  the  superbum,  £.     2  f.     S— C. 

10 — 1.     Limnan'thes^     73.     Trop.  asc.  f.  lax-con. 
Southern. 
douglassii,  R.  Br.  (y.  w.)  leaves  bipinnatifid;  the  divisions  often  alternate.     Plant 
slightly  succulent.     California. 

3 — 1.     Limnet'is.  (3)     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

^ynosur aides,  W.  (4)  (many-spiked  salt-grass.    W.  An.  21.)  spikes  numerous  (JO — 

40)  peduncled,  panicled,  spreading:  leaves  broad,  flat,  at  length  convolute:  a  short 

awn  on  one  of  the  glumes;  styles  2-cleft  at  the   summit.     4 — 9  f.     &'.     B.  T.  C. 

O.     Peekskill.     xMch. 
Juncea,  Mx.  (5)  (rush  salt-grass.  L.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  2-ranked,  convolute,  spreading: 

spikes  few,  (1 — 3)  peduncled:  peduncles  smooth:  paleas  obtusish:  styles  2.     18  i. 

T.  B.  C.     Peekskill.     M. 
glabra,  M.  (L.  W.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  coDcave,  erect:  spikes  alternate,  sessile,  erect,  ap- 

pressed:    paleas   smoothish   on   the   keel:    style   deep-cleft.     3 — 5  f.      S.     B.  C. 

Peekskill.     M.  d 

•10 — 1.     Limo'nia.     70.     Aura.  f.  sto.  ton. 

Southern. 
Mcidissima?  L.  (         )  leaves  pinnate;    leafets  roundish-oval,  crenate:  spines  germi- 
nate.    Florida. 

13 — 2.     Limosel'la.     37.     Scro.  cat.  eme.  asc. 

subulata,  Ives,  (mud  wort.  b-w.  Au.  21.)  leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  scarcely  dilated 
at  the  apex:  scape  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  1  i.  Peekskill,  JBanks  of 
Housatonic  and  Delaware  rivers. 

Limnanthes.     Gr.  limnas,  water  nymph,  or  marsh,  anthos,  flower. 
Limnetis.     Gr.  limnes,  a  pool  or  marsh;  from  its  place  of  growth. 
Limonia.     Arabic,  limoun,  lemon;  to  whose  fruit  this  produces  a  relative. 
Limosfclla.     Lat.  liinnus,  slime  or  mud;  from  its  native  soil. 

(1)  spectabile,  Sy.     carolinianum,  Lk.  (2)  andinum,  N.  (3)  Spartina,  Sr. 

(4)  polystachya  and  cynosuroides,  Ph.         (5)  Trachynotia,  Mx.     Spartina,  W. 


<S 


302  LINDERNIA,    LIRIODENDRON. 

2 — 1.     Linder'nia.     37.     Scro.  cat.  erne.  asc. 

attenuata,  M.  (false  hedge  hyssop.  W.  p.  Au.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate  and  obovate, 

narrowed  at  the  base:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  erect.     S.     C.  F.  H. 

N.  T.     Mch. 
dilatata,    M.    (I)    (pimpernel.  W.  b.  Au.  e^.)   leaves  dilated  at  the  base,  clasping, 

remotely  toothed:    peduncles   longer  than  the   leaves.      S.     B.  P.  C.  O.  T.  V. 

Mch. 
monticola,  M.  (21.)  stem  slender,  dicholomons:  radical  leaves  spatulate;  cauline  ones 

linear,  small  and  remote:  peduncles  very  long,  at  length  deflected.     4 — 6  i.    S.    N. 

Soulhem. 
grandifiora,  N.  (If.)  leaves  roundish,  entire,  nerveless,  half-clasping:  peduncles  very 

long,  axillary  and  terminal:  stem  creeping. 
refructa,  E.  (b.  J.  Zf.)  stem  slender,  erect,  branching,  glabrous:  radical  leaves  spatu- 

late-oval;  upper  ones  subulate:   flowers  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal:  peduncles 

refracted  after  flowering.     8 — 12  i. 

4 — 1.     Lix'njEa.     58.     Capr.  ch.  dia — .  la.x. 

borealis,  W.  (twin-flower.  W.  w-r.  J.  If.)  stem  prostrate:  branches  erect,  each  bear- 
ing two  flowers:  leaves  roundish,  crenate.     Woods.     H.  N.  T.  B.  C.  D.  V.     Mch. 

5 — 5.     Li'num.     82.     Lipe.  s.  muc.  dem.  cata.  b.  fac. 

cirginituium,  (wild  flax.  O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  sepals  acute:  panicle  terminal:  flowers  remotely 

alternate:  leaves  lance-linear,  scattered;  radical  ones  ovate.     1 — 2  f.    S.    Northern 

Lakes.     Mch. 
peren'ne,  var.  lewisii,   Ph.   (W.  b.  .Tu.  TJ.)  divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acuminate: 

petals  wedge-form,  rounded  at  tire  apex:  leaves  scattered,  lance-linear,  mucronate: 

stems  tall,  numerous.     R.     Canada. 
rig'idum,  ( VV.  j.)  divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  ciliate:  petals 

oblong,  narrow:  ieaves  stiffly  erect,  linear,  short.     6  i.     B.     Missouri. 

Exotic. 
tisifMtissimum,  (flax.  b.  Ju.  0.)  sepals  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved:  petals  crenate:  leaves 
lanceolate,  alternate:  stem  sub-solitary. 

Southern, 
selaginoidcs,  Lam.  (w-r.)  glabrous:   stems  a  span  high,  suffruticose,  corymbosely 
attaclied  at  the  summit:  leaves  crowded,  alternate,  very  small,  linear  and  very 
narrow,  mucronate  piliferous:  flowers  terruinal,  sub-sessile,  petals  shorter  than  the 
calyx:  ovary  completely  10-celled.     Texas. 

Liparis,   Malaxis. 
19 — 12.     Liquidam'bar.     99.     Plat.  ton.  aro. 

sty'raciflu'a,  (sweet  gum.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  palmate,  with,  acuminate  lobes,  serrate, 
villose  at  the  meeting  of  the  veins  beneath.     <S*.     T.  Y.  P.  N.  F.  M.     S— C. 

12 — 12.     Li'rioden'dron.     75.     Magn.  b.  aro.  bit.  dia.  rhe. 

tu'lipife'ra,  (white  wood,  tulip  tree.  W.  y.  r.  J.  y>.)  leaves  truncate  at  the  end,  with 
2  side  lobes.  A  beautiful  flowering  tree.  90—150  f.  ,S'.  F.  T.  Y.  C.  P.  O. 
N.  D.     Mch. 


Lindernia.     In  honor  of  Francis  Balthazer  Von  Lindern,  a  pliysician  and  botanist  of 

Strasljurg. 
Linnaea.     In  honor  of  Linneus,  the  great  Swedish  Botanist 
Linum.     Gr.  linaii,  flax,  from  Lineo,  to   hold,   liie  fibres   being  well  known  for  their 

tenacity.     Llin,  in  Celtic,  signifies  thread. 
Liquidambar.     Lat.  liquldum,  fluid,  and  umbar,  fragrant  gum,  alluding  to  the  aromatic 

gum  which  exudes  from  the  tree. 
Liriodendron.     Gr.  Icirion,  lily,  and  dendron,  tree,  from  the  beauty  of  the  flower. 

(1)  Pyxidaria,  Ph.     Gratiola  inequalis,  VVr. 


LISIANTHUS,    LOBELIA.  303 

5 — 1.     Lisian'thus.     46.     Gent,  bit-ton. 

glaucifoUus,  Jn?  (W.  y.)  stem  herbaceous,  terete:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  sessile,  glau- 
cous, acute,  3-nerved:  flowers  terminal,  corynibed:  peduncles  elongated.     T.  &  J. 

18 — 1.     Liste'ra.     21.     Orcli.  r.  amy.  vis.  arc.  salep. 

convallaroiile.s,  (I)  (lily  orchis,  g-p.  M.  if.)  stem  with  two  round  cordate,  acute, 
opposite  leaves:  spiiie  few-flovvercd:  lip  oblong,  obtusely  2-lobed:  germ  sub-globose, 
root  fibrous.     4—6  i.     .S'.     H.  T.     Catskill  Mts. 

cordata,  Ms.  (2)  (g-p.  M.  Zf.)  stem  with  two  opposite,  roundish-cordate  leaves: 
raceme  loose:  column  without  any  appendage  behind:  lip  elongated,  2-toothed  at 
the  base,  deeply  bifid  ;  segments  sub-divaricale  and  acute.     4 — 8  i.     N. 

Southern. 
pubescens,  Ph.  (3)  (g-w.  J.  Zf-)  leaves  radical,  ovate,  acute;  scape  leafless,  pubescent, 
lax-flowered:   flowers  pedicelled:  lip  2-lobed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  connivent 
petals:  capsules  clavate:  root  palmate. 

5 — 1.     Li'thosper'mum.     43.     Bora.  ton.  vul. 

arvense,  (steen-crout,  stone-seed,  wheat- thief.  O.  w.  M.  0.)  stem  erect,  branched: 
leaves  lance-linear,  rather  acute,  (lower  ones  obtuse",)  veinless,  hairy:  calyx  nearly 
as  long  as  the  corol;  segments  spreading:  nut  rugose.     8 — 15  i.     S. 

officinale,  (gronnvell.  y.  M.  2i-)  stem  erect,  branching,  scabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate, 
acute,  nerved,  scabrous  above,  hairy  beneath:  fruit-bearing  calyx  elongated,  spread- 
ing: nuts  ]  to  3,  ovate,  glabrous,  often  with  hollowed  punctures.  20 — 30  i.  When 
this  plant  grows  in  rich  shady  woods  the  leaves  are  very  broad.  B.  P.  T.  O.  N. 
L.  latifolium  is  a  synonym. 

maritimum,  (4)  (L.  b.  Ju.  2I-)  very  smooth:  stem  procumbent,  branched:  leaves 
ovalspatulate,  fleshy:  corol  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

dentiailiituin,  Rs.  (5)  (p.  J.  21.)  stem  erect:  leaves  nerved,  sub-glabrous,  acute; 
maigin  scabrous,  with  minute  teeth;  radical  ones  ovate;  cauline  ones  oblong: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  denticulate  on  the  margin.     G — 12  i. 

pilosum,  N.  (y.  Zf.)  simple,  pilose-hirsute:  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  sessile,  approxi- 
mate: flowers  fascicled,  sessile,  smallish:  divisions  of  the  corol  oblong,  entire.     R. 

torrcyi,  N.  (6)  (J.  2X.)  strigose-hispid:  leaves  oblong-linear,  obtusish,  scattered:  stem 
low,  branching:  fascicles  terminal,  few-flowered:  lobes  of  the  corol  oblong,  entire. 
9  i.     R.  '  ^ 

Southern. 

angusiifoUum,  Mx.  (W.  w.  Ju.  0.)  nut  turgidly  ovate,  shining,  with  hollow  punc- 
tures on  every  part:  flowers  generally  lateral:  leaves  linear,  with  close-pressed  pu- 
bescence:  stem  procumbent. 

epulum,  W.  (W.  y.  Ju.  0.)  nut  muricate:  spikes  terminal,  1-sided:  bracts  lanceo- 
late: leaves  lance-linear,  acute. 

Lilhospermmn,  Batschia. 
— 51.     Lobe'lia.     52.     Lobe,  acr-nar.  eme+.  ast.  exp.  dia-f . 

dortmanna,  (7)  (water  lobelia,  b.  Ju.  2S-)  radical  leaves  linear,  recurved,  fistulous, 
with  two  cavities,  entire:  scape  simple,  racemose,  somewhat  naked:  flowers  re- 
mote, peduncled.     S.     T.  Y.  B.  N. 

cardinalis,  (cardinal  flower.  O.  r.  w.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate:  racemes  somewhat  1-sided,  many-flowered:  stamens 


Lisianthus.     Gr.  lis,  smooth,  and  anthos,  flower:  or  from  Gr.  Itisis,  dissolution,  from 

its  dissolving  powers.  • 
Listera.     In  honor  of  .Martin  Lister,  an  English  physician  and  physiologist. 
Lithospermum.     Gr.  lithos,  stone,  and  sperma,  seed;  the  seeds  being  very  hard,  and 

siiining  like  little  pebbles. 
Lobelia.     In  honor  of  M.  de  Lobel,  a  distinguished  German  botanist. 

(1)  Epipactis,  Sz.       (2)  Opiirys,  Mx.       (3)  Epipnctis,  Ph.       (4)  Pulmonaria,  L. 
parviflora.  Ph.  (5)  Pulmonaria,  Rg.     sibirica.  Ph.  (G)   L.  decumbene,  Y. 

(7)  paludosa,  N. 


304  LOBELIA,    LONICERA. 

longer  than  the  corols.      Var.  alia,   flowers  white.     Goderich.     U.  C.      Darap. 

1—2  f.    ;sr.    Mch. 
siphiUtica,  (W.  b.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  simple,  hirsute,  with  short  hairs:  leaves  lance-ovate, 

sub-serrate:  raceme  leafy:   calyx  liirsute,  with  reflexed  sinuses.    18 — 241.     S.     T. 

Y.  W.  V.  P.  C.  D.  F.  O.  N.     Mch. 
infa'ta,*  (wild  tobacco.  O.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  erect,  branching,  very  hirsute:  leaves  ovate, 

serrate:  racemes  leafy:  capsules  intlated.     12 — 18  1.     S.     Mch. 
kalmii,  (O.  b.  Ju.  0.)  slender,  erect,    sub-simple:   radical  leaves  spatulate;  cauline 

ones  linear,    delicately  toothed:    flowers  racemed,    alternate,    remote,   pedicelled. 

Var.  gracilis,  has   a   minutely  scabrous  stem:   peduncles  shorter  than  the  flowers: 

segments  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  capsule.     6 — 24  i.     S.     Mch. 
claytuniana,  Mx.  (1)  (O.  b.  Ju.  ZT-)  erect,   sinjple  sub-pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  ob- 

tusish;    radical  ones  entire;  cauline  ones  denticulate  above:    raceme  wand-like; 

bracts  subulate.     18—24  i.     S.     Mch. 
jfuberula,  Mx.  (W.  b.  Ju.  7S-)  erect,   very  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  oblong-oval,  re- 

pand-serrulate:  flowers  spiked,   alternate,  sub-sessile:  germs  hispid:  calyx  ciliate. 

2  f.     &'.     P.     Charleston,  S,  C. 

Southern. 

aphylla,  N.  (If.)  very  small:  stem  fihform,  sub-simple,  scaly:  peduncles  remote, 
elongated.     4 — 6  i.     Florida. 

amoc'na,  Mx.  (b.  Ju.  2/. )  erect,  very  glabrous,  (pubescent,  E.):  leaves  broad-lanceo- 
late, serrate:  spike  many-flowered,  one-sided:  divisions  of  the  calyx  entire:  inferior 
divisions  of  the  corol  oval,  acute.     2 — 3  f.     S — C. 

glandulosa,  Wr.  (b.  S.  2_[.)  stem  erect:  leaves  lance-linear,  somewhat  fleshy,  denti- 
culate:  flowers  in  racemes.     1 — 2  f. 

fulgens,  Donn.  (VV.  r.  Ju,  2Lf.)  erect,  simple,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  very  long-lanceo- 
late, attenuated,  sub-entire:  raceme  many-|lowered:  stamens  and  pistils  as  long 
as  the  coiol.     2 — 4  f. 

viickauxii,  N.  (2)  (p.  Ju.  0.)  glabrous,  branching  above:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  cre- 
nate-dentate;  lowest  ones  roundish:  racemes  lax:  peduncles  elongated. 

5 — 3.     LoEFLiNGiA.     30.     Ille.  ast — . 
Sojdhern. 
squarrosa,  N.    (0.)    glandular-pubescent,  much  branched:  leaves  subulate-setaceous 
and  squarrose:  stamens  3 — 5:  stigmas  sessile:  capsule  triangular,  at  length  exsert- 
ed.     California. 

3 — 2.     Lo'lium.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

perenne,  (darnel.  M.  ![.)  florets  much  longer  than  the  glume,  unarmed,  Hnear-oblong, 
compressed.     Introduced     18  i.     B.  P.  C.   M.  N. 

temulentum,  (Ju.  i?f.)  florets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  as  long  as  the  bristle  at  their  ex- 
tremity: culm  scabrous  above.     2  f.     P.     Mch. 

5 — 1.     Loni'ce'ra.  (3)     58.     Capr.  r.  cat — .  h.  lax — . 

hirsuta,  Ea.  (rough  woodbine,  y.  J.  ^.)  corol  ringent,  hairy:  filaments  bearded: 
leaves  hirsute,  abruptly  acuminate;  lower  ones  obovate;  upper  ones  connate, 
(ovate,  oval  and  obovate.)  Flowers  in  whorled  spikes,  large:  leaves  ciliate,  all 
very  hairy.  Stem  twining  around  trees  to  the  heigiit  of  20  to  30  feet.  This 
species  is  remarkably  different  from  all  other  species  of  the  genus;  being  very 
rough  and  hair}'.  Found  first  two  miles  west  of  Williams  College,  Mass.  where  I 
saw  hundreds  in  flower,  climbing  the  trees  and  shrubs  of  an  elevated  ridge  or  hill, 

Loeflingia.     In  honor  of  P.  Loefling,  a  Swedish  botanist. 

Lolium.     Lat.  loUum.     Loloa  is  the  Celtic  name  of  this  grass. 

Lonicera.     To  commemorate  Adam  Lonicer,    a  physician  of  Frankfort,   in  the  six- 
teenth century. 
*  This  species  was  formerly  considered  annual,   but  the  error  has  been  shown  by 

Dr.  Coffin,  of  Troy. 

(1)  spicata,  Lk.     goodenioides,  W.     pallida,  M.  (2)  cliffbrtiana,  Mx.  not  L. 

(3)  Caprifolium,  J. 


LOfflCEllA,    LUDWIGIA.  806 

jri  (he  siimnier  of  1817.    It  has  since  been  found  in  Middlebury,  Vt.,  Worceslerj 

Mass.,  Troy  and  Fairfield,  N.  Y.*     See  Boston  Flofa,  p.  88.  2d  ed.     D.  V.     Mch. 
jSaoa,  Sims.  (1)  (W.  y.  J.   fp.)  spikes   with    whorled  iieads:  corol  sub-ringent-like, 

ti^ith  divisions  oblong,  obtuse:   leaves   ovate,  glaucous   beneath,   with  cartilaginous 

margins;  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate.     S.     Catskiil  Mt. 
parviflora,  Lk.  (2)  (W.  r-j.  J.   fp.)  spikes  with  whorled  heads:  corol  ringent,  gibbous 

at  the  base:   filaments  bearded:  leaves  deciduous,  glaucous  beneath,  connate;  floral 

Ones  perfoliate.     «S.     T.  N.     Mch. 
grata,  A.  (r.  y.  J.  h.)  spike  with  whorls  very  near  each  other:  corol  ringent-like, 

tvith  a  long  tube:  leaves  perennial,  obovate,  sub-mucronate,  net-veined  and  pale/ 

beneath;  uppet  ones  connate-perfoliate.     S.     Y.  C. 
sempervirens,  A.  (r.  y.  M.  >?.)  spikes  with  distant,  nakedish  whorls:  corols  sub-equal: 

tube  ventricose  above:   leaves  ovate  and  obovate,   glaucous  beneath;  upper  ones 

connate-perfoliate.     Leaves  perennial.     S.     Y.  P.  C.  D.     Florida. 
doughisiii  (W;  >;.)  branches  twining:  leaves  oval,  acute  at  both  ends,  petioled^  gla- 
brous,  ciliate,  downy  outside,   upper  ones  connate:   flowers  head-spiked:  stigma 

eisert. 

Exotic, 
caprifolium,  {honeysuckle,  h.)  corols  ringent-like,  terminal:   sessile  leaves  connate-" 

perfoliate  at  the  top. 
peridymenum,  (woodbine.  J.  >).)  flowers  in  ovate,  imbricate,  terminal  heads:  leaves 

all  distinct.     Var.  quercifoliai  leaves  sinuate. 

Southerm 
eiliosum,  Ph.   (W.  y.  J.  >i.)  spikes  with  whorled,   approximate  heads,  sub-sessile: 
corol  sub-equal;    tube  hirsute,  ventricose  in  the  middle:  leaves  somewhat  clasping, 
sessile  and  petioled,  ovate,  glaucous  beneath;  margin  distinctly  ciliate;  upper  onesr 
connate-perfoliate. 

Lonicera,  Diervilla,  Xylosteum. 

Lopanthus,  Hyssop Ds. 

Lophiolia,  CoNOSTYLis.f 

Lotus,  Trigonella. 

4 — 1.     Lddwig'ia.     88.     Onag.  ton. 

allemifolia,  (3)  (seed  box.  O.  y.  Ju.  H.)  erect,  branching,  sub-glabrous:  leaves  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  hoary  beneath:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered:  capsules  4-sided; 
divisions  of  the  calyx  large,  colored,  persistent.     1 — 3  f     S.     Mch. 

pilosa,yVr.  (4)  (y.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  branching,  hirsute:  leaves  alternate,  oblong,  sessile* 
hirsute  both  sides:  peduncles  1-flowered,  axillary:  capsules  globose,  quadrangular^ 
winged,  2-bracted  at  the  base.     2  f     S.     Y.  M.  S— C. 

Uniflora,  R.  (  )  stem  straight,  simple:  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous: 
flower  terminal;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx.     Probably  alternifolia.     Toriey. 

Southern. 

moUiSf  Mx.  (Au.  21.)  villous:  stem  erect,  much  branched:  leaves  lanceolate:  flowers 

generally  clustered:  capsule  globose,  2-leaved. 
capitataj  Mx.  (5)  (y.  Au.  7i.)  stem  erect,   virgate:   leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous! 

flowers  generally  in  terminal  heads:  bracts  longer  than  the  calyx. 
pedunculosa,  Mx.  (y.  J.  2i-)  stem  procumbent,  radicant:  leaves  opposite,  lanceolateS 

peduncles  l-9owered,  longer  than  the  leaves.     3 — 6  i.     S — C. 

Ludwigia.     In  honor  of  Ludwig,  Prof  of  Medicine  at  Leipsic,  1733. 

(1)   fraseri.    Ph.  (2)  dioica  &   media,    L.      Caprifolium  bracteosum,   Mx. 

(3)  macrocarpa,  Mx.     ramosissima,  Wr.     RJiexia  linarifolia,  Poir.  (4)  hirsuta, 

Ph.  (5)  suff'ruticosa,  Wr. 

*I  published  this  species  in  the  Manual  in  the  year  1818,  and  repeated  it  in  the 
succeeding  editions.  Afterwards  Goldie  came  to  this  state,  and  also  travelled  in 
Canada,  where  he  found  it.  and  examined  it  with  my  Manual.  In  1822  lie  published  it 
as  a  new  discovery,  under  the  name  Capriiblium  pubesceiis,  in  the  Edinburgh  Phil. 
Journal. 

39 


306  LUDWIGIA,    LUPINUS. 

linearis,  Wt.  (1)  {y.  t.  21-)  stem  erect,  branching,  angled  near  the  summit:  leaves 

alternate,  linear,  glabrous,  sub-serrulate:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.     2  f. 

S— C. 
polycarpa,  {         Oc.)  erect,   much  branched:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 

end,    alternate,    glabrous:    flowers  apetalous?   closely  sessile,  axillary  and   congie- 

galed:   capsules  spherical,  two-leaved.     1  to  3  f.     Discovered  by  H.  A.  Griswold, 

in  wet  lands  around  Louisville,  Ky. 
decuneus,  Wr.  (2)  (W.  y.  Au.  0.)  erect,  very  branching,  glabrous:  leaves  alternate, 

lance-oval,  decurrent:  flowers  octandrous.     2  f.     Cliarleston,  S — C.     K. 
natans,  E.   (y.  Ju.)  swinuning  and  creeping:  leaves  opposite,  lance-spatuiate:  flowers 

axillary,  sessile,  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Charleston,  S — C. 

Ludtclgia,  Isnakuia. 

14 — 1.     Luna  lUA.     03.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 

Exotic. 

annua,  (honesty,  satin  pod.  p.  S •)  leaves  obtusely   toothed:    silicles  oval,  obtuse  at 

both  ends.     "Naturalized. 
■redivioa,  (honesty,  b-p.  ZC-)  leaves  with  niucronate  teeth:  silicles  tapering  to  both 
ends.     Flowers  odorous. 

16 — 10.     Lupinas'tku.     93.     Legu.  s.  ano. 

Southern. 

7nacrocephalus,  Ph.   (3)  (W.  y.  &.  p.  M.  2i-)  leafets  nine,  oblanceolate;  petioles  very 

long:  stipules  wedge-lbrm,  gash  3-toothed:  teeth  of  the  calyx  filiform,  plumose. 

16 — 10.     Lupi'nus.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g-f.  asc. 

perennis.  (wild  lupine.  O.  b.  r-y.  M.  7J..)  stem  and  leaves  smoothish:  leaves  digitate, 

with   about  8  to  10  leafets,   which   are  oblanceolate,    obtusish:    flowers  alternate; 

calyx  not  appendaged:  banner  emarginate;  keel  entire.     12 — 18  i.     -S.     Mch. 
noutkutcnsis,   Donn.   (W.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  and  leaves  hirsute:   leaves  digitate;   leafets 

(7 — 8)  lanceolate,   obtuse:   calyxes  whorled,   not  appendaged:  banner  emarginate; 

keel  entire. 
decumbens,  T.  &  J.  (W.  p.)  suflruticose,  sub-decumbent:  flowers  pedicelled,  somewhat 

whorled,  bracted:  calyx  silky-hirsute:  banner  and  keel  entire:  leafets  lance-oblong, 

acute  and  obtuse,  silky  beneath. 
Icpidiis,  Lind.  (         Zf.)  lierbaceous:  flowers  alternate:  pedicels  without  bracts:  vipper' 

lip  of  the  villose  calyx,  2-parted,  lower  one  acuminate,  long:  leafets  5  to  7-lanceo- 

late,  both  sides  silky:  flower-stem  erect  somewhat  l-flowcred.  '  R. 
miniimis,  Doug.   (  21.)  herbaceous:   dense-silky-pilose,  small:  stem  1 — 2-leaved; 

leafets  7 — 9,   lanceolate  acute,   attenuate  below:  flowers  alternate  and  verticillate; 

pedicels  without  bracts:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  bifid  at  the  apex;  lowier  lip  entire: 

root  small  sub- fusiform.     6 — 8  i.     R. 
polyphyllus,    Lind.  (w.  b.   If.)  herbaceous,    tall:  leafets    11 — 15,  lanceolate,  hirsute 

beneath:   flowers  alternate  in  a  very  long  raceme,  rarely  sub-verticillate,  bractless: 

pedicels  longer  tiian  the  deciduous,  lanceolate  bracts:  both  lips  of  the  calyx  entire: 

leo^umes  yery  densely  pilose.     3 — 4  f.     R. 
sericcus,   Ph.  (W.   r.  p.  Ju.   IJ.)  stem  and  leaves  silky-tomentose:  leaves  digitate: 

leafets  (7 — 8)  lanceolate,  acute,  silky  both  sides:  calyxes  somewhat  whorled,  not 

appendaged:  banner  gashed;   keel  entire. 
ornalus,  Doug.  (         21.)  flowers  verticillate  with  a  small  appendage:  upper  lip  of 

the  calyx  bifid;  lower  lip  entire,  long;  leafets  7 — 12,  lance-linear,  both  sides  silvery 

tomentose:   legunies  4 — 5-seeded.     R. 
arhustus,  Doug.  (         Z{.)   flowers   alternate,    pedicelled,   bracted:  upper  lip   of  the 

calyx  bifid;  lower  lip  entiie,  acute:  leafets  7 — 13,  obovate-oblong,  silky  both  sides: 

legumes  3— 5-sceded.     A.  R. 

Lunaria.     Lat.  luna,  moon,  in  allusion  to  the  broad,  round,  silvery  silicles. 

Lupinaster.     That  is  to  say,  Lvpinc-liLc. 

Lupinus.     Lat.  lupns,  a  wolf:  because  this  plant  ravages  the  soil  by  overrunning  it 

after  the  manner  of  this  animal. 

(1)  angustifolia,  Mx.  (2)  Jussiaea,  Dc.         (3)  Trifolium  megacephalum,  Hk. 


LUPINUS.  307 

laxiflorus,  Lind.  (  ![.)  herbaceous;  on  all  sides  pilose:  flowers  sub-alternate, 
bractless:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  entire,  saccate  at  tlie  base;  lower  lip  longer,  ovate- 
acuminate:  keel  beardless;  banner  ob-cordate:  leafets  7 — 9-lance-linear:  stipules 
very  small  subulate.  A  variety  has  the  leafets  linear,  and  calyx  less  saccate  at  the 
base.     R. 

littoiulis,  Doug.  (  2I-)  flowers  verticillate,  pedicelled,  bractless:  both  lips  of  the 
calyc  entire:  leafets  5 — 7,  linear-spatulale  silky  both  sides:  legumes  10 — 12-seed- 
ed,  transversely  sulcate:  roots  granulated.     R. 

albkauUs,  Doug.  (  ?{•)  tall:  leaves  numerous;  leaves  and  stem  minutely  silky- 
pubescent,  pubescence  becoming  somewhat  tawney;  leafets  7 — 9,  lance-spatulate, 
mucronate:  tlewers  mostly  verticillate,  bractless:  bracts  when  present  subulate, 
sub-persistent,  equalling  the  silky  pedicels:  calyx  fulvous -silky,  both  lips  entire. 
R. 

aridus,  Doug.  (p.  It.)  heibaceous,  silky-hirsute:  flowers  verticillate,  pedicelled, 
bracted:  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  bifid,  lower  one  entire:  leafets  5-^9-lance-linear, 
villose:  stipules  subulate.     R. 

leucophijUus,  Lind.  (  TJ..)  herbaceous,  very  villose:  flowers  alternate,  pedicelled, 
bracted:  upper  lip  of  calyx  bifid;  lower  lip  entire:  leaves  digitate;  leafets  7 — 9, 
lance-oblong:  stipules  subulate,  woolly.     R. 

pliimosus,  Doug.  (  2i')  silky-villose:  flowers  alternate,  shortly  pedicelled,  bracted: 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  bifid;  lower  one  entire:  leafets  5 — 7,  lanceolate:  legume  gla- 
brous, 3 — 5-seeded:  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers,  villose,  deciduous.  North 
Carohna.     R. 

sabinii,  Doug.  (y.  2i.  ^?)  erect,  high:  stem  a  little  glabrous,  striate:  leaves  with 
the  hairs  short,  fulvous,  silky:  leafets  9 — 11,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  attenuated  to 
the  base:  flowers  whorled,  bractless:  bracts  if  present,  long,  subulate,  silky,  decidu- 
ous: calyx  very  pilose,  base  gibbous;  upper  lip  short-bifid;  lower  lip  entire,  reflexed; 
pedicels  long:  legumes  silky-villose,  fulvous,  somewhat  4-seeded,  terminated  with 
the  persistent  style.     R. 

sulplnireiis,  Doug.  (  y.  2X.)  erect:  stem  angular-sulcate,  with  scattered,  silky  leaves: 
leafets  12 — 14,  narrow,  lanceolate,  base  and  apex  acuminate:  bracts  subulate,  decidu- 
ous: flowers  verticillate,  bractless:  calyx  very  silky,  sub-gibbose  at  the  base;  upper 
lip  sub-bifid,  lower  one  longer,  entire.     A.   R; 

bicolor,  Lind.  (w.  p.  b.  0.)  stem  branching,  procumbent,  leafy:  stem  and  leaves  pilose, 
scarcely  silky:  leafets  5 — 7,  linear-spatulate:  whorls  few-flowered:  calyx  silk- 
woolly,  without  appendage;  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  lip  long,  entire:  wings  longer 
than  the  banner:  legumes  many-seeded.     R. 

micrantlnis,  Doug.  (p.  C--)  flowers  sub-verticillate,  sessile,  bracted:  upper  lip  of  the 
calyx  bifid,  lower  one  entire:  leafets  .5 — 7,  linear-spatulate,  ciliate:  legumes  6-seed- 
ed,  transversely  sulcate:  stem  ramose:  root  granulated.     R. 

pusillvs,  Ph.  (W.  b.  J.  0.  or  $ .)  small  and  very  hirsute:  leaves  digitate;  leafets 
(5 — 7)  wedge  oblong,  glabrous  above;  calyxes  alternate,  not  appendaged:  banner 
2-paited;  keel  entire:  legume  about  2-seeded.     4 — 6  i. 

Exotic. 

alhis,  (white  lupine,  w.  An.  C?-)  calyxes  not  appendaged,   alternate:  banner  entire; 

keel  3-tootlied. 
hirsittus,  (garden  lupine,   b.    0.)   calyxes   appendaged,   alternate:  banner  2-parted; 

keel  3-toothed. 
pilosus,  (rose  lupine,  r.  w.  0.)  calyxes  appendaged,  whorled:  banner  2-parted;  keel 

entire. 
lutevs,  (yellow  lupine,  y.  0.)  calyxes  appendaged,    whorled:  banner   2-parted;    keel 

3-toothed. 

^mttlicrn. 

villosus,  (hairy  lupine,   w.  r.   p.    J.  It.)  very  villose:  leaves  simple,  oblong:  calyxes 

not  apfiendaged,  aUernate  in  a  long  spike:  banner  2-clefi;  keel  entire,  long.    Florida. 
diffiisus,  N.    (Ap.   li-)    villose,    silky:  stems    numerous,    diffuse,    decumbent:  leaves 

simple,  oblong,  obovate:   petioles  and  stipules  short,  naked.     S — C. 
argentcus,  Ph.  (VV.  y-w.  Ju.  2S-)  leaves  digitat-^;  leafets  (.5 — 7)  lance-linear,  acute, 

glabrous  above,  silvery  silkey  beneath:  calyxes  alternate,  not  appendaged:   banner 

obtuse;  keel  entire. 


308  LUZULA,    LyCQPODIUM. 

6 — 1.     LczuLA.  (1)    13.     June,  ton— r. 

pUosa,  (O.  M.  21-)  leaves  hairy:  panicle  sub-cymose:  peduncles  1-flowered,  reflexed: 

glume-like  sepals  acuminate,  rather  shorter  than  the  obtuse  capsule.     6  i.     iVIch. 
campestns,  (O.  M.  If.)  leaves  hairy:  spikes  sessile  and  peduncled:  glume-like  sepals 

acuminate,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule.     If.     <S'.     Mch. 
melanocarpa,  Mx.    (W.    Ju.)   culm   leafy:    leaves   sub-lanceolate,    smooth;  paqicles 

capillary,  loose;  flowers  distinctly  pedicelled:  capsules  black.     White  Mts. 
spicata,  W.    (Au.)   leaves  narrow,    hairy  at  the  throat:  spike  nodding,    compound: 

glume-like  sepals  acuminate-awned,  about  as  long  as  the  roundish  capsule.     8  i, 

White  Mts. 

10 — 5.     Lych'nis.     82.     Lych.  dem.  cata. 

apetala,  (A.  It.)  calyx  inflated:  corol  shorter  than  the  calyx:  stem  about  1-flowered. 

R.     Canada. 
nlpina,  W.  (r.  Zf.)  glabrous:  flowers  in  dense  umbelled  heads:  petals  2-cleft:  styles 

4.  Lajjradof.     Canada. 

Pxotic. 

ahalcedonica,  (scarlet  liphnis.  r.  J.  21-)  flowers  fascicled,  level-top,  or  convex. 
viscaria,  (clammy  lichnie.  21.)  stem  geniculate,    viscous:  petals  entire:  capsule  5- 

celled. 
fios'cuculi^  (ragged  robin.  Zf.)  petal?  torn:  capsule  1-celled,  roundish. 

4—1.     Ly'ciuji.     38.     Sola.  dis.  exp. 
Exotic. 
bar'barum.  (matrimony  vine.  r.  y»  J.  \ .)  stem  angled:  branches  erect:  leaves  lancer 
plate,  tapering  to  both  ends:  calyx  mostly  3-cleft. 

Southern. 

parolinianum,  Wr.  (L.  p.  Ju.  Tp.)  unarmed:  leaves  clustered,  narrow  wedge-form, 
Peshy:  tlowers  4-cleft,  tetrandrous.     3 — 5  f. 

21 — 1.     Lycopo'dium.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 
1.     Spikes  peduncled. 

davatum,  (club-moss.  O.  g.  Ju.)  stem  creeping:  branches  ascending:  leaves  scatter- 
ed, incurve-bristle-bearing,  serrate:  spikes  in  pairs  or  single,  peduncled,  cylindric: 
scales  ovate,  acuminate,  erose-dentate.     Woods.     Mch, 

complanatum,  (ground-pine.  yV.  g-y.  Ju.  2f.)  creeping,  erectish:  branches  alternate, 
dichotomoas:  leaves  bifareous.  connate,  spreading  at  the  lips:  spikes  in  pairs,  pe- 
duncled.    Woods.     K     B.  C.  O.  T.     Mph. 

caroliniannm,  W.  (W.  Ju.  210  stem  creeping:  leaves  somewhat  2-ranked,  spreading, 
lanceolate:  pedunples  erect,   solitary,    elongated,  1-spiked:  bracts  sub-lanceolate. 

5.  P.  Y.  B.  C. 

fabinaefolium,  W.  (2)  (W.  Ju.  2X.)  stem  erect:  branches  alternate,  dichotomous: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  pointing  4-ways,  appressed,  convex:  peduncles  solitary, 
1-spiked;  spikes  terete:  scales  sub-cordate,  acuminate. 

2.     Spikes  sessile:  leaves  surrounding  the  stem. 

dendroideum,  Mx.  (tree-weed.  W.  g.  Ju.  2S.)  erect:  branches  erect:  leaves  in  six 
equal  rows:  spikes  solitary,  numerous.     Woods.     S.     B.  C.     K.     Mch. 

Luzula.     These  plants  were  called  by  the  old  botanists  Oramen  Luzvle. 

Lychnis.     Gr.  luchnos,   a  lamp  or  lanthorn;  either  so  called  because  its  leaves  were 

used  as  wicks,  or  from  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx  to  a  lanthorn. 
Lycium.     Gr.  Lvkion.     So  called,  it  is  supposed,  from  Lycia,  its  native  country. 
Lycopodium.     Gr.  lukos,  wolf,  and  poiis,  (podos)  the  foot;  from  the  incurved  epda 

of  the  brq.nches:  or  because  the  root  was  compared  to  a  wolf's  foot. 

(1)  Juncus,  L.  &.  Mx.        (2)  alpinum,  Mx. 


LYCOPODIUM,    LYC0PU6,  809 

(Ju.  Zf.)  erect:  branches  spreading:  leaves  in  six  unequal  rows:  spikes 
one  or  few,  solitary.     B.  C. 

annotinum,  W,  (running  ground-pine.  W.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  creeping:  branches  twice  2- 
parted,  ascending:  leaves  pointing  five  ways,  lance-linear,  mucronate,  spreading 
and  serrulate  near  the  lips:  spike  solitary,  terminal.     P.     Canada.     Mch. 

inundatnm,  W.  (Ju.  Zf.)  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose:  branches  simple,  solitary,  erect, 
1 -spiked  at  the  lop:  spike  leafy:  leaves  linear,  scattered,  acute,  entire,  curved, 
above.     Y.   C. 

alopecuroides,  W.  (Ju.  If.)  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose:  branches  simple,  long,  as- 
cending, 1 -spiked  at  the  top:  leaves  linear-subulate,  ciiiate-toothed  at  the  base, 
spreading:  spike  leafy.     S.     Y.  P. 

jsalaginoides,  VV.  (Ju.  If.)  stem  creeping:  branches  simple,  ascending:  leaves  scat- 
tered, lanceolate,    spreading,  ciiiate-toothed:  spikes  solitary,  terminal,  leafy.     S. 

,nipestre,  (festoon  pine.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  creeping,  branching:  branches  sub-divided,  as- 
cending: leaves  scattered,  lance-linear,  ciliate,  with  hairs  at  the  apex:  spikes  soli- 
tary, terminal.     Rocks  and  gravelly  banks.     T.  Y.  N.  P.  B.     Mch. 

3.     Spikes  sessile;  leaves  2-ranked. 

albidulum,  W.  (Au.  Z{. )  leaves  ovate,  acute,  denticulate,  alternate,  close-pressed: 
spikes  terminal,  long,  4-sided.     S.     P. 

apodum,  W.  (Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  round-ovate,  acute,  flat,  denticulate  with  superficial  al- 
ternating points:  stem  branching,  rooting  near  the  base:  spikes  terminal,  sub-soli- 
tary.    P.  Y. 

4.     Capsules  axillary. 

.lucid'ulum,  Mx.  (1)  (moon-fruit  pine.  M.  y.  21-)  stems  assurgent,  with  a  few  longish 
branches:  leaves  spreading  shining,  lance-linear,  serrate,  about  in  8  rows.  C.  B. 
T.  W.   N.  V.     Mch. 

/celago,  (A.)  leaves  scattered,  entire,  lanceolate,  awnless,  in  8  equal  rows:  stems 
dichotoraous,  erect,  fastigiate.     White  Mts. 

Southei-n, 
fristachymum,  Ph.  (A.  Ju.  2X.)  stems  erect:  branches  alternate,  dichotomous,  sub-com- 
pressed: leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  appressed,  pointing  4  ways:  peduncles  solitary, 
elongated,  3-spiked:  spikes  terete:  scales  loundish,  acuminate. 

5 — 1.     Lycop'sis.     43.     Bora.  ton.  honey-pti. 

firvensis,  (wild  buglos.  W.  b.  Ju.  ^.)  'ihispid:  leaves  lanceolate,  repand-toothed: 
racemes  in  pairs:   flowers  sessile.     Probably  introduced.     iS.     B.    C.  N. 

virginica,  (w.  J.  0.)  small,  hispid:  lower  leaves  spatulate;  upper  ones  linear-oblong, 
entire:  racemes  solitary:  flowers  peduncled.     S.     B. 

2 — 1.     Lyco'pus.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  ton. 

europctus,  (2)  (water  hoar-hound.  W.  w.  Ju.  Zt-)  lower  leaves  gashed;  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  serrate:  calyx  acqminate-spined.  Flowers  small,  whorled.  Damp. 
1—3  f     &'.     T.  Y.  P.  C.  V.  B.  N.  F.  O.     Mch. 

virginicvs,  (bugle-weed.  W.  w.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  at  the  base 
narrowed  and  entire:  calyx  very  short,  spineless.  Var.  querdfolius,  leaves  sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid.     Damp.     2  f     &     C.  B.  T.  D.  F.  O.  N.     Mch. 

Tunijlorus,  Mx.  (3)  (w.  J.  21.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-serrate,  glabrous:  suckers  pro- 
cumbent.    A  low  plant,  with  flowers  mostly  solitary.     Canada. 

obtusif alius,  Ya.hl.  (Zf-)  leafets  lanceolate,  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate.  Hudson's 
Bay. 

Lycopsis.  Gr.  Ivkopsis,  from  Ivkos,  wolf,  and  ops,  the  eye;  the  small  blue  flowers 
having  been  compared  to  a  wolf's  eye. 

Lycopus.     Gr.  lukos,    wolf,  and  pous,  foot;  so  named  on  account  of  a  fancied  re- 
semblance between  the  cut  leaves  and  a  wolf's  foot. 
(1)  reflexnm,  Sh.         (2)  angustifolius  and  sinuatus,  E.     exaltatus,  Ph.     vulgaris, 

P.     americanus,  M.        (3)  pumilus,  Vahl. 


310  LYGODESMIA,    LYSIMACHIA, 

17 — 1.     Lygodes'mia.     53.     Cich.  sal.  asc.  ase. 

juncea,  Don.  (1)  (  H.)   stem  very  branching,   striate:  leaves  linear-subulate: 

hairs  of  the  pappus  very  numerous,  scabrous.     K. 
minor,  H.  (         Z(-)  stem  very  branching,  obscurely  striate:  leaves  linear-subulate, 

short:  hairs  of  the  pappus  about  IG,  plumose.     lU — 24  i.     R. 

Lygodcsmia,   Prenakthes, 
21 — 1.    Lygo'dium.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

palmatnm,  Sz.  (2)  (climbing  fern.  g-y.  Au.  2i.)  stem  climbing,  leaves  palmate,  5- 
lobed;  divisions  lanceolate,  obtuse:  spikelets  terminal,  compound  panicled.  3 — 4f. 
S.     Granby,  Amherst.  Mass.     Near  Camden,  N.  J.     McNab. 

Lyonia,  Andromeda,  Cynanchum. 
5 — 1.     Lysima'chia.     35.     Prim.  sed.  sop. 

stricta,  A.  (3)  (loosestrife.  O.  y.  Ju.  2f.)  raceme  terminal,  very  long,  lax:  leaves 
opposite,  or  in  threes,  lanceolate,  sessile:  petals  lanceolate,  spreading.  1 — 2  f.  S. 
Mch. 

thyrsiflora,  (4)  (O.  y.  J.  If-)  stem  simple,  smooth:  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  oppo- 
site, acute,  paler  beneath:  racemes  lateral,  long-peduncled.  Flowers  small — ap- 
pearance unlike  tlie  rest  of  the  genus.      12 — IS  i.     Mcli. 

quudnfolla,  (5)  (O.  y.  J.  2i-)  pubescent:  leaves  sub-sessile,  oval,  acuminate,  punc- 
tate, whorled,  or  in  nearly  opposite  pairs,  with  axillary,  1-flovvered  peduncles: 
divisions  of  the  corol  oval,  entire.  Leaves  vary  from  opposite,  to  seven  in  a  whorl. 
12— 18i.     -S'.     Mch. 

ciliaia,  (moneywort.  O.  y.  J.  2X0  sub-pubescent:  leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  sub- 
cordate-ovaf;  petioles  ciliate:  pedicels  somewhat  in  pairs:  flowers  nodding.  2 — 4  f. 
S.     Mch. 

hyhridn,  Mx.  (6)  (W.  y.  J.  H,)  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  both  ends;  petioles  ciliate:  flowers  nodding:  corol  shorter  than  the  calyx; 
divisions  crenulate.     P.  Y.  B.     Niagara  Falls.     Mch. 

revobUa,  N.  (VV.  y.  J.  Z[.)  smooth:  stem  4-sided,  simple:  leaves  linear, sessile,  taper- 
ing to  both  ends;  margin  revolute;  peduncles  solitary:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  veiy  acute:  segments  of  the  corol  round-oval^'ebruptly  acuminate. 
6— 18i.     D.  K.     Mch. 

quadrifinn,  Sims.  (7)  (W.  21-)  branching:  stem  smooth:  leaves  sessile,  opposite, 
very  long  linear:  peduncles  in  fours,  sub-terminal,  1-flowered.     2 — 3  f.     S. 

Southern. 

herhemon'ti,  E.  (2i.)  flowers  in  terminal  racemes;  lower  ones  whorled;  upper  ones 
scattered:  leaves  in  fours,  lance-ovate,  sessile,  3-nerved.     2  f.     S — C. 

lanceolnla,  Ph.  (2Z-)  very  glabrous,  erect,  simple:  leaves  in  fours,  sub-petioled,  lance- 
olate, prominently  acuminate:  peduncles  in  fours,  many-flowered:  upper  flowers 
racemed:   divisions  of  the  corol  ovate,  acute. 

hdcrophylic,  Mx.  (AV.  .Tu.  2/.)  stem  erect,  glabrous,  branching:  lower  leaves  roundish; 
upper  ones  linear,  sessile:  flowers  axillary,  nodding:  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves.     12 — 18  i. 

angustifoUn,  Mx.  (y.  21.)  very  glabrous  branching:  leaves  opposite  and  whorled, 
long-linear,  punctate:   racemes  terminal,  short:  divisions  of  the  corol  oblong. 

Lygodesmia.     Gr.  lugodes,  pliant,  mia,  one,  or  meivo,  to  diminish.     Sed  quere. 

Lygodiuin.  Gr.  lugudes,  pliant,  flexible,  slender;  from  the  habit  of  this  elegant  ge- 
nus of  climbing  ferns. 

Lysimachia.     Named  either  after  Lysimachus,  a  general  of  Alexander,  or  a  king  of 
Sicily;  or  from  Gr.  lusis  maclies,  answering  loose  strife. 
(1)  Prenanthes  juncea.  Ph.         (2)  Hydroglossum,  W.     Ophioglossum,  L.     Ctei- 

sium  paniculatum,  Mx.  (3)  bulb^fera,  C.     racemosa,  Lk.  (4)  capitata,  Ph. 

(5)  heterophylla,  N.    angustifolia,  W.     (6)  hirsuta,  Mx.    punctata,  Wr.     (7)  longi- 

folia,  Ph. 


LYTHRUM,    MADIA.  311 

II — 1.     Ly'thrum.     91.     Sali.  ast-f.  dia. 

salicaria,  Var.  puhesccns,  Pli.  (milk  willow-herb  p.  Jn.  7i.)  pubescent:  leaves  opposite 

and  in  threes,  sessilo,  lanceolate,    cordate  at  the  base:   flowers  terminal,  whorled- 

spiked:  capsules  oblono-;  stamens  \'i.     2  f.     Canada.     Mch. 
verlicdtalum,  (1)  (swamp  willow-herb,  grass  poley.   W.  p.  Au.  7i-)  pubescent:  leaves 

opposite,  or  in  threes,  lanceolate,  petioled;  dowers  axillary,  somewhat  in  whorls: 

fruit  tjlobose;  stamens  10.     Wet.     2  f.     &'.     T.  i\.     Mch. 
hyssopifoimni,  N.  (dwarf  grass  poley.  W.  w.  p.  21.)  leaves  alternate  and  opposite, 

lance-linear  and  sub-oval:  flowers   solitary,   axillary.     Hexaudrous.     6 — 10  i.     C 

St.  Clair,  Detroit. 

Southern. 

virgatum,  W.  (2)  (VV.  p.  Ju.  U.)  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  glabrous:  stem 
paniclcd:   flowers  axillary,  in  three.s.  pedicelled:   stamens  12.     S — C. 

alaluvi,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  very  glabrous:  stem  winged:  leaves  opposite  and  alter- 
nate, closely  sessile,  sub-cordate,  ovate-oblong:  flowers  liexandrous,  axillary,  soli- 
tary, sessile.     2 — 3  f.     Marshes. 

lineaie,  W.  (w.  Ju.  2X.)  glabrous,  virgate-panicled:  leaves  linear,  somewhat  opposite: 
flowers  axillary,  solitary,  hexaudrous.     3 — 4  f. 

M. 

13—1.     Macbri'dea.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  ton. 

Southern. 

pulchra,  E.  (p.  tk  w.  Au.  2X.)  stem  erect,  simple:  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  acute, 

serrulate,  punctate,  ciliate,  glabrous  beneath,  somewhat  hairy  above;  upper  ones 

sessile;  lower  ones  attenuated  at  the  base  as  if  petioled.     12 — 18  i.     S — C. 

20 — 4.     Maclu'ra.     9S.     Atro.  nar.  ton.  ano. 

Southern. 

auranliacea.  N.  (W.  f^ .)  leaves  petioled,  oval,  acumina*,  very  entire,  sub-mucronate, 

smooth  and  shining  above;  petiole  and  nerves  minutely  hirsute,  pubescent  beneath: 

fruit  axillary,  sub-sessile,  surface  verrucosa.     20 — 30  f. 

Macropodium,  Packypodium. 

12 — 1.     Macro'trys,  R.*     61.     Ranu.  f.  poi.  r.  asp.  exp.  ast.  asm.  sh. 

racemosa,  (3)  (bugb'sine,  black  snake-root,  cohosh.  W.  w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  decom- 
pound; ieafets  oblong-ovate,  gash-toothed:  racemes  in  wand-like  spikes:  capsules 
ovate.     Woods.     3— 9  f     S.     Y.  O.  C.  P.  D.  £.     Hudson. 

Joetida,  W.  (W.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  decompound;  Ieafets  ovate,  gash-toothed;  teeth 
acute:  raceme  panicled,  nodding:  styles  5;  capsules  ovate,  uncinate. 

17 — 2.     Mad'ia.     55.     Cory.  r.  exp.  ton.  sec. 
viscosa,  H.  (         )  floweis  axillary,   solitary,    with  many  florets:  rays  conspicuous. 

Ly thrum.     Gr.  luthron,  clotted  blood;  from  the  deep  purple  flowers. 

Macbridea.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Wm.  Macbride,  of  Charleston,  S — C. 

Madura.     In  honor  of  Wm.  Maclure,   the  President  of  tJie  Am.  Geo.  Soc. 

Macrotrys.  Gr.  makros,  large,  and  botrus,  bunch  or  raceme,  in  allusion  to  its  fructi- 
fication. This  genus  has  genejally  been  spelled  Macrotys,  which  is  incorrect. 
Tully. 

Madia. 

(1)  Anonymus  aquatica,  Wr.       Decondon  aquaticum,    Grael.      verticillatum,  E. 

(2)  lanceolatum,  E.         (3)  Cimicifuga  serpentaria,  Ph.     Actasa,  L. 

*I  retain  this  genus,  for  the  species  racemosa.     I  yield  to  authorities  in  most  cases. 

But  in  this  case,  I  cannot  submit  to  the  absurdity;  as  no  one  can  be  better  acquainted 

with   the  cohosh,  than  myself     I  have  seen  hundreds  in  flower  at  the  same   time,  in 

a  bushy  field  and  open  woods,  three  miles    south  of  Hudson,  on  Hudson  River.     In 

this  field  I  drew  the  description,  Gen.  and  Spec.  A.  E. 


312  MADIA,    MALOPE. 

A  var.   has  the  dowefS  fiub-sessile:   rays  small.     Another  var.  has  the  flowers 
mostly  pedicelled:  rays  large.     R. 
glomeruta,  H.  (       )  flowers  (2—4)  glomerate,  with  few  florets,  disposed  in  a  terminal 
corymb:  rays  obsolete.     R. 

12—12.     Magno'lia.     75i     Magn.  b.  bit.  aro.  rhe. 

glauca,  (beaver  tree,  swamp  laurel.  W.  w.  J.  \^ . )  leaves  oval,  glaucous  beneath:  petals 
obovate,  tapering  to  the  base.  Var.  latifoUa,  lias  oblusish,  deciduous  leaves.  Van 
longifolia,  has  perennial  leaves  acute  at  both  ends.  S.  P.  Y.  B.  Baltimore, 
Florida. 

ecMrremato,  Mx.  (cucumber  tree.  W.  b-y.  J.  ^.)  leaves  oval>  acuminate,  pubescent 
beneath:  petals  obovate,  obtusish.     70  f.     5f.     P.  D.  O.  M. 

iripetala,  W.  (1)  (umbrella  tree.  W.  w.  J.  h.)  leaves  large,  wedge-obovate,  acute;  irt 
the  young  state  all  over  silky:  petals  9,  oval,  acute;  outer  ones  reflexed.  25—35  f. 
&     P. 

Southern. 

grandiflora,  W.  (big  laurel,  magnolia.  W.  w.  M.  fp.)  leaves  evergreen,  oval,  thick* 
leathery:  petals  broad- obovate,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  claw.  Var.  elliptical 
leaves  oblong-oval,  ferruginous  beneath:  flowers  somewhat  contracted.  Var.  oho' 
rata,  leaves  oblong-obovate,  flowers  expanded.  Var.  lanceolata,  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate, curved  at  the  apex,  both  sides  colored  alike:  flowers  somewhat  contracted. 
60—80  f.     Florida.     S— C. 

macrophylla,  Mx.  (W.  w.  J.  Ip.)  branches  fragile:  leaves  very  large,  oblong,  sub- 
cuneale-obovate,  sinuate  and  auricled  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath:  petals  6, 
ovate,  obtuse.     30 — 35  f.     Florida. 

cordata,  Mx.  (W.  A.  y.  M.  '^.)  leaves  broad-oval  or  lance-ovate,  sub-cordate,  sub- 
tomentose  beneath:  petals  lanoe-oblong,  acute.     20 — 40  f.     S — C. 

pyramidata,  Bartram.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  rbomb-oboval,  abruptly  acute,  both  sides  color- 
ed alike,  sub-cordate  and  auricled  at  the  base;  lobes  divaricate:  petals  lanceolate, 
gradually  acute. 

Mahoiiia,  Berberis. 

Majantheytium,  ConvallaRia. 

Malachodendran,  Stuartia. 

18 — 1.     Malax'is.     21.     Orch.  r.  amy.  aro. 

liliifolia,  (2)  (twayblade.  W.  w.  y.  p.  J.  11.)  leaves  2,  lance-ovate  or  oval;  scape 
3-cornered:  inner  petals  filiform,  reflexed,  2-colored;  lip  concave,  obovate,  mucro- 
tjate.  This  species  is  often  mentioned  as  somewhat  tare;  but  I  have  seen  hundred* 
irt  flower  at  one  time  along  the  north  side  of  Pine  rock.  New  Haven.  4 — 8  i.  S. 
C.  T.  F.  N.     Mch. 

longifolia,  B.  (3)  (W.  y-g.  J.  TX-)  bulb  roundish:  scape  2-leaved:  leaves  broad-lance 
olate,  longer  than  the  scape:  spike  oblong:  lip  cordate,  concave,  channelled,  shorter 
than  the  petals.     3—7  i.     T. 

loeselii,  (  y.  )  leaves  two,  lance-ovate:  scape  3-cornered:  lip  ovate,  recurved  at  the 
apex.     Damp.     In  New  England.     Hitchcock. 

Malaxis,  Microstylis. 
15—12.     Mal'ope.     74.     Malv.  muc. 
Southern, 
malacoides  (4)  (y.  0.)  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  crenate,  glabrous  above;  pedun- 
cles solitary,  axillary.     12 — 18  i. 

Malus,  Pyrus. 

Magnolia.     In  honor  of  Peter  Magnol,  a  botanist  of  Montpelier. 

Malaxis.     Gr.  malakia,  softness,  expressive  of  the  delicacy  and  softness  of  these 

plants. 
Malope.     Supposed  to  be  a  corruption  ofmrdachc,  mallows. 

(1)  umbrella,  Lk.      (2)  Ophrys,  L.       (3)  correana,  B.       (4)  Malva  americana. 


313 


15—12.     Mal'va.     74.     Malv.  moi. 


roiuttdifolia,  (low  mallows.  O.  r.  w.  J.  21-)  leaves  heart-orbicular,  obsoletely  5-lobed: 
peduncles  bearing  the  fruit  declined:    stem  prostrate.     Probably  introduced.     Mch. 

rhndarit!,  Doug.  (  r. )  stem  herbaceous,  stellate-hairy:  leaves  a  little  scabrous, 
cordate,  deeply  5  to  7-cleft;  lobes  acute:  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary,  6  to  8- 
flowered.     Kocky  Mt.  and  west. 

hederacea,  Doug.  (  r.  2/.)  stem  short,  procumbent:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered: 
petals  stellate-hairy.     West  of  Rocky  Mt. 

houghlonii,  T.  (Ju.  Au.  p.)  stellately  hairy:  stem  herbaceous,  erect?  leaves  crenate, 
deltoid-ovate,  the  radical  ones  cordate  at  the  base:  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal 
panicle;  bracteoles  3,  linear-spatulate:  carpels  numerous,  not  wrinkled.  N.  W. 
Territory.     Illinois. 

munrouna,  Dougl.  (J.  2_f.  r.)  lower  leaves  cordate-orbicular,  toothed;  upper  ones 
somewhat  trifid  and  incised,  pubescent:  flowers  fascicled,  somewhat  spiked;  pedun- 
cles declined  in  fruit:  bracteoles  2  to  3,  slender,  deciduous:  carpels  8  to  10. 
Oregon.     This  is  the  NuttuUia  Munroana  of  the  7th  edition. 

plicata,  N.  (2i.)  stellately  and  somewhat  canescently  tomento'se,  rather  thick:  stem 
prostrate,  flexuous:  leaves  reniform-cordate,  undivided,  crenately  serrate,  somewhat 
plicate:  flowers  nearly  sessile,  solitary:  petals  stellately  pubescent  on  the  back. 
Oregon. 

Exotic. 

sylvestris,  (mallows,  r-b.  J.  $.  and  2i.)  stem  erect:  leaves  about  7-lobed,  acutish: 
peduncles  and  petioles  hairy. 

crispa,  (curled  mallows.  Au.  0.)  stem  erect:  leaves  angular,  crisped:  flowers  axillary, 
glomerate. 

mosc/iata,  (musk  mallows.  2i-)  stem  erect:  radical  leaves  reniform,  gashed:  cauline 
ones  5-parted,  pinnate,  many  cleft:  leafets  of  the  involucre  linear.     Naturalized. 

tirmta,  (whip-stalk  mallows,  r.  If.  and  h.)  leaves  deeply  3-lobed,  toothed,  wedge- 
form  at  the  base:  peduncles  in  pairs,  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Southern. 

abutiloideSj  (p.  Ju.  If-)  leaves  with  5  angular  lobes,  lomentose:  peduncles  2-cleft, 
about  4-flowered,  axillary:  capsules  many-seeded. 

caroUidana,\N.  (r.  Au.  0.)  leaves  5-lobed  or  palmate,  gash-toothed:  peduncles  longer 
than  the  petioles:  petals  entire:  fruit  villose:  stem  prostrate.  New  Orleans. 
Florida. 

trianguLata,  (1)  (p.  Ju.)  hirsute,  sub-decumbent:  lower  leaves  triangular-cordate: 
upper  ones  3  to  5-lobed,  irregularly  toothed:  flowers  racemed.     12 — 18  i. 

olitusa,  T.  (  )  stem  prostrate:   leaves  cordate-orbicular,  obtusely  5-lobed;  petioles 

elongated,  pubescent:  peduncles  axillary,  several  together,  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles,  declined  in  fruit?  segments  of  the  calyx  short,  obtusely  triangular:  invo- 
lucre 3-leaved,  the  bracteoles  setaceous:  carpels  numerous,  strongly  wrinkled. 
California. 

fasciculata,  N.  (  )  stellately  and  canescently  pubescent:  stem  nearly  simple:  leaves 
roundish-cordate,  somewiiat  3-lobed,  on  short  petioles:  rather  thick,  crenate: 
flowers  in  somewhat  distant  leafless  fascicles  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem;  pedi- 
cels very  short:  segments  of  the  calyx  short,  acuminate:  bracteoles  3,  subulate: 
carpels  about  10.     California. 

involucrata,  T.  (r. )  hirsute:  stem  branching,  procumbent.'  leaves  deeply  3  to  5-parted} 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  laciniately  3  to  5-toothed:  flowers  few,  in  a  loose 
panicle;  peduncles  erect,  1-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  bracteoles  3,  lineaf- 
lanceolate,  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  deeply-parted  calyx.     Texas. 

digitata,  T.  (24!.  p-)  glaucous  and  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  deeply  C  to  7-parted;  seg- 
ments linear,  entire  or  2-cleft,  the  uppermost  entire:  flowers  few,  solitary  or  some- 
what paniculate,  on  long  peduncles:  calyx  naked,  glabrous.  Arkansas.  Texas. 
Nuttalia  digitata  of  7th  ediiion* 

pedata,T.  (2^.  p.)  somewhat  scabrous  with  stellate  hairs:   leafets  pedately  5  to  7- 

Malva.     As  ifmolva,  from  Lat.  mollis,  soft,  expressive  of  the  softness  of  its  leaves: 
or  from  the  Gr.  malake,  soft,  in  allusion  to  the  soft  niucilagenous  qualities  of  the 
species. 
(1  )  M.  C.  Lavenworth.     retusa,  W.? 

40 


314  MALVA,    MARSHALLIA, 

parted;  segments  laciniately  toothed:  flowers  on  elongated  peduncles  in  a  loose 
panicle:  calyx  naked,  slightly  hirsute.     Arkansas.     Texas.     2 — 4  f. 

16 — 12.     Mal'tavis'cus.     74.     Malv.  muc. 

Southern. 

Jloridanus,  N.  (r.  li?)  pilose,  hirsute,  herbaceous;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  crenate  ob- 
tusish,  small,  short-petioled:  peduncles  axillary,  nodding,  towards  the  end  of  the 
branches.     Florida. 

drummondii,  (2X.  r.)  stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  minutely  tomentose:  leaves 
broadly-cordate,  somewhat  3-lobed,  coarsely  and  crenately  toothed;  petiole  about 
half  as  long  as  the  lamina:  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles,  or  several  toge- 
ther on  short  flowering  branches:  involucel  S-lcaved,  the  folioles  spatulate,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  erect:  column  twice  as  long  as  the  corol:  carpels  connate. 
Texas. 

Mammillariii,  Cactus. 

3 — 2.     Manisu'ris.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Southern, 
granularis,  {S.  01)  glumes  of  the  globose  fertile  floret  verrucose,   tesselated;   stem 
erect,  branching:  sheaths  hirsute.     2 — 3  f. 

3 — 1.     Mapa'nia.     9.     Cype.  far.  ton.  nut.  sug. 
Southern, 
sylvatica,  (W.  Ju.  Zf-)  culm  at  the  base  covered  with  imbricate,  lanceolate  leaves  or 
scales. 

3 — 1.     MARis'cjis.  (1)     9.     Cype.  far.  nut.  sug. 

retrofracius,  (Ju.  21.)  um.bel  simple;  rays  long:  spikes  obovate,  imbricate  backwards; 

spikelets  subulate,  at  length  bent  backwards:  involucre  3-leaved.     18  i.     S.    P.  Y. 
echinatus,   (2)  (hedge-hog  club-rush.  VV.  Ju.  Zf.)   umbel   simple;    rays   short;   spikes 

globose:  flowers  spreading.   Var.  tcuellus,  T.  (L. )  culm  acutely  triangular,  slender; 

involucre  3  to  5-leaved;  3  of  the  leaves  many  times  longer  than  the  umbel.  6 — 18  i. 

S.     Y. 

Southern, 
cylindricus,  F..  {Ju.)  stem   obtusely  3-angled,  glabrous:  umbels  simple;  heads  cylin- 

dric;  spikes  lanceolate,  sub-compressed,  few-flowered,  (2 — 5:)  expanding.     2 — 3  f. 

Mariscus,  Cyperus. 
13 — 1.     Marrc'bium.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 

vulgare,  (horehound.  O.  w.  Ju.  2X0  leaves  round-ovate,  toothed,  rugose-veined:  calyx 
toothed,  setaceous,  uncinate.     Introduced.     S. 

17—1.     Marshal'lia.  (3)    55.     Heli.  s.  ole.  sto. 

Southern. 

lanceolata,  Mx.  (p.  M.  li.)  stem  simple,  naked  near  the  summit,  leafy  below;  radical 

leaves  obovate;  cauline  ones  long-lanceolate:  scales  of  the  calyx  oval:  chaif  spatu- 

late.     18—24  i. 

latifolia,  Mx.  (A.  2X-)  stem  simple:  leaves  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  3-nerved;  lowest 

Malvaviscus. 

Manisuris.     From  manis,  the  scaly  lizard,  and  aura,  a  tail;  the  appearance  of  its  scaly 

spikes  bearing  an  apt  resemblance  to  the  covering  of  that  animal. 
Mapania.     Gr.  mapaino,  to  become  emaciated,  in  allusion  to  the  appearance  of  this 

grass. 
Mariscus.     From  the  Celtic  word  mar,  a  marsh,  relating  to  the  places  where  it  grows. 
Marrubium.     From  Marrubium,  (Maria  urbs)  a  town  in  Italy. 
Marshallia.     In  honor  of  Humphry  Marshall,  author   of  Arbustum  Americanum, 

published  in  1778. 

(1)  Scirpus,  L.        (2)  ovularis,  Vahl.     Kyllingea  ovularis,  Mx.        (3)  Persoonia, 
Mx.     Trattenickia,  P. 


MARSHALLIA,    MEDICAGO.  315 

ones  sheathing:  scales  of  the  calyx  acute:  chafF  of  the  receptacles  narrow-linear. 
angustifolia,  Mx.  (W.  p.  Ju.  7i.)  stem  branching:  lower  leaves  narrow-lanceolate; 
upper  ones  linear:  scales  of  the  calyx  rigid,  subulate:  chaff  linear.  Var.  cyanon- 
thcra,  E.  stetn  simple,  very  pubescent  near  tlie  top:  leaves  lance-linear,  3-nerved: 
scales  of  the  calj'x  lanceolate,  acuminate.     2  f. 

13—2.     Marty'nia.     40.     Peda.  h.  cat.  f.  lax.  poi— . 

proboscid' ca,  W.  (1)  (unicorn  plant.  W.  w.  p.  y.  Ju.  0.)  stem  branching:  leavesalter- 
nate,  cordate,  entire,  villose.  Fruit  somewhat  gourd-like,  with  one  long  horn. 
1—2  f.     S.    F.  H. 

17 — 2.     Matrica'ria.     55.     Anth.  sec-sti.  ton- 

Exotic. 
ckamomiUa,  W.  (wild  chamomile,  w.  M.  0.)  leaves  bipinnate:  scales  of  the  involu- 
cre obtusish. 

5 — 1.     Meconella.     Papa.  nar.  sed.  ano. 

orcgana,  N.  (y-w.  0.)  stem  slender,  dichotomously  branched:  radical  leaves  in  a 
rossulate  cluster,  spatulate;  cauline  ones  linear  or  linear-sj)atulate,  opposite;  the 
lowermost  ternate,  entire:  peduncles  axillary,  filiform,  1-flowered;  flowers  very- 
small.     3 — 5  i.     Oregon. 

12^1.     Meconop'sis.     62.     Papa.  sed.  cat. 

diphylla,  Mx.  (2)  (W.  M.  2i.)  stem  with  two  twin  leaves  near  the  summit:  leaves 
sessile,  lobe  pinnaiifid:  peduncle  solitary,  1-flowered:  capsule  oblong-ovate.     S. 

Southern, 
heterophylla,  Benth.  (r.  K"-)  leaves  few  and  remote,  pinnately  divided;  segments  of 

the  lower  ones  ovate,  incised  and  petioluled;  of  the  upper  linear,  entire,  somewhat 

confluent.     1  f     California. 
crassifoliu,  Benth.  (y-r.  21.)  stem   leafy  at  the  base:   leaves  rather  thick,  glaucous, 

pinnately  divided;  tlie  segments  incisely  lobed,  with  revolute  margins;  those  of  the 

lower  leaves  ovate-cuneiform,  of  tlie  upper  linear-cuneiform.     California. 

Medea,  Dodecatheon. 

16 — 10.     Meuica'go.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g.  asc. 

lupulina,  (hop  medick,  nonesuch,  Dutch  clover.  O.  y.  J.  0.)  spikes  oval;  legumes 
reniform,  1-seeded:  stipules  entire:  leaves  obovate;  stem  procumbent.     S. 

Exotic, 
intertexta,  (y.  Au.)  peduncles  somewhat  2-flowered:   legumes  spiral,  oval:   prickles 

pubescent,  setaceous,  2-ranked,  appressed:  stipules  ciliate  toothed;  leafets  obovate, 

dentate.     Naturalized. 
saliva,  (lucerne  medick.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  peduncles  racemed;   legume  smooth,  cochleate: 

stipules  entire:  leaves  oblong,  toothed.     Naturalized. 
tribuloides,  (hedge-hog.  0.)  peduncles  2-flowered:  legume  cochleate,  cylindric,   flat 

both  sides,   aculeate,   conic  2-vvays,   reflexed:    stipules   toothed:    leaves   toothed, 

obovate. 
scuteUata,  (snail-shell,  bee-hive.   Ju.  0.)  peduncles  about  2-flowered:   legumes  un- 
armed, cochleate  in  an  orbicular  form,  with  a  convex  base  and  a  flat  top:  stipules 

toothed:  leaves  obloni^,  toothed. 

Southern. 
maculata,Yf .  (p.)  stem  prostrate:  leafets  obcordate,  toothed,  spotted:  stipules  toothed: 


Martynia.     In  honor  of  John  Martyn,  late  Professor  of  Botany  at  Cambriilge. 
Matricaria.     Lat.  matrix,  womb,  from  its  efficacy  in  diseases  of  females. 
Meconella.     Gr.  mecon,  a  poppy,   terminated  by  a  diminutive — little  poppy. 
Meconopsis.     Gr.  mekdn,  a  poppy,  and  opsis,  appearance. 
Medicago.     Gr.  medike,  so  named  from  having  been  introduced  by  the  Medes  into 

Greece. 

(1)  annua,  L.  alternifolia,  Lk.       (2)  Chelidonium,  Mx.     Hytophorum,  N. 


816  MEDICAGO,    MKLICA. 

peduncles  3  to  5-flowered:  legumes  compactly  spiral,  furrowed  on  the  margin,  and 
fringed  with  a  double  row  of  long  curved  spines:  seeds  renifortn,  yellowish.  La. 
dentiadata,  W.  (p.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  prostrate:  leafets  obcordate:  stipules  laci- 
niate:  peduncles  2  to  o-Howered:  legumes  broad,  loosely  spiral  and  flat,  with  1  to  3 
convolutions,  reticulated;  the  margin  thin,  keeled,  with  a  double  compact  row  of 
subulate  curved  prickles.     1 — 2  f.     La.     California. 

Medeola,  Gyromia. 
13 — 2.     Me'lampy'rum.     3G.     Rhin.  nar.  ast. 

ajnericanum,  Mx.  (1)  (cow-wheat.  O.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  slender:  lower  leaves  linear,  entire; 

floral  ones  lanceolate,    toothed  behind:   flowers  axillary,   distinct.     Var.  latifolium, 

has  very  broad  leaves.     Woods.     S.     Mch. 
brachiaium,  Sz.  &  Say.  (W.)stem  terete,  subscabrous,  naked,  below,  with  long,  naked, 

ascending,    opposite  or  whorled    branches:   leaves    entire,   rugose  and  scabrous  on 

both  sides,  attenuated  into  the  petiole.     C — 8  i. 

6 — 3.     Melan'thium.     13.     Smil.  diu.  dem. 

virginicnm,  W.  (2)  (black  flower.  W.  w.  becoming  black.  J.  Zf.)  panicle  pyramid- 
form:  petals  oval,  sub-hastate,  flat,  with  two  spots:  flowers  mostly  perfect.  2 — 3  f. 
S.     P.  Y. 

hrjhridum,  Wr.  (3)  (bunch  flower.  W.  w.  J.  2i.)  panicles  racemed  above,  pistillate: 
petals  roundish,  having  claws,  undulate-plaited,  hardly  spotted,  hirsute  outside. 
2  f.     S.     P. 

glaucum,  N.  (W.  g-w.  Ju.)  root  bulbous:  leaves  glaucous,  margined:  racemeg  mostly 
simple,  few-floweied:  petals  roundisli  unguicuiate,  with  two  peculiar  spots:  seeds 
subulate,  alated.     1 — 3  f.     Northern  Lakes.    Canada.     Mch. 

Soxithe.m.. 

monoicum,  Wr.  (A.  Ju.  Z[.)  panicle  with  the  lower  flowers  staminate;  upper  opes 
pistillate  and  racemed:  petals  oblong,  flat,  with  short  claws:  styles  half  as  long  as 
the  germ. 

17 — 1     Me'lanan'thera.     55.     Heli.  s.  ole.  +. 

Southern, 
hastata,  Mx.  (4)  (w.  S.  K!-)  leaves  hastate,  3-Iobed:  chalf  of  the  receptacle  lanceolate, 
acuminate.     Var.  W^re/rt,  leaves  deeply  3-lobed.     Var.  pandurata,  leaves  sliglitly  3- 
lobed,  panduriform.     4 — G  f.     Charleston,  S — C. 

10—1.     Me'lia.     71.     Meli.  feb. 

Southern. 

azcdarach,  (bead  tree.  ^.)  leaves  doubly-pinnate;  leafets  smooth,  ovate,  toothed, 
30—40  f.     Florida. 

3--2.     Melica.     10.     Gram.  ton.  cat, 

speciosa,  M.  (5)  (melic  grass.  J.  21.)  smootli;  panicle  loose,  erect,  few-flowered: 
branches  simple:  florets  obtuse.     3— 4  f     S.     P.     Charleston,  S—C. 

Sorithcrn. 
diffusa,  ?h.  (J.  2^.)  panicle  diffuse,  very  branching:  flowers  acute,  beardless:  stem 
erect,  pubescent.   'K. 

Melampyrum.  Gr.  mdas,  black,  and  puros,  wheat;  the  fruit  being  similar  to  wheat, 
but  giving  a  singularly  black  color  to  wheat  in  which  it  is  ground. 

Melanthium.     Gr.  melos,  blark.  and  onihos,  flower;   from  their  color. 

Melananthera.     Gr.  melas,  black,  and  Lat.  anthera.  anther. 

Melia.     Gr.  melia,  the  ash;  because  this  tree  resembles  the  ash  in  its  leaves. 

Melica.     Varied  from  Meline,  the  name  of  a  sort  of  grass,  resembling  Panicum. 
(1)   lineare,  Lk.  (2)   Helonias  virginica,  Bot.  Mag.  (3)  latifolium,  Lk, 

racemosum,   Mx.  (4)  Bidens  nivea,  W.     Athanasia,  Wr.  (5)  glabra,  Mx, 


MELILOTUS,  MENISPERMUM.  317 

16 — 10.     Meliis%'tus.     (1)    93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g.  asc. 

vulgaris,  (2)  (yellow  melilot-clover.  y.  J.  ^.)  stem  erect:  leafets  oblanceolate,  mu- 
.cronately  serrulate:  banner  and  wings  equal:*  racemes  axillary  sub-panicled;  the 
longest  raceme  3  to  5  times  as  long  as  tiie  longest  leafet  at  its  base:  legumes  oval. 
2  to  4  f.  Unquestionably  indigenous  from  Glenn's  Falls  on  the  Hudson  River,  to 
the  Highlands.     &.     T.  P.  C.  B. 

alba,  (3)  (white  melilot-clover.  w.  J.  #.)  stem  erect:  leafets  variable  (oval,  ovate, 
obovate,  and  oblanceolate)  mucronately  serrulate:  banner /on  wcr*  than  tlie  wings: 
racemes  axillary,  panicled;  the  longest  raceme  0  to  10  times  as  long  as  the  longest 
leafet  at  its  base:  legumes  oval.  3  to  G  f.  Flowers  and  legumes  smaller  than  the 
preceding  species  and  the  stem  more  robust.  Probably  intioduced;  but  now  very 
common  and  growing  wild.     Both  species  sweet  scented.     S.     T.  P.  C.  B. 

Souiherii. 

parriflora,  Desf.  (0.  y.)  stem  ascending  or  erect,  with  spreading  branches:  leafets 
of  the  lower  leaves  obovate-roundish  and  often  nearly  entire;  upper  ones  cuneate- 
oblong  or  linear,  truncate  or  emarginate  serrate:  stipules  linear-setaceous;  spikes 
at  first  dense,  at  length  rather  loose:  flowers  minute:  teeth  of  the  calyx  broad, 
rarely  equal,  half  the  length  of  the  corol:  wings  almost  as  long  as  the  keel  and  vex- 
illum:  legumes  globose-ovate,  wrinkled,  2-seeded.     La.     Probably  introduced. 

Occidcntalis,  N.  (y.)  stem  erect,  tall:  leafets  linear-oblong  or  obovate,  sharply  serrate, 
truncate  at  the  extremity:  flowers  minute:  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  as  long  as 
the  tube;  vexillum  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume  1 — 2-seeded,  ovate-orbicular,  slight 
]y  wrinkled.     California. 

MdllotUS,    PSORALEA. 

13 — 1.     Melis'sa.     42.     Labi,  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 
Exotic. 
officinalis,  (balm.  w.  b.  Ju.  2X-)  flowers  whorled  halfway  around,  sub-sessile:  bracts 
oblong,  pedicelled:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate.     Naturalized. 

19 — 15.     Melo'thria.     97.     Cucu.  nut.  ref  cat. 

pendula,  (creeping  cucumber,  y.  .T.  0.)  leaves  sub-reniform,  lobe-angled;  terminal 
lobe  equalling  the  rest:  berry  cylindric,  ovate.     S.     T.  P.     S — C. 

20 — 12.     Menisper'mum.     77.     Menis.  r.  ton.  diu.  dysp. 

canadense,  (moonseed.  O.  w-y.  Ju.  ^.)stem  climbing:  leaves  sub-cordate,  round 
angled,  peltate,  with  the  petiole  near  the  base:  racemes  compound:  petals  8.  Var. 
lobatum,  Ph.  (4)  leaves  lobed.     iS.     Mch. 

Sovthern. 

tTnila'dnum,  W.  (5)  (W.  y.  Ju.  fp.)  leaves  peltate,  sub-glabrous,  cordate,  roundish, 
obtusely  angled,  glaucous  beneath:  racemes  generally  simple:  petals  4. 

lyoni,  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  2i-)  leaves  cordate,  palmate-lobed,  very  long  petioled:  racemes 
simple:  petals  6:  stamens  12. 

Melilotus.     Gr.  meli,  honey,  and  lotos,  lotus;  these  plants  are  similar  to  the  lotus  and 

the  favorite  resort  of  bees. 
Melissa.     Gr.  melissa,  a  bee,  from  that  insect  frequenting  the  flowers. 
Melothria.     Gr.  melon,  fruit,  and  tlirion,  food;   in  allusion  to  some  species. 
Menispermum.     Gr.  inene,  the  moon,  and  spermrr,  seed;   from  its  crescent  shape. 

(1)  Trifolium,  L.  (2)  officinalis?  (3)  Var.  alba?     I  adopt  the  genuine 

names  of  old  authors;  because  the  descriptions  of  modern  authors  are  either  very 
deficient,  or  they  did  not  have  our  plants  before  them.  Whereas  the  figures  and 
discriptions  of  the  older  authors,  show  that  they  were  acquainted  with  both  of  our 
species,  which  they  called  by  those  names  See  Parkinson,  p.  718,  London  ed.,  A.  D. 
1640.  (4)  M.  virginicum,  W.  (5)  Cissampelos,  W, 

•Suggested  by  H.  H.  E. 


318  MENTHA,    MERKIA 

13 — 1.     Men'tha.     42.     Labi.  aro.  c(y-ole.  car.  fia  col. 

tenuis,  Mx.  (1)  (america  spear-mint.  O.  w.  J.  2i-)  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate, 
serrulate,  petioled:  spike  slender,  terminal,  with  small  interrupted  whorls:  stamens 
not  exsert.     1 — 2  f.     S. 

canadensis,  W.  (W.  w-p.  Au.  21.)  flowers  whorled:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  peti- 
oled, pilose:  stamens  equalling  the  corol.     12  i.     Y.   C.     Canada. 

borealis,  Mx.  (northern  mint,  horse  mint.  O.  w.  Ju.  If-)  ascending,  pubescent: 
leaves  petioled,  lance-oval,  acute  at  both  ends:  flowers  whorled:  stamens  exsert. 
Damp.  9—18  i.     -S.     Mch. 

viridis,  (spear-mint.  W.  p.  Au.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile:  spikes  elongated,  inter- 
rupted: stamens  long.     1—2  f.     P.  B.  T.  C.  N. 

Exotic. 

piperita,  (peppermint.  W.  p.  Au.  2i-)  spikes  obtuse,  interrupted  below:  leaves  sub- 
ovate,  somewhat  glabrous,  petioled:  stem  glabrous  at  the  base.  Naturalized. 
1—2  f.     F.  B.  N.  T.     Mch. 

arvensis,  (field-mint.  W.  p.  Ju.)  hairy,  branching:  leaves  ovate:  flowers  whorled: 
calyx  bell-form.     Naturalized.     1  f. 

11 — 1.     Mentze'lia.     88.     Onog.  ton. 

Southern, 
aurea,  N.  (W.  y.)   stem  dichotomous:  leaves  lance-ovate,    deeply  angular-crenate: 

flowers   sessile;  petals   oval,    acuminate,   entire:  capsule   about  3-seeded.     Very 

rough  and  tenaceous.     12  i. 
oligosperma,  N.  (W.)  decumbent:  flowers  large. 

5 — 1.  Menyan'thes.     4(5.     Gent,  bit-j-.  ton-f .  dia.  ast.  rhe.  dro. 

trifoliata,  (buck -bean.  O.  w.  M.  U-)  leaves  ternate:  corols  densely  bearded  above. 
In  stagnant  waters  and  sphagnus  swamps.     6 — 12.  i.     S.     Mch. 

Menyanlhes,     Villarsia. 

8 — 1.     Menzie'sia.     50.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

carulea,  W.  (2)  (mountain  heath.  A.  r.  Ju.  fp.)  leaves  scattered,  crowded,  linear, 
obtuse,  cartilaginous  toothed:  peduncles  terminal,  aggregate  1-flowered;  flowers 
bell-form:   calyx  acute.     Decandrous.     Very  small.     White  hills. 

glohularis,  Sy.  (A.  J.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  glaucous  beneath  except  the  nerves,  pu- 
bescent: calyx  4-cleft:  flowers  globose,  octandrous.     2 — 4  f     iS. 

empelriformis,  S.  (W.  r.  Ju.  \ .)  leaves  linear,  serrulate,  concave  beneath:  peduncles 
terminal,  aggregate:  flowers  bell-form:  calyx  obtuse.     Decandrous. 

Southern, 
ferniginea,  W.  (W.  J.  \-.)  leaves  lance-obovate,  glabrous  beneath  except  the  nerves: 
calyx  somewhat  4-cleft:  flowers  urceolate,  octandrous. 

5—3.     Merk'ia.     82.     Gary.  dem.  cat. 

physodes,  Fisch.  (  )  leaves  ovate,  a  little  ciliate:'  peduncles  solitary,  1-flowered: 

capsule  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.     Bay  of  Eschscholtzia. 

Mentha.  From  Menthe,  daughter  of  Cocytus,  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  this 
herb. 

Mentzelia.  In  honor  of  Dr.  Christian  Mentzel,  physician  to  the  Elector  of  Branden- 
burg. 

Menyanthes.  Gr.  vien  or  meiie,  a  month,  and  anthos,  flower;  because  the  plant  con- 
tinues in  flower  about  that  time. 

Menziesia.     In  honor  of  Archibald  Menzies,  a  distinguished  botanist. 

Merkia. 

(1)  viridis,  Wr.  (2)  Andromeda  taxifolia,  Pallas.     Erica,  W.     Phyllodoce 

taxifolia,  Sy. 


MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,    MIKANIA.  319 

11 — 5.     Mesembryan'themum.     87.     Ficoi.  cata.  dern. 
Exotic, 
crystallimun,     (ice  plant,  w.  Au.  #.)  branching:  leaves  alternate,  ovate,    papillose: 
flowers  sessile:  cal}'^  broad-ovate,  acute,  retuse. 

11 — 5.     Mes'pilus.     92.     Poma.  b.  feb.  f.  ref. 

Exotic, 
germanica,  (medlar,  h.)  leaves  lance- ovate,  downy  beneath:  flowers  sessile,  solitary. 

2 — 1.     Micran'themum.     3.^).     Prim.  sop.  ast — . 
Southern. 

orbiculatum,  Mx.  (w.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  prostrate,  terete:  leaves  orbicular,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base:  flowers  peduncled. '  Wet  ditches.     S — C. 

emarginatum,  E.  (w.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  oval  and  obovate,  emarginate:  flowers  sessile. 
Wet. 

10 — 4.     Micrope'talon.     82.     Gary.  dem.  cata. 

lanceolatum,  Mx.  (1)  (blind  starwort.  A.  Ju.  Zf.)  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  nar- 
row at  both  ends:  flowers  panicled;  petals  ovate,  very  short  or  wanting.  Damp. 
6—8  i.     H.  P. 

longifoUa,  M.  (2)  (long-leaf  starwort.  W.  w.  J.  21.)  stem  decumbent  or  sub-decum- 
bent: leaves  lance-linear,  opposite,  entire,  smooth:  panicle  terminal:  calyx  3-nerved, 
.  about  equalling  the  petals.     12—18  i.     S.     P.  D.  F.     Mch. 

Southern. 

lanuginosum,  Mx.  (A.  Ju.  Zf.)  dense-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  into  the 
petiole:  peduncles  sub-solitary,  elongated,  at  last  reflected:  flowers  without  petals. 

18 — 1.     Micros'tylis.     21.     Orch.  nut.  emo. 

ophioglossoides,  W.    (3)  (adder  mouth,  g-w.   J.  Zf.)  leaf  solitary,  ovate,    clasping: 

scape  5-angled:  lip  clefl  at  the  tip.    6—9  i.     S.     T.  D.  Y.  C.  V.  B.  P.  N.    Rocky 

Mts.     Mch. 
bracltypoda,  Gray.  (Ju.)  stem  1-leaved:  racemes  sub-spiked,  with  the  flowers  shorter 

than  the  pedicels:  lateral  petals  refracted;  lip  triangular-hastate,  cucullate,  acumi 

nate.     New-York. 

3—1.     Mie'gia.  (4)     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Southerii. 

maerosperma,  Mx.  (cane.  W.  Ap.  ZX-)  stem  terete,  glabrous,  hollow,  rigid:  leaves 
distichous,  lanceolate,  flat,  sub-acuminate,  pubescent  beneath.  3 — 15  f.  Var. 
gigantea,  much  taller.     30 — 40  f. 

Mesembrianthemum.  Gr.  inesemhria,  mid-day,  and  anthos,  flower;  on  account  of  the 
flowers  usually  expanding  at  that  time. 

Mespilus.  Gr.  mcspilt,  from  mesos pilos,  half-bullet,  to  which  tlie  fruit  bears  resem- 
blance. 

Micranthemum.  Gr.  milcros,  small,  and  anthos,  flower,  from  the  diminutive  size  of 
the  blossom. 

Micropetalun.     Gr.  inikros,  small,  and  petaion,  petal,  from  their  diminutive  size. 

Microstylis.  Gr.  milcros,  small,  and  stulos,  style;  in  reference  to  the  minute  column 
or  style. 

Miegia.    In  honor  of  two  Swiss  botanists,  father  and  son,  Jno.  Rodolph  and  Achilles 
Meig. 
(1)  Stellaria,  T.     Spergulastrum,   Mx.  (2)  gramineum.    Ph.     Stellaria,  M. 

(3)  Malaxis,  W.     unifolia,  Mx.        (4)  Arundinaria,  Mx.        (5)  Eupatorium,  L. 


320  MIKANIA,    MITCHELLA. 

]7— 1.     Mika'nia.     55.     Cory.  r.  exp.  ton.  sec-slim. 

scandens,  (5)  (climbing  thorough-wort.  w.  Au.  Z[.)  stem  smooth,  climbing:  leaves 
cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate;  lobes  divaricate,  unequal:  flowers  corymbed. 
Damp  or  wet.     S'.     P.  Y  C.  B.  F.     S— C.  M. 

puhesccns,  M.  (w-p.  Au.  2X-)  pubescent:  stem  climbing:  leaves  cordate,  repand- 
toothed,  angled  at  the  base;  acuminate:  involucre  4-flowered.     jS. 

3—2.     Mir.'iuM.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

effasvm,  (millet.  !(..)  panicle  diffuse,  compound:  branches  horizontal:  glumes  ovate, 
very  obtuse:  paleas  avvnless,  smooth  and  shining:   leaves  broad-linear.     5 — 8  f. 

amphicarpon,  Ph.  (1)  (millet  grass.  Au.  21-)  leaves  lance-linear,  hairy,  ciliate:  panicle 
simple,  contracted,  bearing  perfect  flowers:  fertile  flowers  in  solitary,  elongated, 
radical  scapes,  at  length  subterraneous.     18 — 24  i.     Y. 

pungens,  T.  (2)  (dwarf  millet  grass.  M.  21-)  culm  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  very  short, 
pungent  at  length  involute:  panicle  contracted:  branches  generally  in  pairs,  2- 
flowered:  flowers  awnless,  ovate:  paleas  hairy.     12—18  i.     B. 

E-cotic. 

nigricans,  (african  millet.)  flowers  panicled,  crowded:  glumes  shining,  becoming 
black:  leaves  ensiform,  very  long. 

Milium,    PlPTATHERUM. 

il/iffiosa,  Acacia,  Schrankia. 
13 — 2.     MiJi  ULUS.     37.     Sera.  cat.  eme. 

ringens,  (monkey-flower.  O.  b.  J*.  Zf.)  erect,  glabrous;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sub-serrate:  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  longer  than  the  flower:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  acuminate.     1— 2  f     S.     Mch. 

alalits,  (W.  b.  Ju.  It.)  erect,  glabrous;  leaves  pelioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate: 
peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  shorter  than  the  flower:  stem  winged  at  ihe  4-corners: 
Jeeth  of  the  calyx  round-mucronate.     ]— 3  f     .S*.     T.   Y.  P.   C.  F.   H.     Mch. 

luteus,  W.  (W.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  erect  glabrous,  stoloniferous:  leaves  roundish-ovate, 
nerved,  toothed:  lower  ones  obtuse,  pelioled;  upper  ones  acute,  closely  sessile: 
raceme  terminal:  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  elongated:  calyx  unequal:  teeth 
acutish.     12—18  i.     Cultivated.     Mch. 

rivularis?  N.  (y.  ZT-)  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  crenate:  cauline  ones  sessile:  flowers  axil- 
lary and  terminal:  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short.     R. 

Southern. 

lewisii,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Au.  Zf.)  erect,  small,  pubescent:  leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong, 
acute,  nerved,  mucronate-denticulate:  flowers  few,  terminal,  very  long  peduncled: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminate.     6 — 8  i. 

5— J .     Mirab'ilis.     32.     Nyct.  cat. 
Exotic, 
dichotoma,  (mexican  four  o'clock.  ZX.)  flowers  sessile,  axillary,  erect,  solitary. 
jalapa,  (four  o'clock,  r.  y.  Ju.  H-)  flowers  heaped,  paduncled:  leaves  glabrous. 
longiflora,   (w.  Au.  Zf.)  flowers  crowded,   very  long,   a  little  nodding:    leaves  sub- 
vilUose. 

Mikania.     In  honor  of  Prof  Jos.  Mikan,  of  Prague. 

Milium.     Lat.  ndliuiii,  a  sort  of  grass,   so  called  from  jnille,   a  thousand,   from  the 

abundance  of  its  seeds,  or  from  Celtic  mil,  a  pebble,  alluding  to  the  hard,  shining 

grains. 
INlimulus.     Lat.  mimiis,  a  masked  actor,  from  a  supposed  resemblance  of  its  corol  or 

seeds. 
Mirabilis.     Lat.   mirabiUs,   wonderful,   on  account  of  the  diversity  of  these  most 

fragant  flowers  even  on  the  same  root. 

(1)  ciliatum,  M.         (2)  Synonymous  with  Stipa  canadensis,  T. 


41ITCHELLA,    MONARDA.  321 

4—1.     Mitchel'la.     57.     Cine.  f.  amy. 

repms,  (partridge  berry,  cliecker  berry.  O.  vv.  J.  2^.)  stem  creeping:  leaves  roundish, 
petioled,  opposite.     Woods.     -S.     Mcii. 

10—2;     Mitel'la.     84.     Saxi.  tod. 

diphjUa,  W.  (currant  leaf.  W.  w.  Ap.  7i-)  leaves  cordate,  sub-lobate,  dentate:  scape 
2-leaved;  leaves  opposite.     Wood.     1—2  f.     P.  T.  C.   D.  O.  N.  V.     Mch. 

cordifulia,  Lk.  (W.  w.  iVJ.  1[.)  leaves  round-reniform,  doubly-crenate,  with  scattered 
hairs  above:  scape  erect  or  prostrate,  naked  or  1-Ieaved.  Yai.  reniformis,  (1) 
leaves  reniform,  scape  naked.  Var.  prostraia,  (2)  stems  prostrate,  leafv.  6—8  i 
S.     P.'  C.  D.  N.     Mch.  /  i-  y        J 

prostraia,  ( W.  Ju.  ZX.)  root  creeping:  stem  prostrate:  leaves  alternate,  round-cordate, 
sub-acute,  obtusely  sub-lobed.     Canada. 

irifida,  Graham.  (21.)  pentandrous:  leaves  radical,  cordate,  obtusely  lobed,  crenatei 
scapaleafless:  calyx  campanulate,  limb  spreading  at  the  apex:  petals  tr'ifid:  ova- 
riuin  seed-bearing.     R.  A. 

Mitdla,  Tellima. 

Mitrcola,  Ophiorhiza. 

3—3.     Mollu'go.     82.     Gary.  dem.  cata. 

terddUata,  (carpet- weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  #.)  stem  sub-divided,  prostrate:  leaves  in 
whorls,  wedge-form,  acutei  peduncles  1-flowered.     iSf.     Mch. 

13—1.     Molccel'la.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 

Exotic. 
taxis,   (molucca  balm,    shell-flower,  w.  g.  Ju.  0.)    calyx  campanulate,   5-toothed 
teeth  equal,  awnless:   leaves  petioled,  round-ovate,   toothed.     Calyx  much  longer 
and  larger  than  the  corol.  ° 

19-15.     Momor'dica.     97.     Cucu.  g.  poi.  lax. 

echinata,  (W.  vv.  Au.  0.)  pomaceous:  berry  4-seeded,  roundish,  setose-echinate- 
leaves  cordate,    5-lobe-angled,   acuminate,  entire.     Calyx  6-cleft:  corol  6-parted.' 

Exotic. 

balsamina,  (bal.sam  apple.  S.  0.)  pomaceous:  berry  angled,  tubercled:  leaves  ffla 
brous,  spreading,  palmate.  ^ 

2—1.     Monar'da.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 

didyma,  (3)  (mountain  mint.  O.  r.  J.  71.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  sub-cordate 
somewhat  hairy:  flowers  in  simple  or  proliferous  heads:  outer  bract'!  laro-e  colored' 
lanceolate.  Var.  angustifolia,  (4)  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent-  stPm 
pubescent.     18—24  i.     -S.  jr.  oicm 

Mitchella.     In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  an  English  botanist  who  travelled  in 

Virginia. 
Mitella.     Lat.  diminutive  ofmitra,  a  cap,  or  mitre,  the  ripe  seed  vessels  with  the  two 

little  pointed  lobes  resembling  a  little  mitre. 
Mollugo.     Lat.  mollugo,  a  name  supposed  to  be  derived  from  mollis,  soft,  on  account 

of  its  soft  leaves.  ' 

Molucella.     Latinised  by  Linneus,  from  Molucca,  because  it  was  first  found  in  those 

islands. 
Momordica.     Lat.  mordeo,   momordi,    to  bite;  the  seeds  appearing  as  if  bitten  off- 

but  the  word  appears  to  be  of  Italian  origin. 
Monarda.     In  honor  of  Nicholas  Monardes,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  16th  rentnrv 

rA'l  r'^'  "^P.  ^^^  P"^'''*^'  ^"  ^^^  P"'P"^«^'  ^^-      coclUarMx. 

(4)  kaimiana,  Ph.  ' 

41 


OZZ  MONARDA,    MONOTROPA. 

oblongata,  A.  (1)  (wild  burgamot.  W.  b.  r.  Ju.  KO  pubescent:  head  simple:  outer 
bracts  ovate:  calyx  short,  bearded  in  the  throat;  teeth  spreading:  stem  obtuse- 
angled,  pubescent  above:  leaves  lance-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base.  2 — 3  f.  S. 
P.  B.  Y.  C.  T.  H.  O.  M.  W.  D.     Mch. 

clinopodia.  (2)  (W.  y.  p.  Ju.  ZC.)  glabrous:  heads  small,  simple,  terminal:  oi|^er 
bracts  broad-ovate,  acute,  entire,  smoothish:  calyx  cilia.te,  short:  corol  pubesognt, 
slender:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate,  a  little  hairy:  stem  obtus^an- 
gled,  glabrous.     S.     P.    "Canada.     Salina. 

Jistidiisa,  (W.  p.  Ju.  2i.)  hirsute,  with  scattered  hairs:  heads  simple,  proliferous, 
leafy:  outer  bracts  oblong,  acute,  glabrous:  calyx  long,  bearded:  corol  hirsute,  of 
middling  length:  leaves  ovale,  acuminate,  serrate;  petioles  long,  ciliate:  stem 
glabrous,  obtuse-angled.     2  f     S.     P.   Y.     Canada.  : 

punctala,  (3)  (W.  y.  J.  7i-)  smoothish:  flowers  middling  size,  whorled:  br<ft*s  lance- 
olate, colored,  longer  than  the  whorls:  leaves  lance-oblong,  remotely  serr*te:  stem 
obtuse-angled,   with  whitish  down.     2—3  f.     -S.     P.   Y.   D.     Mch. 

hirsuta,  Ph.  (4)  (W.  b.  p.  Au.  21.)  very  iiairy;  flowers  small,  whorled:  bracts  atten- 
uated into  awns:  upper  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  short,  the  rest  bristle-form*  leaves 
ovate,  acuminate,  long  petioled,  serrate.     2 — 3  f     S.     K.  N.     Mch. 

beckii,  Ea.  (VV.  Zf.)  stem  rough,  with  stilFvvhito  hairs:  leaves  petioled,  ovate-oblong 
and  lanceolate,  serrate,  acutish,  somewhat  hairy:  bracts  ovate,  glabrous,  veiny,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  2-lipped  calyx:  upper  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate.  Flowers 
small,  in  wliorls.  First  discovered  by  Professor  L.  C.  Beck  near  St.  Louis.  De- 
scribed by  Dr.  Torrey  in  the  Annals  of  the  N.  Y.  Lyceum. 

ciliata,  {p.  Au.  2^.)  hirsute:  flowers  small,  whorled:  bracts  ovate,  glabrous,  veiny, 
ciliate,  equalling  the  calyx:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  tapering,  sub-sessile,  serrate, 
pubescent:  stem  acute-angled,  hirsute.     -S.     P.  Y.  V.  D.     Mch. 

lugosa,  A.  (W.  A.  w.  Ju.  Zf-)  smoothish:  heads  simple,  middling  size:  outer  bracts 
ovate,  undulate:  calyx  smoothish:  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  acute,  rugose;  nerves 
beneath  and  petioles  pilose:  stem  acute-angled,  smoothish.     4  f.     Canada. 

Southern. 

gracilis,  Ph.  (A.  y-w.)  very  glabrous:  heads  lateral  and  terminal,  small:  outer  bracts 
linear,  ciliate:  calyx  pubescent  ciliate:  corol  shon:  leaves  lance-linear,  acuminate, 
seriate:  stem  obtusely  angled,  glabrous. 

purpurea,  Ph.  (A.  r.  Ju.  2i.)  somewhat  glabrous:  heads  large,  leafy:  outer  bracts 
large,  colored,  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate:  calyx  colored;  throat  bearded: 
corol  long,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate;  nerves  all 
over  pilose:   stem  acutely  angled,  glabrous. 

bradhuiiaua,  Bk.  (W.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  heads  large,  terminal:  outer  bracts  broad-lanceo- 
late, ciliate,  colored:  calyx  pilose,  densely  bearded  at  the  throat,  with  5  subulate, 
very  long,  divaricate  teeth:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  or  with  very  short  ciliate  peti- 
oles; hairy  on  both  sides,  lance-oblong,  dentate,  rounded  at  the  base.  Stem  simple. 
3f- 

scahra,  Bk.  (W.  p.  Au.  ZT-)  heads  large,  simple,  terminal,  somewhat  in  threes: 
bracts  lance-ovate;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  acute,  nearly  straight:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  sub-cordate,  serrate,  opposite,  scabrous,  punctate,  somewhat  hairy;  petioles 
short,  hairy.     Stem  branching.     3  f 

3 — 2.     Monoce'ra.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Southern. 

aromatmi,  Wr.  (5)  (J.  21.)  spikes  solitary;  spikelets  about  6-flowered:  flowers  awned, 

bearded  at  the  margin;  exterior  paleas  roughened  by  glands,  awned  on  the  back. 

10 — 1.     MoNOTRo'pA.     I'll.     Pyro.  h.  bit-ton.  diu. 

unijtora,  (bird's  nest,  Indian  pipe.  O.  w.  J.  Zf.)  stem  1-flowered:  flower  nodding  at 
first,  at  length  erect:  scales  of  the  stem  approximate.  Whole  plant  ivory-white  at 
first.     4—8  i.     S.     Mch. 


Monocera.     Gr.  monos,  one,  and  keras,  horn,  there  being  but  one  spike. 

Monotropa.     Gr.  monos,  one,  and  irepo,  to  turn,   the  flowers  all  turning  in  one 

direction. 

(1)  longifolia,  Lk.     allophylla,  Mx.     mollis,  W.         (2)  glabra,  Lk.         (3)  lutea, 
Mx.        (4)  ciliata,  Mx.  not  L.        (5)  Aegilops,  Wr.     Chloris  monostachya,  Mx. 


MOIVOTROPA,    MYLOCARYim.  323 

morisoniana,  Mx.  (J.  2f.)  scape  elongated,  straight,  1-flowered:  scales  distant:  flowers 

erect:  stamens  10  to  12.     S — C. 
lanuainosa,   L.  (false  beech-drops.  W.  y-w.  Ju.  7i-)  scape  spike-flowered:    whole 

plant,  includinnr  the  flower,  woolly,  except  the  base  of  the  stem.     Grows  on  roots 

of  trees,   &c.,    whole   plant  yellowish  white.     3—0  i.     ST.     B.  C.  T.  F.  P.  V. 

Niagara  Falls.     Hypopithys  lanuginosa  of  7th  edition. 
europea,  (yellow  beech-drops,  y.  J.  21-)  scape  spike-flowered:  flowers  and  scales 

on  the  stem  glabrous  outside;  lateral  flowers  octandrous.  P.  Canada.     Hypopithys 

europea  of  7th  edition. 

•'  10 — 1.     MoNOTROp'sis.  (1)     51.     Pyro.  h.  aro.  o.  nar — .  ric. 
t  Southern, 

odorata,  §z.  (r-w.  Mar.)  flowers  bell-form,  in  aggregate  heads.     3 — 4  i. 

3—3.     Mon'tia.     86.     Port.  muc.  lax. 
fontana,  (false  spring  beauty.  )  leaves  opposite:  flowers  axillary,  small.     Wet. 

19—4.     Mo'rus.     98.     Atro.  b.  ton.  f.  ton.  lax. 

rubra,  W.  (red  mulberry.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminated  or  3-lobed, 
equally  serrate,  scabrous,  soft  hairs  beneath:  pistillate  spikes  cylindric.  15 — 30  f. 
&     Tl  Y.  P.  C.  O.  N.  F. 

Exotic. 

alba,  (white  mulberry.  M.  \.)  leaves  heart-form,  with  oblique  bases,  ovate  or  lobed, 
unequally  serrate,  smoothish.     From  China  and  Persia.     Naturalized.     15 — 20  f. 

nigra,  (black  mulberry.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  cordate,  ovate  or  sub-5-lobed,  unequally 
toothed,  scabrous.     From  Persia.     30 — 40  f. 

mullicaulis,  (many-stemmed  mulberry.  >^.)  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  crenate- 
serrate,  net-veined,  bullate,  with  veins  prominent;  sub-scabrous  and  pimpled  be- 
neath, sub-glabrous  above:  sprouts  piohferous  8 — 16  f.  Leaves  sometimes  12 
to  14  inches  long. 

3 — 2.     Mdhlenberg'ia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

diffusa,  Sr.  (2)  (drop-seed  grass.  O.  J.  21.)  culm  diflfljse  (decumbent:)  leaves  lance- 
linear:  panicle  branched,  appressed:  awns  as  long  as  the  paleas.     18  i.     S.     Mch. 

Muhlenbergia,  Brachyelytri'm. 

Myagrum,  Alyssum,  Camelina. 

4 — 4.     Mygin'da.     95.     Ilic.  ton. 

myrtifolia,  Jn.  (3)  (W.  w.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  reflexed 
at  the  margin,  glabrous,  perennial:  peduncles  axillary,  very  short,  sub-solitary, 
1-flowered,  2-bracted  at  the  base.     S.     R. 

10 — 1.     Myloca'ryum.     51.     Eric.  f.  sed.  nar.  s.  bit.  ton. 

Southern. 

ligustrinum,  W.  (buckwheat  tree.   W.   M.  ^ . )   leaves   perennial,  alternate,    sessile, 


Monolropsis.     Appearing  like  a  Monotropa.     Gr.  apsis,  appearance. 

Montia.     In  honor  of  Joseph  de  Monti,  Professor  of  Natural  History  at  Bologna,  in 
the  beginning  of  the  18lh  century. 

Morus.     Morca  was  the  Greek  name  of  the  mulberry,  amauros,  black:  the  Celtic  mor 
denotes  black. 

Muhlenbergia.     In  honor  of  Rev.  H.  Muhlenberg,  of  Lancaster,  Penn. 

Myginda.     In  honor  of  Francis  Von  Mygind,  a  German  patron  of  botany. 

Mylocaryum.     Gr.  mule,  a  mill,  and  kania,  a  kernel  or  stone,  in  form  the  nut  resem- 
bles mill-stones. 
(1)  Elliott  proposed  Schvveisitzia  as  a  substitute  for  Monotropsis,  and  Nuttall  has 

adopted  it.         (2)  Dilepymum,  Mx.         (3)  Ilexa  myrsinita.  Ph. 


S24  MYLOCARYUM,    MYRIOPHYLLUM. 

wedge-lanceolate,  very  entire,  glabrous,  sub-glaucous  beneath:  racemes  simple, 
terminal.     6—15  f.     Florida. 

5—1.     Myoso'tis.     43.     Bora.  ton.  honey-pti. 

palustris,  Roth.  (1)  (scorpion  weed.  W.  b.  M.  11.)  nut  smooth:  calyx  leaves  sub-qval, 
about  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  coroh  stem  sub-ramose:  leaves  lance-oval:  racMnes 
bractless.     J  2— 18  i.     P.  Y.  H.  B.  N.  C.     Hudson. 

arvensis,  (2)  (forget-me-not.  W.  w.  b.  J.  0.)  nut  smooth:  calyx  leaves  oval,  acumi- 
nate, very  hirsute,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  coroh  stem  very  branching:  racemes 
conjugate:  leayes  lance-oblong,  hirsute.     4 — 8  i.     iS'.     T.  Y.  P.  N.  F.  M.  D. 

stiffruticosa,  T.  &  .T.  (W.  b?)  stem  suffruticose,  very  branching,  hirsute:  leaves  lance- 
linear,  hispid  pilose:  spikes  terminal,  many:  flowers  pedicelled:  c^lyx  clo^d:  nut 
emoolh,  depressed,  ovi^te.     8  1. 

Southern.  * 

fuma,  W.  (W.  b.  &  y.  If.)  leaves  oblong,  villose:  racemes  few-flowered:  nut 
emoothish;  margin  serrulate. 

MlJOSOtis,    ROCHELIA. 

5 — 12.     Myosu'rus.     61.     Ranu.  g-r.  acr-poi.  h.  epis. 

Southern.  * 

minimus,  (Ap.  0.)  leaves  linear,  entire:  scape  1-flowered:  stamens  5  to  8.  Petals 
anther-form.     2 — 4  i. 

20—4.     Myei'ca.     99.     Myri.  r,  ast.  f.  aro-wax. 

gale,  W.  (sweet  gale,  bog  myrtle.  W.  M.  T^.)  leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate at  the  apex:  staininate  aments  imbricate:  scales  acuminate,  ciliate:  f^uit  in  a 
scaly  head.     3-4  f.     C.  H.  B.  D. 

ctrifcra,  (bayberry.  W.  g-p.  M.  T^.)  leaves  wedge  lanceolate,  acute,  with  distant 
serratures  at  the  apex:  staminate  aments  lax:  scales  acute:  fruit  small,  globose, 
covered  with  a  whitish  wax,  in  a  mealy  state.  Var.  pumila,  Mx.  leaves  lance- 
linear.    2-18  f.     «.     C.  Y.  P.  B.  F.  O.  N. 

caroliniensis,  W.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  wedge-oblong,  coarsely  toothed:  staminate  aments 
lax;  scales  acute:  berry  globose,  large.     3 — 4  f.     S.     C.     New  England. 

pennsylvanica,  Lk.  (M.  \  .)  leaves  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end,  very  entire  or  sparingly 
sub-serrate  at  the  apex,  revolute  at  the  margin:  staminate  aments  lax:  scales  acute: 
berry  globose,  large.     3  f. 

19 — 12.     My'RioPHYL'nJM.     88.     Halo.  emo. 

verticillatum,  (water  milfoil.  W.  Ju.  2_f.)  leaves  pinnate,  capillary;  upper  ones  peclir 
nate-pinnatifid:  flowers  in  axillary  whorls;  lower  ones  pistillate;  upper  ones  stami- 
nate or  perfect,  octandrous.  In  stagnant  waters.  S.  B.  P.  Y.  C.  N.  Canada. 
Mch. 

spicatum,  (Ju.  2-C-)  leaves  all  pinnate,  capillaceous:  spikes  interrupted,  naked,  whorl- 
ed;   flowers  staminate,  polyandrous.     D.    Y.     Canada. 

heterophyllum,  Mx.  (Ju.  If.)  lower  leaves  capillary,  pinnate;  upper  ones  oval,  acutely 
seirate:  flowers  hex^ndrous. 

capillaceum,  (Ju.  If.)  leaves  all  capillary,  pinnate:  flowers  axillary,  opposite  and  alter- 
nate, tetrandrous,  mostly  perfect:  fruit  4-angled,  formed  of  four  cyUndrical  carpels. 

Myosotis.     Gr.  mus,  ( muosj  mouse,  and  oiis,  (  otosj  ear,  alluding  to  the  shape  and 

hairiness  of  the  leaves. 
Myosurus.     Gr.  mus,  (muosj  mouse,  and  op.ra,  tail,  referring  to  the  long,  slender 

receptacle. 
Myrica.     Gr.  murike,  a  name  applied  to  this  genus,  from  a  supposed  resemblance  to 

the  tamarisk;  perhaps  from  Gr.  muro,  to  flow,  because  wax  flows  from  its  fruit,  or^ 

warm  days. 
Myriophyllum.     Gr.  murios,  innumerable,  and  phuHon,  leaf;  from  their  great  number, 

(1)  gcorpioides,  W.     laxa,  Lk.        (2)  yerna,  N, 


MYRIOPHYLLUM,  NARTHECIUM.  325 

ambigvum.  N.  (1)  (  )  etem'floating,   dlcliotomous:  leaves  petioled,   obsoletely 

pinnate;  lowest  ones  capillary;  middle  ones  pectinate;  upper  ones  nearly  entire. 

Var.  limosum,  stem  rooting,  erect:  leaves  rigid,  mostly  3-cleft:  segments  setaceous, 

acute.     Y.  B. 
tenellum,  Bw.  (.lu.  7S-)  erect,  nearly  leafless:  bracts  entire,  obtuse:  petals  linear,  con-. 

duplicate  and  revolute.     4—12  i.     B.  F.     Plainfield,  Porter. 

Southern, 
scabratum,  Mx.  (J.  2^.)  leaves  pinnatifid:  flowers  whorled,  axillary;  upper  ones  stami- 
nate,  tetrandrous;  lower  ones  pistillate:  fruit  8-_angled.     12  i.     La.     K. 

Myrrhis,  Urasperm0m. 
11—1.     Myr'tus.     89.     Myrt.  aro.  ton. 
Exotic. 
fommunis,  (myrtle,  w.  Ju.  ^.)  flowers  solitary:  involucre  2-leaved:  leaves  ovate. 

N. 

Nabalis,  Prenanthes. 

19—1.     Na'jas.     7.     Fluv.  ton. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (water  nymph.)  small,  filiform:  leaves  narrow-linear.  W.  N. 
Canada. 

Napaca,  Sida. 

6 — 1.     Narcis'sus.     17.     Narc.  r.  ton.  erne — . 
Exotic. 

pseudo-narcissvs,  (daffodil.  M.  U.)  spathe  1-flowered:  nectary  bell-form,  erect,  crisp- 
ed, equalling  the  ovate  petals. 

iazetta,  (polyanthus.  M.  2X-)  spathe  many-flowered:  nectary  bell-form,  plicate,  trun- 
cate, thrice  as  short  as  the  petals;  petals  alternately  broader:  leaves  flat.j 

jonquilla,  (jonquil.  M.  If.)  spathe  many -flowered:  nectary  bell-form,  short:  leaves 
subulate. 

poeticus,  (poet's  narcissus.  If.)  spathe  1-flowered:  nectary  wheel-form,  very  short, 
scarious,  (red)  crenulate:  leaves  inflexed  at  the  margin. 

17 — 2.     Nardos'mia.     55.     Eupa.  dem— .  bit-car.  r.  ton.  sec-sti. 
A  sub-genus  of  Tussilago,  which  see. 

3 — 1.     Nar'dus.     10.     Cype.  ton—,  fod — . 
Southern, 
stricta,  (mat  grass.  W.  2i.)  spike  setaceous,  straight:  flowers  1-sided.    ' 

6 — 1.     Narthe'cium.     13.     Junct.  fod — . 

americanum,  Ker.  (2)  (false  asphodel.  E.  y.  Ju.  21.)  racemes  sometimes  interruptedly 
spiked,  lax:  one  cauline  bract  clasping  the  pedicel,  another  chafF-bristle-forrn  be- 
low: filaments  with  short  wool.     Y. 

Myrtus.  Gr.  murtos,  the  myrtle,  said  to  be  from  myrrha,  a  nymph,  changed  into 
this  tree;  or  from  Gr.  muron,  perfume. 

Najas.     Gr.  nais,  a  water  nymph,  because  it  is  found  floating  on  clear  water. 

Narcissus.  Gr.  narkissos,  a  youth,  who  was,  according  to  Mythology,  changed  into 
this  flower. 

Nardosmia.     Gr.  nardos,  spikenard,  osme,  odor;  it  smells  like  spikenard. 

Nardus.  Gr.  nardos,  spikenard;  a  term  applied  to  aromatic  grasses,  though  the  pre- 
sent species  have  no  such  virtues. 

Narthecium.     Gr.  narthcx,  fennel;   from  the  appearance  of  the  stalk.     See  Ferula. 
(1)  procumbens,  Bw.        (2)  Phalangium  ossifragum,  M. 


.326  NESTURTIUM,    NECTHIS. 

i4 — 2.     Nastur'tjum.     63.     Cruc.  stim.  dia. 

natans,  Dc.  (IS.-)  leaves  above  water,  lanceolate,  entire,  serrate;  immersfed  leaves 
bi-tri  pinnatifid:  segments  capillary:  silicles  obovate-globose:  style  long.    Canada. 

officinale,  R.  Br.  (w. )  leaves  pinnately  divided;  segmenis  ovate,  sub-cordate,  repand: 
petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx.  S.  Oregon,  N.  W.  Coast,  New  England. 
Erysimum  Nasturtium,  7th  edition. 

lyratum,  N.  (y. )  leaves  pinnatifid  or  lyrate;  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  incisely 
serrate  or  angularly  toothed:  silique  linear,  compressed,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  pedicel,  somewhat  spreading,  abrupt  at  the  apex:  style  very  short:  common 
peduncle  flexuous.     Banks  of  the  Oregon. 

sinualiim,  N.  (y  )  decumbent:  leaves  pinnatifid;  segments  lanceolate,  sub-serrate  or 
toothed  on  the  lower  margin:  pedicels  spreading  or  recurved,  longer  than  the 
oblong,  acute  silique:  style  nearly  one-third  the  length  of  the  siliqu?.    iS.     Oregon. 

curvisiliqua,  N.  (0.  y.)  erect,  branching:  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnalifid,  acute,  some- 
what clasping  at  the  base;  lobes  linear-lanceolate  and  spreading,  the  uppermost 
nearly  entire:  raceme  in  fruit  elongated:  siliques  linear,  acute,  falcate,  twice  as 
long  as  the  pedicels.     N.  W.  Coast,  Oregon. 

palustre,  D.  C.  (J.  Au.  Zf.  y.)  leaves  pinnately  lobed,  clasping  and  ciliate  at  the  base; 
lobes  confluent,  toothed,  glabrous:  root  fusiform:  petals  as  long  as  the  sepals: 
silique  spreading,  obtuse  at  each  end,  somewhat  turgid.  1 — 2  f.  S.  Arctic 
America,  Oregon.     Erysimum  palustre  of  7th  edition. 

amphibium,  R.  Br.  (y.)  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  serrate:  root  fibrous: 
petals  longer  than  the  calyja  silique  ellipsoid,  spreading,  mucronate  with  the  style. 
<Si.     Canada.     Erysimum  anjphibium  of  7th  edition. 

j)oly7norphum,  N.  (<&-or^.y.)  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  or  almost 'entire;  segments 
entire:  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx:  silique  oblong-linear,  compressed: 
stigma  minute,  nearly  sessile.     Oregon. 

hispidum,  D.  C.  (Zf?)  stem  tomentose-villose:  leaves  somewhat  villose,  runcinate- 
pinnatifid;  lobes  rather  obtusely  toothed:  siliques  ovate,  tumid,  pointed  with  the 
distinct  style,  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  somewhat  spreading  pedicels: 
petals  scarcely  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Middle  and  Northern  States. 

syheslre,  R.  Br.  (y. )  leaves  pinnately  divided;  segmenis  lanceolate,  serrate,  or  incised: 
petals  longer  than  the  calyx:  siliques  oblong,  somewhat  torulose:  style  very  short. 
Philadelphia.     Introduced. 

cernuum,  N.  (w.)  racemes  panicled:  leaves  pinnatifid  or  laciniate;  the  segments  irre- 
gularly and  distantly  toothed:  silique  short,  obovate,  nodding:  stigma  sessile. 
Oregon. 

Southern. 

tanaceiifuUum,  H.  &  Arn.  (March.  M.  $.  y.)  leaves  pinnately  divided:  segments 
sinuate-pinnatifid  or  toothed:  siliques  oblong-linear,  nearly  erect,  acute:  style  short. 
S — C.  to  Arkansas.     Erysimum  Walteri  of  7th  edition. 

sessiliforum,  N.  (y.)  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse,  repandly  toothed  or  nearlj 
entire:  siliques  sub-sessile,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  tipped  with  the  nearly  sessile 
stigma.     Banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

ohtusum,  N.  (0.  y.)  leaves  pinnately  divided,  decurrent;  segments  irregularly  oval, 
angularly  toothed,  obtuse:  siliques  linear,  sub-terete,  twice  the  length  of  the  pedi- 
cels: style  short.     Banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

limosum,  N.  {$.  y. )  leaves  lanceolate,  laciniately-pinnalifid  toward  the  base,  nearly 
entire  above  or  merely  angularly  toothed;  lacinise  decurrent,  sub-serrate  or  entire: 
pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  abbreviated  siliques:  stigma  neaily  sessile.  New 
Orleans. 

Nasturtium,  Erysimum. 

6 — 2.     Nec'tris.     61.     Ranu.  f.  poi.  r.  exp.  asp.  ast.  cat.  asm.  rhe. 
Southern, 
aquatica,  (g-y.  M.  7X.)  submersed  leaves  opposite,  many-parted,  capillary;  floating 
ones  alternate,  elliptic,  peltate,  entire:  raceme  terminal. 


Nasturtium.     Lat.  nasus,  nose,  tortus,  twisting;  from  its  convulsing  the  nose  on  be- 
ing snuffed. 
Nectris.     From  Gr.  nekton,  swimming  or  floating. 


NEC  UNDO,    NEMOPHILA,  327 

Ncctris,  Floerkea. 

Negundiian,  Acer. 

20 — 5.*     Negunbo.     66.     Aceri.  sug.  ton. 

[See  note  at  the  bottom  of  p.  112,  on  this  as  an  old  species  of  Acer.] 

Calyx  minute,   nnequally  4  to  5-toothed:    petals  0:   anthers  4  to  5,  linear,  sessile: 

pedicels  of  the  stainiiiate  flowers  capillary,  fascicled,  from  lateral  aggregated  buds; 

fertile  flowers  in  racemes:   samaras  in  pairs,  winged,  diverging,  1-seeded:  leaves 

compound,  pinnatel}'  3  to  5  foliolale. 
uccroides,  Moench.  (ash-maple,  box-eider.  M.  T:'.)  leaves  pinnate  or  ternate,  unequally 

serrate.     Flowers  dioecious.     Large  tree.     40  f.     S.  P.  K.     Acer  negundo  of  7th 

edition.     Mch. 

Soulhcrn. 
califomicum,  (  )  young  leaves  villose,  3-foliolate;  leafets  3-Iobed;  lobes  incised  or 

toothed.     California. 

12 — 12.     Nelum'biom.     61.     Nelu.  r.  amy-sug. 

Utteum,  W.  (1)  (sacred  bean.  W.  y.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  entire:  corol 
polypetalous:  anthers  linear  above.  The  largest  native  flower  in  the  Northern 
States.     S.     D.  P.  C.     Lake  Ontario,  Sodus  Bay. 

Southern, 
pentapetalum,  W.    (w.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  entire:  calyx  5-sepalled: 

petals  5. 
reniforme,  W.  (21.)  leaves  reniform:  corol  polypetalous.     These  two  southern  species 

rest  on  the  authority  of  Walter  and  Dc. 
codophyllum,  (         y.  2i.)  leaves  downy  beneath.     Lakes  of  Louisiana.     Leaves  two 

feet  wide? 

4 — 4.     Nemopan'thes.  (3)     95.     Ilici.  b.  ton.  f.  ton — .  eme. 

canadensis,  (wild  holly,  mountain  holly.  A.  g-y.  M.  T^.)  leaves  deciduous,  ovate, 
entire,  (or  a  little  serrate  at  tlie  apex,)  glabrous:  peduncles  sub-solitary,  long,  1- 
flowered:  fruit  somewhat  4-sided.  3 — 5  f.  S.  Common  in  high  dry  woods  in 
New  England.     B.  C.  N.  F.  D.  T.     Mch. 

5 — 1.     Nemoph'ila.     43.     Hydr.  ton.  honey-pti. 

paniculata,  Spreng.  (water-leaf.  b.  M.  21-)  very  hirsute:  radical  leaves sub-pinnatifid; 
cauline  ones  lobe-angled:  sinuses  of  the  calyx  appendaged:  the  fascicles  of  flowers 
sub-panicled:  calyx  very  hispid.  S.  P.  C.  Hydrophyllum  appendiculatumof  7th 
edition. 

Southern. 

pharelioides,  N.  (W.  M.  b.  $.)  succulent:  stem  3-sided:  leaves  alternate,  pinnatifid: 
peduncles  very  long,  l-flowered,  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal,  somewhat 
dacemed;  racemes  incurved:  fruit  deflexed.     Resembles  Hydrophyllum. 


Nelumbium.     In  Ceylon  called    Nelumbo,   meaning  sacred  bean.     See  Rees.   art. 

Cyamus. 
Nemopanthes.     Gr.  nemos,  grove,  and  pantos,  (of pas)  all,  in  all  groves  common. 
Nemophila.     Gr.  nemos,  a  grove,  and  phileo,  to  love,  from  its  habitation. 

(1)  iVymphea  nelumbo,  L.     Cyamus  flavicomus,  Sy.     luteus,  E.         (2)  Acer. 

(3)  Ilex.  The  separation  of  this  species  from  the  genus  Ilex  was  suggested  by 
Professor  Dewey,  of  Williams  College,  in  1818;  and  he  wrote  a  generic  description. 
I  proposed  publishing  it  in  my  3d  edition,  under  the  name  Deweya  canadensis;  but 
M.  Rafinesque  was  before  me. 

*The  genus  Acer,  from  which  Negundo  was  taken  by  Moench.  was  placed  among 
the  diclinous  plants  by  Linneus.  But  it  was  removed  on  account  of  many  species 
varying  from  the  character  of  the  class.  As  the  Negundo  is  constantly  dioecious,  it 
may  be  returned. 


328  NEOTTIA,    NIGELLA, 

18—1.     Neot'tia.  (1)    21.     Orch.  r.  amy.  vis.  aro— .  salep. 

tortilis,  W.  (2)  (suniiner  ladies' tresses.  O.  w.  J.  2i-)  radical  leaves  linear:  scape 
sheathed:  flowers  spirally  secund;  lip  somewhat  3-lobed;  middle  lobe  larger,  ere* 
nulate.     12  i.     <S'. 

gracilis,  Bw.  (O.  w.  Ju.)  leaves  radical,  ovate:  scape  sheathed:  flowers  in  a  spiral 
row;  lip  obovate,  curled.  Var.  secunda,  spike  unilateral,  hardly  spiral:  flowers 
more  slender.     8 — 12  i.     Mch. 

■ccrnua,  (3)  (nodding  ladies'  tresses.  O.  w.  Au.  ![.)  leaves  lanceolate,  3-nerved  rstem 
sheathed:  spike  oblong,  dense-flowered;  flowers  recurve-nodding;  lip  oblong,  en- 
tire, acute.  Var.  major,  stem  tall,  somewhat  leafy:  flowers  very  large.  Var.  lati- 
folia,  stem  short:  leaves  lance-oblong,  sub- radical,  flat.     8 — J8  i.     /S'.     Mch. 

Southern, 

odorata,  W.  (w.  )  stem   leafy,  glabrous:  leaves   lanceolate,  acuminate;  radical 

ones  very  long:  spike  somewhat  lax:  flowers  recurved;    lip  ovate,   entire;  mar- 
gin undulate,  sub-fimbriate.     Newbern,  N — C. 

Neottia,  Goodyera. 

13 — 1.     Nep'eta.     42.     Labi.  beV.  sud.  cold. 

cataria,  (catmint,  catnip.  O.  b-w.  Zf.)  hoary-pubescent:  flowers  in  whorled  spikes: 
leaves  petioled,  cordate,  tooth-serrate.     Introduced? 

Neurosperma,  Momordica. 
Nicandria,  Atropa. 

5—1.     Nicotia'na.     38.     Sola  s.  poi+.  nar+.  h.  poi.  nau.* 
Exotic, 

tabacum,  (virglnian  tobacco.  W.  w-r.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  lance-ovate,   sessile,  decurrent: 

flowers  acute.     Naturahzed. 
rustica,  (common  tobacco.  W.  Au.  #.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  entire:  flowers  obtuse. 

Naturalized. 
paniculata,  (small-flowered  tobacco.  Au.  %.)  leaves  petioled,  cordate,  entire:  flowers 

panicled,  obtuse,  clavate. 

Souilicrn, 

qmdrivahis,  Ph.  (W.  b-w.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  petioled:  flowers  scattered, 
solitary,  near  the  summit  of  the  branches:  corol  funnel-form;  divisions  oblong, 
acutish:  capsule  sub-globose,  4-valved. 

12 — 4.     Nigel'la.     61.     Ranu.  s.  nau.  poi.  dra-eme. 
Exotic. 

damascena,  (fennel-flower.  M.  #.)  flower  surrounded  with  a  leafy  involucre. 
sativa,  (nutmeg  flower.)  pistils  5:  capsules  muricate,   roundish:   leaves  sub-pilose, 
pinnatifid.     9 — 15  i. 

Neottia.     Gr.  neottios,  a  bird's  nest,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  its  fibrous  roots. 
Nepela.     Lat.  neptta,  supposed  to  be  from  nepa,  a  scorpion,  it  being  used  to  cure  their 

bites:  or  from  Nepete,  a  town  in  Italy. 
Nicotiana.     In  honor  of  John  Nicot.  of  Nismes,  who  introduced  it  into  Europe. 
Nigella.     Lat.  niger,  black,  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  seeds. 

(1)  Spiranthes.  (2)  Ophrys  aestivalis,  Mx.     Satyrium  spirale,  Sw.     Limo- 

dorum  praecox,  Wr.         (3)  Ophrys,  L.     Liinodonim  autumnale,  Wr. 

*A  deadly  poison,  sent  upon  man  with  other  ciirspi-'.  It  is  also  death  to  the  creep- 
ing tempter  of  Eve.  Lindley  says  (p.  513),  one  drop  of  the  oil,  exhaled  from  the 
mouth  in  smoking,  if  put  on  a  snake's  tongue,  produces  instant  death. 


NOLINA,    NYSSA.  329 

6 — 3.     Nou'na.     13.     Melan.  poi.  if  nau.  asc. 

Southern. 

georgiana,  Mx.  (w.  M.  Zf.)  l^^^^s  long-linear,  coriaceous,  dry:  scape  with  small 
subulate  scales  near  the  base:  panicle  spreading,  racemose.     2—3  f. 

12 — 1.     jSu'phar.  (1)     62.     Nymp.  r.  nar.  sed.  ast — .  slip. 

advena,  (2)  (yellow  water  lily.  O.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  cordate:  lobes  divaricate:  calyx 
5 — 6  sepalled,  stigma  crenate:  capsule  furrowed.  Leaves  always  floating  in  deep 
water  and  erect  in  shallow.     Petioles  semi-cylindricai.     Bw.     S.     Mch. 

kalmiana,  A.  (3)  (Jn.  21.)  leaves  cordate,  lobes  near  each  other:  calyx  5-sepalled: 
stigma  gashed,  with  8  to  12  radiated  lines.  Flowers  small.  Water.  O.  F.  C.  T. 
Y.  B.  N.     Canada.     Mch. 

Southern. 

sagittaefolia,  Wt.  (4.)  (y.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  long  cordate-sagittate,  obtuse:  calyx  6- 
sepalled:  petals  0:  anthers  sub-sessile:  stigma  entire.     Water. 

Nuttallia,  Malva. 

12 — 1.     Nymphae'a.     62.     Nymp.  r.  nar.  sed.  ast — .  stip. 

odorata,  A.  (white  pond-lily.  O.  w.  Ju.  Zf-)  leaves  round-cordate,  entire,  sub- 
emarginate;  lobes'  spreading  asunder,  acuminate,  obtuse:  petals  equalling  the  4- 
sepalled  calyx.  Var.  rosea,  petioles,  peduncles  and  leaves  purplish  beneath;  lobes 
divaricate,  acute.     iS.     Mch. 

minor,  Dc.  (  w.  21-)  leaves  cordate,  entire;  nerves  and  veins  prominent  beneath; 
peduncles  and  petioles  somewhat  hairy:  stigma  16  to  20-rayed.  Var.  of  odorata? 
S. 

Neuroloma,  Parrya,  Hesperis. 

20—5.     Nys'sa.     24.     Elae.  sed.  ton. 

mulliflora,  Wr.  (.5)  (pepperidge,  tupelo,  swamp  hornbeam.  O.  j-^.  M.  ^.)  leaves 
obovate,  oblong,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends;  the  petioles,  midribs  and  margins  vil- 
lose:  pistillate  peduncles  sub-3-flowered:  nut  short-obovate,  obtuse,  striate.  S. 
Mch 

aquutica,  (6)  (sour  gum.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends, 
glabrous:  pistillate  peduncles  2-flowered:  drupe  short,  obovate:  nut  obtusely  striate. 
;Sf.     Y.  C.     S— C.     M. 

Southern. 

capitata,  Wr.  (7)  (M.  \  .)  leaves  short  petioled,  lance-oblong  and  oval,  nearly  entire, 

pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary  beneath:  staminate  flowers  capitate:  pistillate  ones 

solitary. 
tomentosa,  Mx.  (W .  M.  >■.) leaves  long-petioled,  oblong,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate, 

tomentose  beneath:  pistillate  flowers  solitary:   drupe  oblong. 
uniflora,  Wr.  (8)  (Ap.  Zf.)  leaves  long  petioled,  oblong,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate, 

glabrous  on  both  sides:  pistillate  peduncles  one-flowered:  drupe  oblong.     S c! 

La. 

Nolina.     In  honor  of  P.  C  Nolin,  a  cultivator  of  American  plants. 

Nuphar.     Gr.  nouphnr,  the  water  lily;   from  the  Arabic  noufur. 

Nymphaea.     Gr.  numphaia,  belonging  to  nymphs,  who  were  supposed  to  inhabit  pure 

and  running  water. 
Nyssa.     A  name  of  a  nymph.     Linneus  says  that  he  so  named  it  because  it  grows  in 

the  water. 

(1)  Nymphea,  L.  (2)  lutea,  W.  (3)  minima,  M.  (4)  Nymphaea,  Wr. 

longifolia,  Mx.         (5)  villosa,  and  sylvatica,  Mx.        (6)  biflora,  Wr.  inlegrifolia  A. 
(7)  candicane,  Mx.         (8)  denticulata,  A.  angulisans,  Mx.  ' 

42 


)30  OBOLARIA,    tKNOTHERA. 


O. 

13—2.     Obola'ria.     46.     Gent.  r.  bit.  ton.  ath. 

Tirs'mica,  (penny-wort.    r.    Ap.  71.)   stem  simple:  leaves  oblong,  truncate,  fleshy,    • 
purple  beneath:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.     3 — 4  i.     S.     P»  M.     S — C. 

13 — 1.     O'cYMUM.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton. 
Exotic. 
basU'icum,  (basil.  ©.)  leaves  ovate,  glabrous:  calyx  ciliate.     6— 12i. 

5 — 2.     Q^nan'the.     60.     Umbe.  if  oolo.  sto.  if  nau.  poi. 

sarmetitosa,  Dc.  (  )  stem  branching,  weak,  somewhat  climbing:  leaves  gash- 

bipinnate;  segments  ovate,  dentate,  terminal  one  somewhat  3-lobed:  umbels  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  many-rayed:  involucre  0:   fruit  oblong:  style  very  long.     A. 

fdiformis,  Wr.  (1)  (w.  Au.  0?)  leaves  simple,  terete,  jointed,  acute:  nut  winged. 
Harper's  Ferry. 

phdlavdrium.  Lk.  (2)  (W.  Ju.  H.)  ramifications  of  the  leaves  divaricate.     In  water. 

(Enoplia,  Rhamnus. 

8 — 1.     CEnothe'ra.     88.     Onag.  emo. 

1.      Capsides  elongated,  sessile. 

iiennis,  (scabish,  tree-primrose.   O.    y.    J.    $.)  stem  villose,  scabrous:  leaves  lance- 
ovate    flat,  toothed:  flowers   sub-spiked,    sessile:  stamens   shorter  than  the  corol. 
3—5  f.     -S.     Mch. 
muricata   (W.  y.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  purple,   muricate:  leaves  lanceolate,  flat:  stamens  of 

the  length  of  the  corol.     1-2  f     S.     T.  P.  O.     Mch. 
parviflora,  (y.  Ju.    $ .)   stem  smooth,   sub-viUose:  leaves   lance-ovate,  flat:  stamens 

longer  than  the  corol.  S.  Y.  T.  H. 
rrrandifiora,  A.  (W.  y.  Ju.  $ .)  stem  glabrous,  branching:  leaves  lance-ovate,  gla- 
brous: stamens  declined.  Flowers  very  large.  A  variety  of  CE.  biennis?  T. 
2—3  f  -S.  P.  F. 
(dbicaulis  N.  ( W.  w.  Ju.  21.)  stem  simple,  erect,  white,  glabrous,  branching  above: 
leaves '  lance-linear,  rarely  sub-serrulate,  sub-villose  beneath:  flowers  axillary; 
petals  entire:  capsules  pritimatic.     3  f.  ^ 

pallida,  Lmd.  (     y.  )  root   creeping:   stem  ascending,    branching:  leaves   lance- 

linear,  acuminate,  very  entire,    or   toothed,   glabrous:   petals  retuse,  crenulate,  ex- 
ceeding the  stamens:   capsule  cylindric,  contorted.     R. 
leucocurpa,  Couiein.   (     y-  )  stem  branching:   leaves  rigid,  serrulate;  lower  ones 

lance-spatulale;    upper  ones    lanceolate;    younger    ones    somewhat   silky:   petals 
slightly  emarginate.  apex  crenulate,    exceeding  the  tube   of  the  calyx  by  one  half; 
almost  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  pistils;  capsules  cylindric,  becoming  hoary- 
silky.     R. 
viminm,  Doug.  (  )  stem  erect,  branching:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-enlire,  glaucous, 

glabrous:  tube  of  the   calyx  equalling   the  divisions:  petals   entire,    denticulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  pistils:  stigma  purple:  capsules   cylindric,   apex 
attenuated,  sulcate,  pubescent.     2 — 3  f.     North  California.     H. 
lindlcyi,  Doug.  (         )  stem   ascending  diffusely  branched:  leaves  lance-linear,  very 
entire,  glabrous:  tube  of  the  calyx  one  third  as  long  as  the  divisions:  petals  entire, 


Obolaria.     Gr.  ohnlos,  a  small  ancient  Athenian  coin,  that  bears  a  considerable  re- 
semblance to  the  rounded  leaves  of  this  plant. 

Ocymum.     Gr.  ohus,  quick,  in  allusion  toils  rapid  growth:  or  from  Gr.  ozo,  to  smell, 
on  account  of  its  powerful  scent. 

Oenanthe.     Gr.   oine,    the  vine,   and  anthos,   flower,  because  it  smells  like  the  vine, 
and  flowers  at  the  same  time. 

Oenothera.     Gr.  uiiios,  wine,  and  thero,  to  seek,  because  the  roots  are  said  to  excite 
a  desire  for  wine. 
(1 )  caroliniensis,  Ph.  teretifolium  M.         (2)  Phellandrium  aquaticum.  Ph. 


CKNOTHERA.  331 

denticulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens  and  pistils:  stigma  yellow:  capsules 
cylindric,  elongated  and  attenuated,  finely  pubescent.  1 — 2  f.  North  California. 
R. 

decumbms,  Doug,  (p.)  stem  ascending:  leaves  glaucous,  very  entire,  pubescent;  lower 
ones  broad-ovate;  upper  ones  lance-ovate:  petals  emarginate,  crenulate;  stigma 
purple,  divisions  retlexed:  capsules  obtuse,  4-angled,  tapering  from  a  thick  base  to 
the  apex,  villose.     North  California.     R. 

purpureM,  {  p.  )  becoming  glaucous:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  ob- 
tusish:  lube  of  the  calyx  short:  petals  broad-ovate,  crenulate:  stamens  and  pistil 
exsert;  stigmas  thick,  short,  dark  purple;  anthers  yellow:  capsules  ovate-3-sided; 
sessile,  hairy. 

rovinnzoioii,  (  p.  )  somewhat  silky-glaucous:  stem  decumbent  below:  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  slightly  mucronate,  tapering  into  the  petiole:  tube  of  the  calyx  very  short; 
limb  half  as  long  as  the  corol;  petals  broad-obovate,  crenulate,  violet  color:  stamens 
much  shorter  than  the  corol:  anthers  green:  stigmas  almost  sessile,  inclosed,  dark 
purple:   capsule  oblong,   hairy,  somewhat  4-sided. 

heicrantha,  N.  (y.  J.  H)  steniless:  leaves  lance-oblong,  entire:  petals  obovate-sub- 
rotund,  retuse:  stamei'.s  4  shorter  than  the  olher  4:  capsules  smooth.     R. 

sinuala,  W.  (W.  y.  J.  0.)  stem  diffused,  soft-pubescent:  leaves  oval-oblong,  tooth- 
sinuate:  flowers  axillary,  villose;  capsules  prismatic.  Vslt.  minima,  (1)  stem  low, 
simple,  1- flowered:   loaves  entire.      &'.     P. 

canadensis,  Goldie.  (  )  stem  sub-glabrous:  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  sessile,  spread- 
toothed,  obscurely  ciliate  at  the  margin:  capsules  oblong-clavate,  acute-angled, 
sessile.     Canada. 

2.     Capsules  tentricosc,  angular;  mostly  pedicellate. 

fntticosa,'W.  (sundrops.  W.  y.  Ju.  2i.)  pubescent:  stem  branched  from  the  base 
leaves  lanceolate,  sub-dentate,  acute:  capsules  pedicelled,  oblong-clavate,  ano-led 
raceme  naked  below.  Var.  ambigua,  is  somewhat  hairy:  stem  simple:  leaves  lance 
olate  or  lance-ovale,  acute,  sub-denticulate:  petals  obcordate;   width  exceeding  the 

length:   capsule  sub-sessile,  smooth,  oblong.  4-winged:  raceme  naked  below.     12 

18  i.     S.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  D.     Mch. 

incnna,  N.  (y. )  stem  slender,  erect:  leaves  flat,  hoary  and  tomentose,  very  entire, 
oval-ovate,  acute:  raceme  few-flowered,  naked:  capsules  sub-sessile,  oblong,  4- 
sided.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  last.     6 — 8  i. 

kijbrida,  Mx.  (y.  Au. )  stem  erect,  villous:  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides,  lanceo- 
late, remotely  toothed,  undulate:  capsules  somewhat  spiked,  short-pedicelled,  ovate- 
4-angled.     1—3  f.     S.     P.  M.     Owego. 

pumila,  (y.  Ju.  2{.)  glabrous:  stem  ascending:  leaves  lanceolate,  very  entire,  obtuse: 
capsules  sub-sessile,  elliptic-obovate,    angular.     8 — 12  i.     S.     T.  B.  C.  N.     Mch. 

chrysantlia,  Mx.  (dwarf  scabish.  y.  J.  2i-)  stem  slender,  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate, 
obtusish,  flat,  entire:  tube  of  the  calyx  but  half  as  long  as  the  divisions:  capsule 
clavate,  acute-angled,  mostly  sessile.     A  variety  of  the  last?     10  i.     iS.     T.  C.  F. 

pusilla,  Mx.  (A.y.  Ju.  2X.)  sub-pubescent:  stem  small,  sub-simple:  leaves  lance-ob- 
long, obtusish,  entire:  flowers  axillary  at  the  top:  capsules  clavate,  turbinate, 
about  equally  8-sided.     4—6  i.     &     P.   C.     Canada. 

riparia,  N.  (y.  ^.)  smoothish:  stem  erect,  virgate- branched:  leaves  lance-linear, 
acute,  distinctly  sub-denticulate,  flat:  capsules  spiked,  pedicelled,  obovate,  8- 
grooved:  valves  with  dorsal  ridges.     2  f. 

quadrivulnera,  Doug.  (  )  stem  ascending,    sub-ramose,  weak:  leaves  lance-linear, 

sub-denticulate,  finely  pubescent:  petals  entire,  margin  crenulate:  capsules  4- 
angled,  apex  attenuated,  villose.      1 — 2  f.     R. 

hootldi,  Dong.  (  w.)  stem  ramose:  leaves  ovate,  dentate,  glabrous  above,  rough  be- 
neath; lower  ones  petioled;  upper  ones  sessile:  flowers  secund,  sub-spiked;  petals 
small,  obovate,  entire,  equalling  the  stamens:  style  long-exsert:  capsules  cylindric, 
sulcate,  twisted.     R. 

pygmaea,  Doug.  (  )  stem  ascending,  ramose:  lower  leaves  petioled,  rhomboid; 
upper  ones  sessile,  lanceolate,  all  dentate,  pubescent:  capsules  suh-secund,  cviin- 
dric,  tapering  to  the  apex,  torulose.     R.  A. 

(1)  CE.  minima,  Ph. 


332  (KNOTHFRA. 

spiralis,  H.  (  )  stem  sub-simple,    decumbent,  lioary:  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse, 

very  entire,  strigose-pilose,  hoary,  attenuate  below:  spikes  leafy:  petals  twice  as 
long  as  the  stamens:  capsules  acutely  4-angled,  acuminate,  hoary,  sub-spirally 
twisted.     A. 

viridescens.  H.  (  )  dense  hoary-tomentose:  stem  erect,   simple:  leaves  ovate, 

acute,  sessile,  coarsely  tootlied:  spikes  leafy:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens: 
capsules  acutely  4-angled,  sub-hirsute,  twisted.  Petals,  when  dry,  are  dark  green. 
A. 

contorla,  Doug.  (  )  glabrous:  stem  weak,  branching:  leaves  linear,  very  entire: 

flowers  very  small:  capsules  cylindric,  contorted-curved,  elongated,  torulose.     R. 

tetragona.  Roth.  (VV.  TX-)  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  entire:  flowers  somewhat  level-topped: 
capsules  pedicelled,  truncate,  4-valved. 

Exotic. 

longifoUa,  (y.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  toothletted,  lance-ovate:  stem  simple,  very  hairy: 
petals  not  in  contact  at  the  base,  and  2-lobed. 

SoiUhern. 

glauca,  Mx.  (O.  y.  7S-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  broad-oval,  repand-denticulate,  smooth 
glaucous:  capsule  ovale-4-angled,  pedicelled. 

linearis,  Mx.  (y.  Ju.  21.)  wholly  pubescent,  slender:  leaves  linear,  entire:  capsules 
long-peduncled,  loundish,  4-angled,  villose. 

caespilosa,  Ph.  (W.  w.  &.  r.  Ju.  21.)  steniless:  leaves  lanceolate,  gash-toothed:  cap- 
sules oblong,  sessile:   tube  of  the  calyx  very  long:   petals  2-lobed,  distant. 

pinnatijida,  N.  (1)  (\V.  w.  J.  ^.)  minutely  pubescent:  stem  decumbent:  radical 
leaves  nearly  entire;  cauline  oneS  pinnatifid;  segments  linear,  acute:  capsules 
prismatic,  grooved.  6 — 24  i.  - 
frastri,  Ph.  Ju.  2i-)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  simple  below,  branching  above:  leaves 
ovate,  petioled,  glandular-denticulate:  racemes  leafy:  capsules  pedicelled,  obovate, 
4-angled.     K.     M. 

macrocurpa,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  y.  Au.  $.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  branching:  leaves  lance- 
olate, petioled,  distantly  glandular-denticulate,  white-silky  on  the  margin  and 
nerves;  petals  obcordate,  with  a  point:  capsules  elliptic,  4-winged,  very  short 
pedicelled. 

triloba,  N.  (W.  y.  M.  0.  «&  If.)  stemless:  leaves  interruptedly  pinnatifid,  toothed, 
glabrous:   petals  3  lobed  at  the  apex:   capsules  4-winged,  large. 

speciusa,  N.  (W.  w.  J.  2Z-)  finely  pubescent:  leaves  lance-oblong,  toothed,  sub-pin- 
natifid:  raceme  naked,  at  first  nodding:  capsules  obovate,  angled:  stem  suffru- 
ticose. 

linifolia,  N.  (W.  y.  J.  $ .)  leaves  entire;  radical  ones  lanceolate;  cauline  ones  linear, 
crowded:  raceme  naked,  terminal:  capsule  obovate,  angled,  pubescent:  petals  ob- 
cordate, longer  than  the  stamens:  stigma  4-lobed. 

serrulata,  N.  (VV.  y.  J.)  leaves  linear,  somewhat  spinose-serrate,  acute:  flowers  axil- 
lary: sepals  keeled:  stigma  4-lobed:  capsules  cylindric,  erect:  stem  suffruticose. 
D. 

humifusn,  N.  (  w.  )  stem  prostrate,  branching,  villous:  leaves  lance-linear,  sub- 
dentate  or  entire,  silky-villose:  flowers  axillary:  calyx  villose;  tube  a  little  longer 
than  the  germ:  capsule  prismatic. 

suaveolms,  D.  (  y.  )  stem,  calyx  and  capsule,  sub-pilose:  leaves  lance-ovate,  obso- 
letely  toothed:  petals  large,  emarginate:  capsules  elongated,  furrowed,  nearly  uni- 
form in  thickness.     Cultivated. 

lamarckiana,  (  y.  )  stem  ramose;  leaves  entire,  lance-ovate:  petals  entire,  large; 
capsules  glabrous,  short,  somewhat  4-sided. 

media,  {  y.  21.)  stem  erect,  haiiy:  leaves  broad  lance-linear,  acute,  toothed,  soft 
pubescent:   tube  of  the  calyx  long,  hairy:   petals  margined,  yellow. 

viscosa,   R.   (  )  stem  brarjching,  decumbent,  terete,   viscous,    downy:  leaves  ses- 

sile, lanceolate,  nerved,  tooth-sinuate:  flowers  axillary,  sessile;  petals  obcordate; 
stigma  4-lobed:  capsule  cylindric,  channelled.     Louisiana. 

Oldenlandia,  Hedvotis. 
(1)  albicaulis.  Ph.  (?)  alata,  N. 


Or.EA,    OPHIORHIZA.  333 

2 — 1.     O'i.EA.     34.     Olea.  f.  ole.  b.  bit.  ast.  emo.  lax. 
Southern, 
americana,  W.  (american  olive,  devil's  wood.  L.  w.  M.  ^.)  lanceolate,  elliptic,  entire: 
racemes  compressed:  bracts  all  persistent,  connate,  small.     Florida,  S — C. 

17 — 2.     Omalan'thus.     55.     Anth.  r.  aro.  f.  res.  sto. 

camphoratus,  Lep.  (  y-  )  leaves  cut-bipinnate,  alternate:  heads  solitary  or  in 
corymbs:  involucre  campanulate,  with  the  leafets  in  few  series:  receptacle  convex. 
Resembles  Tanacetum  vulgare,  but  is  much  more  robust.     R.  A. 

21 — 1.     Onocle'a.     5.     Fill,  sec-stim. 

sensibills,  (sensitive  fern.  W.  J.  21.)  barren  frond  pinnate;  fertile  one  doubly-pinnate: 
stem  glabrous.  The  leafets  slowly  approach  each  other,  on  squeezing  the  stem  in 
the  hand.     6'.     B.  C.  O.  V.  Y.     Mch. 

ohtusiloba,  Sh.  barren  frond  pinnate;  fertile  one  doubly-pinnate:  stem  scaly.     P. 

Onoclea,   Struthiopteris. 

17 — 1.     Onopor'don.     54.     Card.  r.  erne.  1.  ton. 

Exotic. 

acanthium,  (cotton  thistle,  p.  J.  $.)   scales  of  the   involucre  spreading  every  way, 

acuminate:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  toothed-spinose,  woolly.     Naturalized.     N.  B. 

5 — 1.     Onosmo'dum.     43.     Bora,  ton — . 

hispidum,  Mx.  (1)  (false  gromwell.  y-vv.  J.  21-)  very  hispid:  leaves  lance-oval,  acute, 
papillose-punctate:  divisions  of  the  corol  subulate.  1 — 2  f.  jS'.  C.  Y.  T.  D.  O. 
N.  M.  S— C.  Mch. 

molle,  Mx.  (2)  (w.  Ju.  ![•)  whitish-villose:  leaves  oblong-oval,  somewhat  3-nerved: 
divisions  of  the  corol  sub-oval.     iS. 

21 — 1.     Ophioglos'sum.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

Tulgatum,  (adder-tongue  fern.  W.  M.  21.)  frond  ovate,  simple,  obtuse,  closely  reticu- 
late: spikes  about  an  inch  long,  cauline.     8  i.     Y.   P.   C.   F. 

bulhosum,  W.  (3)  (VV.  M.  Zf.)  root  bulbous:  frond  heart-ovate,  obtuse:  spike  cauline. 
6  i.     S.     Y. 

Southern. 

pusillum,  N.  (         )  spike  cauline:  frond  cordate,  acute.     1  i. 

5—1.     Ophiorhi'za.     46.     Gent,  bit-f.  ton-f . 
Soutliern. 

mitreola,   W.    (4)   (w.  Ju.    ^.)   leaves   ovate,    sessile,    with   the   margin   scarious. 

12—18  i.     Charleston,  S— C.     La. 
lanceolata,  E.  (5)  (w.  «fc  p.  Au.  0.)  leaves  long-lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  tapering 

at  the  base.     18  i.     Charleston,  S — C. 

Ophrys,  Epipactis. 


Olea.     Gr.  elaia,  the  olive,  (from  leios,  smooth;)  on  account  of  the  qualities  of  the  oil. 

Onialanthus.     Gr.  omalos,  equal,  anthos,  flower;  as  the  flowers  prove. 

Onoclea.     Gr.  onos,  a  kind  of  vessel,  and  kido,  to  shut  up;  alluding  to  the  capsule. 

Onopordon.     Gr.  onos,  an  ass,  and  perdo,  same  origin  us  the  last  syllable  of  puff- 
ball,  (Lycoperdon.) 

Onosmodium.     So  named  by  Michaux,  because  it  had  some  resemblance  to  Onosma, 
(a  kind  of  borage. ) 

Opiiioglossum.     Gr.  ophis,  serpent,  and  glossa,  tongue,  from  the  shape  of  the  spike. 

Ophiorhiza.     Gr.  ophis,  serpent,  and  riza,  loot,  because  the  root  is  used  as  a  specific 
against  the  bite  of  the  viper  in  India. 
(1)  Lithospermum  virginianum,  L.     Purshia  hispida,  SI.  (2)  Lithospermum 

carolinianum,  Lk.     (3)  crotalopharoides,  Wr.      (4)  ovalifolia,  M.      (5)  mitreola,  M. 


334  OPLOTHECA,    OREAS. 

15 — 5.     Oplothe'ca.     30.     Amar.  cata.  r.  ton. 
Southern. 
Jloridana,  N.  (O.  w.  Ju.  HI)  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched  above,  pubescent,  with 
tumid  joints:   leaves   sessile,   lance-linear,  scabrous   above,   lanuginous   beneath. 
3—4  f. 

18—1.     Or'chis.*  (1)     21.     Orch.  r.  amy-bit. 

1.     Roots  oval  or  palmate. 

spectabilis,  W.    (2)  (gay  orchis.  O.  r.  M.  Zf.)  lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate,  retuse; 

petals    straight;    lateral  ones   longest;   spur  clavale,  shorter  than  the  germ:  bracts 

longer  than  the  flowers:   stem  leafless.     Leaves  radical,  oval,  glabrous.     3 — 6  i. 

S.     Mch. 
Jlava,   (y.  Ju.  It.)  lip  3-cleft,  entire;  middle  division  larger,  (ovate,  entire,  crenulate, 

N.)  spur  filiform,  of  the  length  of  the  germ:  spike  compact:  bracts  longer  than  the 

flower.     1— 2f.     S.     P. 
vbsoleta,  W.   (3)  {J.  TJ.)  lip  lance-oblong,  undivided:  bracts  short:  germ  pedicelled: 

scape  naked:  spur  obtuse,  sub-inflated,  as  long  as  the  germ;  petals  erect.     P. 

2.     Roots  fascicled. 

virescens,  W.  (g.  Ju.  ![.)  lip  lanceolate,  crenate;  petals  connivent:  bracts  longer  than 

the  flowers:  spur  sub-inflated,  obtuse.     12 — 18  i.     P. 
Jiyperborea,  W.   (g-y.  Ju.  21-)  lip  lanceolate,   as  large  as  the  spreading  petals;  spur 

subulate,  shorter  than  the  germ:  spike  ovate:  bracts  as  long  as  the  flowers. 
■ohtusata,  Ph.  (21.)  lip  linear,  very  entire,  longer  than  the  spur;  spur  as  long  as  the 

^erm:  leaf  solitary,  radical,  sub- wedge-form,  obtuse. 
rotundifolia,  Ph.  (Zf.)  lip  3-clefl;  middle  division  2-cleft;  spur  shorter  than  the  germ: 

leaves  roundish-oval.     P.  N. 

Southern. 

nivea,  N.  (w.)  lip  linear,  oblong,  entire;  petals  spreading;  spur  filiform,  longer  than 

the  germ:  lower  leaves  linear,  very  long;   upper  ones  subulate. 
viridis,  (A.  g-w.  Ju.)  lip  linear,  3-toothed  at  the  ape.x;  petals  connivent;  spur  obtuse, 

5uh-inflated:  bracts  much  longer  than  the  flowers.     3  i. 
bidmtata,   E.  (         )  lip  oval-oblong,  2-toothed  at  the  base;  petals  ovate,  spreading; 

spur  shorter  than  the  thickened  germ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate:  stem  nearly  naked. 

12—18  i. 

Orchis,  Habenaria,  Tipularia. 

14 — 1.     O'reas.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 

involucrata,  Cham.  (w.  p.  21.)  small:  leaves  radical,  petioled,  glabrous:  bracts  crowd- 
ed under  the  pedicels,  resembling  an  involucre:  flowers  in  short  racemes,  bracted, 
pedicelled.     A. 

Oplotheca.     Gr.  oplon,  armor,  and  theca,   sheath,   referring  to  the  armed  covering  of 

the  seeds. 
Orchis.     The  Greek  name  of  this  plant. 
Oreas.     Gr.  oros.  oicos,  of  a  mountain;  on  account  of  its  habitation. 

(1)  Some  of  the  species  here  described  may  belong  to  the  genus  Habenaria. 
(2)  humilis,  Mx.         (3)  Salyrium,  P. 

*  The  havoc  made  in  the  Orchis  family  by  forcibly  dismembering  it,  requires  this 
notice.  Many  common  species  are  taken  from  Orchis  and  placed  under  Habe- 
naria— one  under  Tipularia,  which  was  once  the  Limodorum  unifolium.  From 
Neottia,  the  jmbesceiis  is  taken  and  put  under  Goodykra.  From  Epipactis,  3  species 
are  put  under  Listera.  From  Arethusa,  3  species  are  placed  under  Pogonia,  and 
one  under  Triphora.  The  hyemale,  (putty  root,  adam  and  eve)  was  taken  from 
Cymbidium  and  placed  under  Corallorhiza,  and  lastly  is  placed  under  Aplectrum. 
From  Malaxis,  I  species  is  removed  to  Microstvlis.  Students  may  look  for  Orchises 
under  Platan anthera,  Cranichis,  Bletia,  Calypso,  and  PJpidendrdm. 


ORIGANUM,    ORTHOCARPUS.  335 

13 — 1.     Orig'anum.     42.     Labi.  aro.  coo.  e-ole. 

vulgare,  (wild  marjoram,  r.  Ju.  ![•)   spikes   round-panicled,    heaped:  bracts   ovate, 
longer  than  the  calyx.     1—2  f.     S.     T.  C.  F. 

Exotic. 
marjorana,  (sweet  marjoram.  ^.^ spikes  roundish,  ternate,  compact,  peduncled:  leaves 
pelioled,  oval,  obtuse,  smoothish.     6 — 12  i. 

6—1.     Or'nithoga'lum.     16.     Asph.  stim.  g-r.  exp. 

in-acteatum,  T.  &   J.  (W.   p.  21- )  scape   bracted,    one-flowered,   terete:  petals  lance- 
oblong,  obtusish:  filaments  linear:  leaves  filiform,  channelled.     4  i. 

Exotic. 
umbellatum,  (star  of  bethlehem.  M.  2X.)  flowers  corymbed,  peduncles  larger  than  the 
bracts:  filaments  subulate:  leaves  linear,  entire,  emarginate.     Naturalized.    6 — 8  i. 

Ornithogalum,  Phalangium. 
2—1.     Or'nus.     34.     Olea.  b,  bit-ast. 
mnericana,  Ph.  (M.  f^.)  leafets  broad-ovate,  serrate;  terminal  one  obcordate. 
13—2.     Oroban'che.     36.     Orob.  bit-ast.  det. 

unijlora,  (1)  (squaw-root,  broom  rape,  cancer-root.   O.    p-w.    J.  2X.)  scapes  in  pairs, 

naked,   1-flowered:  corol-recurved.     About  3  inches  high,   of  a  yellowish   white 

color.     S.     Mch. 
amcricana,  (p-y.   Ju.  21-)  stem   simple,    covered   with  imbricate   lance-oval   scales: 

spikes  terminal,  glabrous:  corol  recurved:  stamens  exsert.     Hardly  a  span  high: 

brownish  yellow.     «.     P.  W.  Y.  H.  N.     Canada.     Mch. 

Southern, 
ludovidana,  N.  (W.  p.)  pulverulent-pubescent:  stem  low,  simple:  flowers  and  ovate 
acute  scales  sub-imbricate:  calyx  2-bracted:  corol  recurved:  stamens  inclosed, 
smooth.  3 — 4  i. 
fasciculdln,  N.  (W.  p.  Ju.)  stem  short,  simple:  peduncles  numerous,  naked,  nearly 
terminal  about  the  length  of  the  stem:  scales  i'ew,  ovate,  concave,  pubescent. 
4-5  i. 

Orobancke,  Epiphegus. 

Orohus,  Homalobus,  Psoralea. 
6 — 1.     Oron'tium.     7.     Aroi.  g-r.  acr-sti. 

aqiMticum,  (golden  club.  y.  M.  21.)  leaves  lance-ovate:  spike  cylindric,  on  a  scape. 
12— 20i.     ,S.     P.  Y.  C.  F.  M. 

13 — 2.     OR'THOcAR'prs.     36.     Rhin.  nar — .  ast. 

Southeryi. 

luteus,  N.  (W.  y.  Ju.)  stem  simple,  terete,  hirsute-pilose:  leaves  alternate,  sessile. 

Origanum.     Gr.  oron,  a  mountain,  and  ganos,  joy,   in  allusion  to  its  habitation  and 

agreeable  fragrance. 
Ornithogalum.     Gr.  ornis,    (ornithos,)  a  bird,  and  ^aZa,  milk;   this  is  said  to  be  the 

plant  called  dove's  dung,  in  2d  Kings,  vi.  25. 
Ornus.     Lat.  ornus,   the  mountain  ash,  perhaps  of  orns,  to  adorn;  or  Gr.  oreinos, 

from  uros,  a  mountain. 
Orobanclie.     Gr.  urobos,  the  vetch,   and  agchein,  to  strangle,  because  it  was  thought 

to  destroy  whatever  it  grew  on. 
Orontium.     Gr.  ornnHon,   said  to  be  from  the  river  Orontes  in  Asia  Minor,   where- 

from  came  the  original  plant. 
Orthocaipus.     Gr.  ortlios,  straight,   and  karpos,  fruit,  by    which  it  is  distinguished 

from  Melampyrum. 

(1)  biflora,  N. 


336  ORTHOCARPUS,    OXALIS.     ' 

lance-linear,  acute,  entire;  upper  ones  gradually  larger:  calyx,  bracts  and  leaves 
viscid-pubescent.     12 — 14  i. 

3 — 2.     Or'thopo'gon.     10.     Gram,  far-ton. 
Southern. 
hirtdlum,  (1)  (Au.  Zf.)  spike  compound;  spikelets  appressed,  alternate:  glumes  all 
awned,  outer  awn  very  long.     Procumbent. 

6—2.     Ory'za.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  s.  lax — .  nut. 
Erotic, 
satica,  (rice.  ^.)  culm  jointed:  leaves  clasping:  panicle  terminal. 

3 — 2.     Oryzop'sis.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

asperifolia,  Mx.  (mountain  rice.  M.  2X0  culm  nakedish:  leaves  rigid,  erect,  pungent 
at  the  point:  flowers  in  a  racemose  panicle.     18  i.     C.  M.  T.  N. 

5 — 2.     OsMORHizA.     Umb.  g-h.  odo.  sto.  r.  aro.  sto.  exp. 

longistylis,  Dc.  (sweet  cicily.  O.  J.  21.)  leaves  compound,  hairy;  leafets  gash-toothed: 

umbels  axillary  and  terminal,   about  5-rayed:   style  as   long   as   the  villose   germ; 

filiform,  erect,  deflected.     2  f.     S.     Uraspermum  Claytoni  of  7lh  edition. 
brevistylis,  Dc.  (W.  J.  If.)  hirsute:  leaves  decompound;  leafets  gash-pinnatifid:  styles 

of  the  fruit  pyramidal,  approximate.     T.  B.  C.  O.  F.     Uraspermum  hirsutum  of 

7th  edition. 

Osinprhiza,  Uraspermum. 

21 — 1.     Osmun'da.     .5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

cinnamomea,  Mx.  (flowering  fern.  O.  y.  J.  21.)  barren  frond  doubly  pinnatifid;  seg- 
ments oval,  entire:  fertile  fronds  with  opposite  racemes,  woolly.  3 — 6  f.  S.  M. 
Mch. 

interrvpta,  Mx.  (O.  g-y.  J.  21.)  barren  leafets  on  the  frond,  with  the  fertile  ones  above 
and  below  and  sometimes  among  them.     Damp.     M.   Mch. 

regalis,  Mx.  (2)  (O.  r-y.  J.  21.)  frond  bipinnate,  terminal  in  several  racemes,  very 
branching,  without  hairs.     Wet.     M.   Mch. 

claytoniana,  W.  (Zf.)  fronds  pinnate,  bearing  fruit  at  the  summit,  pinnate-pinnatifid, 
having  small  dense  masses  of  fulvous  down  at  their  origin.  20 — 30  i.  Found  in 
Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  M.  Stevenson.     Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  Fitch. 

19—12.     Os'trya.     99.     Betu.  ton. 

virginica,  A.  (3)  (iron-wood,  hop  hornbeam,  lever  wood.  O.  g.  M.  fp.)  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  sub-cordate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate:  strobiles  oblong-ovate,  pendu- 
lous; (erect,  Ph.)  buds  acute.     20— 40f.     -S.     Mch. 

10—5.     Ox'alis.     73.     Oxal.  asc-f .  ref.  feb. 

acetosella,  (wood-sorrel,  m'.  r.  M.  21.)  stemless:  scape  1-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves:  leaves  ternate,  broad  obcordate,  with  rounded  lobes:  styles  as  long  as  the 
inner  stamens:  root  dentate.     T.  Y.  C.  O.  N.     Mch. 


Orthopogon.     Gr.  orthos,  straight,  ?LnApdgdn,  beard,  referring  to  the  straight  beards 

of  the  flowers. 
Oryza.     Gr.  oruza,  rice,  from  the  Arabac  eruz. 

Oryzopis.     Gr.  oruza,  rice,  and  opsis,   lesemblance.     The  plant  resembles  rice. 
Osmorhiza.     Gr.  osme,  perfume,  riza,  root. 

Osmunda.     A  word  of  northern  origin,  relating  to  medical  powers. 
Ostrya.     Gr.  ostrus,  or  osirua,  said  to  be  from  ostreon,  a  shell,  from  the  resemblance 

found  in  its  capsules. 
Oxalis.     Gr.  oxiis,  sour,  referring  to  its  acid  leaves. 

(I)  Panicum,  L.        (2)  spectabilis,  W.        (3)  Carpinus,  Lk. 


OXALIS,    OXYTROPIS.  337 

violacea,  (violet  wood-sorrel.  W.  p.  3.  It..)  stemless:  scape  uttibelliferous:  pedicels 
sub-pubescent;  flowers  nodding;  leaves  ternate,  obcordale,  glabrous;  divisions  of 
the  calyx  callous  at  the  apex:  styles  shorter  than  tlie  outer  stamens.  Damp.  S. 
T.  Y.  C.   P.  F.  M.  N. 

stricia,  (1)  (yellow  wood-sorrel.  O.  y.  J.  ^.)  hirsute:  stem  erect,  branching:  pedun- 
cles unibelliterous:  leaves  ternate,  obcordate:  petals  obovate:  s-yles  of  the  length  of 
the  inner  stamens.     6 — 12  i.     S.     R. 

corniculula,  (2)  (lady's  wood-sorrel.  W.  y.  M.  s^.)  pubescent:  st^m  branching,  dif- 
fused, or  procumbent:  umbels  as  long  as  the  petioles:  leaves  ternate,  obcordate: 
petals  wedge-iorm.  erose  at  the  apex:  styles  of  the  length  of  the  inner  stamens. 
S.     P.  D.    Y.  F.   II.     Florida. 

iriUiifolui,  Hk.  (VV.)  stemless:  peduncles  umbelliferous,  eqiiallingthe  petiole:  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  obcorduie,  glabrous:  styles  of  the  length  of  the  inner  stamens.     R. 

oregana,  N.  (w-p.  y.  H-)  rhizoma  creepmg,  thick  and  scaly:  leafets  very  broadly 
obcordate,  ciliate:  scapes  1-tlovveied,  sliorter  than  the  leaves,  2bracteolate  above 
the  middle:  petals  obloiig-obovate,  emarginate:  stamens  and  styles  shorter  than,  or 
scarcely  exceeding,  the  sepals.     Oregon. 

Oxybaphus,  Allioxia. 

8 — 1.     OxYcoc'cus.     51.     Vacc.  ton.  ref.  diu.  f.  gel.  feb. 

macrocarpus,  P.  (3)  (craneberry.  O.  r.  J.  >:.)  creeping:  stem  ascending:  leaves  oblong, 
flattish,  obtuse,  becoming  vvliite  beneath:  pedicels  elongated:  divisions  of  the  corol 
lance-linear.      Wet.     iS'.     M.   Mch. 

vuls^aris,  Ph.  (4)  (low  craneberry.  r.  J.  Tp .)  creeping:  leaves  oval,  entire;  margin 
revolnte,  sub-acute,  becoming  wliite  beneath:  peduncles  elongated,  divisions  of  ihi 
corol  oval.     Wet,     Probably  a  variety  of  the  hrst.     T.  C.  D.  F.  M. 

Soulheni, 
erythrocarpvs,   Mx.  (5)  (A.  J.  ^.)  erect:   leaves  oval,  acuminate,  serrulate:  ciliate: 
pedicels  axillary:  corol  long,  at  length  revolule. 

Oxycoccus,  Gaultheria. 
3 — 2.     Oxyde'kia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Sontliern. 
attenuata,  N.   (6)   (W.  An.  ^.)  panicle  simple:  spikes  very  long,  numerous,  atten- 
uated, somewiiat  sub-divided  near  the  base:  spikelels  about  3- flowered:  leaves  iiat, 
subulate   at   the  point,   and  with   the   sheaths  scattered  with   glandulous  hairs. 
2—3  f.     K. 

6—2.     Oxy'ria.     28,     Poly.  ton.  lax. 

reniformis,  Br.  (7)  (A.  J.  ![■)  outer  sepals  oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  inner  ob- 
ovate valves:  radical  leaves  reniform,  long-petioled:  stamens  2:  styles  2.     2 — 3  i. 

16 — 10.     Ox'ytro'pis.     93.     Leg.  r.  emo.  sug. 

vralensis,  Do.  (r-w.)  stemless:  villose  or  silky:  leafets  lance-oblong:  scapes  longer 
than  the  leaves,  scape  and  calyx  hirsute-woolly,  little  heads  maiiy-iloweied,  ovale; 
fiuwers  spreading:  lower  brads  longer  than  the  calyx.     R.  A. 

arctica,  iir.  (  r-w.  )  scarcely  slemless,  silky:  stipules  petioled:  leafets  opposite  and 
alternate,  oval-oblong:  little  heads  sub-umbelled,  few-flowered:  legumes  erect, 
ob.oiig,  acuminate:   calyx  and  leg  mie  with  black  pubescence.      R.   A. 

campealrm,  Hk.  ( VV  y.)  stemless:  leafets  many  paired,  lanceolate,  silky:  scape  often 
decumbent,  sub-equal  to  the  leaves:  spikes  capitate  or  elongated:  bracts  a  Utile 
shoiter  than  the  calyx:  flowers  erect:  legumes  erect,  ovate,  inflated,  pubescent.  R. 

Oxycoccus.     Gr.  OXMS,  sour,  and  Zio/t/cMs,  berry,  on  account  of  its  acidity. 
Oxydenia.     Gr.  oaus,  sour,  and  aden,  gland,  from  an  acid  which  comes  from   the 

glandulose  pubescence. 
Oxyria.     From  Gr.  oxus,  acid,  in  allusion  to  the  qualities  of  its  leaves. 
Oxylropis.     From  Gr.  oxus,  pointed,  and  tropis,  a  keel. 

(1)  diUenii  reourved.  (2)  lyoni,  furcata.  (3)  Vacciniufn  macrocarpon,  A.  Var. 
obiongifolius,  Mx.  (4)  palustris,  2d  ed.  P.  Vaccinium  oxycoccus,  Mx.  (5)erec- 
tuB,  Ph.     Vaccinium,  Mx-.      (6)  Eleusine  mucronata,  Mx?      (7)  Kumex  digynus.  L. 

43 


338  OXYTROPIS,    PACHYPODIUM. 

splendens,  Hk.  (W.)  stemless:  leafets  3  or  4,  whorled,  lanceolate,  very  acute,  eilk- 
hairy:  scape  longer  than  the  leaves;  scape  and  petioles  with  spreading  hairs:  spikes 
elongated:   flowers  longer  than  the  bracts.     Red  River.     R. 

lamberti,  Ph.  (VV.  p.  Ju.  2i.)  stemless,  silky-pilose:  leafets  numerous,  lance-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end:  scape  about  equal  to  the  leaves:  spikes  oblong-capitate:  bracts 
lance-linear,  about  equal  lo  the  calyx.     R.     Red  Rivei. 

lagopus,  N.  (b.  Z{.)  low,  somewhat  stemless,  silk- woolly:  leafets  oblong-elliptic, 
somewhat  4-paired:  little  head  sub-umbelled:  calyx  canescent,  dense-woolly,  longer 
than  the  ovate  bracts:   germs  glabrous.     R. 

horeatis,  Dc.    (  )  somewhat   stemless:  hairs   of  the    scape    and    stipules   setose, 

spreading,  those  of  the  petioles  few:  leafets  lance-oval,  glabrous  below,  hairy  above: 
scapes  of  the  length  of  the  leaves:  flowers  in  heads:  bracts  of  the  length  of  the 
darkly  very  hispid  calyx.     A. 

foUolosa,  ill-)  stemless:  hoary  villose:  leaves  numerous;  leafets  approximate,  ovate 
or  oblong-ovate,  sub-acute:  scapes  pilose,  longer  than  the  leaves:  little  heads  broad- 
ovate  (small:)  flowers  crowded,  spreading,  lower  ones  reflexed:  bracts  lance-linear, 
shorter  than  the  dark  hirsute  calyx:  legumes  remotish,  deflexed,  cylindrical,  acute, 
dark  hirsute.     R.  A. 

nigrescens,  Dc.  (  )  subacaulis,  many-edged:  leafets  (7 — 11)  oval,  acutish.  villose: 
stipules  and  calyx  dark-villose:  peduncles  2-flowered,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves: 
legumes  oblong,  inflated,  pubescent,  1-celled.     A 

sericea,  N.  (  )  stemless,  somewhat  cespitose,  shining  and  whitish,  with  appressed 

silky  hairs:  leafets  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves: 
spikes  short,  elongated  in  fruit:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
calyx:  teeth  of  the  calyx  short  and  subulate:  legumes  somewhat  cylindrical,  acu- 
minate, 2-celled,  canescently  pubescent.     Rocky  Mts. 

platteiisis,  N.   (  )  stemless,    and  somewhat  cespitose,  canescently  villous:   leafets 

oblong-elliptical  or  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  acute:  scape  longer  than  the 
leaves:  flowers  in  interrupted  spikes:  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  wings  dilated  and  emarginate. 
Plains  of  the  Platte. 

hookeriana,  N.  (M.  J.  p.)  stemless,  somewhat  cespitose,  pilose:  leafets  linear-lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  in  somewhat  inter 
rupted  spikes:  bracts  foliaceous,  lanceolate-linear,  nearly  the  length  of  the  calyx: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  wings  dilated  and  emargi- 
nate.    Plains  of  the  Platte. 

nana,  N.  (  p.  )  stemless,  cespitose,  dwarf,  canescently  pilose:  leafets  about  three 
pairs,  elliptical-oblong,  somewhat  acute:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves:  head  few- 
flowered:  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  very  woolly  calyx:  teeth  of  the 
calyx  short:   wings  dilated  and  emarginate.     Plains  of  the  Platte. 

viscida,  N.   (  )  stemless,   cespitose,   hairy  and  viscid:   leafets  numerous,   oblong- 

lanceolate,  somewhat  acute:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  stipules  pilose, 
membranaceous,  with  a  long  acumination:  spikes  sub-cylindrical:  bracts  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  the  length  of  the  tube:  legumes 
short,  terete,  pubescent,  acuminate.     Rocky  Mts. 

multiceps,  N.  (  )  nearly  stemless,  cespitose,  canescently  silky:  caudex  divided  above 
into  numerous  heads:  leafets  3 — 4  pairs,  elliptical-lanceolate:  stipules  adnate  to  the 
petiole,  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous:  scapes  longer  than  the  leaves,  2 — 3-flower- 
ed:  bracts  ovate:  legumes  ovate,  acuminate,  wholly  included  in  the  inflated  calyx, 
half-2-celled.     Rocky  Mts. 

dejkxa,  Dc.  (  p-w.  )stem  ascending,  somewhat  hairy:  leafets  ovate-lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent: peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves:  legumes  pendulous,  hairy,  1-celled, 
opening  widely  at  the  summit.     Rocky  Mts. 

Oxyiropis,  Astraqalus. 

P. 
14—2.     Pachypo'dium.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 

laciniatum,  N.  (w.  ^.)  leaves  all  petioled,  laciniate-pinnatifid:  flowers  pedicelled; 
petals  narrow-linear.     R.     Macropodium  laciniatum,  7th  edition. 

Pifellypodium.     Gr.  paeh»3,  thit'k,  podos,  {of  po^s,)  fbot. 


PACHYPODIUM,    PANCRATIUM.  839 

integrifolium,  N.  (^.  r.)  leaves  entire;  radical  ones  petioled,  oblong-elliptical;  cau- 
line  lanceolate-oblong,  sessile;  uppermost  nearly  linear:  stem  fastigiately  branched: 
flowers  almost  corymbose,  crowded;  petals  spatulate-obovate:  pedicels  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx:  stipe  short,  but  distinct:  silique  abruptly  pointed.  Rocky 
Mountains. 

sagitlatum,  N.  (r-vv.  $.)  leaves  entire;  the  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  sagittate,  clasp- 
ing: stipe  almost  wanting:  petals  obovate,  the  limb  as  long  as  the  claw:  silique 
abruptly  pointed,  nearly  erect:  raceme  elongated  in  fruit.     Rocky  Mts. 

19 — 4.     Pachysan'dra.     96.     Euph.  r.  ast.  deob.  sto.  jan. 
Southern, 
procumbens,  Mx.  (W.  A.  g-w.  J.  Zf-)   stem  procumbent:  leaves  short,  oval,  crenate- 
toothed  above:  calyx  minute-ciliate:  capsule  finely  pubescent. 

12 — 3.     P.«;o'nia.     61.     Ranu.  ton.  stom. 

brownii,  Dougl.  (r-p.  J.  Ju.)  carpels  5,  oblong,  very  glabrous,  erect:  leaves  smooth 
on  both  sides,  somewhat  glaucous,  biternate;  leafets  ternately  divided  or  pinnatifid, 
laciniate;  laciniae  oblong;    those  of  the  lower  leaves  obtuse.      N.  W.     America. 

Exotic. 

officinalis,  (peony,  r.  J.  2X-)  leaves  decompound;  leafets  lobed,  lobes  broad-lanceolate: 
capsules  downy. 

Southern. 

califomica,  N.  (March.  A.  r.)  carpels  3,  glabrous:  leaves  smooth  on  both  sides,  ter- 
nate;  leafets  broadly  cuneate,  nearly  twice  3-cleft;  lacinia  oblong-lanceolate,  acute. 
Upper  California. 

5 — 2.     Pa'nax.     59.     Aral.  r.  sia.  ton.  aro.  cau. 

trifolia,  (dwarf  ground-nut.  W.  w.  If.)  leaves  in  threes,,  ternate,  or  quinate;  leafets 

serrate,  lance-oblong,  sub-sessile:  root  tuberous,  roundish.     Styles  generally  three. 

Root  round-tuberous,  and  very  deeo  in  the  earth    in  proportion  to   the  size  of  the 

plant.     6—9  i.     .ST.     B.  P.  C.  D.  F.  O.  N.  T.  V.  K.     Mch. 
quinqvrfulia,  (ginseng.  W.  A.    w.   M.    71)  root   fusiform:  leaves   ternate,  quinate; 

leafets  oval,  acuminate,  petioled,  serrate.     Larger  than  the  last.     1 — 2  f.     S.     T. 

N.  F.  D.  B.  C.  O.  V.     Mch. 
horridum,  S.  (         )  fruticose,  somewhat  creeping,  all  over  aculeate:  leaves  palmate 

lobed,  gash-serrate:  umbels  capitate,  racemed:  styles  and  seeds  two.     10 — 12  f. 

R.  A. 

6 — 1.     Pancra'tidm.     17.     Amar.  r.  eme-f-. 
Southern. 

mexicanum,  W.  (w.  M.  21.)  spathe  about  2-flowered:  leaves  lance-oblong:  6  teeth  of 
the  nectary   slaminiferous;  6  intermediate,  simple.     18 — 24  i.     S — C. 

maritimum,  W.  (1)  (w.  Ju.  21.)  spathe  many-flowered:  leaves  lance-linear:  nectary 
with  12  teeth,  not  slaminiferous.     12 — 18  i. 

rotatum,  Ker.  (W.  w.  Ju.  If.)  spathe  many-flowered:  leaves  lance-linear:  nectary 
salver-form,  tubular  below,  with  6  stamen-bearing  teeth;  intermediate  one  gash- 
toothed:  stamens  twice  as  long  as  the  nectary. 

Pachysandra.  Gt.  pachus,  thick,  clumsy,  and  aner,  Candros, )  stamen;  from  their 
size. 

Paeonia.  Said  to  be  named  from  Pason;  who,  according  to  Mythology,  cured  Pluto 
with  it. 

Panax.  Gr.  panax,  or  panakes,  from  pan,  all,  and  akos,  medicine,  being  supposed  an 
universal  panacea  by  the  Chinese. 

Pancratium.     Gr.  pan,  all,  and  Urates,  to  overcome;  in  allusion  to  its  powerful  medi- 
cal effects. 
(1)  carolinianum,  L. 


340 


3 — 2.     Pan'icum.     10.     Gram.  fiir.  ton. 


crus-galU,  (1)  (barn  grass.  O.  Au.  0.)  racemes  alternate  and  in  pairs,  compound: 
racliis  5-angled:  glumes  terminating  in  hispid  bristles:  slieath  glabrous.  2—4  f. 
S.     Mel). 

Idspidum,  M.  (")  (L.  S.  #.)  panicle  compound,  nodding:  racemes  alternate:  glumes 
terminating  in  hispid  bnslles:  sheath  liipid.     3 — 4  f.     .S.     Y.  O. 

clandcsti'ninn,  (3)  (VV.  Au.  2_C.)  culm  with  .<;hort  axillary  branches:  leaves  broad- 
lancpolate,  cordate  at  the  base:  sheaths  hispid,  enclosing  the  short  panicles:  abor- 
tive floret  neutral.  2- valved;  upper  vulve  obtuse.     2 — 3  f.     O.  N.  T. 

pedvvctdatuin,  '1.  (Ju.  21.)  culm  dichotomous:  leaves  broad  lanceolate,  sub-pilose 
ab'jve,  utlcmiate:  sheaths  hispid  and  papillose:  [)anipi.e  long,  p^dnncled.  compound, 
smooth:  spikelets  ovaie,  smooth;  abortive  floret  2-Vitlved:  upper  valve  hall'  tiie 
length  of  the  lower  one.     3 — 4.  f. 

tatifoliiim,  (\^.  Ju.  21.)  culm  generally  simple,  bt-arded  at  the  joints:  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  smooth,  or  with  the  sheaths  somewhat  pubescent:  panicle  terminal,  a  little 
exsert,  simple,  pubescent;  spikelets  oblong-ovate:  abortive  floret  anthenferous,  2 
valved:  upper  valve  sub-herbaceous,  nearly  as  long  as  tlie  lower,  acute.  1  f.  S. 
B.  P.  C.  C.  N. 

scopaiium,  Lk.  (Zf-)  softly  villose:  leaves  lanceolate:  panicle  erect,  compound  setace- 
ous, much  branched:  si^ikelets  turgid,  ovate,  pubescent.      2  f.     S.     P.   Y. 

nervosum,  M.  (Ju.  2^.)  culm  simple:  nodes  smooth:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  smooth, 
sub-ciliate  on  the  margin:  panicle  much  branched,  smooth,  many-flowered;  spike- 
lets  oblong:  abortive  floret  antiieriferoiis,  witli  the  upper  valve  sub-herbaceous, 
shorter  than  the  lower  one.     3—4  f.     .S'.     Y.   B.  P.  N.     Alch.     T. 

macrocarpun,  T.  (21- )  culm  erect,  simple:  leaves  lance-linear,  erect,  a  little  hairy 
beneath:  joints  naked:  sheaths  hispid:  panicle  lather  compound,  smooth:  spikelets 
ovate-globose:  abortive  floret  neutral.     3  f.     Y'.  N. 

puhar'rctis,  Lk.  (J.  2iO  erect,  muck  branched,  leafy,  soft  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate, 
ciliate:  panicle  small,  few-flowered,  free;  spikelets  sub-globose-obovate,  pubescent. 
18  i.     K     P.  Y.  O. 

involuluin.,  T.  (21.)  culm  cespitose,  simple,  or  a  little  branched  at  the  base:  leaves 
erect,  somewhat  rigid,  very  narrow,  at  length  involute:  panicle  simple,  lew-flower- 
ed;  florets  acuminate:   upper  valve  of  the    neutral  floret  very  small.     1  f.     i\'. 

depaiipcrattim.,  M.  (J.  7S-)  culm  cespitose,  hairy  at  tiie  joints:  leaves  lance-linear, 
smooth  or  hairy:  sheaths  pubescent:  panicle  few-flowered;  branches  in  pairs;  one 
of  tiiem  2-llowered,  t!ie  other  ! -flowered.     1  f     P.   V.  N. 

dichutumum,  (W.  Au.  2i-)  culm  much  branched,  dichotomous  above:  branches  fas- 
cicled: leaves  numerous,  smootii,  lanceolate:  panicle  simple,  capillary,  lax:  abor- 
tive floret  neutral;  upper  valve  minute,  2-cleft.  Var.  curcalum,  culm  very  tall, 
rather  rigid:  branches  few,  somewhat  curved.  Va.r.  fast  iodalma,  culm  low,  erect, 
or  decuuil^.^nt:  branches  and  leaves  dense-fascicled:  panicles  very  small,  concea'ed 
among  the  leaves.  Var.  (^rnii/e.  culm  tall,  slender,  leaves  membranaceous.  8 — 
16  i.     S.     P.  Y.  B.  C;.  O.  H.  N.     Mch. 

nitidum,  L'-<.  (panic  grass.  VV.  Ju.  If.)  culm  slender,  simple,  lerecf,  smooth:  sheath 
bearded  at  the  throat:  leaves  few,  remote,  broad-linear:  panicle  cai'illary,  rather 
crowded,  compound,  smooth:  spi 'elets  minute,  obtu.se,  ovale,  siib-pubesceiit:  lower 
glume  very  small.  Var.  tilintuin,  culm  hairy,  leaves  lance-linear,  (lower  ones 
broader)  s[)aringly  hirsute,  ciliate  on  the  margin:  panicle  with  the  branches  and 
flowers  pubescent.  Var.  ramtdosum,  culm  more  branched:  panicle  contracted; 
branches  smooth.  Var.  graci/e,  cului  very  slender,  smooth,  leaves  very  narrow, 
smooth:  sheaths  smooth:  panicle  sub-simple,  few-flowered,  smooth:  upper  valve 
of  the  abortive  floret  minute,  entire?  V a.r.  pi/.osuin,  culm  simple,  very  hairy:  lower 
leaves  appro.ximate  and  broad-lanceolate:  up[)er  ones  linear,  rather  rigid,  sub-pilose 
above,  ciliate  at  the  base:  sheaths  villose,  minutely  papillose:  panicle  sub-contrac- 
ted; branciies  virgate.  w'ith  the  flowers  pubescent.  \  ai.  gluOnim,  (A)  smooth  all 
over  except  the  base  of  the  leaves,  nearly  simple:  lower  leaves  short,  appro.xi- 
mate,  sub-cartilaginous-  panicle  branched,  almost  verticillaite;  spikelets  large: 
upper  valve  of  the  abortive  floret  entire.     Var.  barbatum.  (5)  culm  simple,  smooth; 

Panicum.     Lat,  pnnicum,  from  paniculus,  in  allusion  to  the  great  number  of  panicles; 

or  from  Lat.  pnnis,  bread. 

(1)  Echinochloa  crus-galli,  Rs.         (2)  waiter),  Ph.     crusgalli,  V.     hispidum,  E. 
(3)  latifolium.     Var.  clande^tinum,  Ph.         (4)  nitidum,  Sz.         (5)  discolor,  M. 


PANICUM.  341 

nodes  hairy:  leaves  lance-linear:  sheaths  smooth,  except  on  the  margin:  panicle 
sub-simple,  smooth.:  (lowers  minute,  pubescent.  1 — 2  f.  P.  Y.  T.  B.  C.  O.  H. 
M.  N.     Mch. 

agrostoiilcs,  i\l.  (1)  (W.  Au.  2i-)  culm  compressod,  smooth,  erect:  leaves  very  long: 
panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  pyramidal,  spreading;  brandies  racemiforous:  spike- 
lets  appress-d:  valves  of  the  abortive  floret  neutral,  valves  nearly  equal.  2 — 3  f. 
P.  Y.  M.  N.    K.  Y. 

viriftitiiiii,  (W.  Au.  2i-)  all  over  very  smooth:  panicle  diffuse,  very  large:  flowers 
acuminate:  abortive  floret  nearly  equal.     3—4  f.     '.S'.     B.  O.  C  N       Mch.     T. 

ancf.jis,  .M.x.  (2)  (Au.  2i-)  culm  compressed;  sheaths  ancipitous,  pilose:  panicle 
with  nearly  simph'  brunches:  spikelets  sub-racemose,  much  acuminate:  abortive 
floret  neutral;   upper  valve  2-cleiL     3  f.     <S'.     P. 

rectum,  R,  &  S.  (3)  (Ju  )  panicle  solitary,  shorter  than  the  terminal  leaf:  branches 
simple,  flexuous:  spikelets  alternate,  peduncled,  obovate,  turbid:  glumes  stiiate, 
acute:  leaves  linear,  straight,  tapi^ring  to  a  sharp  point,  striate  and  scabrous  above, 
haiiy  beneath:   sheaths  with  very  long  hairs.     P.   M. 

verruru'siim,  M.  (4)  (Au.  2Z-)culm  slender,  decumbeniand  geniculate,  branched  be- 
low, smooth:  leaves  smootli:  panicle  veiy  spreading,  few-flowered;  flowers  verru- 
cose;  abortive  floret  1-valved.     18  i.     i*!?.     Y. 

protifeium,  Lk.  (5)  (W.  S.  0-)  culm  assnrgent,  geniculate  at  the  base,  very  smooth: 
panicles  terminal,  and  axillary,  smooth:  spikelets  racemose:  abortive  floret  1- 
valved.     2—4  f.     &     P.   Y.   C.  K. 

cdpiUa're,  (W.  S.  ^.)  culm  nearly  simple:  sheaths  very  hairy:  panicle  large,  capil- 
lary, expanding,  loose:  spikelets  long-peduncled,  acuminate,  smooth;  abortive 
tioret  1-valved.  Var.  sijlvtiticum,  culm  branched  at  the  base,  very  slender:  leaves 
linear.     1-2  f.     S.     T.  N.     Mch. 

longifoliuvi,  T.  (S.  H-)  very  smoolh:  culm  compressed,  erect,  simple,  slender:  leaves 
very  long,  narrow:  panicle  simple,  elongated,  racemose:  spikelets  acuminate:  abor- 
tive floret  neuter,  2-valved.     2  f. 

nodiflnruin,  Lk.  (Ju. )  panicles  very  small,  lateral  and  terminal:  glumes  ovate,  pubes- 
cent: IpavPs  narrow,  short,  bearded  at  the  throat.     B. 

ciliutum,  E.  (J.  21- )  stem  decumbent:  panicle  few-flowered,  expanding:  leaves  short, 
lanceolate,  and  with  the  sliealhs  glabrous  and  finely  ciliate.     8 — 15  i.     iS.     P. 

paucifinrvm,  E.  (J.  Zf.)  panicle  expanding,  few-flowered:  flowers  very  large:  leaves 
narrow-lanceolate,  ciliute  at  the  base:  sheaths  hairy.     12 — 18  i.     8.     P. 

Southern. 

fus'co-ru'hcns,  Lk.  (Au.)  racemes  linear,  virgate:  glumes  clavate,  colored,  hairy 
under  the  divisions  of  the  panicle. 

striiiliiiii,  Lk.  (  )  panicle  oblong:  glumes  large,  glabrous,  green,  handsomely 
striate. 

diffusuifi,  Sw.  (Ju.)  panicle  simple,  capillary,  expanding:  florets  remote,  acute:  stem 
simple:  leaves  long-linear,  vviih  the  throat  and  sheaths  villose. 

gibhuiii,  E.  (Ju.  ^!^'l)  racemes  many-flowered"  appressed,  resembling  a  columnar 
spike:  glumes  strongly  nerved,  the  exterior  gibbous  at  the  base:  flowers  caducous. 

muUc,  Mx.  (Au.  7S-)  spikes  panicled,  alternate,  expanding,  one-sided;  spikelets  ap- 
proximate, pedicelled,  secund,  awnless.     4—6  f. 

gijin'norai'/wn,  E.  (Au.  2I-)  spikes  panicled;  spikelets  in  2  rows,  few-flowered: 
glumes  sub-equal,  expanding,  much  longer  than  the  paleas.     2 — 4  f. 

hiuus,  E.  (All.  Q'l)  stem  glabrous,  slender,  decumbent:  panicle  racemose:  valves  of 
the  neutral  jloret  long,  concave,  gaping.     10 — 15  i. 

amurum,  E.  (Oc.  -^!)  very  glabrous:  leaves  thick,  glaucous:  panicle  appressed: 
glumes  acuminate.     2 — 3  f. 

scuhi'iuscuLum,  E.  (  )  stem  erect,  large,  and  with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves 
scabrous:  panicle  large,  pyramidal,  expanding:  flowers  ovate,  acute,  glabrous. 
2—3  f 

mullifinum,  E.  (J.  Zf-)  stem  erect,  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  hairy 
at  the  base:  panicle  very  branching,  spreading:  flowers  .small  pubescent.    24 — 30  i. 

ovale,  E.  (  )  pubescent:  panicle  diffused:  flowers  oblong,  oval,  hairy:  leaves  lance- 

ovate,  sub-cordate.     1 — 2  f. 

^(1)  elongatum,  Ph.  (2)  rostratum,  M.  (3)  strictum,  Ph.        t^)  debile,  E. 

(5)  dichotomiflorum,  Mx.  geniculatum,  M. 


342  PANICUM,    PARNASSIA. 

lanuginosum,  E.  (  2^.)  pubescent:  panicle  diffused,  somewhat  capillary:  flowera 
oval,  small:  leaves  narrow  lanceolate:  sheaths  villous  at  the  throat.     1 — 2  f. 

viscidum,  E.  (J.  21-)  very  downy,  hoary,  glutinous:  stem  beneath  each  joint  marked 
with  a  smooth  ringf.     2—4  f. 

villosum,  E.  (M.  Zf.)  villose:  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched:  panicle  few-flowered: 
flowers  obovatp:  leaves  erect,  flat,  rigid.     1 — 2  f 

sphierocnrpum,  E.  (Ap.  21.)  leaves  lance-linear,  very  acute,  base  and  sheath  ciliate: 
panicle  spreading;  flowers  small,  roundish,  pubescent.     12 — 18  i. 

ensifuLium,  Bald.  (M.  21- )  small,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  very  acute,  spreading: 
panicle  small,  few-flowered:  flowers  sub-ovate,  pubescent.     12 — 18  i. 

larbulatum,  Mx.  (J.  71.)  panicle  compound,  spreading:  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub- 
acuminate,  sub-divaricate:  joints  of  the  stem  bearded. 

melicarium,  Mx.  (  )  stem  weak:  leaves  narrow:  panicle  contracted:  glumes  mem- 

branaceous, lanceolate,  nearly  equal:  rudiments  of  a  floret  on  a  short  footstalk. 

angustifolium,  E.  (M.?)  panicle  few-flowered,  spreading:  leaves  scattered,  lance- 
linear,  glabrous  beneath,  sparingly  ciliate.     1 — 3  f 

divergens,  E.  (Au.  ZT-)  stem  assurgent,  fragile:  panicle  diffuse:  flowers  small,  soli- 
tary, very  long  peduncled.     1  f. 

laxiflonun,  Lk.  (W.  ^.)  panicle  spreading,  lax,  pilose:  glumes  scattered,  obtuse, 
pubescent. 

microcarpum,  M.  (  )  panicle  capillary,  very  branching,  expanding:  flowers  oval, 
minute,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-linear,  very  glabrous. 

Panimm.,  Pennisetum. 
12 — 1.     Papa'ver.     62.     Papa.  e.  off.  ana-opi.  s.  ole. 

nudicaule,  W.  (yellow  poppy,  y.  ^.)  capsule  hispid:  scape  1-flowered,  naked,  hispid: 
leaves  sub-pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate;  lower  ones  somewhat  gashed.   R.  Labrador. 

Exotic, 
rheas,  (wild  poppy,  r.  J.  #.)  capsules  glabrous,   sub-globose:   stem  many-flowered, 

pilose,  with  the  hairs  spreading:  leaves  gash-pinnatitid.     Naturalized. 
somniferum,    (opium   poppy.   J.    0.)   calyx  and  capsule   glabrous:   leaves  clasping, 

gashed,  glaucous. 
bracteata,  Lmd.  (         r.  J.)  capsules  smooth:  stem  1-flowered,  rough:  leaves  scabrous, 

pinnate-serrate:  flowers  subtended  by  leafy  bracts.     3  f. 
dubium,   L.   (0.   r. )  caulescent:  stem  hispid  with  spreading  hairs:   leaves  pinnately 

parted;  segments  incised:  peduncles  clothed  with  appressed  bristly  hairs:  capsules 

hispid,  obovate-oblong.     Naturalized  in  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

'  19—4.     Parieta'ria.     98.     Urt.  ast. 

pennsylvanica,  (pellitory.  W.  J.  0.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  veiny,  with  opake  punc- 
tures: involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the  flower.  12 — 15  i.  jS.  N.  D.  Abun- 
dant at  Benaft  Mt.,  near  Hudson. 

Southern. 
Jloridana,  N.  (J.)  leaves  ovate,  roundish,  obtuse,  opake,  dotted:  flowers  clustered,  as 
long  as  the  involucre:  stem  assurgent.     12 — 18  i. 

5 — 4.     Parnas'sia.     84.     Saxi.  ton. 

americana,  M.  (1)  (flowering  plantain,  parnassus  grass,  w.  y.  p.  Ju.  21.)  leaves 
radical  (often  a  leaf  on  the  scape)  heart  orbicular,  5  to  9-nprved:  nectaries  five, 
each  divided  into  3  filaments  terminated  by  little  spherical  heads.  Damp  or  wet. 
6—18  i.     S.     T.  W.  V.  Y.  P.  C.  D.  N.  F.  O.     Mch. 

Papaver.     Lat.  papaver,  from  Celtic  papa,  pap,  because  it  was  given  to  infants  to 

induce  sleep. 
Parietaria.     Lat.  paries  (tis)  a  wall,  in  allusion  to  the  place  of  its  growth,  which  is 

on  old  walls  and  ruins. 
Parnassia.     From  the  famous  Mt.  Parnassus,  its  place  of  growth. 

(1)  caroliniana?  Mx. 


PARNASSIA,    PARTHENIUM.  343 

palustris,  (w-y.  Ju.)  scales  numerous,  slender  bristles:  leaves  all  cordate;  cauline 
ones  sessile.     Canada,  Labrador. 

parvifinra,  Dc.  (W.)  very  sh-nder,  with  slender  bristly  scales,  about  5:  radical  leaves 
ovate,  tapering  into  the  petiole;  cauline  ones  lineur-ohlong,  sessile.     R. 

kotzdmii,  Hk.  (VV.)  scales  three,  slender  bristles:  radical  and  cauline  leaves  heart- 
ovate:  petals  sotnevvhat  3- nerved,  shorter  tiian  the  calyx. 

fimbriata,  Hk.  (W.)  scales  broad,  vvedge-forni,  fleshy,  crenate  in  the  middle,  within 
keeled,  naked:  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  ear  kidney-ibrni;  cauline  ones  cordate, 
sessile,  inserted  much  above  the  middle:  petals  fringed  at  the  base.     R. 

Southern. 
asarifolia,  Vent.    (A.    Au.    2X-)   radical  leaves   reniform:    petals   clawed;  nectaries 
3-clefu 

5—1.     Parony'chia.     23.     Ille.  ast — . 

jamesil,  T.  &  G.  (  )  minutely  scabrous-pubescent,  cespitose,  much  branched  from  the 
base:  leaves  linear-subulate,  obtuse:  cymes  dichotoinous,  few-flowered,  crowded, 
with  a  central  sub-sessile  flower  in  eacii  division:  sepals  minutely  hairy  at  the  base, 
linear-oblong,  obscurely  3-ribbed  or  even,  with  a  very  short  cusp,  arched  at  the 
summit  within:  setae  as  long  as  the  filaments.     Rocky  Mis.     Oregon. 

ramosissima,   Dc.   (  )  diffusely  branched,   prostrate;    stems  sub-frutescent  at  the 

base,   woolly:  leaves  subulate,   pungent,   crowded,  at  length  reflexed:   stipules  iin 
bricated,  shorter  than  tlip  leaves:  flowers  axillary,  sessile:  sepals  hairy,  the  two  in- 
ner pungent:   stigmas  sub-sessile.     California  and  Oregon. 

Soulhcrn. 

drummondii,  T.  &  G.  (  )  minutely  pubescent:  stem  erect,  branching  above  into  nu- 
merous cymes:  leaves  linear-oblong,  siiort;  the  uppermost  mncronate:  calyx  turbi- 
nate at  the  base,  with  a  ring  of  hooked  hairs:  sepals  broadly  scarious  and  dilated 
above,  the  back  produced  into  a  short,  somewhat  recurved  horn:  sterile  setae  very 
minute.     Texas. 

setacca,  T.  &  G.  (  )  nearly  glabrous:  stem  erect,  branching  into  the  many  times  dicho- 
tomous,  diffuse  cyme:  leaves  subulate-setaceous,  erect:  bracts  similar,  cuspidate: 
sepals  hairy  at  the  base,  minutely  scarious  on  the  margin,  ihe  back  produced  into  a 
slender,  diverging  awn:   sterile  setae  as  long  as  the  filaments.     Texa«. 

herniarioides,  N.  (Ju.  71.)  prostrate,  clustered,  all  over  pubescent:  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  ciliate,  mncronate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate,  spreading  and  setaceous 
at  the  point.     Q/ieria  /lerniariiiides,  7th  edition. 

argyrocoma,  N.  (W.  J.  21.)  cespitose,  procumbent:  stem  pubescent:  leaves  Linear, 
very  acute,  sub-pilose:  the  little  heads  fascicled,  terminal,  silvery:  calyx  pilose, 
with  the  tips  bearded  and  long-acuminate.      Qaeria  argtjrocoma,  7th  edition. 

sessiliflora,  N.  (W.  Ju.)  cespitose,  diffusely  branched,  leaves  glabrous,  very  short, 
linear,  reflected,  acute:  stipules  subulate,  irregularly  lacerate,  nearly  equal  to  the 
leaves:  flowers  terminal,  sessile:  outer  points  of  the  calyx  capillary,  attenuated. 
Queria  sessiliflora,  7lh  edition. 

Paronychia,  Queria. 
14—2.     Pakrya.     63.     Leg.  r.  con.  asc. 

macrocarpa,  Br.  (  )  siliques  broad-linear:  anthers  linear:  leaves  broad-lanceo- 
late, gash-toothed.  Var.  aspera,  pilose  glandulous.  Var.  glabra,  whole  plant  gla- 
brous.    A. 

arctica,  Br.  (  )  siliques  linear-oblong:  anthers  oval:  leaves  very  entire:  pedun- 
cles very-glabrous.     A.     Melville  Island. 

Parrya,  Hesperis. 
17 — 4.     Parthe'nium.     55.     Ambr.  1.  aro-bit.  deo.  stim. 

integrifolium,  (W.  A.  w.  S.  21.)  leaves  oblong,  unequally  toothed,  rough;  upperones 
clasping.     1—2  f.     H.  K.  M. 


Paronychia.     Gr.  para,  near,  nucha,  by  night.     A  Grecian  salve  for  sore  fingers. 
Parrya.     In  honor  of  a  celebrated  voyager  in  the  Arctic  seas. 
Pfitheniam.     Gr.  partkenos,  a  virgin;  frotn  its  efficacy  in  some  diseases. 


344  PASPALUM,    PASTINACA. 

3—2.     Pas'palum.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

ciliatifolium,  Mx.  (1)  (W.  S.  Zf.)  onlm  decuinbent:  leaves  hairy,  ciliate:  sheaths 
hairy:   spikes  1 — 2,  rallier  lax,  indistinctly  3  rowed.      18  i.     .S'.     F.    Y.   H.   M. 

setacmrn,  Ms.  (2)  (paspalon  grass.  21.)  culm  erect:  leaves  and  sheaths  villous: 
spikes  sub-solitary :  (lowers  in  2  rows;     1 — 2  f.     S.     P.   C.   N. 

laeve,  Mx.  (W.  S.  2[.)  erect,  very  smooth:  leaves  short:  spikes  numerous,  (3 — 6) 
alternate:   flowers  2-rowed,  smooth.     2  f.     .S'.     P.  K. 

stolonifeium,  Bosc.  (  Au.  )  spikes  in  elongated  racemes,  somewhat  whorled,  spread- 
ing: flowers  serrulate-ciliate,  transversely  rugose:  leaves  short,  sub-cordate:  culm 
procumbent  at  the  base.     2  f.     Y. 


South 


em. 


debile,  Mx.  (         )  stem  weak:  leaves  and  stem  hairy:  spike  generally  one,    slender: 

flowers  alternate.  1-rowed. 
Jloridamim,  Mx.  (Au.     )  stem  erect:  lower  leaves  very  villose;  upper  ones  scabrous, 

pilose:  sheaths  very  long:  spikes  few:  flowers  in  2-rows,   glabrous,  large.     Var. 

glabnim,  up[>er  leaves  glabrous.     3 — 4  f.     S — C. 
pliciihiliim,  Mx.  (         )  glabrous:  stem  erect:  leaves  long,  narrow:  spikes  numerous, 

alternate,    erect:  flowers   in   Brows;  the   flat,  valve  transversely  plaited  near  the 

margins. 
prnexox,   Wr.  (.Ju.     )  stem  erect:  leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous:  spikes  numerous,  al- 
ternate: rachis  narrow,  hairy  at  the  base:   flowers  in  3  rows. 
purpurascens,   E.   (Au.      )  stem    erect ish:   leaves    long,    purplish,    hairy   at  the   the 

throat:   spikes  numerous,  villose  at  the  base:   flowers  in  4  rows. 
disticlium,   Wr.   (Ju.  ZX-)    stem  creeping,   leaves  short,  sub-glaucous,  shining:   spikes 

2;  one  sessile:  glumes  lanceolate. 
vagiimhim,  E.  (Ju.     )  very  glabrous:  stem  creeping,  branching:  leaves  linear:  spikes 

generally  2,  terminal,  sheathed»by  a  terminal  leaf.     12 — 18  i. 

15 — 5.     E'assiflo'ua.     97.     Pass.  r.  erne.  pec. 

bitea,  (yellow  passion  flower.  W.  y.  S.  2[.)  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse,  glabrous: 

petioles  glandless:  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs:  petals   much   narrower  than  the 

calyx.     P.   M.     Charleston,  S— C. 
incarnata,\W .  (W.w.  &  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  3-lobed,  serrate;  lobes  oblong,  acute;  petioles 

with  two  glands:   involucre  3-leaved;   leaves  lanceolate,  glandular-dentate:   threads 

of  the  crown  longer  than  the  corol.     Florida.     S — C. 

Exotic, 
carulea,  (blue  passion  flower,  b.  Ju.  >>.)  leaves  palmate,    .'S-parted,    entire;  petioles 

glandular:   involucre  3-leaved,  entire:   threads  of  the  crovvn  shorter  than  the  corol. 
ala'ta,  (winged    passion  flower.   Oc.  ]: .)    leaves   oblong-ovate,    sub-cordate,    entire, 

veiny;  petioles   with   4   glands:  stipules   lance-faicale,    sub-serrate:  involucre   3- 

leaved:  stem  4-cornered,  membranaceous. 

Southern. 

peltata,  W.  (^.)  leaves  peltate,  deeply  .3-lobed,  glabrous;  lobes  lance-linear;  petioles 

with  2  gland^:   peduncles  solitary,  axillary:   petals  0. 
tcarei,  N.  (Z£.)   lower  leaves  3-lobed,    acute;  upper  ones  undivided,    ovate;  petioles 

with  2  glands:  peduncles  somewhat  in  pairs.     4 — 6  i. 

5 — 2.     Pastina'ca.     60.     Umbe.  h.  <fe  r.  odo.  arc.  car.  stim. 

saliva,  (parsnip,  y.  Au.  $.)  leaves  simply  pinnate;  leafets  glabrous.  Var.  arvensis, 
leafets  sub-pubescent.  This  variety  is  often  found  in  situations  which  almost  prove 
it  to  be  indigenous.     Found  native  among  the  Rocky  Mts.     Mch. 

Pastinaca,  CEnanthe. 

Paspalum.     Gr.  paspalos,  millet,  which  this  plant  resembles  in  its  seeds. 
Pas«iflora.     Altered  by  Linneus,  from  flos passionis,  or  passion  flower. 
Pastinaca.     Lat.  pastinum,  a  forked  tool;   which  the  roofs  resemble. 
(I)  ciliatum,  Ph.     dasyphyllum,  E.        (2)  pubescens,  M. 


I'ATRINIA,    PEDICULARIS.  345 


3 — 1.     Patrin'ia.     56.     Vale.  r.  ner-|-.  sed-f- 

ceratophylla,  H.  (  w.  )  stem  very  glabrous:  leaves  all  somewhat  fleshy,  pubescent, 
petioled;  radical  ones  lance-linear,  entire  or  pinnate,  or  parted-bipinnate,  lobes 
divaricate;  cauline  leaves  deeply  pinnalifid;  divisions  linear:  panicle  elongated: 
peduncles  ternate-verticillate.     R. 

loiiu-ifolia ,  iMcNab.*  (  w.  )  stem  very  glabrous:  leaves  ciliate,  lanceolate,  entire 
or  remotely  pinnatifid,  somewhat  parallel  nerved:  radical  ones  very  longly  atten- 
uated below;  cauline  ones  very  few,  narrow:  panicle  crowded  (when  immature. ) 
4  i.     On  the  banks  of  the  Maitland  river,  near  Goderich,  Upper  Canada. 

Pavia,  iAesculhs. 


17 — 2.     Pec'tis.     55.     Cory.  r.  exp.  ton.  sec-stim. 

an^stifulivs,T.  (A.  y.  ^.)  stem  branching  at  the  base,  diffuse:  leaves  narrow- 
linear,  mucronate,  denticulate  at  the  base;  teeth  terminating  in  hairs:  flowers  ter- 
minal, solitary,  short  peduncled:  involucre  8-leaved:  chaff  short,  5-toothed. 
1—2  i. 

13 — 2.     Pedicula'ris.     36.     Rhin.  nar.  ast. 

canadensis,  (louse-vcort.  O.  y-p.  p-w.  M.  21.)  stem  simple:  leaves  pinnatifid,  gash- 
toothed:  heads  leafy  at  the  base,   hirsute:  corol  with   a  setaceous,  2-toothed  upper 

lip;  calyx  obliquely  truncate.     6 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 
pallida,  P.  (1)  (y.    Ju.   21.)  stem  branching,    tall:  leaves  sub-opposite,    lanceolate, 

crenate,  toothed:   spikes  leaHess,    glabrous,    upper  lip  of  the  corol  obtuse:  calyx  2- 

cleft,  roundish.     2—3  f     S.     T.  C.  Y.  P.     Niagara.     Mch. 
resupinata,  W.  (p.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  toothed,  crenate: 

calyx  bifid-truncate:   uppei  lip  of  the  corol  acute.     P.     Canada. 
hirsvta,  (r.  21-)  stem  simple;    leaves  pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate,    obtusely  toothed: 

calyx  hirsute,  5-cleft:   upper  lip  of  the  corol  very  obtuse. 
euphrus'iindes,    W.  (y.   ZX-)   stem    branching,    pubescent:   leaves   pinnatifid,    toothed: 

calyx   tubular,  2-parted,  truncate:    upper   lip  of  the  corol  2-toothed.     Labrador. 

6—8  i. 
recud'ta,   W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  If-)  stem  simple:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceo- 
late, pinnatifid-toothed:  spike   compact,    leafy:  calyx   glabrous,  5-loothed:  upper 

lip  of  the  corol  very  obtuse. 
elata,  W.  (W.  p.  Ju.  Zf.)  stem  simple:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  lance-linear, 

cienate:  spike   lax,    somewhat  leafy:  calyx  glabrous,    5-toothed:  upper  lip  of  the 

corol  obtuse,   truncate.     2  f. 
lapponica,  W.  (y.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  simple:  leaves  pinnatifid;  divisions  serrate:  calyx  2- 

clefl,  oblong:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  uncinate,  truncate.     Labrador. 
groenlandka,   W.  (W.  p.    Ju.    Ti-)  stem  simple:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions 

laiiceolate,    acuminate,  serrate:  calyx  glabrous,  5-toothed:  corol  closed;  upper  lip 

uncinate-subulale. 
verticella'la,  Ph.  (W.   b.  21-)  stem  simple:  cauline  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  in  fours; 

divisions  linear,  acutely  toothed:  spike  capitate,  involucred:  calyx  villose,  5-cleft: 

upper  lip  of  the  corol  very  obtuse.     2  i. 
jlam'inea,   W.  (y.    &.  r.   21.)  stem  simple:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  imbricate,  ovate, 

obtuse,  doubly  toothed:  calyx  5-toothed:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  obtuse.     Labrador. 

3f 

Patrinia.     In  honor  of  M.  Patrin,  a  French  botanist. 

Pedis.     From  pecten,  a  comb,  to  which  the  teeth  of  the  pappus  or  the  fringed  bases 

of  the  leaves  of  P.  ciiiaris  may  be  compared. 
Pediculaiis.     Lat.  pediculus,  a  louse,  because  it  is  said  to  destroy  lice. 

♦  A  very  intelligent  Scotck  botanist,  who  collected  plants  in  our  Lake  country,  in 
1834. 

(l)serotina,  M.  lanceolata,  Mx. 

44 


346  PELARGONIUM,    PENNISETUM. 

15—7.     Pelargo'nium.     73.     Gera.  aro.  ton.  asL 

Exotic. 

1.     Nearly  stemless:  root  tuberous. 

triste,  (mourning  geranium.)  umbel  simple:  leaves   rougli-haired,  pinnate;  leafets  bi- 

pinnalifid;  divisions  oblong,  acute.     Flowers  dark-green. 
dauofulium,  (carrot  geranium.  2i-)  scape  very  simple:  leaves  thrice  pinnate,  hirsute; 

leafets  lance-linear. 

2.     Leaves  simple^  not  angled. 

odoratissimum,  (sweet-scented  geranium.  >>.) peduncles  sub-5-flowered:  leaves  round- 
cordate,  very  soft. 

3.     Leaves  simple,  more  or  less  angled  or  lohcd. 

zonale,  (horse-shoe  geranium.    T^.)  umbels  many-flowered:  leaves  heart-orbicular,  ob. 

soletely  lobed,   toothed,  with  a  colored  zone  or  band  around  near  the  margin. 
in'quinans,  (scarlet  geranium.    \ .)  umbels     many-flowered:  leaves  round-reniform, 

hardly  divided,  crenate,  viscid-downy. 
acerifulium,   (lemon  or  maple-leaf  geranium.   ^.)  umbels  about  5-flowered:  leaves  5- 

lobe-palmale,  serrate;   below  wedge-form,  undivided. 
capitatum,    (rose-scented  geranium.     ^.)  flowers    capitate:  leaves   cordate,    lobed, 

waved,  soft:  stem  diffuse. 
quercifolium,  (oak-leaf  geranium.    \ .)  umbels    sub-many-flowered:  leaves  cordate, 

pinnatifid,  crenate;   sinuses  rounded:   filaments  ascending  at  the  apex. 
grave'olens,  (sweet-rose  geraniun>»-   ^.)  umbels   many-flowered,    sub-capitate:  leaves 

palmate-7-lobed;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse;  margins  revolute. 

3 — 2.     Penn'ise'tum.  (1)     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

viride,  (Ju.  0.)  spike  cylindrical:  involucre  of  4 — 10  fasciculate  bristles,  scabrous 
upwards:  spikelets  in  pairs:  perfect  floret  smooth:  sheaths  pubescent.  Introduced? 
18—24  i. 

glaucum,  (fox-tail  panic.  O.  J.  0.)  spike  cylindrical:  involucre  of  many  fascicled 
bristles,  scabrous  upwards:  perfect  floret  transversely  rugose.  Var.  pvrjjurascens, 
sheaths  hairy:  glumes  and  bristles  of  the  involucre  hairv.  Introduced?  2  f,  S. 
Mch. 

verticillatum,  (2)  (W.  Ju.  0.)  spike  somewhat  whorled:  bristles  of  the  involucre  2, 
scabrous  backwards:  spikelets  solitary:  paleas  of  the  perfect  floret  smoothish. 
Introduced?     18  i.     V.  Y.  P. 

italicvm,  (3)  (Ju.  0.)  spike  compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  nodding:  spikelets 
conglomerate:  involucres  much  longer  than  the  flowers:  rachis  tomenlose.  Intro- 
duced?    4  f.     S.     P.  Y. 

germanicum,  W.  (4)  (bengal  grass.  Ju.  0.)  spike  compound,  compact:  spikelets 
glomerate;  rachis  hirsute:  bristles  short.     Introduced?     2 — 4  f. 

Southern. 

pungens,  N.  (5)  (21?)  spike  terete,  strict:  involucre  many-parted,  1-flowered;  seg- 
ments terete,  subulate,  rigid,  scabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  florets. 

laevigatam,  M.  (6)  (Ju.  21?)  very  smooth:  stem  compressed:  spike  columnar;  spike- 
lets 1-flowered:   involucels  lO-awned.     1 — 2  f. 

corrugaium,  E.  (7)  (  )  spike  terete,  compound,  bristly;  spikelets  many-flowered, 
(7_10):  paleas  transversely  rugose.     2—3  f. 


Pelargonium.  Gr.  pelargos.  a  stork,  because  the  fruit  resembles  the  bill  of  that  bird. 
Penniselum.     Lat.   penna,  a  feather,   and  seta,  bristle,  from  the  feathery  appearance 

of  the  biistly  involucre. 

(1)  Panicum,  L.  Setaria,  Ph.  (2)  Panicum  alopecuroideum,  Wr.  (31  Scta- 
ria,  Ph.  (4)  Panicum,  W.  (5)  Panicum  cenchroides,  E.  (6)  Panicum,  M. 
(7)  Panicum,  E. 


PEXTHORUM,    PENTSTEMON.  347 

10 — 5.     Pentho'rum.     83.     Cras.  muc.  ooo.  lax. 

sedoides,  (virginian  orpine.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  ZT-)  stem  branching,  angled:  leaves  lance- 
olate, sub-sessile,  unequally  and  densely  serrate:  spikes  secund,  terminal,  panicled, 
alternate  and  cymed:  seeds  pitted.     12 — 18  i.     <S.     Mch. 

13 — 2.     Pentste'mon.     37.     Scro.  cat.  eme. 

pvbescens,  W.  (1)  (beard-tongue.  O.  w-p.  J.  Zf.)  stem  hairy:  leaves  serrulate,  lance- 
oblong,  sessile:  flowers  panicled:  the  barren  filament  bearded  from  the  apex  to 
below  the  middle.  Var.  latlfoLia,  has  broad  smooth  leaves.  Var.  angustifolia,  has 
narrow,  hairy,  obscurely  denticulate  leaves.     1 — 2  f.     )S'.     Mch. 

lacitrata,  VV.  (2)  (W,  w-p.  Ju.  2i-)  stem  glabrous:  leaves  smooth,  oblong-ovate, 
clasping  at  the  base,  slenderly  toothed,  lower  ones  entire:  flowers  panicled:  barren 
filaments  bearded  above.     2  f.     -S.     P.  T.  M. 

fnitesccns,  Lb.  (W.  p.  h.)  stem  fruticose:  branches  angled,  pubescent  above:  leaves 
lanceolate,  obsoletely  denticulate,  sessile,  nearly  glabrous:  raceme  terminal,  sub- 
corymbed:  sterile  filament  bearded.     12 — 18  i. 

alpinum,  T.  (W.  b. )  very  glabrous:  corol  somewhat  bell-form;  limb  nearly  equal, 
5-lobed:  leaves  lance-oblong,  crenulate-denticulate  on  the  margin:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute:  antliers  hirsute:  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  two 
longest  stamens,  bearded  below  the  retuse  apex.     6  i. 

amhiguum,  T.  (VV.  p.)  stem  fruticose,  very  branching:  leaves  linear,  shining, 
concave,  nmcronate,  scabrous  on  the  margin:  panicle  simple:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
ovate,  acuminate:  sterile  filament  glabrous.     8 — 10  i. 

cristaium,  N.  (3)  (W.  p.  21.)  stem  low,  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  acute,  obsoletely 
denticulate,  sub-hirsute:  pedicels  axillary  and  terminal,  1  to  3-flowered,  very  short: 
sterile  filaments  exseit,  revolute  at  the  apex,  bearded:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
linear,  acuminate,  hirsute.     G—S  i. 

grandifiorum,  N.  (4)  (W.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  half-clasping,  ovate-oblong,  entire; 
upper  ones  roundish:  flowers  solitary  and  axillary':  sterile  filament  partly  pubes- 
cent at  the  summit:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong,  acute.     D. 

£rracile,  N.  (W.  p.  J  )  stem  smooth,  slender:  leaves  smooth,  linear,  acute,  half  clasp- 
ing, sharp-serrulate:  sterile  filament  bearded  longitudinally:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
linear  oblong.      12 — 24  i.     1). 

campanulaliim,  W.  (p.  Ju.  If.)  stem  glabrous,  barren  filament  bearded  above;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  all  sharply  serrate.     R. 

micrunthum.  N.  (p.  Ju.  21-)  smooth:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  somewhat  clasping, 
very  entire:  flowers  small,  glomerate,  interruptedly  spike-panicled:  corol  sub- 
tubulous,  bearded  within:  sterile  filament  minute,  scarcely  bearded:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute.     12 — 14  i.     R. 

pumiluin,  S.  (  i-  It-)  finely  pubescent;  sub-cespitose:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute, 
entire:  stem  very  short,  few  flowered:  flowers  largish,  glabrous:  sterile  filament 
bearded  above:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acuminate.     3 — 4  i.     R. 

Soutlterji. 

coeiu'leum,   N.   (5)   (W.  b.  2X-)   smooth:   radical   leaves  linear,   entire;   cauline  ones 

lance-linear,   entire;    all   sessile:   sterile  filament  short,  bearded  above:  divisions  of 

the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous. 
erianUierii ,  N.  (6)  (W.  p.  J.  Z{.)  stem  and  leaves  glabrous:  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate, 

entire,  sub-undulate  at  the  margin:  peduncles  many-flowered,   secund:  divisions  of 

the  calyx  round-oval,  acuminate:  sterile  filament  slightly  bearded  under  the  retuse 

point:  anthers  pubescent. 
alliidvm,  N.  (W.  w.)  low:   leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-serrulate,  smooth,  sessile:  flowers 

sub-fiiscicled,    axillary  and  terminal:   sterile   filament  slenderly  and  interruptedly 

bearded:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear,  pubescent.     6 — 8  i. 

Penthorum.     Gr.  penfe,  five,  and  oros,  a  mark,  in  allusion  to  the  5-marked  angles  of 

the  capsules,  more  or  less  perfect. 
Pentstemon.     Gr.  pcnte,  five,   and  sterna,   stamen,   because  this  genus  has  a  fifth 

imperfect  stamen. 

(I)  Chelone  pentstemon,  Mant.  (2)  Chelone,  Miller.  (3)  erianthera,  Ph. 

(4)  Bradburii,  Ph.         (5)  angustifolia,  Ph.         (6)  glabra.  Ph. 


348  PENTSTEMON,  PETALOSTEMON. 

disserJum.,  E.  (p.)  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  compoundly  divided;  segments  linear  and 

genprally  obtuse:  flowers  panicled.     2  f. 
nvtliillu,  Bli.   (W.)  verj' glabrous:   leaves  coriaceous,  lance-ovate,  denticulate,  half 

clasping:  flowers  panicled:  sepals  ovale,  acuminate:  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the 

aprx:  anthers  glabrous.     2 — 3  f. 
hirsuta,  W.  (         w-p.         )  stem  and  leaves  hirsute. 

Pentsfcmon,  Chelone. 

Peplys,  Crypta. 

5 — 2.     Periplo'ca.     47.     Ascl.  dia.  exp.  ton. 

grmca,  (milk-vine.  W,  p.  M.  fp ,)  flowers  hirsute  within;  terminal,  stigma  with  10 
crenatures.     P. 

Peritoma,  Cleome. 

16 — 5.     Pe'taloste'mon.  (1)     93.     Leg.  f.  nut.  g-f.  asc. 

candidum,  W.  (2)  (W,  w.  Ju.  2i.)  spike  cylindric,  peduncled:  bracts  longer  than  the 
flower:  calyx  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  in  3  pairs.  S.  D.  Red  Kiver.  Chi- 
cago. 

violaneum.  W.  (W.  r-p.  Au.  21.)  spike  cylindric,  peduncled:  bracts  about  equal  to  the 
calyx:  little  bracts  spatulate,  caducous:  calyx  silky:  leaves  linear,  in  2  pairs.  D. 
Red  River.     Chicago. 

villusvm,  N.  (W.  r.  Au.  21-)  villous:  stem  decumbent:  spike  large,  cylindric,  sub- 
sessile:  bracts  shorter  than  the  woolly,  5-tootlied  calyx:  leafets  linear-oblong, 
about  7-pairs. 

macrosUichywn.,  T.  (W.  w.  If.)  *pike  cylindric,  compact,  very  long:  bracts  lanceo- 
late, and  with  the  calyx  silky-villuse:  lealets  about  in  3  pairs,  lance-oblong, 
glabrous.     2  f. 

Southern. 

carneum,  Mx.  (w.  .In.  21.)  spike  cylindric,  peduncled:  bracts  subulate,  as  long  as  the 
glabrous  calyx:   leafets  lanceolate.     2 — 3  f. 

cunjmhosiim,  Mx.  (3)  (w.  S.  2J[.)  peduncles  in  panicled  corymbs:  calyx  plumose: 
leafets  linear,  unawned.     2  f 

muUiflnrum,  N.  (W.  w.  2i.)  stem  erect;  branchlets  fastigiate,  sub-coiymbed;  little 
heads  short,  oblong:  calyx  pulverulent,  longer  than  the  bracts:  leafels  (9)  linear- 
oblong,  abbreviated.      1  f     Red  River. 

gracUe,  N.  (  vj.  H.)  very  glabrous,  decumbent:  spike  cylindric,  short:  bracts  acute, 
of  the  length  of  the  calyx,  deciduous:  calyx-teeth  short,  glabrous:  leafets  3  paired, 
linear-elliptic,     Alabama,   Florida. 

decumhens,  N.  (W.  p.  J.  2i.)  scarcely  pubescent:  stem  decumbent,  branching  from  the 
base:  spikes  cylindric,  thick:  bracts  acuminate,  longer  than  the  pubescent  calyx: 
leafets  broadish,  (7—9)  cuneate-oblong,  apiculate.     Red  River. 

phleiiides,  'V.  &,  G.  (^.  w.)  stem  pubescent:  leafets  and  petioles  liairy;  leafets  6-8  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  conspicuously  dotted  beneath:  spikes  cylindrical,  on  long  peduncles: 
bracts  awiied,  longer  than  the  calyx,  hairy:  calyx  glabrous,  hairy  on  the  margin, 
naked  with  large  glamis,  cleft  or  obliquely  truncated  at  the  upper  side;  the  teeth 
very  short,  approximated  to  the  lower  side:  petals  lanceolate- linear;  vexilluni 
broadly  cordate.     Arkansas,   Texas. 

ohovnlvm,  T.   &  G.  (  )  very  tomentose:  stem  erect  or  ascending:  leafets  4  pairs, 

obovate.  obtuse,  silky-lanuginous  beneath:  spike  sub-sessile,  ovate,  very  thick: 
bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  larger  than  the  calyx,  both  densely  villous:  teeth  of  the 
calyx  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:   vexilluin  ovate,  sub-cordate.     Texas. 

eviargmaium,  T.  «&  G.  (  C?-)  glabrous:  leafets  7—8  pairs,  cuneifirm,  emarginate, 
doited  beneath:   spikes  cylindrical,  on  very  long  peduncles:   bracts  broadly  obovate, 

Periploca.     Gr.  peri,   about,   and  ploke,   a  binding  or   twining;    from   the  branches 

twining  about  each  other. 
Petalostemon.     Gt.  petalon,  a  petal,  and  sterna,  stamen;  from  the  union  of  those  two 

organs  in  a  tube. 

(1)  Dalea,  W.         (2)  Dalea,  Ju.         (3)  Kuhnistera,  W.     Kuhnistera,  carolinen- 
sis,  Lk. 


PETALO9TEM0N,    PHACA.  349 

acuminate,  longer  than  the  flowers:  caljx  very  villous,  deeply  5-clefl;  segments 
lanceolate:  petals  oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base;  vexillum  oblong,  emarginate. 
Texas. 
griseum,  T.  &G.  (w-r. )  grayish  pubescent:  stem  nearly  erect:  leafets5-6  pairs,  lanceo- 
late-oblong and  linear-oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  thickly  and  conspicuously  dotted 
beneath:  spikes  cylindrical,  on  shortish  peduncles:  culyx  densely  silky-villous, 
somewhat  glandular,  rather  shorter  than  the  bracts;  the  teeth  semi-ovate,  shorter 
than  the  tube:  petals  ovate;  vexillum  cordate.     Texas. 

Pelalostcmon,  Dalea. 

5 — 2.     Peuckd'anom.     60.     Umb.  g-r.  odo.  exp.  r.  aro. 
Southern. 
tcrnatim,'S.  (sulpher  wort.   2X.)  leaves  ternate,   long-petioled;  leafets  entire,  long- 
linear,  acute,   alternated    below:  involucre  nearly   wanting;  mvolucel  very  short, 
5 — 6-ieaved:  fruit  oblong-oval.     .3  f. 
verticiUittuiii,  Raf.  (  )  leaves  decompound,  segments  filiform;  lower  ones  sub- 

verticillate.     Louisiana. 

16— 10.     Pha'ca.     93.     Leg.  f.  nut.  g-h.  asc. 

frigida,  (W.  y-w.  )  erect,  a  little  glabrous,  somewhat  branching:  leafets  in  4  or 
5  pairs,  oblong-ovate,  hairy  beneath  and  at  the  margin:  stipules  ovate-oblong, 
ciliate,  foliaceous,  large:  mouth  of  the  calyx  hairy:  legumes  sliped,  oblong,  inflated, 
membranaceous.     Rocky  Mts.  N.  W.  Lakes. 

aboriuiiwrum,  Hk.  (  r-w.     )    wh'ns   pubescent:  stem    erect,    sparingly   ramose, 

striate:  leafets  somewhat  5-paired,  lance-oblong,  obtusish:  stipules  ovate,  acute, 
lower  ones  connate,  lirgish:  legumes  slender  stiped,  obliquely  oval,  acute,  mem- 
branaceous, glabrous.     Rocky  Mts. 

glabnnscidii,  Hk.  (  )  glabrous,    or  sprinkled  with  minute  scattered  hairs:   stem 

erect,  sub-simple,  striate:  leafets  in  .5  or  6  pairs,  lance-linear,  sub-acute:  stipule 
ovate,  acute,  lower  ones  connate,  largish:  legumes  long  stiped,  lance-falcate,  com- 
pressed, membranaceous,  glabrous.      Rocky  Alts,  and  valleys. 

elegans,   Hk.  (  )  sub-glabrous:  stem   sub-ramose,  erect  or  ascending,  angled: 

leafets  5 — 7-paired,  oblong,  obtuse,  wedge-forni  at  the  base,  glabrous  above  and  with 
minute  close-pressed  hairs  beneath:  stipules  ovate,  acute,  sub-connate  at  the  base: 
racemes  long-peduncled.     Rocky  Mts. 

paunflora,    N.   (  )  nearly  glabrous:   stem  slender,    even:  leaves  on  long  petioles; 

leafets  8 — 10  pairs,  lanceolate-linear,  acute;  the  rachis  grooved;  stipules  partly 
united,  acute:  peduncles  few-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  legumes  very  small, 
roundish-ovate,  acuminate.      Rocky  Mts. 

parcifolia,  N.  {  p.  )  small,  canescent,  somewhat  cespitose:  stem  very  short:  leaves  on 
'ong  petioles;  leafets  5 — 8  pairs,  lanceolate-linear,  mostly  acute;  the  rachis  flattened 
and  slightly  winged:  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves:  racemes  short, 
few-flowered:  calyx  short,  pubescent  with  blackish  hairs;  the  teeth  acute,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  tube:  legumes  pubescent,  sessile,  terete  and  somewhat  boat- 
shaped,  acute.     Rocky  Mts. 

Usulcaia,  Hk.  (  p.  )  minutely  pubescent:  stem  stout,  striate,  ascending  or  erect: 
leaves  nearly  sessile;  leafets  II — 13  pairs,  elliptical,  somewhat  petiolulate,  clothed 
beneath  with  minute,  appressed  hairs;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  distinct: 
racemes  pedunculate,  spicate,  closely  flowered,  much  elongated,  the  flowers  nod- 
ding: legumes  linear,  nearly  cylindrical,  slipitate,  at  length  glabrous,  nodding,  with 
a  deep  furrow  on  each  side  of  the  superior  suture.     Oregon. 

lulifliira,  Hk.  (  )  canescently  hairy:   steins  numerous  from  one  root,  very  short, 

diflfuse:  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles;  leafets  4 — 6  pairs,  rather  distant,  oblong, 
obtuse,  sessile,  at  length  almost  glabrous  above;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate:  raceme 
capitate,  3 — 9-flo\vered,  on  peduncles  shorter,  or  sotnetiaies  longer  than  the  leaves: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube,  and  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
petals:  legumes  cancscent,  sessile,  semi-ovate,  pointed.     Oregon.     Rocky  Mts. 


Peucedanum.     Gr.  peuke,  fir,  which  its  leaves  resemble,  and  daiios,  dry  or  burning, 

from  the  acrid  qualities  of  the  root. 
Pliaca.     Gr.  j)liakt,  lentil,  which  it  only  resembles  in  being  leguminous. 


350  PHACA. 

pygmaea,  N.  (  )  silvery  canescent.  nearly  stemless:  leaves  on  rather  long  petioles; 
leafets  3—5  pairs,  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  sessile:  peduncles  about  the  length  of 
the  leaves,  few-flowered:  calyx  tubular,  clothed  with  appressed  white  and  black 
hairs  intermixed,  the  teeth  very  short  and  acute:  legumes  puberulent,  sessile,  ovate- 
oblong,  terete,  somewhat  acute  pointed:  seeds  rugosely  punctate.  2 — 3  i.  Rocky 
Mountains. 

muUisima,  N.  (M.  y-w.  p.)  very  woolly,  cespitose,  nearly  stemless:  caudex  thick, 
branching  above:  leaves  peliolate;  leafets  4 — 6  pairs,  acute-oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  sessile:  stipules  oblong,  membranaceous,  distinct:  peduncles  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  tevv-flowered:  calyx  tubular,  the  subulate  teeth  much  shorter  than  the 
tube:   legumes  extremely  woolly,  sessile,  ovate,  pointed,  incurved.     Rocky  Mts. 

simplici/uliii,  N.  (y-w.  p.)  c:ilyx  ver}' densely  cespituse,  silvery-canescent,  stemless, 
caudex  much  branched  above:  leaves  crowded  in  dense  tufts,  simple,  linear  or  lance- 
olate, usually  involute,  acute;  scapes  1 — 2-flowered,  scarcely  exserted:  calyx  some- 
what tubular;  the  teeth  acute,  sijor'ier  than  the  tube:  legumes  glabrous,  coriaceous, 
sessile,  somewhat  triquetrous,  pointed,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     Rocky  Mt. 

pedinata,  Hk.  (  w.  )  canescenlly  puberulent,  or  nearly  glabrous:  stems  thick, 
branching,  ascending,  striate:  leaves  sub-sessile,  rigid;  leafets  6 — 10  pairs,  very 
narrowly  linear,  rather  acute,  persistent;  stipules  triangular-acuminate,  partly 
united  opposite  the  petioles:  racemes  about  1.3-Howered,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
on  thick  peduncles:  flowers  large,  at  length  recurved:  legumes  sessile,  ovoid, 
pointed,  turgid,  thick  and  cartilaginous,  transversely  rugose;  the  upper  suture 
much  thickened.     Rocky  Mts. 

coUina,  Hk.  (w.  p.  J.  Ju.)  erect  or  diffuse  hairy:  leafets  9 — 11  pairs,  narrowly 
linear,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  the  base  into  a  short  partial  petiole;  stipules  very  small, 
oblong,  acuminate:  peduncles  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves:  racemes  oblong, 
dense,  with  the  flowers  retracte^:  calyx  tubular,  densely  hirsute:  vexillum  about 
the  length  of  the  wings:   legumes  linear,  pubescent,  stipitate,  deflexed.     Blue  Mts. 

poducarpa,  Hk.  (J.  Au.  w.)  canescent,  nmcli  branched,  diffuse:  stem  and  branches  stri- 
ate: leafets  6 — 9  pairs,  broadly  linear,  obtuse;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  very  small, 
peduncles  longer  than  tlie  leaves:  ricemes  loose:  legumes  oblong,  coriaceous,  com- 
pressed, hirsute  with  appressed  hairs,  acuminate,  attenuate  at  liie  base  into  a  long 
stipe:  the  sutures  much  thickened;  the  upper  one  straight;  the  lower  arcuate. 
Oregon.     Rare. 

eloiisriita,  Hk.  (y-w.  p.)  stem  erect,  angled,  pubescent,  slightly  branched:  leafets 
8 — 10  pairs,  oblong-cuneiform,  retuse,  canescent  beneath:  stipules  very  small,  acu- 
minate from  a  broad  base;  the  lowers  ones  united:  peduncles  much  longer  than  the 
leaves:  racemes  elongated,  loose:  calyx  silky:  legumes  sessile,  coriaceous,  cylin- 
draceous    curved,  acute.     Oregon. 

Jlexuosa,  Hk.  (  p.  )  stem  decumbent,  flexuous,  sparing!}'  branched:  leafets  6 — 9 
pairs,  linear- oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  clothed  willi  appressed  hairs  beneath; 
stipules  very  small,  acuminate  from  a  broad  base;  the  lower  ones  united:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  racemes  elongated,  loose:  calyx  somewhat  silky:  legumes 
sessile,  coriaceous,  cylindraceous,  straight,  acute.     Red  River,  50°  north. 

parvijora,  N.  (  p.  )  canescently  pubescent,  at  length  nearly  glabrous:  stem  erect: 
leafets  5-7  pairs,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  peliolulate;  stipules  oblong,  obtuse,  distinct; 
the  upper  ones  almost  linear:  peduncles  much  longer  th:in  the  leaves:  the  spike 
oblong:  calyx  hirsute  with  black  hairs:  wings  about  the  length  of  the  keel:  legumes 
on  a  short  stipe,  at  first  hirsute.     Rocky  Mts. 

argnpliyUa,  N.  (  y-w.  )  stemless.  cespitose,  densely  silVy-villose  and  silvery: 
leafets  short,  cuneate,  oblong-lanceolale,  rather  obtuse;  stipules  scarious,  bifid  and 
acute:  flowers  densely  aggregated  and  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  leaves:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  legumes  short  and  roundish,  densely 
villose.     Mountains  far  west. 

sericca,  N.  (p.)  dwarf  depressed,  densely  and  canescently  silky  villose:  caudex 
diffusely  branched;  flowering  branches  very  short,  thickly  clothed  with  the  imbri- 
cated scarious  lacerated  and  very  liairy  stipules:  leaves  small,  on  rather  slender 
petioles:  leafets  cuneate-ovul  or  ol)long-lancpolate:  peduncles  filiform,  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves,  2  to  6  flowered:  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  about  the 
length  of  the  tube:  legumes  small,  acuminate,  many-seeded,  villose.  High  hills  of 
the  Platte. 

megacarpa,  N.  (y-w.)  almost  stemless,  at  length  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  on  long 
petioles;  leafets  4  to  6  pairs,  roundish,  slightly  petiolulate,  rather  distant  and  ofleii 


PHACA.  351 

somewhat  alternate:  racemes  few-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves:  flowers 
very  large:  calyx  tubular,  the  lanoeolate-subulate  teeth  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube:  legumes  very  large  and  much  inflated,  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  nearly 
sessile.     Rocky  iVlts. 

neglecta,  T.  &,  G.*(J.  Ju.  w.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  erect,  branching:  leafets  5 — 8  pairs, 
elliptical,  petiolulale,  minutely  pubcfult-nt  willi  ajipressed  hairs  beneath:  stipules 
triangular-ovate,  minuie:  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves:  racemes  oblong, 
many-flowered,  at  length  rather  loose;  the  flowers  reflexed:  calyx  tubular-campa- 
nulate,  pubescent  with  black  hairs;  the  subulate  teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube: 
legume  sessile,  glabrous,  coriaceo-membranaceous,  globose-ovate,  pointed,  very 
turgid,  flattened  on  the  upper  side  and  deeply  grooved  by  the  introflexion  of  the 
placental  suture.     Western  part  of  New  York  and  Wisconsin. 

AStragaLina,  Dc.  (v.  )  minutely  hairy  or  somewhai  glabrous;  stem  short,  ascending: 
leafets  8  to  10  pairs,  oval,  sligiitly  petiolulate,  minutely  hirsute,  with  appressed 
hairs  beneath:  stipules  ovate,  foliaceous,  nearly  free,  the  lower  ones  scarious: 
pedimcles  at  length  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  in  a  somewhat  capitate  raceme, 
spreading:  the  teeth  of  the  calyx  rather  acute,  almost  as  long  as  the  tube:  legumes 
pendulous,  elliptical,  inilated,  raised  on  a  short  stipe,  minutely  hirsute  with 
blackish  hairs.     Arctic  America. 

debilis,  N.  (w-p.)  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  slender,  nearly  simple,  decumbent: 
leaves  on  rather  long  petioles;  leafets  8  to  11  pairs,  cuneate-oblong,  somewhat 
truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  petiolulate,  minutely  hirsute  with  appressed 
hairs  beneath;  stipules  triangular-oblong,  acuminate,  slightly  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  petiole:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  somewhat  capitate:  calyx 
pubescent  with  grayish  hairs:  the  subulate  teeth  about  the  length  of  the  tube: 
vexillum  deeply  emarginate.     Rocky  Mts. 

Sojitherru 

villosa,  Mx.  (1)  (W.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  nearly  stemle-ss,  very  villose:  leafets  oval,  glabrous: 
peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves:  legumes  hoary,  v-ery  villose.  assurgent,  oblong. 

iripliyUa,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  2X-)  stemless,  assurgent:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  lanceolate, 
sessile:   scape  none:   legumes  sessile,  oblong.     Leaves  of  silvery  hue. 

nuttalli.i,  T.  (Ap.  y-vv. )  stem  decumbent,  low,  sparingly  branched,  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous:  leaves  on  short  petioles,  canescenlly  pubescent  when  young; 
leafets  approximated,  15  to  19  pairs,  Imear-oblong,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base, 
obtuse,  often  emarginati^,  villose-tomenlose,  on  the  inidrib  beneath;  stipules  mem- 
branaceous, trianiruliir,  acuminate:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  raceme 
spicate:  calyx  nearly  glabrous;  the  teeth  subulate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube: 
legume  large,  inflated,  at  first  pubescent,  ventricosely  carinate,  acuminated  with  a 
pointed  style,  sessile:  flowers  ochroleucous,  the  keel  tipped  with  a  pale  purple  spot. 
California. 

canesctns,  N.  (  )  tomentose-canescent:  leafets  10  to  15  pairs,  small,  oval  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  scarcely  petiolulate:  stipules  membranaceous,  very  small,  trian- 
gular, subulate:  raceme  many-flowered,  rather  loose,  on  jieduncles  twice  the  length 
of  the  leaves;  flowers  nodding:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube:  vexiilum  elongated:  legumes  large,  inflated,  obtuse,  slightly  puberulent,  raised 
on  a  slender  stipe.     California. 

densifolia,  Smith,  (r.)  stern  decumbent,  branching,  glabrous:  leafets  14  to  16  pairs, 
oblong-oval,  emarginate,  villose-tomentose  beneath:  peduncles  and  calyx  villose: 
raceme  compact,  many-flowered:  legume  membranaceous,  ovate,  very  large, 
inflated,  nearly  glabrous,  reticulated.     California. 

douglassii,  T.  &  G.  (  )  very  slightly  hairy:  stem  flexuous,  angled  and  striate:  leafets 
10  to  13  pairs,  narrowly  elliptical  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  petiolulate, 
beneath  minutely  hairy:  stipules  very  small,  triangular:  peduncles  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves:  racemes  few  and  loosely-flowered:  calyx  campanulale,  the  teeth  acute 
and  shorter  than  the  tube:  legumes  sessile,  ovate,  pointed,  membranaceous,  inflated, 
the  upper  suture  a  little  introflexed.     California. 

trichnpoiLn,  N.  (y-w.  Ap. )  slightly  pubescent:  stem  stout  and  erect,  branching:  leaves 
sub-sessile;  leafets  16  to  20  pairs  approximated,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly 
petiolulate:  stipules  minute,  triangular:  racetnes  oblong,  spicate,  many-flowered: 
peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves:  calyx  pubescent  with  blackish  hairs,  with 


;i)  Astragalus,  Mx.         (2)  caespitosa,  N.     Astragalus,  Ph. 


352  PHACA,  PHASEOLUS. 

very  short  subulate  teeth,  at  length  withering:  legumes  elliptical-ovoid,  obtuse  at 
each  end,  not  flattened,  glabrous,  raised  on  a  long  filiform  stipe.     California. 

5—1.     Phace'lia.     43.     Hydr.  asp.  ton—. 

Upinnaiifida,  Mx.  (phacelia.  W.  b.  M.)  erect:  leaves  pinnatifid:  divisions  gash-lobed: 
racemes  mostly  bifid,  oblong,  many-flowered:  divisions  of  the  corol  entire.  1  f. 
S.     P.  K. 

Jimbriala,  Mx.  (W.  b.  M.  0.)  ascending,  hairy:  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid;  divisions 
lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  hispid-pilose  above,  glabrous  beneath:  racemes  solitary ; 
pedicels  elongated:   divisions  of  the  corol  ciliate-fringed.     I  f.     S.     P.  K. 

parvifiora,  P.  (1)  (b.  JVl.  gS.)  diffused,  pubescent:  leaves  sub-sessile,  pinnatifid;  divi- 
sions oblong,  entire:  racemes  solitary;  pedicels  short:  divisions  of  the  corol  round, 
entire.     6-8  i.     P.  M. 

integrifolia,  T.  (W.)  erect,  pubescent:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  crenate-serrate:  racemes 
numerous,  dense-flowered. 

Southern. 

keterophjlla,  Th.  (W.h.  J \i.  $ .)  erect,  hispid:  leaves  petioled,  pinnatifid;  divisions 
lanceolate,  entire,  nerved,  terminal  one  elongated;  floral  leaves  simple,  lanceolate, 
petioled:  racemes  2-cleft,  dense-flowered:  divisions  of  the  corol  entire. 

Phaclhusa,  Siegesbf.ckia. 

6 — 1.     Phalan'gium.     16.     Asph.  exp.  nar — . 

esculen'tum,  N.  (2)  (W.  b.  M.  2X. )  root  bulbous:  scape  longer  than  the  linear  carinate 
leaves:  spike  racemed:  stigma  nTinutely  3-cleft.     J 2 — 18  i.     <S'.     K. 


crocemn,  Mx.  (3)  (y.  2X0  ^^°^  bulbous:  scape  much  shorter  than  the  grass-like  leaves: 
spike  pyramidal:  bracts  short:  seed  sub-globose,  smooth. 

3 — 2.     Phal'akis.     10.     Gram.  far.  nut.  for  birds. 

amrrirana,  E.  (4)  (ribbon  grass,  wild  canary  grass.  O.  Ju.  Zf.)  panicle  oblong,  spiked: 

glumes  of  the  calyx  boat-shaped,  serrulate:  paleas  unequal;  rudiments  hairy.      V'ar. 

pictii,  leaves  variously  striped.     This  variety   is   the  ribbon   grass  of  the  gardens. 

2—5  t.     S.     W.  P.  'B.  F.  O.  N.  C.     Mch. 
canariensis,  (canary  grass.  O.  Ju.  0.)   panicle  sub-spiked,   ovate:  glumes  boat-form, 

entire  at  the  apex;  rudiments  smooth.  Introduced.     18  i.     S.  edi.  for  canary  birds. 

Phalaris,  Aulaxanthus. 

16 — 10.     Phase'olcs.     93.     Leg.  r.  nar.  h.  con.  sed.  ton.  f.  nut. 
1.     S.  G.  Phase'olus, /proper,  (Eu'phase'olus.) 

pcrennis,{W.  r.  p.  Zf.)  twjuing,  hairy:  leafets  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved: 
racemes  1  to  3,  axillary:  panicles  longer  than  the  leaf:  bracts  small;  legumes  pen- 
dulous, broad,  falcate,  mucronate.     Illinois,  Georgia.     M. 

sinvfiivs,  N.  (If.)  nearly  glabrous,  prostrate:  leafets  reticulated,  2  to  3-lobed;  the 
lobes  obtuse:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  mostly  solitary,  simple:  legumes 
pendulous.     4 — 6  f.     Florida. 


Phacelia.     Gr.  phakclos,  bundle,  in  allusion  to  the  fascicled  spilces. 
Phalangium.     Gr.  pltalagx,  Tarantula,  whose  bite  it  was  supposed  to  cure. 
Phalaris.     Gr.  phalaris,  of  Dioscorides,  from  plialus,  shining,  from  its  shining  seeds. 
Phaseolus.     Lat.  phuselus,  a  little  ship,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  seed  vessel  to 

the  keel  of  a  ship. 
Euphaseolus.     Gr.  eu,  beautiful. 

(1)  Polemonium  dubinum,  W.  (2)  quamash,  Ph.  (3)  Ornithogalum?  E. 

(4)  arundinacen,  Mx.     Calamagrostis  colorata,  N. 


PHASEOLUS.  353 

Exotic. 

ruZo'aris,  (common  pole-bean.  b.  W.  Ju.  Q.)  twining,  somewhat  glabrous:  leafets 
ovate,  acuminate:  racemes  peduncled,  shorter  tlian  the  leaves;  peduncles  in  pairs: 
legumes  pendulous,  long-mucronate:  seed  ovate,  sub-compound.  East  Indies. 
Cultivated;  by  which  it  often  becomes  a  bush  bean,  with  variegated  seeds.  Var. 
nnsns^  (bush-bean,  six-week's  bean)  stem  erect,  not  twining  or  partly  twining: 
bracts  large:  legumes  compressed. 

multifloriis,  (scarlet  runner,  r.  w.  Ju.  0.)  twining,  sub-glabrous:  leafets  ovate,  acu- 
minate: racemes  peduncled,  longer  than  the  leaves:  peduncles  in  pairs:  bracts 
close- pressed,  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx:  legumes  sub-scabrous.  From  South 
Anierica. 

lunatus,  (lima  bean.  g-w.  Ju.  0.)  twining:  leaves  ovate-acuminate:  racemes  shorter 
than  the  leaves:  peduncles  in  pairs:  legumes  scymitar-fbrm,  subulate:  seed  com- 
pressed, purplish  white. 

2.     S.  G.     Stro'phosty'les.  (1) 

hdvolus,  (W.  p.  An.  21.)  stem  twining:  leafets  oblong-deltoid,  sub-pinnate:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves,  3-flovvered  at  the  apex:  banner  short;  wings  expanded, 
large:  legume  erect.     iSf.     Cultivated.     Seed  of  last  4  spec.  nut. 

Southern. 

dwersifolius,  (W.  p.  An.  21.)  stem  prostrate,  scabrous:  leafets  angled,  2  or  3-lobed: 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaf  and  many-flowered:  flowers  in  heads:  legumes 
pubescent.     Phaseolus  trilobus,  Mx.     2 — 4  f     Mch. 

leiospcrmiis,  {If-)  stem  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute:  leafets  linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse, 
entire,  somewhat  coriaceous,  as  long  as  the  petioles,  reticulated  and  hirsute  on 
both  suifaces:  stipules  subulate:  peduncles  slender,  much  longer  than  tiie  leaves: 
heads  few-flowered:  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  as  lon^  as  the  tube:  legume 
broadly  linear,  compressed  very  hirsute,  about  5-seeded:  seeds  oval,  glabrous.  La. 
Arkansas. 

3.  S.  G.     Am'phicarpa.    (1) 

monoica,  Ell.  (O.  b.  &  w.  Ju.  0.)  racemes  pendulous,  of  a  corol-like  appearance: 
stem  viilnse  backwards:  radical  flowers  without  petals:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  ovate 
nearly  smooth:  stipules  ovale,  striate.  Var.  comosa,  (2f.)  has  hirsute  leaves! 
Cultivated.     Probably  a  distinct  species.     4  f     Mch. 

pUcheri,  T.  &,  G.  (  )  raceuies  of  the  petaliferous  flowers  mostly  branching:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  lanceo!ate-?ubulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube:  bracts  very  broad,  silky- 
canescent,  rather  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Arkansas. 

4.  S.  G.     Rhtncho'sca.  (1) 

Southern. 

reniformis,  (  y.  2i.)  stem  erect,  low,  hirsute:  stipules  lance-oblong:  leaves  roundish: 
racemes  sessile,  many-flowered,  conglomerate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate 
acuminate.     Dry.     Carolina. 

menispermnirlea,  Dc.  (  )  stem  twining  or  prostrate,  retrorsely  pubescent;  stipules 

ovate:  leafet  solitary,    reniform,    canescent   beneath:  peduncles  very  shoit,  1 3- 

flnwered:   segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate.     Texas. 

lalifiilift,  N.  (  y.  )  softly  hirsute:  stem  angular,  twining:  stipules  subulate-lanceo- 
late: leaves  trifoliolate;  leafets  somewhat  rhomboidal,  dilated,  usually  obtuse:  ra- 
cemes longer  than  the  leaves,  many- flowered;  flowers  rather  distant,  on  very  short 
pedicels:  segments  of  the  calyx  at  length  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate:  vexillum 
obovate:  legume  oval-oblong.     3 — 4  f     Arkansas.  La. 

caribaea,  (  )  stem   twining,  pubescent:  leafets  rhomb-ovate,  acute,  resin- 


Strophostyles.     Gr.  strophos,  twisted,  and  stiilos,  style. 

Amphicarpa.     Gr.  amplii,  around,  and  kurpos,  fruit;   in  allusion  to  the  germ  being 

surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  sheath. 
Rhynchosia.     Gr.  rugchos,  a  beak;  the  germ  being  beaked. 

(1)  Glycine,  L.     See  Glycine. 

45 


354  PHASEOLUS,    PHLOX. 

punctate  beneath:  racemes  longer  than  the  leaf:  legumes  sabre-form,  hispid.     West 
Florida.     La. 

5.  S.  G.     Wistar'ia.  (I) 

Southern, 
f rutescens,  (W.h-p.         ip.)  wings  2-eared:  germ  glabrous:  stem  climbing:  racemes 
terminal.     Carolina,  Illinois,  Florida. 

6.  S.  G.     A'pios.     (2) 

tuberosa,  (ground-nut.  O.  b-p.  Ju.  21.)  stem  twining:  leaves  pinnate,  with  7  lance- 
ovate  leafets:  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary:  root  tuberous.  Root  very 
nutritious.     Ought  to  be  generally  cultivated.     2—6  f.     iS'.     Mch. 

Phellandrium,  CEkanthe. 
11 — 1.     Philadel'phus.     89.     Phil.  fl.  aio.  ton — . 
E.totic. 
coionarius,  (mock  orange,  false  syringa.  w.  J.    ^.)  styles  distinct:  leaves  ovate,  sub- 
dentate. 

Southern. 

inodo'rus,  W.  (scentless  syringa.  w.  J.  >^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  entire:  divisions 
of  the  calyx  acute:  style  undivided,  longer  than  the  stamens;  stigmas  4,  oblong. 
Flowers  large.     Cultivated. 

grandiflorus,  W.  (3)  (flowery  syringa.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate; 
axils  of  the  veins  with  fascicles  of  hairs  beneath:  divisions  of  the  calyx  acuminate: 
style  undivided,    longer  than  the  stamens;  stigmas  4,  linear.     Cultivated.     S — C. 

lewisii.  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  h .)  leaves  o\;ate,  acute,  sub-entire,  ciliate  on  the  margin:  divi- 
sions of  the  calyx  acute:   style  rj-cleft,  as  long  as  the  stamens;   stigmas  3. 

hirsutus,  N.  (W.  w.  \ .)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acute,  sharply  angular-denticulate,  hir- 
sute above,  whitish-villose  beneath:  style  and  stigma  undivided:  peduncles  2-brac- 
led  near  the  summit. 

15 — 5.     Philox'eros.     30.     Amar.  r.  ton. 

Southern. 

vermicularis,  (4)  (J.  Zt.)  glabrous:  stem  creeping:  leaves  sub-terete,  fleshy:  flowers 
in  terminal,  solilary,  oblong  heads. 

3 — 2.     Phle'um.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

pralense,  (timothy  grass,  herd's  grass,  cats-tail  grass.  O.  J.  TJ..  and  $.)  spike  cylin- 
dric:  glumes  mucronate-awned:  keel  ciliate:  awn  shorter  than  the  glumes:  culm 
erect.     Introduced?     2 — 3  f.     &'. 

alpi'nnm,  L.  (  A.  )  spike  ovate  or  cylindric-ovate,  hirsute  or  villose.  Spike  often 
blackish  or  dark  purple. 

5 — 1.     Phlox.     45.     Pole.  ton. 

paniculata,  (smooth-stem  lichnidia.  W.  r.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  glabrous,  erect:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, narrowing  gradually,  flat;  margin  rough:  corymbs  panicled:  divisions  of  the 
corol  rounded:  calyx  awned.     Cultivated.     2— 3  f.     S.     P.  M.   H.     Mch. 

pyramidalis,  S.  (b)  {W.    A.    p.  J.  Z[.)  erect,   glabrous:  stem  scabrous:  leaves  heart- 
Wistaria.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Caspar  Wistar,  of  Philadelphia. 

Apios.     Gr.  name  for  a  wild  pear,  which  the  roots  resemble  in  form. 

Philadelphus.  Gr.  pk'dos,  love,  and  addplws,  a  brother:  because  it  is  a  pleasant  com- 
panion, for  its  beauty  and  fragrance. 

Philoxerus.  Gr.  phiLos,  love,  and  zeros,  dry  or  burnt;  a  plant  delighting  in  dry,  warm 
soil. 

Phleum.     Gr.  phleon,  the  ancient  genus,  supposed  to  be  our  cat-tail  grass. 

Phlox.     Gr.  phlox,  a  flame,  from  the  red  color  of  the  petals;  probably  applied  first  to 
an  Agroslemma. 
(1)  Thyrsanthus,  Glycine.         (2)  Glycine,  L.    See  Glycine.      (3)  inodorus,  Mx. 

(4)  illecebrum,  L.         (5)  Carolina,  W.    Jatifolia,  Mx. 


PHLOX.  855 

ovate,  acute:  panicle  fastigiate,  pyramidal:  divisions  of  the  corol  wedge-truncate: 
teeth  of  the  cah'x  sub-erect,  lanceolate,  acute.     2 — 3  f.     S.     P. 

maculata,  (spotted  liclinidia.  W.  r.  w.  Ju.  21.)  erect:  stem  spotted,  scabrous:  leaves 
lance-oblong,  glabrous;  margins  rough:  panicle  oblong:  flowers  crowded:  divisions 
of  the  corol  rounded:  teeth  of  the  calyx  acute,  recurved.  Var.  suaoeolens,  (1) 
stem  not  spotted:  corol  while.     2  f.     /S'.     P.  Y.     Rlcli. 

aristuta,*  Mx.  (2)  (r.  w.  J.  2_[.)  weak,  erect,  viscid-pubescent:  leaves-lance-linear: 
panicle  lax,  fastigiate:  pedicels  somewJiat  in  pairs:  divisions  of  the  corol  somewhat 
obovate;  tube  curved,  pubescent:  leeth  of  liie  calyx  long,  subulate.  Var.  virens, 
corol  reddish-purple.  Var.  caiicscens,  corol  whitish  rose-color.  18  i.  S.  D.  P. 
Y.  O.  F.  M.  K.     Mch. 

pilosa,  (3)  (creeping  lichnidia.  p.  w.  J.  If-)  small,  decumbent,  pubescent:  leaves 
lance-linear,  short,  roughish:  corymbs  sub-fastigiale:  divisions  of  the  corol  round- 
obtuse;  tube  straightish,  glabrous:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate-acuminate.  12 — 
18  i.     S.     Y.  P.     Mch. 

divaricnta,  (W.  p-b.  M.  If.)  pubescent,  (low,  decumbent,  Ph.)  leaves  lance-oval, 
upper  ones  alternate:  branches  divaricate,  lax,  few-flowered:  divisions  of  the  corol 
sub-obcordate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear-subulate.  1--2  f.  S.  P.  Y.  F.  M.  O. 
K.     Mch. 

reptans,  Mx.  (4)  (W.  b-p.  J.  Zf.)  stoloniferous  creeping,  pubescent:  radical  leaves 
obovate-spatulate,  cauline  ones  lance-oval:  corymb  spreading,  few-flowered:  divi- 
sions of  the  corol  obovate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear,  reflexed.  8 — 18  i.  ^S?.  P. 
Mch. 

suluUita,  (mountain  pink.  W.  r.  M.  Zf.)  cespitose,  while  pubescent:  leaves  linear, 
pungent,  ciliate:  corymbs  few-flowered:  pedicels  3-clefl:  divisions  of  the  corol 
wedge-form,  emarginate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
tube  of  the  corol.     Cultivated.     3—6  i.     '.S'.     Y.  P.  O.     S— C. 

setaceu,  (W.  r.  J.  2i.)  cespitose,  pubescent:  leaves  fascicled,  subulate,  pungent,  cili- 
ate: pedicels  few,  terminal,  sub-umbelled:  divisions  of  the  corol  wedge-foim, 
emarginate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corol. 
S.     Y.  D. 

cespiiosa,  N.  (w.  Ap.  ![•)  diff'use,  procumbent:  leaves  subulate,  ciliate,  short;  mar- 
gin refle.xed:  flowers  solitary,  short  pedicelled:  divisions  of  the  calyx  spinulose: 
divisions  of  the  corol,  cuneate,  entire.     R. 

longifolia,  N.  (vy.  Ju.  Zf.)  subcespitose,  many-stemmed:  leaves  subulate,  very  long 
and  narrow,  glabrous:  little  stems  few-flowered,  verv  short,  finely  pubescent,  iire- 
gularly  trichotomous:  peduncles  filiform,  elongated:  calyx  divisions  acuminate: 
divisions  of  the  corol  oblong-cuneale,  entire.     9  i.     R. 

muscoides,  N.  (w.  Ju.  Zf.)  dense  cespitose,  very  small:  leaves  closely  imbricate,  lance- 
oblong,  copiously  ciliate,  very  short:  flowers  sessile,  scarcely  exsert:  divisions  of 
the  corol  cuneate,  entire.     R. 

revoluta,  Aikin  (w-p.  J.  21-)  glabrous:  stems  erect,  sub-simple,  slightly  scabrous  at 
the  top:  leaves  coriaceous,  paler  beneath,  scabrous  and  revolute  on  the  margin, 
sub-sessile;  lower  ones  lance-linear,  acute  at  each  end;  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
rounded  at  the  base:  corymb  sub-fastigiale,  few-flowered:  pedicels  sub-scabrous: 
divisions  of  the  corol  obovate,  slightly  crenulate:  calyx  glabrous;  divisions  lanceo- 
late, acute,  unawned,  half  as  long  as  the  corol.  12 — 18  i.  Damp  woods.  Mary- 
land. 

Southern. 

undulata,  W.  (.5)  (A.  b.  Au.  Z|.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-oblong,  sub-undu- 
late, scabrous  on  the  margin:  corymbs  panicled:  divisions  of  the  corol  sub-retuse: 
calyx  awned.     2  f. 

Carolina,  W.  (6)  (p.  Au.  Zj".)  erect:  stem  pubescent:  leaves  lance-ovate,  smooth: 
corymb  sub-fastigiale;  branchlels  about  3-llowered:  divisions  of  the  corol  round: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  glabrous,  lanceolate,  erect. 

glaberriina,  (VV.  p.  Ju.  Z[.)  cespitose:  stem  erec:  leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous: 
corymbs  small,  terminal,  sub-fasligiate:  divisions  of  the  corol  roundish:  teeih  of 
the  calyx  lance-Unear,  acute.     K.     S— C. 

(1)  suaveolens.  Ph.  (2)  pilosa,  C.  (3)  amoena,  C.  (4)  stolonifera,  C.  and  Ph. 
(5)  paniculala,  Mx.         (6)  trifolia,  Mx? 

*Dr.  Aikin  says,  after  axamining  this  very  variable  plant  from  Lake  Ontario  to 
Virginia,  he  is  confirmed  in  the  opinion,  that  it  is  synonymous  with  P.  divaricata. 


356  PHLOX,    PHYSALIS. 

speciosa,  Ph.  (W.  w.  &.  p.  J.  1^.)  erect,  glabrous,  frutescent,  very  branching:  leaves 
linear;  upper  ones  alternate,  dilated  at  the  base:  racemes  panicle-corymbed:  divi- 
sions of  the  corol  wedge-oblong,  emajginate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  equalling 
the  tube. 

ovata,  W.  (r-p.  J.  ^.)  erect,  glabrous:  radical  leaves  ovate,  acute,  somewhat  fleshy; 
cauline  ones  lanceolate:  corymbs  sub-fastigiate,  divisions  of  the  corol  undulate, 
retuse:  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear,  acute. 

acumina'/i,  Ph.  (A.  p.  Au.  21.)  lower  leaves  spatulate-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly 
scabrous;  upper  ones  lanceolate:   corymbs  terminal.     3 — 5  i.     K. 

nili'da,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  p.  J.  21.)  erect,  glabrous:  stem  scabrous:  leaves  oyate-oblong, 
sub-coriaceous:  corymb  fastigiate:  divisions  of  the  corol  obovate,  sub-retase:  leeth 
of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  mucrunate.     18 — 24  i.     S — C. 

cordata,  E.  (VV.  Au.)  leaves  oblong-cordate,  sub-acuminate;  margin  scabroup:  corymbs 
panicled:  teeth  of  the  calyx  long-awned.     1 — 2  f. 

bifida,  Bk.  (W.  p  Ap.)  stem  erect,  branching,  minute-pubescent:  leaves  lance-ovate 
and  lance-linear,  somewhat  clasping,  opposite  and  alternate;  margin  revolute;  mid- 
rib ciliate:  teeth  of  the  calyx  linear,  acute,  pilose:  divisions  of  the  corol  wedge- 
form,  deeply  cleft.     4—6  i. 

14 — 2.     Phoenicajjlis.     63.     Cruc.  r.  con.  asc. 

cheiranthoides,  N.  (p.  Zf. )  scape  slender:  leaves  entire,  densely  and  stellately  tomen- 
tose:  flowers  in  simple  corymbose  racemes:  siliques  diverging  horizontally:  scape 
4^6  i.  with  a  few  small,  sessile  and  partly  clasping  leaves.     Oregon. 

13 — 1.     Phry'ma.     42.     Labi.  car.  ton. 

'chya,  (lopseed.  O.  J.  y-w.^2X.)  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  petioled:  spikes 
terminal,  slender:  flowers  opposite.  As  the  fruit  approaches  maturity,  it  lops 
down  against  the  rachis.     Dry  woods.     2 — 3  f.     S.     Mch.     S — C. 

3 — 1.     Phyllac'tis.     56.     Vale.  r.  ner-f .  sed+. />ai. 
Southerri. 
ohovaia,  N.  (2)  (W.  Oc.)  stemless:  root  fusiform:  leaves  radiating,  linear-spatulate, 
obtuse,  hirsute-pilose. 

19 — 15.     Phyllan'thus.     96.     Euph.  r.  ast.  deob.  h.  diu.  nar.  Jan. 

obovatus,  (3)  (S.  ^.)  leaves  alternate,  oval,  obtuse,  glabrous,  somewhat  distichous: 
flowers  few,  (2 — 4,)  axillary,  pedicelled,  nodding:  stem  erect;  branches  distichous. 
12  i.     S.    P.     S— C.     K. 

5—1.     Physalis.     38.     Sola.  f.  «fc  1.  nar. 

visco'?a,''  (yellow henbane,  ground  cherry.  O.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  in  pairs,  heart-oval,  re- 
pand,  obtuse  sub-tomentose:  stem  panicled  above:  fruit  bearing  calyx  pubescent. 
1-3  f     S. 

Phoenicaulis.     Gr.  phoinikos,  purple,  Phoenician  purple.     Bad  etymology. 
Pliryma.     Gr.  phrvgama,  dried;   the  fruit  appears  dry  and  lops  down  before  ripening. 
Phyllaclis.     Gr.  pliuUon,  leaf,  and  ago,  to  bring,  carry,   because  it  is  stemless. 
Phyllanthus.     Gr.  jjImUon,  leaf,  a.nd  antlios,  flower;  the  flowers  of  the  original  species 

grow  on  the  edges  of  tlie  leaves. 
Physalis.     Gr.  phusu,  a  bladder,  from  the  inflatpl  calyx. 

(1)  Carolina,  Wr.         (2)  Valeriana,  Dc.         (3)  carolinensis,   Wr. 

*Dr.  Aikin  has  very  particularly  compared  the  P.  viscosa,  obscura,  Mx.  and  pubes- 
cens  VV.  and  is  confirmed 'in  the  opinion  that  they  are  the  same  species.  And  he 
is  also  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  even  pcnnsylcunica  and  philndelpliica,  are  mere  varie- 
ties oi viscosa,  and  not  even  sufficiently  characterized  varieties.  He  says,  the  follow- 
inff  description  includes  the  whole  five  species,  and  applies  to  each  of  them  in  all  its 
parts. 

P.  viscosui  pubescent:  stem  decumbent,  herbaceous,  divaricate-branched,  sub- 
panicled  above;  branches  sub-angular:  leaves  solitary  or  in  pairs,  heart-ovate,  re- 
pand-toothed,  generally  acute,   often  acuminate  or  obtuse:  flowers  solitary,  axillary. 


PHYSALIS,  PINCKNEYA.  357 

obscura,  Mx.  (1)  (ground  cherry,  y.  p.  Ju.)  leaves  sub-cordate,  orbicular,  acuminate, 
unequally  dentate:  stem  herbaceous,  divaricate,  much  branched;  branches  angled: 
inflated  calyx  large.  Var.  glabra,  (2)  sumiiiil  and  petioles  scarcely  pubescent. 
Var.  pvliesccHs,  viscid-pubescent.     T.   Y.  T.  C.  F.  N.     Mcli. 

pennsijlca' nica,  (y.  J.  2X-)  leaves  ovate,  sub-repand,  obtuse,  nakedish:  stem  branch- 
ing: peduncles  solitary,  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles.  1  f.  S.  P.  Y.  N.  C. 
S-C. 

phihulel'fihica,  Lk.  (y.  p.  Ju.  0-)  leaves  ovate,  repand-toothed,  glabrous:  stem  very 
branching:  peduncles  solitary,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Piobably  a  variety 
of  the  uhiciira.     S.     M. 

lanccolata,  Mx.  (y.  J.  ZI-)  leaves  in  pairs,  lance-oval,  sub  entire,  gradually  narrowing- 
into  the  petiole,  pubescent:  stem  dichotomous:  calyx  villose.     S.     P.  D.     K. 

lobata,  T.  (W.  g.)  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  fleshy,  lyrate-lobed,  narrowed  into 
the  petiole  at  the  base,  glabrous,  revolute  at  the  margin:  stem  herbaceous,  branch- 
ing: peduncles  solitary. 

Exotic. 

alkekengi,  (common  winter  cherr)'.  \ .)  leaves  in  pairs,  entire,  acute:  stem  sub-ra- 
mose below.     Calyx  of  the  fruit  red,  or  redish. 

Southern, 

pubcscens,  W.  (O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  villose,  viscous,  sub-cordate:  stem  very  branch- 
ing: flowers  solitary,  pendulous:   fruit-bearing  calyx  round-globose,  angled.     M. 

somnif'eia,  W.  (y.  Ju.  Zf.)  tomentose:  leaves  ovate,  very  entire;  flowers  crowded, 
short-pedicelled:  corol  bell-form. 

iDulleri,  N.  (3)  (  2i.)  pulverulent-sub-tomentose,  very  branching,  dichotomous: 
leaves  twinned,  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  long-petioled,  entire:  peduncles  solitary,  nod- 
ding: calyx  fructiferous,  somewhat  glabrous.     South  Carolina. 

ftngustifolia,  N.  (  21-)  very  glabrous,  prostrate,  dwarfish:  leaves  very  long,  linear, 
fleshy,  solitary:  peduncles  nodding,  filiform,  solitary.     West  Florida. 

Pliyzostegia,  Dracocephalcm. 

10 — 10.     Phytolac'ca.     29.     Phyt.  erne.  nar. 

decand) a,  (pokeweed,  pigeon  berry.  O.  w.  Ju.  H-)  leaves  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends: 
flowers  racemed:  berries  tialtened  at  the  ends.     3 — 6  f.     5f.     Mch. 

5 — 1.     Pickerin'ga.*     51.     Eric.  f.  aro.  asp. 
Southern, 
paniculata,  N.  (4)  (         ^.  )  evergreen:  leaves  entire,  alternate,  wedge-oblong,  ob- 
tuse: flowers  panicled. 

5 — 1.     Pixckne'ya.     57.     Cine.  ton.  feb 
Southern, 
pu'bens,  Mx.  (p.  J.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  entire,  thinly  pilose  and  shining 
above;  tomentose  below,  sub-acuminate:  calyx  superior,  persistent,  colored.     15 — 
20  f. 


Phytolacca.     Gr.  phutnn,  plant,  and  lachanon,  pot-herb;  the  young  sprouts  being  one 

of  the  best  substitutes  for  asparagus. 
Pickeringa.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Charles  Pickering,  a  Curator  of  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. 
Pinckneya.     Tn  honor  of  Gen.  C.   \V.  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina,  a  munificent 

patron  of  Science. 

(1)  pruinosa,  E.  (2)  angulata,  Wr.  (3)  lanceolata,  E.  (4)  Cyrilla 

paniculata,  N.  in  Jour.  Sci.  vol.  5,  p.  200. 

*  Mr.  Nuttall  spells  this  name  Pickeringia;  changing  the  sound  of  the  letter  G 
unnecessarily. 

pendulous:  fruit  bearing  calyx  large,  inflated,  angled,  pubescent:  berry  glabrous, 
piany-seeded.  Flowers  yellow,  spotted  at  the  base:  leaves  long-petioled,  and  when 
in  pairs,  one  is  always  much  larger  than  the  other:  fruit  yellow  when  ripe,  slightly 
acid,  edible:  root  fusiform,  white,  bitter. 


S58  PINGUICULA,  PINUS. 

2 — 1.    PiNGUic'uLA.    35.    Lent  ton — . 

elatior,  Mx.  (butterwort.  W.  M.  21.)  nectary  subulate,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  corol; 
tube  ventricose  above:  scape  villose  beneath.     4 — 12  i.     S. 

Southern, 

lutca,  Wr.  (p.  Ap.  Zf-)  border  of  the  corol  .5f-cleft;  divisions  2-lobed;  lobes  2-toothed; 
spur  subulate,  a  little  shorter  than  liie  tube.     6 — 8  i.     Charleston,   S — C.    Florida. 

pum'da,  Mx.  (b.  Ap.  2i-)  border  of  the  corol  5-cIeft;  divisions  emarginate;  lobes  en- 
tire; spur  subulate,  obtusish,  as  long  as  the  tube.     3—5  i. 

acutifotia,  Mx.  ( VV.  Ju.  2X-)  very  glabrous:  leaves  erect,  oval,  very  acute. 

australis,  N.  (W.  r.)  glabrous:  nectary  very  short,  incurved:  flowers  largish.  West 
Florida. 

19—15.     Pi'nus.     100.     Coni.  b.  exp.  e.  hea.  bal.  w.  tim-f . 

1.  Leaves  solitary,  tcith  separate  bases.     Abies. 

balsamea,  (1)  (fir  tree,  balsam  tree.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  flat,  emarginate  or  entire, 
glaucous  beneath;  sub-erect  above,  recurve-spreading:  cones  cylindric,  erect:  bracts 
abbreviated,  obovate,  long-mucronate,  sub-serrulate.  ^'.  Mch. 
fraseri,  Ph.  (double  spruce.  A.  J.  fp.)  leaves  solitary,  flat,  emarginate,  glaucous  be- 
neath, somewhat  1-sided,  thick  above,  erect:  cones  ovate-oblong,  erect:  bracts 
elongated,  reHexed,  wedge-oblong,  emarginate,  short-mucronate,  gush-toothed.    )S'. 

taxifolia,  Lb.  (W.  \.)  leaves  solitary,  flat,  sub-distichous:  cones  oblong:  anthers 
didymous.     S. 

canadensis,  (2)  (hemlock  tree.  O.  M.  T^.)  leaves  flat,  denticulate,  2-ranked:  stro- 
biles ovate,  terminal,  scarcely  l«nger  than  the  leaves.  The  bark  is  used  in  tanning 
leather,  though  inferior  to  oak.     30—100  f.     <§.     Mch. 

nigra.  Lb.  (3)  (black  spruce.  W.  A.  M.  \ .)  leaves  4-sided,  scattered  on  all  sides 
of  the  branchlets,  erect,  straight:  strobiles  ovate;  scales  oval,  with  undulate  mar- 
gins, erose-toothed  at  the  apex.     30—60  f.     S.     T.   D.  F.  N.     Mch. 

rubra.  Lb.  (4)  (red  spruce,  spruce  fir.  M.  Tj.)  leaves  solitary,  subulate:  strobiles 
oblong,  obtuse;  scales  rounded,  sub-21obed;   margin  entire.     Canada. 

alba.  Lb.  (5)  (white  spruce.  W.  M.  \.)  leaves  4-sided,  incurved:  strobiles  sub-cylin- 
dric,  lax;  scales  obovate,  entire.     Mch. 

2.  Leaves  many,  sheathed  at  the  base.     Pikus. 

(  Leaves  in  pairs. ) 

resinosa,  Lb-  (6)  (yellow  pine,  norway  pine,  red  pine.  M.  f'.)  leaves  and  sheaths 
elongated:  strobiles  ovate-conic,  rounded  at  the  base,  sub-solitary,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  leaves;  scales  dilated  in  the  middle,  unarmed.  Bark  of  a  reddish  color, 
and  much  smoother  than  the  rigida  and  strobus.  Often  grows  very  tall  and  straight 
S.     T.  W.  N.  D.     Catskill.     Mch. 

inops,  Lb.  (7)  (jersey  pine.  W.  M.  \>.)  leaves  short:  strobiles  oblong-conic,  recurved, 
of  the  length  of  the  leaves;   prickles  of  the  scales  subulate,  straight.     iS.     Y. 

banksiana,  Lb.  (8)  (scrub  pine,  grey  pine.  VV.  M.  ^.)  leaves  short,  rigid,  divaricate, 
oblique:  strobiles  recurved,  twisted;  scales  without  prickles.  Maine.    D.     Mch. 

(Leaves  in  threes. ) 

variabilis,  Lb.  (9)  (three-leaved  yellow  pine.  M.  ^.)  part  of  the  leaves  in  pairs,  the 
others  in  threes,  slender,  channelled:  strobiles  ovate-conic,  sub-solitary;  prickles 
of  the  scales  incurved.     <S.     K.     S — C. 

rigida,  (pitch  pine.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  with  abbreviated  sheaths:  staminate  aments 


Pinguicula.  A  dirainitive  of /^irao'uis,  fat,  from  the  greasy  appearance  of  the  leaves. 
Pinus.     Gr.  pinaz,   a  wooden  tablet  made  of  pine — hence  the  Gr.  pitas,  pine  tree, 

and  pilch. 

(1)  Abies  balsamifera,  Mx.  (2)  americana,  Du  Roi.  Abies  canadensis,  Mx. 
(3)  mariana,  Du  Roi.  Abies  denticulata,  Mx.  (4)  Abies  pectinata,  Lk.  (5)  laxa, 
Eh.  canadensis,  Du  Roi.  Abies  alba,  Mx.  (6)  rubra,  Mx.  (7)  virginiana, 
Du  Roi.         (8)  rupestris,  Mx.     hudsonia,  Lk.     sylvestris,  A.         (9)  mitis,  Mx. 


PINUS,    PISTIA.  359 

erect-incumbent:    strobiles  ovate,    scattered  or   aggregated;  spines   of  the   scales 
reflexed.     Though  very  common,  it  grows  the  most  plentifully  on  barren,    sandy 
plams.     iS>. 
serotina,  Mx,  (pond  pine.  M.  fp.)  leaves  elongated:  prickles  of  the  scales  straight 
and  very  slender.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  last.     S.     P.     New  Jersey. 

(  Leaves  in  fices. ) 

slrobus,  (white  pine.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  slender:  sheaths  short:  strobiles  pendant, 
cylindric,  longer  than  the  leaves;  scales  somewhat  lax.  This  is  called  Weymouth 
pine  by  the  English.  Perhaps  nine-tenths  of  the  boards  used  in  America  are  of 
this  species.     S.     Mch. 

Leaves  many,  in  a  fascicle.     Larix. 

pendula,  A  (black  larch,  tamarack,  hack-matack.  W;  M.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous:  stro- 
biles oblong;  margins  of  the  scales  intlexed:  bracts  guitar-form,  witji  a  slender 
point.     O.  D.  N.     Mch.     M. 

microcarpa,  Lb.  (1)  (red  larch,  hack-matack.  M.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous:  strobiles 
roundish,  few-Howered:  scales  reflexed:  bracts  oval,  obtuse,  acuminate.  These 
two  last  species  were  considered  as  varieties  of  the  same;  but  Mr.  Lambert  proved 
their  specific  dilTerence  by  raising  them  from  the  seed.     P.  T.   V.  C.   N.     Canada. 

flezxlii,  T.  (W.)  leaves  in  fives,  short,  and  rather  rigid:  sheaths  short  and  lace- 
rate: strobile  erect;  scales  large,  unarmed.     Branches  very  flexible. 

Exotic, 
larix,  (common  larch.    >^.)  leaves  deciduous:  strobiles  ovate-oblong;  margins  of  the 
scales  reflexed,  torn:  bracts  guitar-form. 

Southern, 
pungens,  Lb.  (table  mountain  pine.  A.  ^.)  leaves  in  pairs,  short,  acute:  strobiles 

ovate-conic;  prickles   of  the   scales   elongated,    subulate,    incurved;    lower   ones 

reflexed. 
taeda,  Lb.  (loblolly  pine,  old  field  pine.  M.  Tj .)  leaves  in  threes,  elongated:  sheaths 

elongated:  strobiles  oblong-conic,  deflexed,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  spines  inflexed. 

Var.  heterophylla,  E.  (smooth-bark  loblolly  pine,)  leaves  in  twos  and  threes:  bark 

smooth. 
palustris,  Lb.    (long-leaved,    yellow  pitch,  or  broom  pine.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  in  threes, 

very  long:  stipules  pinnatifid,    ramentaceous,    persistent:  strobiles   sub-cylindric, 

muricate.     S — C. 

2—2.     Pi'pER.     98.     Pipe.  d.  f.  con.  sti-f .  sto+. 
Southern, 
leposta'chyon,  N.   (florida  pepper.  0.)  herbaceous,  small:  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  sub-3- 
nerved,    pubescent:  spikes  axillary,  filiform,  erect,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
6—12  i. 

3 — 2.     Pip'tathe'rum.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

racemosum,  S.  (2)  (clustered  millet-grass,  black  seed  millet-grass.  A.  Au.  2i.)  panicle 
simple:  flowers  racemose,  lance-ovate:  paleas  black,  hairy;  awn  twice  as  long  as 
the  glumes.     N.     Mch. 

5—8.     Pisti'a.     93.     Pisti.  ton. 
Southern. 
spathulata,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.)  leaves  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  dilated,  round  and 
towards  the  summit.     La. 


Piper.     A  name  probably  of  Indian  origin,  but  very  an,cient. 

Piptatherum.     From  Gr.  pipto,  to  fall,  and  theros,  harvest,  summer. 

Pistia.     Gr.  pistes,  (ofpino)  to  drink,  in  allusion  to  its  loving  water  or  wet  places. 

(1)  pendula,  VV.  laicina,  Du  Roi.  Larix  americana,  i\ix.  who  considered  the 
pendula  and  microcarpa  as  the  same  species.  (2)  nigrum,  T.  Milium,  S.  Ory- 
zopsis  melanocarpa,  M. 


3&0  PISUM,    PLANTAGO. 

16—10.     Pi'suM.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g-f.  asc. 
Exotic, 
sativum,  (pea.  p.  w.  J.  0.)  petioles  terete:  stipules  round  and  crenate  at  thft  base: 
peduncles  many- flowered.    Var.  umlipJlatinn,  (bouquet  pea)  has  the  stipules  4-cleft, 
acute.     Vai.   fjiiadriiiinn,    (quadrate   pea,)   fruit  ash-color,   4-sided.     Var.   humile, 
(dwarf  pea,)  stem  erect,  not  climbing:  leafels  roundish. 

Pisum,  Lathyrus. 

10—8  to  12.     PiTAviA.     Xanth?  aro.  sto. 

dumosa,  N.  (^.)  leaves  opposite  or  fascicled,  on  short  branches,  linear,  attenuate  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  about  an  inch  long,  rather  thick,  unnerved,  marked  with  glan- 
dular, pellucid  dots,  the  margin  with  a  row  of  glandular  dots,  entire:  seed  globose. 
A  low  branching  shrub.     California. 

16 — 10.     Pitche'ria.     93.     Legu.  r.  exp.  sug. 
Southern, 
galacioidcs,  N.  (W.  r.  If.)  stem  erect,  rigid  branched,  smooth:  leaves  trifoliate,  oval, 
obtuse,  glandular-dotted  beneath.     Alabama,  Florida. 

5 — 2.     Plane'ra.     99.     Ulmu.  ton — . 
Southern, 
aquatica,  Wr.  (1)  (W.  M.  T?.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  equal  at  the  base,  slightly 
scabrous,  short  petioled.     25 — 30  f. 

4 — J.     Planta'go.     31.     Plan.  1.  emo.  s.  muc. 

major  (plantain.  O.  w.  J.  21.)  leaves  ovate,  sub-dentate,  sub-glabrous:  scape  terete: 
spike  oblong,  imbricate.     Mch. 

lanceolata,  (rib- wort,  snake  plantain,  ripple  grass.  W.  J.  2i.)  leaves  lanceolate, 
villose:  spikes  short,  terete-cylindric:  bracts  ovale,  acuminate:  scape  angled,  with 
close-pressed  hairs.     1— 2  f     S.     T.  B.  C.  F.  O.  N.   V.     Mch. 

mrgiiiica,  (dwarf  plantain.  W.  r-y.  J.  0.)  whitish  pubescence  on  all  parts:  leaves 
lance-ovate,  sub-denticulate:  flowers  remotish:  scape  angled,  (or  a  little  striate?) 
The  corol  adheres  to  the  germ  so  closely  that  at  first  it  appears  to  be  superior. 
3—8  i.     .S.     C.  Y.  P.  M. 

cordaia,  Lk.  (2)  (w.  J.  2S-)  leaves  heart-ovate,  broad,  sub-dentate,  glabrous:  spike 
very  long;  flowers  sub-imbricate,  lower  ones  scattered:  bracts  ovate,  obtuse. 
12—18  i.     S.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  D.     Mch 

media,  (w.  J.  21.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  pubescent:  spike  cylindric:  scape  terete.  In 
one  variety  the  leaves  are  hirsute  and  the  spikes  branching.     T. 

maritima,  (3)  (sea  planlain.  L.  Au.  21.)  leaves  linear,  grooved,  fleshy,  hairy  near 
the  base:  scape  terete:  spike  cylindrical:  bracts  rather  acute.  6 — 10  i.  S. 
Y.  B.  C.  F. 

pusilia,  N.  (4)  (Au.  0.)  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  linear-subulate,  flat,  entire, 
acute:  scape  terete,  longer  than  the  leaves:  spike  cylindrical,  loose;  lower  flowers 
distant:  bracts  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     New  Orleans. 

cucuUa'ta,  Lk.  (5)  (Ju.  Z(.)  leaves  ovate,  concave-cowled,  9-nerved,  pubescent  be- 
neath: spike  cylindric,  imbricate;  scape  tall,  terete.     Maine. 

eriopoda,  T.  (W.  21.)  stemless:  petioles  covered  with  very  long  wool  at  the 
base:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  long-petioled,  glabrous,  entire, 

Pisum.     Gr.  pison,  a  pea.     The  Celtic  word  pis,  denotes  also  a  pea. 

Pitavia.     Unknown. 

Pitcheria.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Zina  Pitcher,  of  the  U.  S.  Army,  an  excellent  naturalist 

and  amiable  man. 
Planera.     In  honor  of  James  Planer,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Erfurt. 
Plantugo.     Lat.  jilanta,  the  sole  of  the  loot,  from  its  supposed  resemblance. 

(1)  ulmifolia,  Mx.     (2)  kentuckiensis,  Mx.     (3)  pauciflora,  Ph.     (4)  hybrida,  D. 
linearifolia,  M.?     aristata,  Mx.     elongata,  Ph  (5)  maxima,  Jn. 


PLAXTAGO,  PLATVSPERMUM.  361 

5-nerved:  scape  terete,  very  glabrous:  spike  cylindric,  exceeding  the  leaves:  flowers 

remote:   stamens  and   styles  very   long:    bracts  broad-ovate,    obtusish:    capsules 

2-seeded.     9—12  i. 

SouUiem. 
caroliniana,  Wr.    (Ju.  ^.)    all   over  glabrous:   leaves   lanceolate,  very  entire,   long: 

flowers  remote:  stem  terete.     Elliott  unites  this  species  with  the  next. 
interrupla.  Lk.  (Ju.  If-)  leaves  lanceolate,  (lance-ovate,  Ph.)  entire,  somewhat  pilose: 

spikes  slender,  long,  interrupted:  flowers  glabrous.     Sometimes  nearly  glabrous, 

Elliott. 
glafira,  N.  (W. )  leaves  ovate,  denticulate,  smooth:  scape  slender,  sub-compressed, 

nearly  equal  to  the  leaves:  flowers  scattered:,  bracts  ovate,  acuminate. 
gnnphaloides     N.    (I)    (W.    Ju.  0.)    silky-villose:    leaves  lance-linear,   very  entire, 

nakedish  above:  scape  terete,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves:  spike  cylindric, 

imbricate:  bracts  linear,  with  long,  villose  ciliae. 

18 — 1.     Platan'thera.     21.     Orch.  r.  amy.  nut.  emo. 

orbiculaia,  Lind.  (W.g-w.  J.  2X.)  lip  linear,  entire;  obtusish;  3  upper  petals  converging, 
with  the  uppermost  one  deltoid,  obtuse,  and  the  2  lateral  ones  spreading,  oblique  at 
the  base;  spur  longerthan  the  germ,  clavate,  flaltish,  curved,  leaves  2,  radical, orbicu- 
lar, prostrate,  glabrous,  very  shining.  12—18  i.  S.  C.  O.  F.  B.  N.  Habenaria 
orbiculiila,  7th  edition.       Mch. 

dilatiila.  Lind.  (giant  orchis.  O.  w.  or  g.  J.  2_C.)  spur  shorter  than  the  germ;  lip  en- 
tire, linear,  with  the  base  dilated,  of  the  length  of  the  spur:  bracts  of  the  length 
of  the  flower:  stem  leafy.  In  the  mountain  woods,,  the  flowers  are  green;  in  the 
open  meadows  white.     1 — 4  f.     S.     Habenaria  dilatata,  7th  edition.     Mch. 

19—12.     Plat'anus.     99.     Plat.  aro.  ton. 

ocd(ie7Jte//s,  (button  wood,  american  plane-tree,  false  sycamore.  O.  J-^.)  leaves  quin- 
quanguiar,  obsoletely  lobed,  toothed,  pubescent  beneath:  stem  and  branches  be- 
coming white.     Grows  to  a  greater  size  than  any  other  tree  in  America.     iVlch. 

12 — 12.     Platts'temon.     62.     Papa,  nar — .  ano.  sed. 

caUfomicum,  Benth.  (0.  y-w.)  plant  sparsely  covered  with  shaggy,  spreading  hairs: 
leaves  half-clasping,  oblong,  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  alternate,  often  crowded  so  as 
to  appear  opposite,  or  whorled  at  the  origin  of  the  branches  and  peduncles,  3 — 5- 
neived:  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered,     California. 

12 — 2  to  5.     Platttig'ma.     62.     Papa,  nar — .  ano.  sed. 

lineare,  Benth.  (y.  0.)  cespitose:  stem  abbreviated,  or  almost  none:  leaves  mostly 
radical,  crowded,  linear,  entire,  glabrous,  or  slightly  hairy:  peduncles  radical  or 
nearly  so,  numerous,  slender,  1-flowered,  clothed  with  spreading  hairs.     California. 

14 — 1.     Platyspet'aldm.     63.     Cruc.  h.  &  f.  con.  sal. 

purpurascens,  Rr.  (  )  stigma  2-lobed,  spreading;  style  manifest:  scape  naked, 

1 -leaved,  and  pubescent:  silicles  sub-glabrous.     A. 
dubium,  Br.  (         )  stigma  undivided,  sub-sessile:  silicles  and  scapes  pubescent.     A. 

14 — 1.     Plattper'mum.     63.     Cruc.  h.  &  f.  con.  sal. 
scapigerum,  H.  (w.  Mar.  Ap.  0.)  root  sub-fusiform,  scarcely  fibrous:  leaves  all  radi- 

Platanthera.     Gr.  platus,  broad,  anfhos,  flower,  or  anther. 

Platanus.     Gr.  platanos.  from  Gr.  platus,  broad;  regarding  the  wide-spread  foliage. 

Platystemon.     Gr.  platus  broad,  stemoii,  strand  or  filament. 

Platystigma.     Gr.  platus,  broad,  stigma,  point;   top  of  the  style. 

Platypetalum.     Gr.  platiis,   broad,  petalon,   leaf  or  plate;  on  account  of  the  broad 

petals. 
Platyspermum.     Gr.  platus,  broad,  sperma,  seed;  on  account  of  the  broad  margins  of 

the  seeds. 

(1)  lagopus,  Ph. 

46 


>362  PLATYSPERMUM,    POA. 

cal,  spreading,  sub-runcinate-pinnatifid;  lobes  mostly  acute;  lower  ones  gradually 
smaller,  attenuated  into  a  petiole,  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous:  scapes  many  from 
the  same  root,  digitate,  erect,  simple,  very  glabrous,  always  l-tlowered:  flowers 
small,  erect.     R. 

3—1.     Plectri'tis.     56.     Vale.  r.  ner^-.  sed+. 

congesta,  Dc.  (r.  0.)  glabrous:  flowers  in  a  dense  whorl,  bracts  many-cleft,  in  subu- 
late divisions.     Var.  minor,  leaves  very  narrow.     R. 

9—2.     Plee'a.     13.     June.  fod. 

Southern. 
tenvifoUa,  Mx.  (y.r.  71.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  very  narrow-ensiform:  sheaths  of  the 
spike  1-flowered.     1 — 2  f. 

3 — 2.     Pleura'phis.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

So2ithern. 
jamesii,  T.  (W.  Ju.  1[.)  culm  terete,  smooth,  slender:  spike  terminal,  erect;  spikelets 
sessile,   in  an  ovate  congeries  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis:  involucre  white-woolly, 
one-tiiird  the  length  of  the  flcTwers.     Discovered  on  the  river  Canadian,   by  Dr. 
Edwin  James.     1  f. 

3—2.     Po'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Remarks.  The  word  poa,  is.  pure  Greek,  and  signifies  pasture  or  fodder.  Linneus 
applied  the  name  to  tliis  genus,  t)ecause  it  includes  the  most  common  pasture  grass 
and  me'iduiD  grus!!.  The  Poa  pratensis,  aided  by  the  A grostis  vulgaris,  constitutes 
most  of  those  beautiful  carpets  which  cover  our  fields,  lawns,  and  road-sides. 

annua,  (W.  Ap.  Q.)  panicle  sub  secund,  divaricate;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  5-flower- 
ed; 'florets  free:  culm  oblique,  compressed:  root  fibrous.  6— 8  i.  S.  B.  N.  P. 
C.  f.  Mch. 
fasciculata.  T.  (L.  Au.  2[.)  panicle  spreading;  brandies  straight,  fascicled,  crowded; 
spikelets  oblong,  S-dowered;  florets  free:  glumes  minute,  unequal:  culm  oblique- 
terete:    root  fascicled.      1 — 2  f. 

denluta,  T.  (  21.)  panicle  loose,  somewhat  spreading;  branches  capillary,  virgate; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  .5-flowered;  florets  free;  glumes  unequal;  lower  glume  obtuse, 
3-nerved:  lower  palea  Snerved,  5-toolhed  at  the  apex  when  old.     3  t:     N. 

aquatica,  Var.  am.triaina,  T.  (1)  (Au.  2i-)  panicle  erect,  halfwhorled,  diff"use; 
branches  flexuous,  smooth;  spikelets  linear,  6— H-flowered;  florets  ovale,  obtuse, 
free:   leaves  broad-linear,  with  the  sheaths  smooth.     4—5  f.     P.  N.  B.     Canada. 

muritima    Huds.   (J.  21.)   panicle  branched,  somewhat  crowded;  spikelets  about  5- 

flowered    terete;  florets  rather  obtuse,  indistinctly  5-nerved:  root  creeping.     1  f. 

B.  N.     ' 
brecifolia,  M.  (2)  (A.  P.  21.)   panicle  loose;  brandies  in  pairs,   horizontal:  glumes 

3 4.fl'owered:  paleas  pubescent:  leaves  very  short:  stipule  acuminate.     2  f.     P.  Y. 

W. 
punirens,  T.  (.3)  (W.  Ap.  If.)  culm  compressed:  leaves  very  short,  cuspidate:  panicle 

sub-simple,   spreading;  spikelets  ovate,  3 — 4-flowered;  florets  webbed,    obtusish, 

obscurely  5-nerved.     IS  i.     S.     P.   K. 
pratensis,  (english  grass,  meadow  grass,  spear  grass.  O.  J.  If.)  panicle  diff"use:  upper 

leaves'much  shorter  than  the  smooth  sheaths:   florets  acute,  5-nerved,    webbed  at 

the  base:   stipule  short,  truncate:  root  creeping.     2— 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

Plectritis.     Gr.  plcktron,  a  spur,  from  the  form  of  the  corol. 
Pleea.     Gr.  pleion,  abundance;  from  the  superabundance  of  stamens. 
Pleuraphis.     From  Gr.  pleura,  the  rib,  aphe,  the  touch,  or  junction. 
Poa.     Gr.  poa,  the  name  for  grass. 

(1)  aquatica.  Ph.  (2)  alpina,  Ph.  (3)  auturanalis,  E.     flexucea,  M.     cus- 

pidata,  B. 


POA.  363 

trivialis,  (1)  (pasture  grass.  W.  Ju.)  panicle  equal,  diffuse;  epikelets  oblong-ovate, 
about  3-flowered;  florets  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved:  culin  and  sheath  roughish: 
stipule  oblong;  root  creeping.     2—3  f.     P.   Y.  C.   M.   N.     Mch. 

comprcssa,  (blue  grass.  W.  Ju.  If.)  panicle  contracted,  somewhat  1-sided;  spiWelets 
oblong,  3 — G-llowered;  florets  webbed:  glumes  sub-equal:  culm  oblique,  compress- 
ed: root  creeping.  Var.  sylvesfris,  T.  panicle  loose  spreading;  spikelets  2 — 3- 
flowered:   culm  slender,  nearly  erect.     12 — 18  i.     <S.     B.  P.  C.  i\.  O.     Mch. 

serotinii,  Eh.  (2)  (VV.  J.  If.)  panicle  elongated,  diffuse,  at  length  somewhat  1 -sided; 
spikelets  lance-ovate,  2 — 3-flovvered;  florets  a  little  webbed  at  the  base,  3'ellow  at 
the  lip,  obscurely  5-nerved:  root  creeping.     2 — 3  f.     W.   Y. 

nertioralit,  (  2i-)  panicle  attenuated,  weak;  branches  flexuous;  spikelets  ovate, 
about  3-flowered;  llorets  loose,  slightly  webbed,  acute,  obsoletely  nerved:  stipule 
almost  wanting.     2  f.     P.  C.  N.     Mch. 

nervata,  W.  (3)  (W.  J.  2i.)  panicle  equal,  diff'use;  branches  weak,  and  at  length 
pendulous;  spikelets  5-flowered;  florets  free,  conspicuously  7-nerved,  obtuse. 
3—4  f.     B.  P.  C.  O.  M.  iN.     Mch. 

ebnguta,  T.  (If.)  panicle  elongated,  racemose;  branches  solitary,  appressed;  spikelets 
ovate,  obtuse,  tuuiid,  3-fluwered;  florets  free:  stipule  almost  wanting      3  f     N. 

obtusa,  M.  (W.  Au.  Zf.)  panicle  ovate,  contracted;  spikelets  ovate,  tumid,  5  to  7- 
flowered;  florets  free:  glumes  scarious:  paleas  ovate,  smooth,  obtuse;  lower  valve 
indistinctly  7-nerved:  leaves  as  long  as  the  culm,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth. 
2— 3f.     P.  Y.  B. 

canadensis,  Mx.  (4)  (meadow  rattlesnake  grass.  O.  Ju.  21  ■)  panicle  large-eff'use; 
branches  half-whorled,  flexuous,  at  length  pendulous;  spikelets  ovate,  tumid,  6  to 
8-flowered;  florets  free:  lower  valve  acutish,  7-nerved;  upper  valve  very  obtuse; 
stamens  2.     3 — 4  f. 

capillaris,  (W.  Au.  0.)  panicle  very  large,  loose,  spreading,  capillary;  spikelets 
3-flowered,  ovate,  acute;  florets  free:  culm  branched  at  the  base:  leaves  hairy, 
12  i.     5f.     P.  Y.  B.  C.   M.  N.     Canada.   Mch. 

hirsuta,  Mx.  (Ju.  21-)  culm  erect,  compressed,  simple;  sheaths  hairy:  panicle  very 
large,  capillary;  branches  spreading,  at  length  reflected,  bearded  in  the  axils;  spike- 
lets oblong,  about  5-flowered:  paleas  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Var.  spcctabills,  (5) 
spikelets  linear,  10  to  1. 5-flowered.     18  i.     &'.     P.  Y.   B.   C.  N.     Mch. 

per.tinaceii,  Mx.  (6)  ( VV.  Ju.  0.)  culm  cespitose,  oblique:  leaves  hairy  at  the  base: 
panicle  capillary,  expanding,  pyramidal,  hairy  in  the  axils:  spikelets  lit^ear,  5  to  9- 
flowered;  florets  free,  acute:  upper  palea  persistent,  ti — 12  i.  S.  Y.  V.  P.  C. 
N.  K.   M.  Mch. 

reptans.  Mx.  (O.  Au.  0?)  dioecious:  culm  branched,  creeping:  panicle  fascicled; 
spikelets  lance-linear,  12  to  20- (lowered;  florets  acuminate.  Var.  caespitosa,  T. 
culm  very  short,  cespitose:    spikelets  much  crowded,  oblong.     8  i.     R     M.   Mch. 

eragrostis,  (7)  (W.  Ju.  0.)  panicle  equal,  spreading;  lower  branches  hairy  in  the 
axils;  spikelets  lance-linear,  9  to  15-flowered;  florets  obtuse:  root  fibrous.  12 — 18  i. 
&.     B.  C.  M.  N. 

Southern. 

tenuis,    E.    (Au.  21?)   panicle   branching,    spreading,    capillary:    spikes   3-flowered, 

glabrous,  Icng-peduncled:  leaves  linear,  very  long.     12 — 18  i.     S — C. 
pareifloTa,  Ph.  ( W.  J.  21.)  panicle  diff'use,  capillary;  spikelets  small,  about  3-flowered; 

flowers  obtusish,  striate,   caducous:   leaves  distichous,   flat.     Probably  a  variety  of 

the  nervata,  T.     12—18  i.     P.  Y.  K.  S— C. 
covferta,  E.  (         )  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  erect,  compressed,  with  clustered 

flowers;  spikelets  8-flowered,  glabrous.     2 — 3  f.     S — C. 
angustifulia,  E.  (M.  2f-)  leaves  linear,   involute:   panicle  somewhat  crowded;  spikes 

lanceolate,  acute,  4-flower>d;  flowers  villose  at  the  base.     1 — 2  f     S— C. 
nitida,  E.  (Ju.  2i?)  stem  erect,  very  glabrous:   panicle  laige,  diff'use,  capillary,  sub- 

verticillate:  peduncles  long:  spikelets  lanceolate,  8-flowered.     1  f. 
rigida,  E.   (hard  meadow  grass.  M. )  panicle  lanceolate,  a  little  branched,  one-sided; 

branches  alternate,  one-sided.     2 — 4  i.     K. 
airoidea,  N.  (VV.)  panicle  attenuated,  erect;  branches  capillary,  loose,  halfwhorled: 

(1)  stolonifera,  M.  (2)  palustris,  M.  crocata,  Mx.  (3)  Briza  canadensis,  N. 
(4)  Briza,  Mx.  (5)  refracla,  M.  spectabilis,  Ph.  (6)  tenella,  Ph.  pilosa,  M. 
(7)  obtusa,  N.     Briza,  M. 


364  POA,    POLANISfA. 

leaves  with  very  long  sheaths,  short  and  acute:  epikelets  oblong,   obtuse,  iub- 
Bessile,  4  to  6-flowered:  glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  paiea.     4—5  f. 

Poa,  Glyceria,  Windsoria. 

Podalyria,  Baptisia. 

12 — 1.     Podophyl'lum.     62.     Podo.  r.  cat+.  h.  nar. 

peltatum,  (wild  mandrake,  may-apple.  O.  w.  M.  Zf.)  stem  terminated  with  2  peltate 
palmate  leaves:  flower  single,  inserted  in  the  fork,  formed  by  the  petioles  of  the 
leaves.  Sometimes  the  plant  is  3-leaved,  and  sometimes  the  flower  is  inserted  on 
the  side  of  one  of  the  petioles.     1— 2  f.     S.     Mch. 

19 — 2.     Podoste'mom.     7.     Fluv.  ton — . 

ceratophyllum,  (thread-foot.  W.  Ju.  If.)  stem  filiform,  floating:  leaves  pinnate:  flowers 
axillary.     Attached  to  rocks  and  large  stones  in  shallow  waters,     ^f.  P. 

Southern, 
abrotanoides,  N.  (         )  frond  very  branching;  divisions  next  to  the  terminal  ones 
capillary,  dichotomous,  many-cleft:  floral  spatite  elongated.     Destitute  of  roots  as 
distinct  from  the  stem. 

18 — 5.     Pouostig'ma.     47.     Apoc.  exp.  dia,  ton.  c«^  pncw. 

Southern, 
puhescens,  E.  (1)  (y-g.  M.  TJ..)  stem  erect;  leaves  linear:  umbels  terminal  and  axillary: 

petals  erect,  longer  than  the  calyx:  corpuscle  pedicelled.     12 — 18  i. 
viridis,  Wr.  (2)  (g.  &  p.  M.  If.)  stem  erect:  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  obtuse,  smooth: 

umbels  few,  terminal:  petals  erect,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  nectaries  entire, 

spreading,  short. 

18—1.     Pogo'nia.     (3)     21.     Orch,  gr.  vis-past. 

ophioglossoides,  (snake  mouth  arethusa.  O.  r.  Ju.  ![■)  root  fibrous:  scape  with  two 
distant  leaves,  1  or  2-flowered:  leaves  lance-oval:  lip  fringed.     8 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 

zerticiUata,  (W.  y-r.  J.  2i-)  leaves  5,  in  whorls,  lance-oblong:  stem  generally  1- 
flowered:  three  outer  petals  long-linear,  inner  ones  lanceolate;  lip  3-lobed;  middle 
division  undulated.  Var.  medeol.oides,  (4)  inner  petals  short,  obtuse:  leaves  more 
acuminate.     6—12  i.     S.     P.  N.  C.  D.     Mch. 

Souther7i. 
divancaia,  (p.  J.  2_f.)  root  fibrous:   scape    1-flowered,   with  two  distant,  lance-oblong 
leaves:  outer  petals  long-linear,  expanding;  lip  sub-3-lobed,    crenulate.     18 — 24  i. 

12 — 1     Polanisia.     64.     Capp.  erne.  poi.  sti.  ver. 

graveolens,  Raf  (false-mustard.  O.  r.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  ternate; 
leafets  elliptical-oblong:  flowers  generally  dodecandrous.  1  f  S.  Cleome  dode- 
candria,  7th  edition. 

Podophyllum.     Gr.  pons,  foot,  and  phullon,  leaf,  the  leave's  reseujbling  the  webbed 

feet  of  aquatic  birds;  or  in  allusion  to  the  long,  firm  stalk  on  which  the  leaves  are 

placed. 
Podoslemum.     Gr.  pons,  foot,  and  stemon,  stamen,  from  the  stamens  being  situated 

on  a  base  or  foot. 
Podostigma.     Gr.  pons,  foot,  and  stigma,  stigma,  from  its  shape. 
Pogonia.     Gr.  pngon,  a  beard,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  the  nectary. 
Polanisia.      Unknown. 

(I)  Asclepias  pedicellata,  Wr.     Stylandra  "pumila,  N.  (2)    Asclepias,  Wr. 

Anantherix,  N.         (3)  Arethusa,  L.  (4)  Arethusa,  Ph. 


POLANISIA,    POLYGALA.  366 

Southern. 

tenuifolia,  T.  &  G.  (  )  viscid-glandular:  leaves  3-foliate,  nearly  glabrous;  leafets  fili- 
form-linear, longer  than  tlie  petiole:  petals  very  unequal,  sub-orbicular,  entire,  on 
short  claws:  stamens  9 — 11:  style  longer  than  the  ovary:  pods  linear,  terete, 
minutely  reticulated,  glabrous.     Georgia. 

5 — 1.     Polemo'nium.     45. 

reptans,  (greek  valerian.  W.  b.  M.  2i.)  leaves  pinnate,  (leafets  5— 13:)  flowers  ter- 
minal, nodding.     P.  K. 

6—1.     Polvan'thes.     14.     Lili.  diu — .  enio. 

Exotic. 

tuberosum  (tuberose.  11.)  flowers  alternate,  in  pairs:  rootlets  tuberous:  scape  scaly: 
leaves  linear,  long.     Sweet  scented. 

3 — 3.     Polycar'pon.     30.     Ille.  ast. 
Sojiihern. 

tetraphjllvm,  (w.  J.  i^l)  stem  branching,  glabrous,  striate,  knotted:  leaves  opposite 

and   in    fours,    obovate,    obtuse,  entire;  glabrous,  narrowed   at  the  base.     3 — 6  i. 

Charleston,  S— C. 
depressum,  N.  (         )  very  small,  depressed,  much  branched:  leaves  opposite,  spatu- 

iate,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  limb:  flowers  in  clustered   cymes,  sepals  not  mu 

cronate:  petals  al.-nost  filiform;  stamens  3, — 5.     California. 

Pob/carpon,  Stipulicida. 

3 — 1.     Polycne'mum.     29.     Chen.  nut.  lax. 

Suuihern. 

americanum,  N.  (W.  21.)  ce^pitose:  leaves  connate,  crowded,  subulate,  3-angled, 
rather  pungent:  flowers  terminal,  triandrous? 

IG — 6.     Polyg'ala.     93.     Leg.  r.  acr.  sud.  exp.  ast.  rlieu. 

incarnata,  W.  (milkwort.  W.  r.  J.  0.)  stem  somewhat  simple,  erect:  leaves  scattered, 
subulate:  spikes  oval-oblong:  corol  with  a  slender  elongated  tube:  flowers  crested. 
S.     Y.  R.  D.     Florida,  S-C. 

polyga'ma,  Wr.  (1 )  (ground-flower,  bitter  polygala.  W.  r.  J.  21.)  stem  sub-simple, 
(often  several  fiom  the  same  root,)  r-reclish:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear,  mucron-. 
ate:  terminal  racemes  with  perfect  flowers;  radical  ones  apetalous,  prostrate,  (run- 
ning under  ground  when  in  loose  sandy  soil;)  bracts  small,  subulate,  caducous: 
calycine  wings  roundish,  longer  than  the  capsule.  6 — 12  i.  P.  Y.  C.  D.  Peeks- 
kill.     Mch,     S— C. 

paucifulia,  (2)  W.  (flowering  wintergreen.  W.  r.  M.  2i.)  small,  large- flowered:  stem 
simple,  erect,  naked  below;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  near  the  top  ofthe  stem: 
flowers  crested,  terminal,  about  in  threes;  radical  ones  apterous,  often  subterrane- 
ous. Var.  puhescens,  leaves  pubescent  on  the  margin  and  midrib.  Van  alba,  flow- 
ers solitary  or  few,  smaller,  white,  stem  somewhat  leafy  at  the  base.  3—4  i.  iS. 
T.  B.  C.  O.  N.  V.     Mch. 


Polemonium.     Gr.   po/emns,   war,   because   two  kings  are  said  to  have  contended  for 

the  honor  of  having  discovered  its  virtues.- 
Polyanthes.     Gr.  /?o/m-;,  many,  and  aiithos,  flower,  because  it  has  many  flowers. 
Polycarpon.     Gr.  palus.  many,  and  karpos,  seed,  or  fruit. 
Polycnernutn.     Gr.  poltis,  m^ny,  kntiiie,  a  leg  or  knee,  from  the  number  of  jointed 

branches,   or  joints  of  the  stem. 
Polygala.     Gr.  polus,  many,  and  gala,   milk,  from  its  milky  juice. 

(1)  rubella,  W.  vulgaris,  W.?     (2)  Chamajbuxus  Section;  probably  a  natural  genus. 


S66  POLYGALA. 

ten'ega,  W.  (seneca  enake  root,  mountain  flax.  W.  r.  or  w.  J.  If.)  stem  erect,  sim- 
ple, leafy:  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate:  spike  terminal,  filiform:  flowers  alternate, 
not  crested.  Var.  ulhida,  leaves  lanceolate  or  oval:  spike  somewhat  crowded; 
flowers  white,  sub-sessile.     8—14  i.     .§.     O.  T.  Y.  P.  D.     Peesksill.     Rich. 

lutea,  W.  (yellow  milkwort.  W.  y.  Ju.  #.  or  ^.)  stem  simple  or  branching;  radical 
and  lower  caiiline  leaves  spatulate,  the  others  lanceolate:  spike  head  cylindric, 
crowded,  peduncled.     Var.  elatior.  Ph.  stem  sub-virgate,  taller.     4 — 16  i.     S.     Y. 

san^in'fiu,  (W.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  corymb-branched  at  the  top:  leaves  alternate, 
linear:  flowers  not  crested,  in  a  head-form  sjiike:  peduncles  squarrose:  calycine 
wings  obovate  about  as  long  as  the  capsule.     Damp.     8 — 16  i.     S.     B.  F.  N.  C. 

purpurea,  N.  (J u.  r. -0.)  stem  fasligiate-branched:  leaves  alternate,  oblong  linear; 
flowers  beardless:  spikes  cylindric,  obtuse,  imbricated  on  a  squarrose  rachis:  caly- 
cine wings  cordate-ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  capsule.     P.  C.   H.     Mcli. 

rerit«7/a^/,  (dwarf  snake-root.  O.  w.  J.  0.)  stem  erect,  branching:  leaves  whorled 
and  scattered:  spike  filiform,  peduncled:  flowers  distinctly  alternate,  approximate, 
crested:  calycine  wings  shorter  than  the  fi-uit.     6 — 8  i.     S.     Rich. 

amUguu,  N.  (VV.  p.  0.)  first  leaves  whorled,  the  others  alternate:  stem  with  wand- 
like branches:  spikes  acute,  long  peduncled:  flowers  crested;  calycine  wings  round 
and  veined,  equal  and  close  piessed  to  the  fruit:   bracts  caducous.     Y.   F.      K. 

cruciata,  (r.  g.  Ju.  Q.)  stem  erect,  ramose,  wing-angled:  leaves  in  fours,  lance-linear: 
flowers  in  spiked  sessile  heads.     8— 12  i.     S.     P.  C.  N.  B.     Rich.     K. 

corymljo'sa,  RIx.  (1)  (g-y.  Ju.  2f-)  stem  erect,  terete,  nearly  naked:  lower  leaves 
long,  lance-linear;  cauline  orjes  subulate,  minute  near  the  summit:  racemes 
corymbed:  rachis  squarrose.     2 — 4  f     8. 

nutkana,  Moc.  (  )  racemes  loose,  4 — 5-flowered:  wings  orbicular:  capsule  ernar- 
ginate:  stem  somewhat  shrubby  at  the  base:  leaves  oval,  petioled,  acuminate  at 
each  end.     N.  W,  America. 

Southern. 

setacea,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  0.)  stem  simple,  setaceous,  nearly  leafless,  sparingly  branched 
near  the  summit:  leaves  small,  setaceous,  scattered:  flowers  minute,  in  a  compact 
spike. 

viridescens,  W.  (2)  (g-j'.  Ju.)  stem  simple:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  obtuse:  head 
cylindric,  squarrose:   calycine  witigs  distinctly  acuminate.     1 — 4  i. 

balduin'a,  N.  (y-vv.  Ju.)  stem  erect,  branching  near  the  summit:  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late-obtuse;  cauline  ones  lanceolate:  heads  squarrose,  corymbed:  calycine  wings 
setaceous-acuminate.     2 — 3  f. 

alba,  N.  (W.  w.  2i.)  stem  simple:  leaves  alternate,  linear,  revolute  at  the  margin: 
spike  racemed,  long-peduncled:  corol  bearded:  bracts  caducous:  calycine  wings 
roundish.     6  i. 

hoyJdnia,  N.  (g-w.  )  flowers  crested:  stem  simple:  leaves  4 — 5,  verticillate,  oblong- 
oval,  lanceolate  or  acute;  upper  ones  scattered:  spike  solitary,  long  peduncled,  lax 
flowered.     Georgia.     Florida. 

acutifulia,  T.  «}c  G.  (M.  O.)  cyme  compound:  spikes  ovate,  rather  loose:  wings  oblong, 
rather  obtuse,  mucronate:  exterior  sepals  ovate-triangular,  acute;  crest  conspicu- 
ous: seed  sub-globose,  glabrous,  without  a  caruncle:  stem  simple,  attenuated  up- 
ward: radical  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  very  acute;  cauline  ones  linear,  subulate. 
Florida. 

cymosa,  Wr.  (J.  Au.  y.)  cyme  simple:  spikelets  ovate:  wings  elliptiral-oblong, 
rather  obtuse,  mucronate;  superior  sepal  half  as  large  as  the  wings,  rather  obtuse: 
lateral  petals  distinct  nearly  to  the  base;  crest  minute:  seed  sub-globose,  glabrous, 
without  a  caruncle:  stem  simple,  terete,  attenuated  upward:  radical  leaves  linear- 
spatulate;   cauline  ones  linear-subulate,  minute.  2 — 5  f.   North  Carolina  to  Florida. 

bicolor,  Kunih.  (  )  spikes  cylindrical,  densely  flowered:  exterior  sepals  with  two 

thick  parallel  nerves:  leaves  pellucid-punctate;  the  lower  ones  leinately  or  qui- 
nately  verticillate;  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate.     La. 

leptocavlis,  T.  &  G.  (  0. )  spike  racemose,  much  elongated,  very  slender,  loose:  wings 
elliptical-obovate,  about  as  long  as  the  corol;  exterior  sepals  somewhat  equal,  acute; 
crest  conspicuous:  capsule  oblong;  seed  oblong:  lobes  of  the  caruncle  very  minute: 
stem  filiform,  nearly  snnple,  or  wjth  a  few  long,  erect  branches;  leaves  linear,  very 
narrow.     1 — 2  f.     Texas. 

(1)  attenuata,  N.  cymosa,  Wr.        (2)  lutea,  var.  nana,  Mk. 


POLYGALA.  POLYGONUM.  367 

beyrichii,  T.  &  G.  (w.  21.)  spike  dense,  acute:  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels;  vvinga 
orbicular-obovate,  concave,  rather  longer  tiian  the  broadly  obovate,  lateral  petals: 
capsule  oblong:  seed  very  villous  Willi  appressed  hairs:  lobes  of  the  caruncle  dis- 
tant, about  half  as  long  as  the  seed:  stems  numerous,  somewhat  branched:  leaves 
linear  or  linear-spatulale.     1  f.     Texas. 

chopmanii,T.  &  G.  {Q.  r.)  spike  oblong,  acute,  loose:  wings  obovate,  wi,lh  a  short  claw; 
exterior  sepals  unequal;  the  posterior  one  broadly  ovate,  obtuse:  lateral  petals 
obovate,  distinct  from  the  keel;  crest  almost  none;  seed  obovate,  clothed  with 
spreading  hairs:  lobes  of  the  caruncle  minute,  diverging:  stems  filiform,  somewhat 
branching:   leaves  linear-subulate,  nun)erous.     1  f.     Florida. 

grandiflora,  VVr.  (M.  Au.  Z{  r. )  pubescent:  raceme  elongated,  the  flowers  distant: 
pedicels  recurved  after  flowering:  wings  roundish,  covering  the  corol  and  fruit; 
keel  large,  cucullate,  connected  with  lateral  petals  and  filaments  only  at  the 
base:  stem  ascending:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliolate.  1  f.  S — C.  to  Florida 
and  La. 

atlemiata,  Hk.  (0.  g.)  racemes  loose,  attenuated  at  the  apex;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
flowers:  wings  ovate,  acute,  concave,  scarcely  longer  than  the  bearded  keel: 
stem  slender,  elongated,  angular,  branched:  leaves  linear,  opposite,  rarely  quater- 
nate;  upper  ones  alternate.     La. 

Pobjgonatum,  Convallaria. 

8 — 3.     Pol'ygo'kum.     28.     Poly.  epis.  acr.  s.  nut.  amy. 
\.     FloiDcrs  axillary. 

aviculare,  (knot-grass.  O.  w.  M.  21.)  stamens  8,  styles  3:  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous 
at  the  margin;  stipules  short,  lacerate:  stem-procuinbent:  flowers  sub-sessile,  axil- 
lary, minute.     6 — 12  i.     iS'.     Mch. 
ereclum,  (1)  (O.   w.    J.    2S-)  stem  erect,  branched:  leaves   oval,   acutish:    stamens 

mostly  five.     1—3  f.      .S.     Mch. 
murilimum,  W.  (2)  (L.  w-r.  Au.  h .)  stamens  8:  leaves  lanceolate,  thick  and  glaucous, 
revolute  on  the  margin:  stipules  lacerate:  stem   diffuse,  prostrate,  suflTruticose.     1 
—2  f.     .S?.     Y.  C. 
tenue,  Mx.  (3)  (slender  knot-grass.  O.  w.   Ju.  0.)  leaves  long-linear,  straight,  acu- 
minate: stipules  tubular,  apex  villose:  stem  slender,  erect,  branched,  acute-angled; 
flowers  alternate,  sub-solitary.     9 — 18  i.     &'.     Mch. 

2.     Floicers  in  slender  spikes. 

lapathifolium,  (4)  (W.   r-w.  Au.  0.)  stamens  6:  styles  2:  stipules  awnless:  pedun 

cles  scabrous:  nuts  concave  on  all  sides:  spikes  rather  crowded:  leaves  lance-ovate, 

short-petioled,  pubescent  above.     2 — 4  f.     iS.     P.     Mch. 
punclaium,  E.  (5.)  (water  pepper,  biting  knotweed.  O.  w.  Au.  0.)  stamens  8:  styles 

3:   leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous:   stipules  lax,    glabrous,   ciliate  at  the  apex,  spotted: 

spike  filiform,  weak,  somewiiat  nodding:  bracts  remotely  alternate.  1 — 2  f.  <S'.  Mch. 
mite,   P.   (6)  (tasteless  knotweed.    W.    J.  Q.)  stamens  8:  styles    3:    leaves  narrow, 

lanceolate,  sub-hirsute:   stipules   hirsute,  long-ciliate:  spikes  linear:  bracts  ciliate, 

sub-imbricate.     12—18  i.     ^•.     T.  Y.  P.  B.  C.  N.     Mch. 
virginianum,  (W    w.  Ju.  Zf.)  stamens5:  styles  2,  unequal:   leaves  broad-oval:  spikes 

wand  like:  flowers  remote.     2—4  f.     S.     P.  Y.  C.   V.  T.  N.     Mch. 
bistortuides,  Ph.  (w-r.  J.  21.)  stem  simple,  1-spiked:  leaves  oval,  flat,  petioled:  bracts 

1-flowexed,  2— 3-valved.     C. 

3.     Floicers  in  thick  crowded  spikes. 

viviparitm,  (A.  r.  Au.  If.)  stem  simple:  leaves  lance-linear,  glabrous;  margin  revo- 
lute: spike  single,  linear:  biacts  ovate,  acuminate.     6i.     S.     Whitehills. 

Polygonum.     Gr.  polus,  many,  and  gone,  corner,  in  allusion   to  the  3-cornered  seed, 

or  from  the  knee-jointed  stein. 

(1)  aviculare,  var.  latifolium.  Ph.  (2)  marinum,  Ph.  glaucum.  N,  (3)  linifo- 
lium,  M.  barbatum,  Wr.  (4)  inearnatum,  E.  (5)  hydropiper,  Mx.  hydropi- 
peroides,  Ph.         (6)  hydropiperoides,  Mx. 


368  POLYGONUM. 

barbatum,  W.  (W.  r-w.  Ju.)  stamens  6:  styles  3:  spike  wand-like,  truncate;  bristle 
ciliate:  leaves  oblon<r,  acute,  smooihisli.      18—24  i. 

persicaria,  (ladies'  thumb,  heart-spot  knotweed,  heart's  ease.  O.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stamens 
6:  styles  2:  spikes  ovate-oblong,  erect:  peduncles  smooth:  leaves  lanceolate: 
stipules  smoothish,  ciliate.     1 — 2  f.     M. 

pennsijlvanicum,  (knee  knotweed.  O.  Ju.  p.)  stamens  8:  styles  2  or  1:  spikes  oblong: 
peduncles  hispid:  leaves  lanceolate:  stipules  glabrous,  not  ciliate:  stem  with  swel- 
ling knee-joints.     2 — 4  f.     S.     Alch. 

amphib'ium,  L.  (I)  (mud  knotweed.  O.  r.  Au.  2i.)  stamens  5:  styles  2,  half-united: 
upper  leaves  sub-sessile,  and  tapering  to  the  base;  middle  ones  short  petioled  and 
abrupt  at  the  base,  lance-oblong  and  ovate-oblong,  gradually  tapering  to  a  long- 
acuminate  apex,  rough  at  the  edge:  spike  cylindrical:  stem  thick,  erect,  sub-de- 
cumbent at  the  base.  Flowers  large,  red,  in  a  thick  spike  2  to  3  inches  long.  In 
mud  and  moist  ground.     Mch. 

coccineum,  W.  (2)  (creeping  knotweed,  lake  knotweed.  W.  r.  Au.  H.)  stamens  5: 
styles  2,  half-united:  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong,  abrupt  and  sub-cordate  at  the 
base,  acute  at  the  apex,  glabrous  and  lucid:  spike  cylindrical:  stem  thick  and 
strong,  decumbent  and  rooting.  Flowers  red,  in  spikes  not  so  long  or  thick  as  the 
last.  Stem  creeps  along  the  muddy  banks  of  an  island  in  the  Hudson,  above 
Troy,  from  6  to  12  f     B.   C.   O.   D. 

Jluitfins,  Ea.  (3)  (swimming  knotweed.  r.  Au.  2S-)  stamens  5:  styles  2,  half-united: 
leaves  long-petioled,  oblong-oval,  tapering  to  the  base,  obtuse  and  acute  at  the 
apex,  glabrous  and  lucid:  stem  filiform,  wiry,  floating,  sometimes  rooting:  spike 
cylindric.  Flowers  red,  in  spikes  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  last,  and  not  a 
fourth  as  large  as  the  preceding.  Stem  10  to  15  feet  long,  often  dark-brown  and 
sending  off  rootlets  in  clear  water.  Grows  in  Whiting's  Pond,  Columbia  county, 
and  in  Botany  Pond,  three  miles  easl  of  Albany.  I  have  watched  this  and  the 
two  preceding  species  several  years,  and  am  satisfied  that  they  are  distinct.  Find- 
ing this  to  be  a  new  one,  not  var.  nutans,  of  iVlx.  I  give  it  a  new  name. 

4.     Flowers  in  spiked-panicled  racemes. 

articulntum,  (joint-weed.  W.  r.  w.  Ju.  H^.)  stamens  8:  styles  3:  racemed  spikes  in  a 
panicle,  filiform:  peduncles  filiform,  solitary,  proceeding  from  above  the  imbricate 
truncate  bracts:  leaves  linear:  stipules  sheathing,  truncate.  Very  abundant  on  the 
sandy  plains  west  of  Albany.  8—15  i.  S.  D.  T.  Y.  N.  P.  B.  C.  Granby, 
Con.  xMch. 

5.     Floicers  sith-racemcd;  haves  cordate  sagittate  or  hastate. 

sagitta'tum,  (prickly  knotweed,  scratch  grass.  O.  w.  J.  Q.)  stamens  8:  styles  3  orl: 
flowers  in  heads:  leaves  sagittate:  stem  with  prickles  reversed,  or  curved  towards 
its  base,  climbing.     »S.     Mch. 

arifoLium,  (halbert  knotweed.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  6:  styles  2  or  1:  flowers  dis- 
tinct; spikes  few-fiowered:  leaves  hastate:  stem  with  prickles  reversed,  sub-erect. 
Wet.     2—4  f     6'.     Mch. 

convol.'vidus.  (bind  knotweed.  O.  w.  r.  Ju.  0.)  stamens  8:  styles  3:  leaves  oblong 
heart-hastate:  stem  twining,  angled,  roughish:  divisions  of  the  calyx  obtusely 
keeled.     S.     Mch. 

scandens,  (climbing  buckwheat.  O.  w.  r.  Au.  21.)  stamens  8:  styles  3:  leaves  broad- 
cordate:  stipules  truncate,  naked:  stem  twining,  glabrous:  calyx  bearing  the  fiuit 
3-vvinged.     -S.     Mch. 

ciiino'de,  Mx.  (Ju.  0.)  stamens  8:  styles  3:  leaves  cordate:  stipules  sub-acute,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  with  an  outer  ciliate  series:  stem  angled,  prostrate  or  climbing, 
roughish:  divisions  of  the  calyx  obtusely  keeled.     P.  C.  N.  D.     Canada. 

Exotic, 
fagop'yrum,  (buck-wheat.  W.  r-w.  Ju.  ^.)  stamens  8:  styles  3:   racemes  panicled: 
leaves  heart-sagittate;  stem  erectish,  unarmed:  angles  of  the  nuts  equal.     1 — 2  f. 
Naturalized. 
orien'tale,  (prince's  feather,  r.  Au.  -0.)  stamens  7:  styles  2:  leaves  ovate:  stem  erect, 
tall:  stipules  rough  haired,  somewhat  salver-form.     Naturalized.     3 — 6  f. 

(1)  Var.  terrestre,  T.  (2)  amphibium,  Var.  natans,  Mx.  (3)  amphibium, 

Var.  natans,  3rd  ed.  Manual,  and  Var.  aquaticum,  T, 


POLYGONUM,  POLYPREMUM.  369 

Southern, 
hirsutum.,  Wr.  (W.  w.  Ju.  ^.)  stamens  7:   styles  3-cleft:   spikfis  filiform:  stem  and 

stipules  very  hirsute:   leaves  lanceolate,  hirsute  punctate.     2  f. 
polyuaimiin.  Vent.    (1)   (w.  An.  21'')   stamens  8:    styles   3:    spike   pariicled:    flowers 

solitary:  divisions  of  the  calyx  obovate:   leaves  spatulate:  stipules  entire,  obliquely 

truncate.     A  variety  of  the  arlicuiatum?   Ph.     6 — 8  i. 
fimbriatum,  E.  (w.  Aii.  !['')  spike.*  panicled;  flowers  solitary,  fimbriate:  stipule  trun- 
cate, fringed:  leaves  linear,  acute  at  each  end.     2  f 
setaceum,  Bald.  (w.  Ju.)  stamens  8:  styles  3-cleft:  peduncles  long,  2-spiked:  spikes 

interrupted,  hirsute:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute:  stipules  hirsute, 

ciiiate:  stem  erect,  glabrous.     ] — 2  f 
gracUe,  N.  (g-w.  ^.)  dioecious,  glaucous:  racemes  slender,  filiform:  flowers  deflected, 

longer  tiian  the  peduncles:   peduncle  articulated   to  the  calyx:  leaves  spatulate- 

linear,  obtuse:  fruit  longer  than  the  calyx.     1 — 4  f. 

17 — 4.     Polym'nia.     55.     Heli.  s.  sto. 

canadensis,   (white  leaf-cup.   W.  vv.   or  y- J.  21.)  viscid-villose:   leaves  denticulate, 

acuminate;    lower   ones   pinnatifid?    upper  ones   3-lobed   or   entire.     2 — 3  f.     <S'. 

P.   C.   D.   O.     Canada.     Harper's  Ferry.     Mch. 
uveda'lia,  (2)   (yellow  leaf-cup.   W.  A.   y.  Ju.  K-)  leaves  opposite,   3-lobed,   acute, 

decurrent   into    the   petiole;    lobes   sinuate-angled:    rays   elongated.     3 — 5  f.     S. 

P.  H.  O.     Mch.  S— C. 

21 — 1.     Folypo'dium.     5.     Fill.  r.  deo.  sud.  feb. 

tulgare,  (polypod.  O.  Ju.  21-)  frond  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  lance-linear,  obtuse, 
creniilate,  approximate,  upper  ones  gradually  smaller:  fruit  dots  solitary:  root 
chaffy.     Var.  virginianuin,  has  a  naked  root.     8 — 12  i.     S.     i\]ch. 

hexagonop'terum,  W.  (VV.  Ju.  21.)  frond  doubly  pinnatifid,  smoothish;  two  lower 
divisions  deflexed;  subdivisions  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciiiate,  those  of  the  under  leafets 
gash-crenate,  and  of  the  upper  ones  entire;  the  lowest  ones  adnate-decurrent:  fruit 
dots  minute,  solitary.  The  whole  frond  together  presents  a  triangular  form.  12  u 
S.     O.  T.   M. 

connec'tile,  Mx.  (W.  Ju.  2i.)  frond  doubly-pinnatifid,  ciiiate;  divisions  opposite,  con- 
tiguous, adnate;  subdivisions  somewhat  oval:  stipe  chaffy:  fruit  dots  mmute.  12  i. 
W.   V.  C.     Canada.     Maine.     M. 

dryopteris,  (3)  (W.  Ju.  2i-)  frond  ternate,  doubly  pinnate,  straight,  sub-rigid;  divi- 
sions obtusish,  sub-entire:  fruit  dots  marginal,  confluent.     8 — 12  i.     W.  P.  K. 

Southern. 

virginianum,  W.  (Ju.  Zf-)  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceolate,  obtuse,  very 
entire,  approximate;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller:  fruit  dots  solitary:  root  solitary. 

incanum,  W.  (4)  (O.  Ju.  21-)  fronds  deeply  pinnatifid;  divisions  alternate,  linear, 
very  entire,  obtuse;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller,  scaly  beneath:  stipe  scaly,  fruit- 
bearing  at  the  apex:  fruit-dots  solitary. 

3 — 2.     Polypo'gon.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

racemosus,  Mx.  (5)  (Au.  21.)  panicle  dense,  conglomerate,  interrupted:  bristle  ofthe 
glume  scabrous:  paleas  unarmed,  hairy  at  the  base:  culm  branched.     B.  N.    Mch. 

4—1.     Polypre'mum.     46.     Gent.  bit.  ton.  dia. 

Southern. 

procumbens.  (O.  w.  Ju.    ^.)  stem   furrowed,    with  the  margin  of  the  furrows  sharp- 

Polymnia.     Said  to  be  named  after  Polymnia;  one  of  the  Muses. 

Polypodium.     Gr.  polus,  many,  and  pous,  foot,  because  the  multitude  of  roots  appear 

to  serve  the  office  of  feet. 
Polypogon.     Gr.  polus,   many,  andpogon,  beard,  from  the  unusual  number  of  awns. 
Polypremum.     Gr.  polus,  many,  and  premnon,  a  stalk  or  shoot. 

(1)  parvifolia,  Mx.         (2)  macnlata,  Cavanilles.  (3)  calcarem,  W.     Nephro- 

dium,  Mx.         (4)  ceteraccinum,  Mx.     Acrostichum  polypodoides,  L.         (5)  glome- 
ratus,  W.     Agrostis,  Mx. 

47 


370  POLYPREMUM,    POPULUS. 

serrulate,  dicHotomous  above:  leaves  opposite,  linear,  sessile,  finely  serrulate,  sub- 
decurrent.     6 — 12  i. 

17 — 1.     Polyp'tekis.     55.     Eupa.  h.  bit-ton.  sec-stim.  erne.  feb. 
Sojiihcrn. 
intcgrifolia,  N.  (21-)  stem  erect,  sub-scabrous,  brandling  above:  leaves  alternate,  en- 
tire, lance-linear,  scabrous.     3 — 4  f. 

5 — 2.     Polyt.'e'nia.     go.     Umb.  sto.  arc.  ton. 

nuttallii,  Dc.  {V^ .)  leaves  three-parted  at  the  top;  segments  3-cleft,  Tjj[edge-form  at 
the  base,  leafets  lanceolate,  toothed  at  the  apex.     Arkansas.     Mch. 

10—1.     Pojia'kia.     93.     Lc 
Southern. 

glandulusa,  Cavau.  (W.  y.  \- .)  branching,  glandular  punctate:  branches  slender,  sub- 
pubescent:  leaves  abruptly  bipinnate;  leafets  ovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  entire, 
sessile,  sub-pilose,  smooth  and  i)ale,-greeu  above.  ' 

0—1.     Pontede'kia.     17.     Pont.  ton. 

cunlutiiy  (pickerel  weed.  O.  b. TJu.  Z(.)  leaves  heart-oblong,  obtuse;  spike  many- 
flowered,  compact:  divisions  of  the  corol  oblong.  Var.  angustifolm,  Ph.  (I)  leaves 
elon<rated-triaiigular,  truncate  and  sub-cordate  at  the  base.     1 — 2  f.     S.     Mch. 

Southern, 
lancifolia,  M.  (b.  J.  Zf-)  leaves  lance-oblong:  flowers  spiked.     Probably  a  variety  of 
the  last.     Elliott. 

20 — 8.     Pop'uLus.     09.     Sail.  emo.  ton. 

treiimloidcs,  Mx.  (2)  (white  poplar,  american  aspen.  W.  Ap.  T-.)  leaves  heart-round- 
ish, abruptly  acuminate,  tooth-serrulate,  glabrous,  a  little  pubescent  at  the  margin, 
with  two  o-lands  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side;  petioles  compressed,  in  the  young 
state  silky.     20-30  f.     T.  B.  P.  C.  D.  F.  O.  iN.  V.     Mch. 

<rran' didmta' ta,  (3)  Mx.  (tree  poplar.  W.  Ap.  ^ .)  leaves  round-ovate,  acute,  unequal- 

"  ly  and  coarsely  sinuate-toothed,  glabrous;  in  the  young  state  villose;  petioles  com- 
pressed. Var.  pendula,  branches  pendulous.  40—50  f.  -S'.  T.  F.  B.  C.  N.  P. 
Mch. 

betuUfolia,  V\\.  (3)  (birch-leaf  poplar.  Ap.  \.)  leaves  rhomboidal,  long  acuminate, 
dentate,  glabrous:  young  branches  pilose.     30— 40  f.    T.  Y.  V.  C.  N. 

ann-ulata,  C4)  (balm  of  gilead;  water  poplar,  cotton  wood.  O.  Ap.  h.)  leaves  ovaie- 
deltoid,  acuminate,  obtusely  hook-toothed,  glabrous;  younger  ones  broad-cordate: 
branches  wing-angled.     80  f. 

balsamiferu,  VV.  (balsam  poplar.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  with  close-pressed 
serratures,  white  and  net-veined  beneath:  buds  resinous.  70 — 80  f.  T.  N.  V.  C. 
W.     Canada. 

candkans,  A.  (6)  (W.  Ap.  ^.')  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and  un- 
equally serrate,  whitish  beneath,  sub-3-nerved,  net-veined;  petioles  hirsute:  buds 
resinous:  branches  terete.     40 — .50  f.     Y.  C.  D.     Mch. 

lotvimiiii,  ^y.  (7)  (cotton  tree.  W.  Ap.  ^  .)  leaves  round-ovate,  deltoid,  acuminate, 
sub-cordate,  unequally  serrate,  glabrous,  glandular  at  the  base;  petioles  compres- 
sed: younger  branches  angled.     70— 80  f.     S.     T.  P.  F.  D.     Mch. 


Polypteris.     Gr.  polus,   many,   and  pteris,  wing,  in  allusion  to  the  many-valved  (or 

win^d)  egret. 
Poly  taenia.     Gr.  polus,  many,  and  tuirtia,  fillet,  from  the  fillets  between  the  seeds. 
Pomruia.     LaL  potnum,  an  apple,  or  pear,  analagous  to  Pyralea. 
Pontederia.     In  honor  of  Julius  Ponle<lera,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Padua,  in  Italy. 
Popuhis.     Lat.  popuLus,  ihe  people;  tiie  walks  at  Rome  having  been  shaded  with  the 

P.  dilatata.  hence  it  was  called  the  people's  tree. 

(1)  Species  of  Ph.  mucronata,  Rs.  (2)  trepida,  W.  (3)  trepida  M.  (4)  hud- 
sonica,  Mx.  younger,  nigra,  Mx.  elder.  (5)  heterophylla,  DuRoi.  (6)  lalifolia,  Mn. 
(7)  canadensis,  Mx. 


POPULUS,    POTAMOGETON.  371 

hetcrophylla,  Mx.  (various  leaved  poplar.  W.  M.  ^ . )  leaves  round-ovate,  cordate, 
with  a  small  sinus,  sub-auricled,  obtuse,  hook-tootlied;  younffer  ones  downy.  70 
-SOf.     .S.     P.C.N. 

monoliftra.  W.  (W.  Ap.  T?.)  leaves  sub-coi  date-deltoid,  glabrous,  glandular  at  the 
base,  with  cartilaginous,  sub-pilose,  hooked  serratures;  nerves  spreading;  petioles 
compressed  above:  older  branches  terete.     60 — 70  f.     Troy,  Albany. 

Exotic. 

dilalata,  W.  (lombardy  poplar.  Italian  poplar.  Ap.  T-.)  leaves  glabrous  both  sides, 
acuminate,  serrate,  deltoid,  the  breadth  equal  to,  or  exceeding  the  length:  branches 
erect,  cloM  to  the  stem.  It  is  said  no  pistillate  plant  of  this  species  has  been 
brought  WAmerica.  Consequently  no  seeds  are  obtained  from  it,  and  it  has  not 
been  reproduced  liere  from  seed.     40 — 80  f. 

gracca,  W.  (athenian  poplar.  Ap.  T^.)  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  obsoletely 
serrate:  petioles  compressed^    20 — 40  f. 

12 — 12.     Porcel'ia.  (1)    76.     Anno.  f.  aro.  b.  bit.  ton. 

triloba,  W.  (custard  apple,    paw-paw.  p.   Ap.    ^.)  leaves  smoothish,  oblong-wedge- 

obovate:  outer  petals  orbicular:  fruit  large,  fleshy.     30 — 40  f.     S.     M.  K.     S — C. 

Mch. 

Southern, 
parviflora,  Mx    (g-p.  M.  >■    .)   leaves  wedge-obovate,  rnucronate,   under  surface  and 

branches  rufous  pubescent:  outer  petals  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     2  f. 

S— C. 
pygmaea,  Mx.  (Ap.    ^.)  leaves  long-linear,  wedge-form,  obtuse,  coriaceous,    with 

the  branches  glabrous:*  outer  petals  obovate-oblong,    much  larger  than  the   calyx. 

6— IS  i.     Florida. 
grandijlora,  Mx.    (y-w.  Ap.  T^.)    leaves  wedge-obovate,    obtuse,   under  surface  and 

branches   rufous   pubescent:  outer   petals  obovate,    much  larger  than  the  calyx. 

18 — 24  i. 

12 — 1.     Portula'ca.     86.     Port,  muc-nut.  lax. 
oleracea,  (purslane.  O.  y.  J.  0.)  leaves  wedge-form:  flowers  sessile.     S     Mch. 

Southerii. 
pilosa,  (VV.  0.)  leaves  subulate,  alternate:  axils  pilose,  flowers  sessile,  terminal. 

4 — 4.     Pot'amoge'ton.     7.     Fluv.  ton — . 

natans,  (pond-weed.  O.  g.  J.  1[.)  leaves  long-petioled,  floating,  lance-oval;  at  first 
some  of  them  are  sub-cordate.     On  water.     S.     Mch. 

fiuitans,  (W.  g.  .Tu.  21.)  lower  leaves  long,  linear;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  nerved, 
coriaceous;  all  petioled.     In  water.     S.     B.  C.  F.  N. 

hetcrophyllum,  Sr.  (2)  (variegated  pond-weed.  W.  g.  Ju.  If.)  upper  leaves  petioled, 
oval,  tapering  to  both  ends;  lower  oneiS  crowded,  sessile,  linear.  iS'.  T.  P.  Y. 
C.  N.  F.     Mch. 

diversifoUum,  B.  (3)  (O.  g.  Ju.  TJ.)  floating  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  5-nerved, 
short-petioled;  sub-mersed  ones  sessile,  alternate,  filiform:  spikes  dense,  axillary, 
alternate,  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Water.     S. 

perfoliatum ,  (W.  g.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  heart-ovate,  clasping,  all  immersed:  spilies  termi- 
nal, above  water:  flowers  alternate.     In  water.     P.  Y.  T.  B.  C.  N.  F.  V.     Mch. 

lucens,  Mx.  (O.  g.  J.  21.)  leaves  very  largo,  lanceolate,  sub-sessile,  middle  rib  thick: 
spike  long,  cylindric.  The  substance  of  the  leaf  i.^j  composed  of  translucent 
cellules;  so  that  to  the  naked  eye  it  appears  to  be  a  thin,    pellucid   membrane. 

Porcelia.     In  honor  of  Porcel,  a  distinguished  Spanish  botanist. 

Portulaca.      Lat.  porta,   to  carry,   and   lac,    milk,  because  it  increases  the  milk  of 

animals. 
Potamogeton.     Gr.  potamos,  river,  and  geiton,    neighbor;  because  it  is  always  found 

in  water. 

(1)  Orchidocarpum,  Mx.     Annona,  W.     Asimina,  Ad.  (2)  hybridum,  Mx. 

(3)  setaceum.  Ph. 


872  POTAMOGETON,    POTENTILLA. 

Spike  from  I  to  2  inches  long,  with  a  peduncle  thrice  as  long.  The  stipule  above 
each  leaf  is  about  an  inch  in  length;  its  substance  resembling  the  leaf.  Water. 
S.     Mch. 

prispum,  (r-g.  J.  2J..)  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  lance-oval,  undulate,  serrate: 
spikes  few-riovvered.     6'.     T.  P.     Canada. 

jiectinuium,  S.  (1)  (W.  g.  J.  21.)  leaves  long-bristle-form,  approximate,  two-ranked, 
sheathed  at  the  base:  spikes  terminal,  interrupted,  whorled:  fruit  ovate,  turgid. 
All  immersed  in  water  but  the  spike.     T.   V.   P.   C.     Pittsfield,  Mass.     Mch. 

gramin' euni,  Mx.  (2)  (grass  pond-weed.  O.  g.  in.  Zf.)  leaves  linear,  grass-like,  alter- 
nate, sessile:  stipules  broad:  stem  terete,  sub-dichoiomous.  In  Julj',  some  of 
these  plants  begin  to  raise  their  spikes  of  unopened  flower-buds  to  the  surface  of 
the  water.  As  soon  as  the  stigmas  are  fertilized  by  the  pollen,  the  spiiTes  are  agajn> 
withdrawn,  to  ripen  the  fruit  under  water.  Oliier  individuals  succeed  them,  and 
the  process  goes  on  for  several  weeks.     /S.  ,. 

coinpressum,  (W.  g.  Ju.  =$.  or  7S-)  leaves  linear,  obtuse:  stem  compressed:  epike 
short,,  4  to  6-flowered.     Water.     P.  Y.  T.  K.     Mch. 

zosterifulium,  Trin.  (g-y.  Au.  2X-)  leaves  alternate,  linear,  closely  sessile:  stem  flexu- 
ous,  compressed,  sub-alate,  branches  axillary:  stipules  lance-linear,  acute:  spike 
many  (20 — 40)  flowered.  2 — 3  f.  Hudson  and  Susquehanna  rivers.  Streamy  in 
Virginia.     Aikin.     Mch. 

]1— 12.     Fotentil'la.     92.     Rosa.  ton. 
1.     Leaves  ternate. 

tridentata,  A.  (mountain  cinquefoil.  A.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  ascen4ing,  smoothish:  stipules 
subulate:  leaves  wedge-oblong,  3-toothed,  at  tiie  end  a  few  close-pressed  hairs: 
flowers  in  a  terminal  forked  corymb;  petals  qblongovate,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
5— lOi.     <Sf.     D.     White  Mountains,  Massachusets.     Mch. 

pmarginata,  Ph.  (  If.)  assurgent,  hirsute:  stipules  ovate,  entire:  leaves  ternate; 
leatets  sessile,  approximate,  gash-toothed,  hirsute  on  both  sides:  pedicels  few,  ter- 
minal, elongated,  1-flowered:  petals  wedge-oblong,  emarginate,  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx.     Labrador. 

nivea,  W.  (y.  Ju.  21.)  assurgent.  wooUy-tomentose:  stipules  ovate,  entire:  leafets 
sessile,  approximate,  gash-toothed,  hirsute  above,  white  tomentose  below:  pe- 
duncles few,  terminal,  1-flovvered:  petals  broad-obcordate,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx.     Labrador. 

fillosa,  Ph.  (hairy  five-finger.  W.  2i.)  assurgent,  silky-villose:  stipules  broad,  mem- 
branaceous, entire:  leafets  sessile,  appro.\imate,  with  shining,  close-pressed  hairs 
above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath:  peduncles  short,  aggregate:  petals  obcordate, 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

hirsuia,  Mx.  (W.  w.  Ju.  y.)  erect,  simple,  very  hirsute:  stipules  lanceolate,  entire: 
leaves  obovate,  gash-laciniate:  panicle  few-flowered;  pedicels  short:  petals  smaller 
than  the  calyx.     Canada.     Western  part  of  IVew  York. 

nonoegica,  (cinquefoil.  O.  y.  J.  ^.)  erect,  branching,  hairy:  stipules  like  an  ovate  leaf, 
halved    longitudinally;    toothed:    leafets    lance-rhombic,    gash-toothed:     branches 

dichotomous;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary:  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx.     8 18  i 

S.     Mch. 

nana,  Lehm.  (  )  stem  erect,  1  flowered:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  round-obovate, 
obtusely  dentate,  both  sides  pilose,  becoming  white  beneath:  petals  obcordate,  3 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  R.  A. 
fragiformis,  W.  (  )  stem  erect,  few-flowered:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  round-obo- 
vate, obtusely  dentate,  both  sides  spreading,  pilose,  villose  at  the  margin:  petals 
obcordate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

vahUana.  (  )  stem  erect,    somewhat  1-flowered:  leaves  ternate;  lateral  leafeta 

cuneiform,  trifid;  terminal  one  rhomboid,  very  hirsute,  beneath  shining,  whitish, 
or  becoming  yellow-tomentose:   petals  reniform,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     R. 

bifiorn,  Lehm.  (  )  stem  erect,  somewhat  2-flowered  at  the  apex:  leaves  ternate, 

very  slenderly  pilose;  lateral  leafets  deeply  2-parted;  terminal  one  2-parted;  seg^ 
ments  linear,  very  entire,  ciliate  at  the  margin.     R.  A.  " 

JPotentilla.     Lat.  potentia,  power;  from  its  imaginary  medical  virtues. 
(1)  marinum,  Mx.         (2)  pauciflorum,  Ph. 


POTENTILLA,  373^ 

2.     Leaves  digitate,  in  fives,  rarely  in  sevens. 

Canadensis,  (1)  (common  five-finger.  O.  y.  M.  21.)  procumbent,  sub-ramose,  whitish- 
silky:  stipules  ovate,  gashed:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  gash-toothed:  stern  ascending 
and  creeping,  hirsute:  peduncles  solitary,  elongated;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance- 
linear:  petals  orbicular,  sub-entire,  of  the  lenglli  of  the  calyx.  This  plant  is  so 
long  in  flower,  and  assumes  so  many  forms  and  sizes,  that  students  in  botany 
often  make  several  species  of  it.  Persoon's  diagnosis  of  reptans  can  be  found  in 
this  plant:  but  we  have  no  such  species.     2 — 18  i.     5'.     Mch. 

simplex,  IMx.  (W.  y.  M.  li.)  erect,  simple,  hirsute:  stipules  gashed:  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  CQVsely  toothed,  upper  ones  sessilec  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  elongated, 
l-flowe|JM:  divisions  of  tlie  calyx  lance-linear:  petals  rouud-obcordate,  longer  than 
'the  calyx.     T.  Y.  V.   P.   B.  C.  D.  F. 

sarmu^' sa,  M.  (y.  M.  21-)  stem  sarmentose:  leaves  quinate;  leafets  obovate,  obtuse, 
seftate,  glabrous  above,  hirsute  beneath:  petals  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

opaca,  W.  (y.  Ju.  Zf.)  decumbent,  filiform,  hirsute:  stipules  linear-oblong,  entire; 
radical  leave*  in  7"s  and  .5's,  wedge-linear,  dentate:  peduncles  axillary,  solitary, 
l.-flowered:'petals  retuse,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Labrador. 

dissecta,  Ph.  (If.)  erect,  branching,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  quinate;  leafets  pinnatifid; 
divisions  entire,  acute:  flowers  terminal,  sub-corymbed.     Hudson's  Bay. 

argentea,  (silvery  five-finger.  O.  w-y.  Ju.  7i-)  stem  prostrate  and  ascending,  rarely 
sub-eiect,  branching,  white-downy:  stipules  ovate,  acute:  leaves  wedge-form,  gash- 
toothed,  silvery- white  down  beneath:  petals  retuse,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 
4—10  i.     S. 

recta,  P.  (y.  J.  2X.)  stem  erect:  leaves  in  fives  and  sevens;  leafets  lanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed:  petals  ob-cordate,  larger  than  the  calyx:  corol  large,  pale.     P. 

gracilis,  Doug.  (  )  stem  erect,  high,  corymb- panicled  above,  softly  hirsute:  leaves 

long-petioled,  growing  in  fives;  upper  ones  in  some  manner  sessile;  leafets  lanceo- 
late, deeply  pinnatifid  serrate;  beneath  white-tomentose;  stipules  large,  lanceolate, 
very  entire:  petals  obcordate,  longer  than  the  silky  calyx.     R. 

jlabelliformis,  Lehm.  (y.  )  stem  erect,   slender:   leaves  in  sevens  or  nines;  leafets 

deeply  pinnatifid,  above  close-pressed-pilose,  beneath  white-tomestose;  divisions 
linear,  distant,  revolute  at  the  margin:  flowers  corymbed:  petals  obcordate,  exceed- 
ing the  calyx. 

chrysantha,  Trevir.  (  )  stem  ascending:  leaves  in  fives  or  sevens;  leafets  elliptic, 
coarsely  serrate,  pubescent:  uppei  stipules  somewhat  gashed:  petals  obcordate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     R. 

poncinna,  Rich.  (  y.  )  stem  abbreviated,  few-flowered:  radical  leaves  in  fives  or 
sevens;  leafets  cuneate,  obovate,  serrate  at  the  apex,  beneath  very  densely  white- 
tomentose:  petals  obcordate,  exceeding  the  calyx.     A. 

3.     Leaves  more  or  less  pinnate. 

fruiicosa,  (2)  (shrubby  cinquefoil.  W.  y.  J.  h.)  fruticose,  hirsute:  stipules  ovate, 
entire:  leaves  quinate-pinnate;  leafets  lirjear-oblong,  entire:  petals  longer  than  the 
calyx.     1—5  f.     S.     V.   W.  Y.  P.  B.  D.  O.   N.     Canada.   Mch. 

anserina,  (tansey  cinquefoil,  silver- weed.  O.  y.  J.  l[-)  creeping:  leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate;  leafets  numerous,  gash-serrate,  silky,  white-downy  beneath:  peduncles 
solitary,  1-flowered.  Var.  graenlandica,  nearly  glabrous,  very  small:  leaves  much 
smaller,  in  few  pairs;  leafets  obovate,  reddish-green,  whitish  beneath.     Mch. 

pennsylvanica,  (W.  y.  Ju.  2^-)  erect,  very  soft,  and  somewhat  vvhitish-villose;  leaves 
pinnate;  leafets  oblong,  obtuse,  sub-pinnalifid.  woolly:  panicle  straight,  many- 
flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  semi-oval.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this  is  an 
American  species.     Torrey.     P.  Y.  T.  W.  V.  C.  D. 

supina,  (VV.  y.  J.  ^.)  procumbent,  dichotomous:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oblong, 
deeply  toothed:  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  1-flowered,  spreading.  S.  P.  D. 
Canada. 

leneoplnjlla,  T.  (W.  )  erect:  leaves  pinnately  divided;  lobes  oblong,  deeply  and 
sharply  serrate,  whitish  silky  on  both  sides:  stipules  lanceolate,  acute,  very  entire 
or  1-toothed:  flowers  lax  corymbed:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  very  entire, 
narrower  than  the  bracts:  receptacle  pilose:  pericarp  smooth.     15  i, 

H)  pumila,  Lk.        (2)  floribunda,  Ph. 


374  POTENTILLA,    PRENANTHES. 

arguta,  Ph.  (1)  (O.  w.  J.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  pubescent,  viscous  above;  leaves  unequally 
pinnate;  Icafets  somewhat  round-ovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  doubly  gash-toothed: 
stipules  sub-entire:  calyx  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  corol.  1 — 3  f.  C.  T. 
R.  A.  N.     Mch. 

effusa,  Doug.  (y.  )  hoary-tomentose:  stem  ascending,  weak;  leaves  interruptedly 

pinnate;  leafels  oblong,  gash-serrate:  flowers  dichotomous-panicled:  stipules  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  very  entire:  petals  obcordate,  equalling  the  acuminate  calyx.    R. 

lipinnatifidn,  Doug.  (  )  stem  erect:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  obovate,  pectinate- 
pinnatifid;  above  silky-silvery;  beneath  white-tomentose:  stipules  rhomboid,  gashed: 
flowers  corymbose-crowded.     R.  A,  |^k  _^^ 

sericea,  L.  (  )  stem  ascending,  few-flowered:  li!^.';  pinnate;  leafets  ovate,  pinna- 
tifid;  both  sides  tomentose;  beneath  hoary:  stipules  lanceolate,  very  entire.  Var. 
glahrala,  younger  and  older  leafets  silky  only  at  tlie  apex.     R.. 

drummondu,  l^e\\m.  {y .  )  stem  herbaceous,  sub-erect,  lax;  latlical  leavea||fcegu- 
larly  sub-verticillately  pinnate;  cauline  orw|ifcwo-paired;  kalets  obovate,  tHKate, 
cuneate  at  the  base,  deeply  gash-serrate, wpte,  a  little  glabrou.::  stipules  ovate, 
very  entire:  petals  obcordate,  veiny,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     11. 

4.     Leaves  pinnate-digitate. 

diversifoUa,  Lehm.  (  y-  )  stem  ascending:  radical  leaves  pinnate,  somewhat  3- 
paired  and  quinate;  cauline  ones  two-paired,  digitate,  ternate;  leafets  cuneiform, 
above  coarsely-gash-serrate,  sil^y  pilose  at  the  apex:  stipules  lance-ovate,  very 
entire:  petals  obcordate,  longer  than  tlie  calyx.     R.  ^ 

pnlchcrrlma,  Lehm.  (y.  )  stem  ascending,  villose:  leys? pinnate  M'ith  an  odd 
terminal  leafet;  leafets  densely  crowded,  elliptic,  equa^  serrate,  close  pressed- 
pilose  above,  white-tomentose  beneath:  stipules  ovate,  alute,  very  entire,  woolly: 
petals  obcordate,  longer  than  the  calyx.     R.  ' 

ruhricaulis,  Liohm.  {  y.  )  stem  ascending:  jttdital  leavek-  pinnate,  two-paired; 
cauline  ones  ternate;  leafets  approximate,  «felong,  pinnatifid-serrate,  glabrous 
above,  tomentose  beneath:  stipules  very  entire:  petals  obcordate,  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  calyx:  receptacle  sub-glabrous.     A. 

pulcheUa,  Br.  (  y.  )  stem  procumbent,  somewhat  1 -flowered:  leaves  pinnate, 
somewhat  two-paired,  silky-tomentose  beneath;  leafets  twice  3-lobed  or  linear, 
very  entire;  margin  revolute;  unequally  pinnatifld:  stipules  sheathing:  style  glan- 
dulous  dilated  at  the  base.     A. 

Soiilhem. 
humifasa,  N.  (W.  y.  M.)  leaves  digitate,  quinate;  leafets  wedge-oblong,  obtuse,  gash- 
toothed,  white-tomentose  beneath;  peduncles  short,  filiform,  procumbent.     4 — 5  i. 

Potentilla,  Comarum. 

19—12.     Pote'iuum.     92.     Sang.  ton. 

annuuvi,  N.  (W.  00  herbaceous;  glabrous:  stem  erect,  dichotomous:  leafets  4  to 
.^-paired,  ovate,  deeply  pectinate-pinnatifid;  divisions  linear,  very  narrow:  little 
heads  oval.      Red  river. 

sanguisor'ba,  (burnet.  .1.  Zf.)  stem  somewhat  angled,  unarmed:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets 
serrate:  flowers  in  heads.     Lake  Huron. 

PotllOS,  ICTODES. 

17 — 1.     Prenan'thes.*     53.     Cich.  sal.  asc. 

alba,  (white  lettuce.  O.  w.  p.  Au.  Zf.)  radical  leaves  angled,  hastate,  toothed,  some- 
what lobed;  cauline  ones  round-ovate,  toothed,  petioled;  uppermost  ones  lanceolate: 

Poterium.     Gr.  poterion,  a  cup,  a  beverage,  from  its  being  used  as  a  cooling  drink. 
Prenanthes.     Gr.  prtnes,  drooping,  and  anthos,  flower,  from  the  pendulous  flowers. 

(1)  Bootia  sylvestris,  Bw.     See  page  200.         (2)  scrpentaria,  cordata. 

*  My  friend  and  pupil  Mr.  Riddell,  has  announced  four  new  species  of  Prenanthes, 
which  he  names,  inuinuaisis,  ovata,  parviflora,  and  proteoplajUa.  As  several  other 
botanists  have  proposed  to  me  new  species  in  tiiis  deceptive  genus,  I  defer  their  pub- 
lication for  the  present,  to  avoid  interference,  and  the  increase  of  doubtful  species. 


PRENANTHES,    PRIMULA.  375 

panicle  lax;  the  terminal  fascicle  nodding:  involucre  8-cleft,  9  or  lO-flowered.  Var. 
nana,  (Bw. )  low.  leaves  3-partetl,  hastate,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  sometimes  all 
simple:  racemes  panicled  or  simple.     J — 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

altissima,  (W.  p-y.  Au.  21.)  stem  branching:  leaves  petioled,  3-lobed,  angled,  denti- 
culate; margin  scabrous:  racemes  axillary:  flowois  nodding:  'involucre  about  5- 
flowered.  probably  a  variety  o? alba.     4—8  f.     -5'.     P.  C.  D.  'o.  N. 

virgata,  Mx.i^)  (O.  w-p.  Au.  21-)  glabrous:  stem  very  simple:  leaves  all  lyrate- 
sinuate:  branchlets  somewhat  1-sided:  flowers-pendant:  involucre  glabrous,  8-cleft, 
10-flowered.     3— (i  £     .V.     P.  Y.     Pittsfield,  Mass. 

crcpidinea,  Mx.  (W.J|^  leave|^fcad-lanceolate,  attenuated  at  the  base,  unequally 
tooth-augled:  par^^fascicllBPerminal,  few-tlowered,  nodding:  involucre  hirsute, 
10  to  12-cleft,  abofPb-ilowered.     4—6  f.     S.     D. 

ruhicunda,  W.  (S.  2i-)  leaves  ciliate;  radical  ones  hastate-angled,  sub-entire;  lower 


3a^hie  ones  obovate,  tapering  at^lie  base,  sub-angled;  upper  ones  lanceolate; 
;n^ft:  racemes jgl^l 

18  i.     C.     ^     ^P 

v.sTst 


en'^ft:  racemesj||fcBle,  iflowers  JBUing.     This  was  considered  a  variety  of  the 
itbu,   by  Linne^^Hd  is  made  l|Ponymous  with  the  virgata,  by  Mr.   Nuttall. 


racemosa,  Mi^/BV.  iS.)  stem  simple:  leaves  all  undivided,  smooth;  radical  ones  lance- 
oval;  caulinyones  half  clasping:  racemes  oblong,  very  hirsute;  fascicles  nodding; 
involucre  8  to  9-parted,  9  to  l*^-flowered.     14  i.     Goderich,  U.  C.     Mch. 

deltoldca,  E.  (W.  p.  S.)  stem  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely- 
denticulate,  sub-glaucous  beneath:  racemes  axillary,  few-flowered:  involucre  5- 
flowered.     2  f     S. .    P.  O. 

paucifiora,  T.  (W.  '^igtenn  branching,  flexuous,  panicled  above:  br-anchlets  1- 
flowered:  flowers  erecw  leaves  lance-linear,  runcinate,  glabrous:  involucre  about 
5-flowered.     ^*    •^'  ^^  ■ 

tenuifolia,  T.  (W.)  st^  branching,  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  very.entire:  panicle 
lax,  terminal:  flowe^erect:  involucre  about  5-flowered.  This  and  the  preceding 
species  were  collected  near  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  Dr.  James.  They  will  pro- 
bably hereafter  be  referred  to  a  new  genus.     Torrey. 

Southern. 

simplex,  Ph.  (jfc  Ju.)  stem  si(BpI^:  upper  leaves  lance-linear,  entire;  radical  ones 
lanceolate,  sinuate:  raceme  te'irmina!.  simple:  flowers  nodding:  involucre  8-flower- 
ed.     Is  this  distinct  from  the  r/'/v/wirt.^     Elliott.     2 'f. 

illinviensis,  P.  (W.  )  stem  simple,  and  with  the  leaves,  very  rough:  leaves  all  un- 
divided, lance-oval:  raceme  long;  lascicles  sub-sessile,  erect,  hirsute. 

ap/iytla,  N.  (p.  r.  M.  2f.)  stem  sub-simple;  branches  virgate:  radical  leaves  linear; 
cauline  ones  small,  subulate,  scattered:  flowers  solitary:  involucre  8-cleft,  many- 
flowered.     2  fi     Is  this  distinct  from  the  next?     Florida. 

5 — 1.     Pri'mula.     35.     Prim.  sed.  sop. 

farinosa,  Var:  americana,  (bird's  eye  primrose.  W.r.  2{.)' leaves  obovate-spatulate, 
repandly  crenate-dentate,  jnealy  beneath:  umbel  erect,  many-flowered:  peduncles 
spreading:  limb  of  the  corol  flat,  as  long  as  the  tube;  divisic«is  obtuse,  obcordate. 
6—10  i.     D.     Canada.     Mch. 

mistasinica,  Mx.  (W.  2|.)  small,  glabrous:  leaves  oval-spatulate,  sub-dentate;  scape 
elongated:  umbel  few-flowered:  limb  of  the  corol  reilexed;  the  divisions  wedge- 
oblong,  obtusely  2-cieft:  capsule  oblong,  exsert.     Canada.     D.     Mch. 

anguslifulia,  T.  (W.  p.  )  leaves  lance-oval,  very  entire,  glabrous:  scape  1-flowereii 
divisions  of  the  corol  ovate,  very  entire.     1 — 2  i. 

Exotic, 
acnulis,  (primrose.  21.)  leaves  rugose,  toothed,  hirsute  beneath:  scape  l-flowered. 
veria,  (cowslip  primrose,  r-y.  21- )  leaves  rugose,  toothed:  limb  of  tlie  corol  concave; 

neck  of  the  tube  obfong:   calyx  inflated. 
elalior,  (oxlip  primrose,  w-y.  2[..)  leaves  rugose,  tootlied,  hirsute:  limb  of  the  corol 

flat:  neck  of  tiie  tube  hemispheric:  flowers  naked  witiiin. 
auric'ula,  (auricula  primrose.  2X.)  leaves  serrate,  fleshy,  obovate:  scape  many-flower- 
i   ed:  cal3x  mealy. 

Primula.     Lat.  primus,  first,  it  being  almost  the  first  lower  in  spring. 
(1)  autumnalis,   VVr.     rubicunda,  W.? 


S7$      .  PRINOS,    PRUNELLA. 

6—1.     Pri'nos.    95.     Ilic.  b.  ton.  f.  ton-eme. 

vertieillaius,  L.  (1)  (winter  berry,  false  alder.  W.  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous,  oval, 
serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beiieath:  fascicles  of  staminate  flowers  axillary,  um- 
belliferous; the  pistillate  flowers  are  aggregated;  both  6-parted.  Var.  tcnuifolivs, 
leaves  obovate,  meuibranaceous,  smooth  beneath:  pistillate  flowers  4— 5-cIefl,  sub- 
eolitary.  Sometimes  this  shrub  is  moncecius,  and  sometimes  peliect-flowered. 
Generally  in  wet  places.  Berries  red,  permanent.  4 — 8  f.  S.  B.  P.  C.  D.  F. 
O.  N.  T.     Mch. 

glaber,  (ink-berry.  Ju.  T^.)  leaves  evergreen.  weddBfcnceolatejjcoriaceous,  glabrous^ 
shining,  equally  sub-dentate  above:  pedicels  axilH^,  sub-aoHWry,  mostl_p  3-flower- 
ed.     3—4  f.     S.     P.  Y.  B.  C.  T.     Canada.     S— C. 

hzvigatus,  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous,  lanceolate,  close-pressed,  serrate,  acu- 
minate, glabrous  both  sides,  shining  on  the  upper  side,  hardly  pubescentj^  the 
■nerves  beneath:  pistillate  flowers  axillary,  golitary,  sub-sessile;  staminate  flowers 
scattered;  all  6-cleft.     6-8  f     5.'.     P.  Y. 

ambiiruus,  Mx.  (w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  deciduous,  oval,  acuminate,  at  both  ends,  mucro- 
nate,  serrulate,  sub-pubescent  beneath;  flowers  4  or.5-cleft;  staminate  ones  crowd- 
ed togethex  on  the  lower  branches;  pistillate  ones  solitary.  Flowers  perfect,  7- 
clefl:  stamens  7.     Brunswick.     Wet  or  damp.     3—5  f.     S.     T.  Y.  B.  C. 

Southern. 

integrif alius.,  'E.  {\ .)  leaves  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  mucronate,  petioled,  glabrous  on 
both  sides:   pistillate  flowers  solitary,  long-peduncled.     A  small  tree. 

lanceo/atus,  Ph.  (W.  J.  K)  leaves  deciduous,  lanceolate,  finely  and  remotely  serrulate, 
acute  at  each  end,  glabrous  on  both  sides:  pistillate  flowers  scattered,  generally  in 
pairs,  peduncled,  6-cleft;  staminate  ones  aggregate,  triandrous.  Berries  small, 
■scarlet. 

coriaceus,  Ph.  (2)  (M.  ^.)  lea.ves  perennial,  broad-oval,  acute,  serrate  near  the  apex, 
lucid  above,  minute-punctate  beneath:  pistillate  flowers  solitary,  about  8-parted; 
staminate  ones  aggregate,  octandrous.  Var.  latifoUa,  leaves  lance-obovate,  acumin- 
ate.    Var.  angustifuiUi,  leaves  lanceolate,  acute.    &--6  f. 

Prismato carpus,  Campanula. 

3 — 3.     Pros'erpina'ca.     88.     Halo.  emo. 

palustris,  (mermaid  weed.  g.  Ju.  #.)  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  above  water, 
pinnatifid  below  water.     S.     N.  C  Y.  P.  T.  B.  F.     Pittsfield. 

peclinata,  Lk.  (g.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  all  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Water.  S.  P.  Y.  Day- 
ton, O.     S— C. 

10 — 1.     Proso'pis.     93.     Leg.  nut.  lax. 

glandulosa,  T.  (W.  \ .)  spines  thick,  cylindric-conic:  leaves  conjugate-pinnate, 
or  pinnate  in  one  pair;  leafets  distant,  6 — 7-pairs,  linear,  sub-falcate,  obtuse,  gla- 
brous, sub-coriaceous;  petiole  between  the  leaves  and  leafets  glandular:  legumes 
straight:  spikes  cylindric. 

13 — I.     Prunel'la.     42.     Labi.  sto.  aro. 

vulgaris,  Var.  pennsylvanica,  (heal-all,  self  heal.  O.  J.  If.)  leaves  petioled,  oblong- 
ovate,  toothed  at  the  base:  lips  of  the  calyx  unequal:  upper  one  truncate,  awned: 
stem  ascending.     6 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 

Prinos.     Greek  name  for  the  scarlet  oak  (saw-leaved  oak)  applied  on  account  of  its 

scarlet  berries  in  winter. 
Proserpinaca.     Lat.  from  the  goddess   Proserpina;  being  partly  concealed  below  the 

surface  of  the  water,  oi  mud. 
Prosopis.     Gr.  prosnpnn,  face,  from  the  appearance  of  the  fructification. 
Prunella.     Altered  from    Brunella,    from   the   German  die  ( Breune)  a  disease  in  the 

jaws  and  throat,    which  it  is  said  to  cure. 

(1)  gronovii,  Mx.         (3)  atomarius,  N. 


PRUNUS,    PSORALEA.  37? 

13 — 1.     Pru'nps.    92.     Amyg.  b.  ton.  pru.  feb. 

americana,  Marshall.  (1)  (meadow  plum.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  somewhat  thorny?  pedicels 
aggregated,  3 — o:  stipules  setaceous^  compound:  leaves  oblong-oval  and  obovate, 
abruptly  and  strongly  acuminate,  doubly  serrate:  fruit  sub-ovate,  mostly  solitary, 
reddish-yellow,  with  a  thick  coriaceous  skin.  12 — 15  f.  Dn.  M.  S.  Pluni  about 
the  size  of  tlye  damson;  very  sweet  when  ripe,  sliplic  before.     tSf.     Mch. 

chicasa,  Mx.  (2)  (summer  plum,  meadow  plum?  W.  w.  M.  fp .)  branches  very  gla- 
brous, somewhat  thorny:  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  or  acuminate,  minutely  serrate: 
buds  aggregated,  each  about  2-flovvered:  pedicels  very  short:  divisions  of  the  gla- 
brous calyx  obtuse:  j^it  sub-gl|pose.     The  plums  are  yellow  and  reddish?   P. 

maritima,  Mx.  (L.  w.  M.  ^.)  peduncles  sub-solitary:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
doubly  serrate.  Pursh  has  copied  in  the  P.  acuminata  of  Mx.  as  a  synonym,  which 
is — branchlets  glabrous:  leaves  obLong-oval,  long,  acutely  acuminate:  calyx  glabrous: 
drups'Iong  peduncled,  ovate,  acuminate.     Y. 

*  Exotic, 

sp jnosrt,  W.  (english  sloe,  h.)  peduncles  solitary:  leaves  lance-oval,  pubescent  be- 
neath: fruit  straight:   branches  thorny. 

doviestica,  (plum.  w.  M.  >;.)  peduncles  sub-solitary:  leaves  lance-ovate,  convolute: 
branches  thornless.  Var.j(//jffi7j«,  (damson  plum)  fruit  oblong,  blue.  V?ix.  claudi- 
ana,  (sweet  plum,  horse  plum)  fruit  round,  at  first  green,  becoming  yellowish.  Var. 
cnucleata,  (stoneless  plum)  the  putamen  obsolete. 

3—2.     Psam'ma.  (3)     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

arenaria,  (L.  Au.  2S-)  panicle  spiked  glumes  acute:  oaleas  thrice  as  long  as  the  chaff: 
leaves  involute.     2—3  f.     S.     B. 

21 — 1.     Psilo'tum.     5.     Feili.  sec-stim. 
Southern. 
triquctrum,  Sz.  (4)  (J.  zr.)stem  naked,  dichotomous;  with  the  branches  3-angled. 

16—10*     Psora. 'lea.     93.     Leg.  f.  nut.  g-f.  asc. 

esculenta,  Ph.  (bread  root.  W.  b.  J.  21.)  wholly  villose:  leaves  quinate-digitate;  leafets 
lanceolate,  unequal,  flat,  very  entire:  spikes  axillary,  dense-flowered:  divisions  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corol:  legume  ensiform,  beaked:  root 
fusiform.  The  root  affords  a  staple  article  of  diet  to  the  v/estern  Indians.  12 — 18  i. 
S. 

incana,  N.  (5)  (W.  b.  Ju.  2X.)  wholly  silky-tomentose:  leaves  quinate  and  ternate; 
leafets  lance-oblong:  spikes  terminal,  interrupted:  bract  ovate,  acuminate:  flowers 
nearly  opposite,  sessile.     12  i.     <S.     Red  River,  Canada.     D. 

physodcs  Doug.  (W.)  glabrous:  leafets  in  3,  rarely  5  pairs,  broad  rhomb-ovate,  acute, 
mucronate,  obscurely  glandular,  terminal  one  long-petioled:  racemes  peduncled, 
lax,  axillary,  longer  than  the  leaf.     R. 

lanceolata,  Ph.  (6)  (VV.  w-b.  Au.  2i.)  sub-pubescent:  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched; 
leaves  ternate;  leafets  oval,  and  lance-oval,  obtuse,  sub-mucronate:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  capitate,  many-flowered:  bracts  deciduous:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  small,  obtuse.     1  f.     R.     Missouri. 

Prunus.     Lat.  pjunus,  Gr.  proune,  plum,  said  to  be  derived  from  an  Asiatic  word  for 

the  wild  plum. 
Psamma.     Gr.  psammos,  sand  in  which  this  grass  grows  abundantly  on  the  sea  coast 

of  Europe. 
Psilotum.     Gr.  psilos,  naked,  being  nearly  destitute  of  leaves. 
Psoralea.     Gr.  psoraleos,  scabby,  some  parts  of  the  plant  being  besprinkled  with  dots, 

which  give  it  a  scurfy  appearance. 

(1)  hiemalis?  Mx.     nigra?  M.     spinosa?  Wr.     (2)  insititia,  Wr.     (3)  Arundo,  L. 
(4)  floridanum,  Mx.    Hoffmannia,  aphylla,  W.     Bernhardia  dichotoma,  Ph.     Lyco- 
podium  nudum,  L.         (5)  argophylla,  Ph,         (6)  elliptica,  Ph.  arenaria,  N. 
48 


378  PSORALEA. 

florihunda,  N.  (  J.)  canescent,  not  glandular,  much  branched:  leaves  3 — 5-foliolate; 
leafets  varying  I'rom  linear  to  obovate-oblong,  slightly  mucronate:  stipules  setace- 
ous, minute:  racemes  many-flowered,  oblong  scarcely  interrupted,  twice  as  long  as 
the  leaves:  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers:  bracts  small,  ovale,  acuminate:  teeth 
of  the  calyx  somewhat  equal,  ovate,  acute:  vexilluin  nearly  orbicular.  /S.  Rocky 
JVlts. 

laxiflora,  N.  (  )  sparingly  glandular;  young  shoots  pubescent:  stenpCdichotomous: 

stipules  minute:  leaves  3-foliolate;  leafets  sessile,  long  and  linear,  or  somewhat  ob- 
long: apiciilate  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  short,  with  the  flowers 
somewhat  distant:  calyx  small  and  pubescent;  the  teeth  obtuse.  Plains  of  the 
Platte.  ^  * 

bmcldata,  Doug.  (w.  b.)  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched,  nearly  hispid  with  long 
spreading  hairs:  leaves  5-foliolate,  hirsute  with  appressed  hairs;  leafets  elliptical 
or  obovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse:  peduncles  elongated:  spikes  oblong:  flowers 
erect,  sessile:  bracts  as  long  as  the  flower:  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  the  2  up- 
per ones  united  above  the  middle.     Oregon. 

hypoi^aea,  N.  (w-b. )  stemless,  hirsute  with  whitish  appressed  hairs:  leaves  5 — 7- 
folioiate;  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  usually  acute:  spikes  capitate, 
on  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  petioles:  segments  of  the  calyx  linear,  acumin- 
ate, the  lowest  one  elongated.     Plains  of  the  Platte. 

suliacauUs,  T.  &  G.  (Ap.  M.)  nearly  stemless:  peduncles  and  petioles  hirsute  with 
spreading  hairs:  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  7-foliolate;  leafets  obovate-oblong, 
nearly  glabrous  above,  the  midrib  beneath  and  margins  hairy:  peduncles  longer  than 
the  leaves:  spikps  ovate,  rather  dense:  bracts  and  stipules  ovate,  acuniinate:  calyx 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla;  the  teeth  obtuse,  lowest  one  produced,  the  others 
very  short.     Tennessee. 

Southern. 

canescens,  Mx.  (W.  y.  J.  2i.)  hoary:  leaves  ternate,  short-petioled,  broad-lanceolate: 
spikes  lax-flowered:   flowers  pedicelled:  calyx  pilose.     2 — 3  f. 

tenuijlora,  Ph.  (W.  b.  S.  21.)  pubescent,  very  branching:  leaves  ternate;  leafets 
oval,  rugose-punctate  on  both  sides:  peduncles  axillary,  about  3-flowered,  longer 
than  the  leaves.     2  f. 

lupinelta,  Mx.  (p.  J.  21?)  glabrous:  leaves  digitate,  long-petioled;  leafets  filiform: 
racemes  many  flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  legumes  rugose.     2  f. 

loitirifoUii,  Ph.  (W.  w?  2I-)  wholly  silky-villose:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  long-linear: 
spikes  axillary,  peduncled,  lax-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
and  bracts  subulate. 

cuspiduta,  Ph.  (VV.  2i-)  villose:  leaves  digitate  quinate;  leafets  obovate,  mucronate, 
very  entire;  spikes  axillary,  dense-flovveied:  divisions  of  the  calyx  and  bracts  ovate, 
cuspidate,  distincly  punctate. 

onobrychis,  N.  (1)  (VV.)  stem  smooth:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  lance-ovate,  sub-pubes- 
cent: racemes  axillary,  long-peduncled:  flowers  one-sided:  legume  sub-ovate,  muri- 
cate,  smooth.     3 — 5  f.     K. 

virguta,  N.  (b.  Zf.)  stem  virgate.  sub-pubescent:  leaves  simple,  distant,  lance-linear: 
spikes  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves.     2  f. 

meliioloides,  Mx.  (p.  J.  Zi?)  sub-pubescent:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  lance-oblong: 
spikes  oblong:  bracts  broad-cordate,  long-acuminate:  legumes  round,  nerved,  very 


rugose. 


1_2  f     S— C. 


egltindulosa,  (2)  ( W.  p.  J.  2i.)  pubescent,  without  glands:  leaves  ternate,  lance-ob- 
long: spikes  oblong:  bracts  broad-lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  and  with  the  calyx 
villose.     S — C. 

muUijuga,  E.  (p.  J.)  stem  branching:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  numerous,  (9 — 10  pairs,) 
lance-oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent:  spikes  oblong:  bracts  small,  membranaceous, 
glandless.     1 — 2  f. 

oblusiloba,  T.  &.  G.  {  )  canescent:  branches  spreading:  leaves  3- rarely  5-foliolate; 
leafets  oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  slightly  emarginale,  finely  dotted:  stipules  very 
minute:  racemes  3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  oblong,  loose,  10 — 15-llowered: 
bracts  minute,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  spreading:  calyx  very  short; 
the  teeth  ovate,  nearly  equal,  obluie:  vexiilum  roundish.     Texas. 

campestiis,  N.  (  J.)  densely  canescently  hirsute,  with  short  white  appressed  hairs: 
leaves  5-foliolate,  the  uppermost  sometimes  3-foliolate;  leafets  linear  and  oblong- 

(1)  hebysaroides,  Mt         (2)  Melilotus  psoraloides,  N. 


PSORALEA,   PTELKA.  879 

linear,  rather  obtuse,  nearly  glabrous  above:  peduncles  elongated:  epikes  interrup- 
ted: bracts  3-flo\vered,  broadly  ovate,  acuminate:  lowertooth  of  the  calyx  elongated. 
1 — 2  f.     Arkansas,  Texas. 

linearifolii/,  T.  &  G.  (  )  slightly  pubescent  with  oppressed  iiairs:  stem  tall,  slender, 
divaricately  branched:  leaves  3-fbiiolate,  on  short  petioles;  leafets  narrowly  linear, 
elongated,  mucronate,  the  upper  surface  dotted  with  black  glands:  stipules  minute, 
subulate,  deciduous:  peduncles  filiform:  racemes  loose,  few-flowered,  much  longer 
than  the  leaves:  calyx  glandular,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  one  elonga- 
ted.    Arkansas. 

scabra,  N.  (  )  much  branched,  somewhat  hirsute  when  young:  leaves  3-foliolate, 
glandular;  leat^ts  all  sessile,  narrowly  linear,  apiculate:  stipules  minute,  decidu- 
ous: racemes  few-flowered,  on  short  peduncles:  calyx  glandular,  the  teeth  obtuse. 
On  the  VVallawallah. 

digitata,  N.  (M. )  canescent,  diffusely  branched:  leaves  5-foliolate;  leafets  cuneate- 
oblong,  and  oblong-linear,  with  an  abrupt  rigid  point,  minutely-dotted,  stipules 
lanceolate,  reflexed:  spikes  elongated,  interrupted,  the  clusters  3-6  flowered:  flowers 
sessile:  bracts  obcordate  or  reniform:  calyx  villous;  segments  ovate,  acuminate, 
the  lowest  one  produced.     Arkansas. 

simplex,  N.  (p-b. )  grayish-pubescent,  obscurely  glandular,  erect:  stem  simple:  leaves 
3-foliolate;  leafets  lanceolate,  acute,  rugosely  veined,  mucronate:  peduncles  very 
long:  spikes  oblong,  many  flowered:  bracts  Imear-lanceolate,  acuminate:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  oblong- triangular,  the  lowest  one  longest  and  acuminate:  legumes  nearly 
orbicular,   with  strong  transverse  wrinkles.     1  —  3  f     Arkansas,  Texas. 

rhombifoita,  T.  »&.  G.  (  p.)  sparingly  pubescent:  leaves  3-foliolate;  leafets  rbombic- 
ovale,  shorter  than  the  petioles:  "peouncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  at  length  re- 
curved: spikes  capitate,  few-flowered:  bracts  ovate,  acuminate:  teeih  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,   the  lowest  one  longest.     Texas. 

orbicularis,  Lindl.  (J.  Ju.  p.  r. )  pubescent,  the  hairs  mixed  with  small,  clavate,  trun- 
cate glands:  stem  prostrate  and  creeping:  leaves  3  (bliolate,  on  very  long  petioles; 
leafets  roundish-oval:  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves:  spikes  capitate:  bracts  and 
calyx  very  hirsute;  lowest  tooth  of  the  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Cali- 
fornia. 

cryptocarpa,  T.  &  G.  (  )  stem  somewhat  divaricately  branched,  canescently  hairy  with 
an  appressed  pubescence:  leaves  5-foliolate;  leafets  elliptical-oblong,  rather  obtuse, 
mucronate,  about  as  long  as  the  petiole,  punctate:  stipules  subulate:  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves:  spikes  ovate,  compact:  bracts  lanceolate,  cuspidate,  shorter 
than  the  flower:  calyx  conspicuously  glandular,  large,  entirely  covering  the  ovate 
nearly  glabrous  scarcely  pointed  legume;  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  ones  united  to  the  middle.      I — 2  f.       Arkansas.   Texas. 

macrosluchya,  Dc.  (p.)  whole  plant  pubescent:  stem  erect:  leaves  3-foliolate:  leafets 
ovate,  mucronate;  petioles  glandularly  scabrous:  peduncles  4  times  as  long  as  the 
leaves:  spikes  cylindiical-oblong:  the  rachis,  bracts  and  calyx  very  hirsute:  lowest 
tooth  of  the  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla.     3f.     Californa. 

5 — 1.     Psycho'tria.     57.     Cine.  ton.  feb. 


lanceolata,  N.  C^-)  branches  and  leaves  reddish-hairy  beneath:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  both  ends:  stipules  clasping,  roundish,  caducous:  corymb  terminal,  3- 
forked  at  ihe  base.     Florida. 

4 — 1.     Pte'lea.     94.      Xant.  aro.  sti.  sto. 

trifoliata,  (W.  g-w.  J.  h .)  leaves  temate:  flowers  panicled,  dioecious.  Vsly.  pen- 
taph/lla,  leaves  quinate.  Var.  pubescens,  leaves  pubescent.  6 — 8  f.  S.  Mch. 
S— C. 

Southern. 

baldwinii,  T.  &  G.  (  )  leaves  very  small,  glabrous:  leafets  sessile,  oval,  obtuse,  the 
terminal  ones  cuneiform  at  the  base:  flowers  tetrandrous:  styles  none.     Florida. 

Psychotria.     Gr.  psuchos,  cool,  otruno,  to  excite,  in  allusion  to  its  properties. 
Ptelea.     Gr.  ptelea,  elm,  the  fruit  of  this  genus  having  a  resemblance  to  that  of  the 
elm. 


380  PTERIS,    PULMONARIA. 

21 — 1.     Pte'ris.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

aqualina,  (common  brake.  O.  Ju.  Zf.)  frond  pinnate,  3-parted:  barren  branches  doubly 
pinnate,  with  leafets  lance-linear,  obtuse-pinnatifid,  toothed;  fertile  branches  pin- 
nate, with  leafets  pinnatifid;  divisions  acutish,  all  ciliate.     &'.     Mch. 

atropuqmrea,  (rock  break.  O.  Ju.  21.)  frond  pinnate:  lower  leafets  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
ternate  or  pinnate;  at  the  base  obtusely  truncate  or  sub-cordate.  Var.  venosa, 
leafets  veined  beneath:  stipe  angled.  Var.  punctata,  leafets  punctate  beneath:  stipe 
terete.  In  ripening,  the  marginal  involucre  unrolls,  and  the  capsules  on  opposite 
sides  meet:  so  that  it  exhibits  the  generic  character  of  the  Acrostichum.  Stipe 
dark-purple.     3— 10  i.      S.     Mch. 

gracilis,  Mx.  (Ju.  21.)  frond  pinnate:  leafets  lanceolate,  obtuse,  alternate,  sessile; 
lower  ones  pinnatifid;  fertile  ones  entire;  barren  ones  crenate,  round-obtuse.  4  i. 
Canada.     Mch. 

caudata,  Jn.  ( Au.  21.)  frond  3-parted,  pinnate:  barren  branches  doubly  pinnate:  leafets 
linear,  elongated,  obtuse,  entire;  lower  ones  doubly  pinnatifid:  fertile  branches 
pinnate;  leafets  reraotish  below,  at  the  base  pinnatifid-toolhed.     iS'.     P. 

Southern, 
pedata,  W.  (Ju.  2i.)  frond  deeply  5-lobed-palmate;  lobes  pinnatifid;  divisions  lance- 
linear,  acute.     6  i. 

17 — 2.     Pterocau'lon.     55.     Inul.  exp.  ton. 
Southern, 
pycnostachya,  Mx.  (1)  (black-root.  w.  Au.  21.)  stem  winged:  leaves  lanceolate,  to- 
mentose  beneath,  nearly  entire:  spike  cyUndric,  dens^e. 

10 — 1.     Pterospo'ra.     51.     Pyro.  h.  bit.-ton.  diu.  sto. 

andromcda,  N.  (2)  (albany  beech  drops,  r-y.  Ju.  #.)  scape  purple,  very  tall,  bearing 
a  many-flowered  raceme:  flowers  lateral  and  terminal,  nodding,  bracted:  peduncles 
filiform,  longer  than  the  flowers:  lanceolate  scales  below,  none  above.  1 — 3  f. 
T.     Near  Kingston,  U.  C.     Mch. 

5 — 1.     Pclmona'ria.     43.     Bora.  ton.  exp. 

viro-inica,  (W.  b.  M.  21.)  smooth:  stem  erect:  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of 
the  corol:  radical  leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse;  cauline  ones  narrower.  /S'.  P. 
T.  C. 

paniculuta,  A.  (b-w.  J.)  sub-hirsute,  erect:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate:  flowers 
j)anicled:  calyx  short,  5-parted.     Hudson's  Bay. 

alpina,  T.  (W.  b.  2[-)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  simple,  assurgent:  leaves  spatu- 
late-ovate;  lower  ones  acute;  upper  ones  acuminate,  sub-pilose  above,  minutely 
ciliate  on  the  margin:  flowers  in  terminal  fascicles,  sub-sessile:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  oblong,  obtusish,  ciliate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  corol.     6  i. 

oblongifoiia,  N.  (b.  Zf.)  sub-glabrous:  stem  simple,  erect:  leaves  lance-oblong,  ob- 
tusish;  upper  ones  acute:  flowers  tubular-campanulate,  panicled,  pedicelled:  calyx 
abbreviated;  divisions  linear,  acute,  ciliate.     R. 

Exotic, 
officinalis,  (lungwort,  b.  M.  2i.)  radical  leaves  heart-ovate,  hirsute:  flowers  racemed. 


Pteris.     Gr.  pteron,  or  pterux,  a  wing,  from  the  appearance  of  the  frond  resembling  a 

wing. 
Pterocaulon.     Gr.  pteron,  a  wing,  and  haulos,  a  stem. 
Pterospora.     Gr.  pteron,  a  wing,  and  spora,  a  seed. 
Pulmonaria.     Lat.  pulmones,  the  lungs,  from  its  supposed  medical  qualities. 

(1)  Conyza,  Mx.  Gnaphalium,  undulatum,  Wr.  (2)  Monotropa  procera,  2d  ed. 
This  plant  was  discovered  near  Albany,  in  the  summer  of  1817,  by  Ur.  Edwin  James. 
He  considered  it  a  Monotropa,  and  I  published  it  as  described  by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  the 
second  edition  of  this  work,  under  the  name  M.  procera.  Certainly  the  Monotropa, 
Hypopithys  and  Pterospora,  ought  to  be  united  in  one  genus,  with  some  extension  of 
the  generic  description. 


PULMONARIA,  PYCNANTHEMUM.  381 

Southerti. 
lavceolata,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  b.  w.  2X-)  glabrous,  erect:  radical  leaves  very  long-petioled, 

lanceolate;  cauline  ones  linear-oblong:  flowers  sub-panicled:  calyx  sliort. 
ciliuta,  J.  (VV.  b. )  glabrous,  erect:?   leaves  lancc-ovale,  attenuate  at  each  end.  ciliate 

on  the  margin:  flowers  fascicle-panicled,  pedicelled:    corol  tubular-bellforin:  calyx 

short.  5-parted;  divisions  ovate,  obtuse.     1  f. 

Pulmonaria,  Lithospermum. 

11— 1.     Pd'kica.    92.     Rosa.  ton.  aro. 
Exotic, 
grana'lum,  (pomegranate.  T^.)  leaves  lanceolate:  stem  woody. 

11 — 1.     Porsh'ia.     92.     Rosa.  h.  ton-f .  aro. 

tridentnta,  Dc.  (2)  C  ^O  branches  erect;  branchlets  numerous,  short:  leaves  in 
fascicles,  simple,  3-toothed,  white  beneath:  flowers  terminal,  or  solitary.     R. 

Purshia,  Onosmodiom. 

13 — 1.     Fycjjan'themtjm.     42.     Labi.  car.  ton.  aro.  con. 
1.     Stainetis  ezsert. 

inca'num,  (3)  (wild  basil,  mountain  mint.  O.  w.  r.    Ju.   2X-)  leaves  oblong-ovate, 

acute,  sub-serrate,  white  downy:  flowers  in  compound  heads,  lateral  onespeduncled: 

bracts  setaceous.     1 — 5  f.     iSi. 
aristatum,  Mx.  (4)  (VV.    w.  Au.   2iO  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-serrate,  short-petioled, 

somewhat  hoary:  heads  sessile,  terminal:  bracts  awned.     1 — 3  f.     S.     T.  B.  C. 

N. 
linifoUum,  Ph.  (5)  (virginian  thyme.  W.  w.  Ju.  If.)  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  3-nerved, 

entire,  punctate,  acute:  heads  terminal,  sub-corymbed:  bracts  short  awned.  1 — 2  f. 

S.     P.  C.  N.  T. 
mrginicum,  (6)  (narrow-leaf  virginian  thyme.  O.  w.  J.  21-)  pubescent:  leaves  sessile, 

lance-linear,    entire,    punctate:    heads    terminal,    corymbed:    bracts    acuminate. 

12—18  i.     ;Sf.     T.  P.     Mch. 

2.     Stamens  inclosed, 

muticum,  Mx.  (W.  w.  Ju.  If.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  sub-dentate,  ribbed,  sub-gla- 
brous: heads  terminal:  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish.  18 — 24  i.  jS.  P.  Y.  C.  K. 
M. 

Southern. 

tnnntanum,  Mx.  (Ap.  p.  21.)  leaves  lance-oval,  serrate,  sub-sessile:  heads  sessile: 
bracts  ciliate,  acuminate:  calj-x  erect  with  short  teeth.     1  f. 

monardellum,  Mx.  (A.  w-r.  Ju.  H.)  pubescent:  leaves  abruptly  petioled,  sub-cordate 
oval,  serrate:  bracts  large,  colored,  ciliate:  calyx  bearded  at  the  summit.     2 — 3  f. 

nudum,  N.  (A.)  very  glabrous:  stem  simple:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  entire,  sessile: 
heads  pedicelled,  few-flowered,  naked:  stamens  exsert.     2  f. 

pUosum,  N.  (W.  J.)  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  tomentose  beneath,  obsoletely  toothed: 
heads  large,  terminal:  lance-ovate  bracts  and  calyx,  hoary-tomentose.     18 — 24  i. 

loomisii,  N.  (r-w.  Z[-)  flowers  cymed,  many-bracted:  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
hoary:  leaves  petioled  ovate,  sub-serrate,  acute,  short,  glabrous  above;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  abbreviated,  acuminate,  apex  pilose;  flowers  maculate. 

Punica.     Lat.  punicus,  Carthaginian;  because  it  first  came  from  the  north  of  Africa. 
Purshia.     In  honor  of  Frederick  Pursh,  who  wrote  the  North  American  Flora. 
Pycanthemum.     Gr.  puknos,  dense,  and  anthos,  flower;    to  express  the  dense  inflo- 
rescence. 

(1)  marginata,  N.  (2)  Tigarea  tridentata,  PIi.  (3)  Clinopodium,  L. 

(4)  Nepeta  virginica,  L.  (.5)  virginicum,   P.     Brachystemum  virginicum,  Mx. 

linifolium,  W.     Thymus  virginicus,  L.     Origanum  flexuosum,  W.         (6)  Brachys- 
temum, Mx.     Origanum  clinopodioides,  Wr. 


382  PYCNANTHEMUM,   PYRUS. 

setosum,  N.  (1)  (  Zf.)  slightly  pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  snb-serrale,  scarcely 
petioled:  branches  fastigiate:  little  lieads  terminal,  many  bracled:  bracts  subulate- 
setaceous:  teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminate. 

17 — 2.     Pyre'thrum.     55.     Heli.  s.  ole+. 

inodorum,  H.  (  )  stem  diffuse,  branching:  leaves  pinnate,  glabrous;  leafets  linear- 
filiform,  2  to  3-parted:  little  crown  of  the  achenium  very  entire.    A.    Lake  Huron. 

Pyrethrum,  Chrysanthemum. 

10 — 1.     Py'rola.     51.     Pyro.  h.  bit-ton.  diu.  sto  scro. 

rotundifoUa,  (shin-leaf,  pear-leaf  wintergreen.   O.  w.  J.   21.)  style  declined:  leaves 

rounded  or  broad-oval,  obsoletely  serrulate,   sub-coriaceous,  shining;  petiole  about 

as  long  as  the  lamina:  scape  many-flowered;  flowers  bracled.     6 — 12  i.    S.     Mch. 
elliptica,  N.  (white  winter-green.  W.  w.  J.  ZC.)  style  declined:  leaves  membranaceous, 

oblong-oval  or  ovate,  plaited-serrate,  abruptly  acute;   lamina  much  longer  than  the 

petiole:   scape  naked,  or  having  a  single  scale:  bracts  subulate:  calyx  5-loolhed. 

6—10  i.     P.  F.  N.     Mch. 
asarifoUa,  Mx.  (2)  (g-w.  Ju.  Z(.)  style  declined;  leaves  sub-reniform,  generally  emar- 

ginate,  coriaceous;  lamina  shorter  than  the  petiole:  .scape  sometimes  convolute. 

6—8  i.     T.  P.  B.  N.     Canada. 
dentata,  S.  ( W.)  style  declined:  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  veined,  remotely  and  obtusely 

toothed:  scape  straight,  obscurely  angular,  nearly  naked.     6  i. 
picta,   S.   (W.)   style  declined:   leaves  ovale,   sub-serrate,  rather  fleshy,  with  large 

branching  veins  and  whitish  spots:  flowers  secund? 
aphylla,  S.  (W.)  style  declined:   scape  and   stalk  leafless,   scaly;  scales  lanceolate, 

membranaceous:  scape  angular.     P.   W.     Plainfield,  Mass. 
minor,  (W.  w-r.  Ju.  21-)  style  straight:  leaves  round-oval,  serrulate:  scape  sub-naked: 

spike  with  flowers  reversed.     C.   D.  N. 
seainda,   (one-sided  shin-leaf   O.  g-w.   Ju.  2X.)  style  straight:  leaves  round-ovate, 

acute,  serrate:  raceme  with  1 -sided  flowers.     6 — 8  i.     Mch. 
tirtijlora,  (J.  21.)  style  straight:  leaves  sub-orbicular,  crenate-serrate:  scape  1-flowered. 

T.  B.  N.  D.     Canada.     Mch. 
occidentalis,   Don.  (         )  leaves  sub-rotund,  membranaceous,  obsoletely  denticulate, 

twice  as  long  as  the  simple  petiole:  raceme  few-flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx 

oblong,  obtuse:  stigma  with  a  5-lobed  disk.     A. 
bracteala,  H.  (         )  leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,  very  entire  or  very  smoothly  crenate, 

coriaceous,  acute,   shining:   scape  somewhat  two-scaled:   raceme  bracted:  bracts 

lanceolate,  acuminate  longer  than  the  flower:  segments  of  the  calyx  attenuate 

longer  than  the  lower  bud.     A. 

17 — 1.     Pyrroco'ivta.     51.     Eric.  f.  sed.  nar. 

carthnmoides,  Doug.  (  )  stem  simple,  erect,  striate,  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  punctate;  lower  ones  long-petioled;  upper  ones  sessile:  flowers  terminal; 
florets  numerous,  small.     1  f.     A. 

Pyrola,  Chimaphila, 

11—5.     Py'rus.     92.     Poma.  b.  r.  h.  ton.  f.  ref.  lax. 

eorovaria,  (3)  (crab  apple.  O.  w-r.  M.  ^.)  leaves  broad-oval,  at  the  base  rounded, 
sub-angled  or  sub-lobed,  serrated,  smooth:  peduncles  corymbed.  Flowers  sweet 
scented.     S.     Mch. 

angvstifolia,  A.  (M.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  at  the  base  acute,  slightly  crenate- 
toothed,  shining:  peduncles  corymbed.     Fruit  very  small.     S.     P.  Y.     Florida. 

Pyrethrum.     Gr.  purethron,  pur  (fine);  from  its  burning  quality. 

Pyrola.     Lat.  pyrus,  a  pear,  from  its  pear-shaped  leaf 

Pyrrocoma.     Gr.  purros,  red,  or  reddish-yellow,  kome,  hairs,  from  the  color  of  the 

egret. 
Pyrus.     Lat.  pyrus,  pear,  from  the  Celtic  neren. 

(1)  aristatum,  Ph.         (2)  chlorantha,  N.         (3)  Malus,  Mx. 


PYRUS,    QUERCUS.  38S 

rwularis,  Doug.  (         )  leaves  ovate,  entire,  somewhat  3-lobed-angled,  sub-acuminate, 

acutely  serrate,   pubescent  beneath:   corymb  terminal,  simple:  calyx  hirsute  very 

densely  tomentose  within;  styles  (3 — 4)  attached  at  the  base.     R.   A. 
americ'inii,  Dc.  (mountain  ash.  A.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  acute,  somewhat 

equally   serrate,    glabrous;    general    petiole   gliibrons.     Berrif  s   purple.     10 — 20  f. 

W.  N.   D.     Wachusett  .Mt.     Sorbns  canadensis  of  7lh  edition.      Mch. 
microair/ju,  Dc.  (A.  J.  h .)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  acuminate,  unequally  gash-serrate, 

glabrous;    serratures    setaceous-mucronate;    common    petiole    glabrous.     Berries 

scarlet.     S.     Sorbus  microcarpa  of  7lh  edition. 
rnelanocarpa,  W.  (black  choak-berry.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acuminate, 

mucronate,  serrate,  glabrous  beneath;  midrib  glandular  above:  flowers  corymbed: 

calyx  glabrous.     Damp.     Aronia  rnelanocarpa  of  7th  edition. 
arbutifulia,  L.  (red  choak-berry.  O.  w-r.  M.  h .)  leaves  lance-obovate,  crenate-toothed, 

downy  beneath,  with  the  midrib  glandular  above:  flowers  corymbed:  calyx  downy. 

Damp.     2 — 4  f.     Leaves  sometimes  glabrous.     Aronia  arbutifolia  of  7th  edition. 

Exotic. 

communis,  (pear.  w-r.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  ovate,  serrate,  (rarely  entire:)  peduncles 
corymbed.  \ a.r.  ptfrnster,  (dwarf )  fruit  very  small  and  acid.  \ ar.  falema,  {har- 
gamot)  fruit  orbicular,  apple-form.  V ar.  pompeiniia,  (good  chiistian.)  Var.  /«- 
vonia,  (musk  pear.)  Y a.r.  liqticscms,  (butter  pear. )  \ar.  rcftisans,  (russet  pear.) 
YaiT.  pjjriuHidalis,  (leg  pear. )  These  five  last  varieties  are  distinguished  more  by 
their  flavor  than  by  any  external  marks. 

malus,  (apple,  w-r.  M.  \<.)  flowers  in  sessile  umbels:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
serrate,  glabrous:  claws  of  llie  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx:  styles  glabrous.  Var. 
sylcestris,  (wild  apple)  leaves  ovate,  serrate:  fruit  small,  austere.  Var.  prasomilu, 
(pippin.)  Var.  castanea,  (chesnut  apple.)  Var.  apiosa,  (ape  apple)  fruit  small, 
round,  red,  pleasant  tasted.  Var.  cavillae,  (cornered  apple)  leaves  broad-ovate, 
downy  beneath:  fruit  angled. 

cydonia,  (quince,  w.  J.  >^.)  flowers  solitary' :  fruit  tomentose:  leaves  ovate,  entire. 
Var.  lusitnnica,  leaves  very  broad. 

prunifolia,  (Siberian  crab.  w.  r.  M.  ^.)  umbels  sessile:  pedicels  pubescent:  styles 
woolly  at  the  base:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate.     12 — 15  f. 

Remark.  The  varieties  into  which  the  above  species  have  been  extended  by  cul- 
ture, are  very  numerous.  I  have  given  those  only  which  are  set  down  by  Persoon, 
as  the  most  distinct. 

Pyrus,  Aronia. 
Pyzidanthera,  Diapensia. 

Q. 

19 — 12.     Quer'cus.     99.     Cupu.  f.  ole.  w.  tim.  b.  tan. 

1.     Fruit  sub-sessile:  leaves  mucronate,  with  a  bristle-form  awn,  entire. 

Fructification  biennial. 

phellos,  (willow  oak.  W.  M.  T^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  tapering  to  both  ends,  entire, 

glabrous,  mucronate:   cupule  saucer-form;  acorn  roundish.     V ai.  humilis,  low  and 

stragghng:  leaves  shorter.     30—60  f.     5r.     P.  Y.     S— C. 
imbricaria,   Mx.  (shingle  oak,   laurel  oak.   W.  M.  ^.)    leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both 

ends,  mucronate,  entire,  shining,    pubescent  beneath:   cupule  saucer- form;  scales 

broad-ovate;  acorn  sub-globose.     40 — 50  f.     S.     P.     Mch. 


2.     Fruit  sub-sessile:  leaves  mucronate,  icitli  a  bristle-form  awn,  toothed  or  lobed. 

Fructification  biennial. 

heterophylla,  Mx.  (barrier's  oak.  M.  ^.)  leaves  long  petioled,  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 

Quercus.     Celtic  quer,  excellent,  and  cuez,  tree;  both  on  account  of  its  beauty  and 
because  it  bore  the  holy  misletoe. 


384  QUERCUS. 

entire  or  unequally  coarse-toothed:  cupule  hemispheric;  acorn  sub-globose.  Pursh 
says  there  is  but  one  individual  of  this  species  known  in  the  world,  which  is  now 
growing  on  the  Bartram  plantation,  near  Philadelphia. 

agrifolia,  W.  (W.  ^ .)  leaves  roundish-ovate,  sub-cordate,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
remotely  spinose- toothed:  cupule  hemispheric,  scales  lax;  acorn  ovate-acute. 

triloba,  W.  (1)  (downy  black  oak.  W.  M.  fp .)  leaves  wedge-ob'.ong,  acute  at  the 
base,  sub-3-lobed  at  tiie  apex;  lobes  equal  in  breadtii,  mucronate;  middle  lobe 
longest,  downy  beneath:  cupule  saucer-form;  acorn  compressed,  globose.  20 — 40  f. 
&'.     P.  Y.     S— C. 

aqiaiica,  W.  (2)  (water  oak.  M.  T^.)  leaves  wedge-ovate,  glabrous,  very  entire;  apex 
obscurely  3-Iobed,  with  the  intermediate  lobe  longest:  cupule  hemispheric;  acorn 
sub-globose.     Leaves  very  variable.     30 — 40  f.     <S'.     P.  Y.     S — C. 

nigra,  (3)  (barren  oak,  black-jack.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  coriaceous,  wedge-form,  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  spread  and  retuse-3-lobed  at  the  apex;  in  the  young  state  it  is 
mucronate,  glabrous  above,  mealy-rust  beneath:  cupule  turbinate;  scales  obtuse, 
scarious;  acorn  short-ovate.     Small.     S.     P.     New  Jersey.     Florida. 

tincioria,  Bart.  (4)  (quercitron  oak,  black  oak.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  obovate,  oblong,  a 
little  sinuate,  pubescent  beneath;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  obtusely  denticulate,  seta- 
ceous-mucronate:  cupule  saucer-form;  acorn  depressed-globose.  GO — 70  f.  <S. 
Mch. 

discolor,  A.  (5)  (false  red  oak.  O.  M.  Tp.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  pubes- 
cent beneath  and  on  both  sides  when  young;  lobes  oblong,  toothed,  setaceous- 
mucronate:  cupule  turbinate;   arcorn  ovate.     CO — 70  f     <S.     S — C. 

coccin'ea,  Wm.  (scarlet  oak,  ink-ball  oak.  O.  M.  fp.)  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong, 
deeply  sinuate,  glabrous;  lobes  divaricate,  toothed,  acute,  setaceous-mucronate: 
cupule  turbinate,  marked  with  scales;  acorn  short,  ovate.  This,  the  last  species,  and 
the  rubra,  are  usually  called  the  red  oak  by  farmers;  and  it  requires  some  attention 
for  the  botanist  to  distinguish  them.  The  leaves  of  this  species  become  reddish, 
and  even  scarlet,  in  autumn.     Produces  brownish-purple  nut-galls.     70 — 80  f.     S. 

ambigua,  Mx.  (gray  oak.  M.  h.)  leaves  sinuate,  glabrous,  acute  at  the  base;  lobes 
sub-acute:  cupule  nearly  saucer-form;  acorn  turgid,  ovate.  Intermediate  between 
the  preceding  and  the  following  one;   and  probably  only  a  hybrid.     Ph.     N. 

rubra,  (red  oak.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  long-pelioled,  oblong,  glabrous,  obtusely  sinuate; 
lobes  acutish,  toothed,  setaceous-mucronate:  cupule  saucer-form,  smoothish;  acorn 
sub-ovate,  turgid.     70—80  f.     .S'.     Mch. 

catesbaei,  Mx.  (barren  scrub  oak.  M.  ^.)  leaves  short-petioled,  wedge-form  at  the 
base,  oblong,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  deeply  sinuate;  lobes  divaricate-acute,  mucro- 
nate: cupule  turbinate,  large;  scales  obtuse;  marginal  ones  inflexed;  acorn  ovate. 
15— 30f     .S'.     S— C. 

falcata,  Mx.  (6)  (spanish  oak.  W.  M.  '^.)  leaves  long-petioled  at  the  base,  obtuse, 
downy  beneath,  3-lobed  or  sinuate;  lobes  sub-falcate,  setaceous-mucronate,  termi- 
nal one  elongated:  cupule  bowl-form;  acorn  globose.  70 — 80  f.  S.  P.  Y. 
Florida.     S — C. 

palustris,  W.  (pin  oak.  O.  M.  >>.)  leaves  long-petioled,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  gla- 
brous; axils  of  the  veins  villose  beneath;  lobes  divaricate,  toothed,  acute,  seta- 
ceous-mucronate: cupule  saucer-form,  smooth;  acorn  sub-globose.  Generally 
grows  in  wet  places.  The  small  limbs  along  the  body  of  the  tree  die  as  the  tree 
advances,  which  gives  it  the  appearance  of  having  pins  or  trenails  driven  into  it. 
40—60  f.     .S.     Mch. 

ilicifolia,  W.  (7)  (shrub-oak.  O.  M.  Tr.)  leaves  long-petioled,  wedge-obovate,  4  or  5- 
lobed,  margin  entire,  whitish-downy  beneath;  lobes  setaceous-mucronate:  cupules 
sub-turbinate;  acorn  sub-globose,  striate:  nucleus  yellow.     2 — 8  f.     iS. 

3.     Fruit  peduncled:  leaves  without  awns,  lobcd.     Fructification  annual. 

obtiisiloba,  Mx.  (8)  (iron  oak,  post  oak.  W.  M.  >>.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate,  wedge- 
form  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath;  lobes  obtuse,  upper  one  dilated,  2-lobed. 
(often  the  lobes  are  so  arranged  in  the  young  plants  as  to  form  a  cross-form  or 
stellate  leaf;)  cupule  hemispheric;  acorn  oval.  30 — 50  f.  S.  T.  C.  P.  F.  D. 
S— C. 

(I)  cuneata,  Wm.      (2)  nigra,  L.  not  W.     uliginosa,  Wm.       (3)  ferruginea,  Mx. 
(4)  tinctoria-angulosa,  Mx.  (5)   tinctoria-sinuosa,  Mx.  (6)  elongata,  W. 

(7)  banisteri,  Mx.         (8)  stellata,  W. 


QUERCUS.  385 

macrocarpa,  Mx.  (over-cup  oak.  W.  M.  T; .)  leaves  downy  beneath,  deeply  lyrate- 
sinuate  lohed;  lobes  obtuse  repand.  upper  ones  dilated:  cupule  bowl-form,  upper 
scales  setose;  acorn  lurgid,  ovate,  large.     A  large  tree.     iS'.     P^     Mch. 

oUi-ufiir mis ^  Mx.  (mossy-cup  oak.  W.  M.  h.)  leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  glaucous 
beneath,  deeply  and  unequally  sinuate-pinnatifid:  cupule  deeply  bowl-form,  fringed 
above;  acorn  oval-ovate.     Large  tree.     S.     P.   Y. 

alba,  (white  oak.  O.  JM.  T^.)  leaves  oblong,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  pubescent  beneath; 
lobes  obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  at  their  bases,  particularly  on  full-grown  trees:  fruit 
peduncled;  cupule  somewhat  bowl-form,  tuburcled  flattened  at  the  base;  acorn 
ovate.     The  most  useful  timber-tree  in  America.     70 — 80  f.     S.     Mch.    tiin-f . 

4.     Fruit  peduncled:  leaves  icithout  awns,  toothed,  not  lobed.     Fructification  annual. 

prmos,  W.  (!)  (swamp  oak,  swamp  chesnut  oak.  M.  ^.)  leaves  long-petioled,  ob- 
ovate,  acute,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  toothed;  teeth  about  equal,  spread, 
callous  at  the  apex:  cupule  bowl-form,  tapering  at  the  base;  acorn  ovate,  large, 
sweet  tasted.     Laige  tree.     70— dO  f.     .S'.     P. 

chin'qutipin,  Mx.  (2)  (dwarf  chesnut  oak,  chinquapin.  O.  M.  ^.)  leaves  short-petioled, 
obovate,  at  the  base  acute,  coarsely  toothed,  glaucous  beneatli;  teeth  nearly  equal, 
spread  callous  at  the  apex:  cupule  hemispherical;  acorn  ovate.  A  low  shrub. 
3—4  f.     S.     P.   N. 

montana,  W.  (3)  (rock  oak,  chesnut  oak,  mountain  oak.  W.  A.  M.  h .)  leaves  mode- 
rately petioled,  broad  obovate,  oblong,  white-downy  beneath,  shining  above; 
coarsely  toothed,  at  the  base  obtuse,  oblique;  teeth  sub-equal  very  obtuse,  short: 
fruit  in  pairs,  short-peduncled;  cupule  hemispheric;  scales  rugose,  tubercled; 
acorn  ovate.     30—40  f.     -S'.     P.  C.  T.  F.  N. 

castanca,  W.  (4)  (yellow  oak.  W.  M.  71-)  leaves  long  petioled.  lance-oblong,  obtuse 
at  the  base,  acuminate,  downy  beneath,  coarsely  toothed;  teeth  sub-equal,  spread, 
acute,  callous  at  the  apex:  cupule  hemispheric;  acorn  globular-ovate.  Large  tree. 
The  bark  is  used  for  dyeing  yellow.     60—70  f.     S.     P.   T.     Calskill. 

bicotor,  (5)  (swamp  white  oak.  M.  ^.)  leaves  short-petioled,  oblong- obovate,  white- 
downy  beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  entire  at  the  base;  teeth  unequal,  spread,  acutish, 
callous  at  the  apex:  fruit  in  pairs,  long  peduncled:  the  peduncle  terminating  in  a 
bristle:  cupule  hemispheric;  acorn  oblong-ovate.  Var.  ?nolUs,  N.  leaves  toothed, 
sub- ferruginous  and  soft-pubescent  beneath.  60 — 70  f.  S.  T.  B.  P.  C.  F.  N. 
Mch. 

Southern. 

maritimn,  W.  (L.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  perennial,  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous, 

tapering  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  mucronate:  cupule  peduncled;  acorn  oval, 

mucronate.     4 — 10  f. 
pu'mila,  VVr.  (6)  ( VV.  L.  Ap.  h .)  leaves  lance-oblong,  sub-undulate,  obtuse  at  the 

base,   acute,   mucronate  at  the  apex,   glabrous  above,   tomentose  beneath;  acorn 

sub-globose.     2  f. 
myrtifulia,  VV.   (>>.)    leaves  perennial,   coriaceous,   small,    oblong-ovate,    unawned, 

acute  at  each  end,  glabrous,  shining  and  reticulate  above,  revolute  at  the  margin. 
virens,  VV.  (7)  (live  oak.  O.  M.   T^.)  leaves  perennial,  coriaceous,  oblong-oval,  entire, 

revolute  at  the  margin,  at  the   base  obtuse,  at  the  apex  acute,  awnless,  stellate- 
pubescent  beneath:   fruit  pedicelled;   cupule  turbinate;   scales  abbreviated;  acorn 

oblong.     40—60  f.     Florida.     S— C. 
cinerea,   Mx.  (VV.  Ap.  ^.)   leaves   perenial,    coriaceous,   lance-oblong,   entire,   sub- 

revolute  at  the  margin,  mucronate  at  the  summit,  stellate,  tomentose  beneath:  fruit 

sessile;  acorn  sul)-globose.     20  f.     S — C. 
luurifulia,  Mx.   (Ap.  >}.)   leaves  nearly   perennial,  sessile,  lance-oblong,   sub-acute, 

tapering  at  the  base,  entire,  glabrous  on  both  sides:  acorn  sub-ovate.     Var.  obtusa, 

leaves  obtuse  at  the  apex.     40 — 50  f     S — C. 
hemisplierica,  VV.    (M.  h .)    leaves  perennial,   lance-oblong,   undivided,   3-lobed  and 

sinuate;  lobes  mucronate;  glabrous  on  both  sides.     Probably  a  variety  of  the  aqua- 

tica.     Ph. 


(1)  prinus-palustris,  Mx.  (2)  prinoides,  W.  (3)  prinus  monticola,  Mx. 

(4)  prinus  acuminata,  Mi.     (5)  prinus  tomentosa  and  discolor,  Mx.     (6)  sericea,W. 
(7)   sempervirens,  Wr. 

49 


386  QUERCUS,    RANUNCULUS. 

nana,  W.  (M.  h.)  leaves  wedge-form,  glabrous,  S-lobed  at  the  summit,  sub-sinuate 
at  the  base;  lobes  divaricate,  mucronate;  middle  one  largest;  axils  of  the  veins 
beneath  pubescent:  acorn  ovate,  sub-globose. 

lyrata,  VVr.  (Ap.  \  .)  leaves  oblong,  sinuale,  glabrous;  lobes  oblong,  sub-acute;  upper 
ones  broad,  angled:  cupule  as  long  as  the  globose  nut;  acorn  nearly  covered. 
60—70  f. 

michauxii,  N.  (Ap.  >>.)  leaves  petioled,  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  unequally 
toothed,  sinuate,  tornentose  beneath:  fruit  generally  in  pairs;  acorn  very  large, 
ovate.     50—60  f. 

uiidulula,  T.  (W.  \.)  fruticose,  very  branching:  leaves  short-petioled,  oblong, 
obtusish,  coriaceous,  repand-toothed,  undulate,  equal  at  the  base,  pulverulent- 
tomentose  bequeath,  shining  above:  fruit  solitary  or  in  pairs,  sessile,  depressed 
hemispheric;  cupule  scales  appressed.     A  small  straggling  shrub. 

Queria,  Amjchia,  Paronychia. 

R. 

12 — 12.     Randncc'lcs.     61.     Ranu.  g-r.  acr-poi.  h.  epis. 

1.  Leaves  simple. 

limrualis,  W.  (great  spear-wort.  i^.  Ju.  21- )  hairs  close-pressed:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub- 
denliculate,  acuminate,  sub-sessiie:  stem  erect,  many-flowered.     S.     P.  T. 

flaininulus,  (spear-wort.  W.  y.  Ju.  2X.)  glabrous  steui  declined:  leaves  narrow  lanceo- 
late, acute,  entire  and  denticulate:  lower  ones  petioled:  peduncles  terminal,  axillary, 
1-llowered:  calyx  sub-reflexed.  Flowers  small.  Damp.  1 — 3  f.  S.  T.  Y.  C. 
P.  B.  H.  F.  N. 

pusiMus,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  y.  Ju.  2_[.)  glabrous:  leaves  petioled;  lower  ones  ovate,  tooth- 
ed; upper  ones  lance-linear,  toothed  at  the  apex;  the  very  uppermost  ones  linear, 
bract-like:  pedunclps  alternate,  solitary,  1-flowered.  6 — J2  i.  S.  Y.  N.  D. 
PeeKskill.      New  Orleans. 

reptiins  L.  (W.  w-y.  J.  2X.)  glabrous,  small:  s-tem  filiform,  creeping,  geniculate, 
with  the  joints  l-llowered:  flowers  axillary,  peduncled:  leaves  linear-subulate,  ob- 
tuse. Var.  oval.is,  Bw.  leaves  oval  and  lanceolate:  petals  5 — 8.  P.  V.  T.  B.  C. 
N.  D.     Mch. 

cymbal/iriiis,  (w-y.  J.  2i.)  glabrous,  very  small,  filiform,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints: 
leaves  heart-reniform,  crenate-dentate:  radical  peduncles  solitary,  mostly  2-flowered: 
petals  spatulate:  fruit  oblong.     N.  B.  R.     Hudson's  Bay.     Onondaga. 

glaberriinus,  Hk.  (  W.  )  leaves  all  petioled;  radical  ones  roundish,  entire  or 

coarsely  toothed;  cauline  ones  somewhat  wedge-form,  3-cleft:  calyx  spreading, 
half  as  long  as  the  petal;  fruit  globose.     Rocky  Mountains  in  the  highest  parts. 

2.  Leaves  divided. 

abortivus,  (2)  (O.  y.  M.  H.)  glabrous:  stem  striate,  naked  below:  radical  leaves 
heart-renit'orm,  obtusely  crenate;  cauline  ones  petioled,  ternate,  angled;  upper 
ones  sessile:  branches  about  3-flowered.  Var.  sessitis,  (3)  has  sessile,  cauline 
leaves  and  glabrous  shining  carpels.     9 — 15  i.     &'.     Mch. 

sccleratus,  (celerv  crowfoot.  O.  y.  J.  Zf.)  glabrous:  lower  leaves  palmate;  upper  ones 
sessile,  digitate:   fruit  oblong.     Wet.     12-18  i.     S.     Mch. 

auricomus,  W.  (y.  M.  Z{-)  pubescent:  radical  leaves  renifortn,  3-parted,  gash-cre- 
nate;  cauline  ones  sessile,  digitate,  hnear:  stem  many- flowered:  calyx  colored, 
spreading. 

pijgmae'us,  Ph.  (y.  J.  71-)  small,  glabrous:  radical  leaves  sub-cordate-reniform,  gash- 
toothed;  cauline  ones  sessile,  digitate;  divisions  linear,  very  entire:  stem  few- 
flowered:   petals  oblong,  equal  to  the  calyx.     R.     Labrador. 

pennsylvanicus,  (W.  y.  Ju.  21.)  stem  pilose,  erect,  branching,  leaves  ternate,  3-cleft, 
gashed,  hairy  beneath:  peduncles  terete:  calyx  reflexed:  petals  about  equalling  the 
calyx:  styles  of  the  fruit  straight.     1—2  f     &.     C.  Y.  P.  N.     Canada.     Mch. 


Ranunculus.     Diminutive  of  rana,  a  frog,  from  some  of  the  species  of  growing  in 

fenny  places. 

(1)  flamrnula,  Wr.        (2)  nitidus,  Pt.         (3)  nitidus  of  Ph.,  but  he  says  it  may 
be  a,  variety  of  the  abortivua. 


RANUNCULUS.  387 

fascicularis,  M.  (O.  y.  M.  11.)  pubescent:  upper  leaves  sub-linear;  radical  ones 
ternate  or  sub-pinnate;  leafets  3-lobed,  tlie  terminal  one  deeply  3-cleft:  calyx  spread- 
ing, hairy  underneath:  petals  longer  liian  the  calyx:  root  fascicled.  6 — 10  i.  S. 
Is  this  distinct  from  the  reiiens?     Mch.  y 

bulbostis,  (W.  y.  ;V1.  2f.)  very  hirsute:  leaves  ternate,  3-cleft,  gashed  and  toothed: 
stem  erect,  many-flowered;  peduncles  sulcate;  calyx  reflexed:  root  bulbous:  car- 
pels smooth.     I— -if.     T.  P.  Y.  B.  C.  N.     Canada,   PeeksMll. 

hirsulus,  C.  (1)  (pale  butter  cup.  y.  Ju.  If-) ''•'■'^'J'^e:  leaves  ternate:  stem  erect, 
many-flowered:  peduncles  sulcate:  calyx  reflexed,  acuminate:  fruit  globose;  car- 
pels labercled:   root  fibrous.     Damp.     W.   T.  P^  V.     Peekskill. 

rep'tns,  (W.  y.  M.  71-)  sub-pubescent:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  wedge-form,  gash- 
toothed,  3-l()bed:  main  stem  prostrate;  flowering  ones  erect:  peduncles  furrowed: 
calyx  spreading.     Damp.     W.  C.  P.  F.  B.  O.  T.  Y.  N.     Mch. 

clinlonii,  L.  C.  Beck.  (y.  M.  2i.)  leaves  ternate,  3-cleft,  hairy,  hairs  close-pressed; 
extreme  upper  leafets  lanceolate:  stem  entirely  prostrate,  creeping,  zigzag:  petals 
obovate,  sub-retuse:  calyx  caducous:  carpels  compressed,  margined:  beak  hook- 
ed. Flowers  large,  resembling  those  of  the  rcpens.  In  Oneida  county,  between 
Rome  and  Oriskany,  near  the  Erie  canal,  patches  of  ground,  several  yards  in  ex- 
tent, are  often  covered  with  this  species.  The  flowers  are  rarely  elevated  more 
than  8  or  10  inches  above  the  ground;  though  the  stem  creeps  more  than  a  yard 
from  the  root,  sending  up  leafy  flower-bearing  shoots.     (2) 

acris,  (crowfoot,  butter-cup.  O.  y.  M.  71.)  hairs  close-pressed:  leaves  3-parted, 
many-cleft;   upper  ones  linear:  peduncles  terete:  calyx  spreading.     1 — 2  f.     Mch. 

lanus'uiosus,  W.  ( VV.  y.  J.  If.)  hirsute:  leaves  3-cleft,  lobed,  toothed,  all  over  silky: 
peduncles  elongated,  terete,   calyx  spreading.     S.     P.   C. 

ovaiis,  R.   (W.  )  pubescent:  radical    leaves   cordate,  truncate  at  the  base,   oval, 

entire,  rarely  split,  crenate;  cauline  ones  sub-sessile,  digitate,  lobes  of  all  linear: 
stem  erect,   many-flowered:  calyx  pubescent,   equalling  the  corol:  fruit  globose. 

affinis,  Ilk.  (W.  )  radical  leaves  mostly  pedate-many-cleft,  petioled;  cauline  ones 
sub-sessile,  digitate;  lobes  of  all  linear:  stem  erect,  1 — ^2-flowered  (or  more)  with 
the  calyx  and  germ  mostly  hairy:  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  with  the  beak  recurved. 
Canada.     R.      Hudson's  Bay. 

rhoinhuidcus,  Goldie.  (  W.)  hirsute:  radical  leaves  rhomboid,  undivided,  serrate; 
cauline  one  palmate;  floral  ones  deeply  divided:  calyx  spreading,  hairy.  N.  W. 
Lakes.     Canada. 

•marylandicus,  Lk.  (w-y.  M.  Z{.)  pubescent:  stem  simple,  sub-naked:  radical  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  3-lobed;   lobes  acute,  gashed:   calyx  reflexed.     iS.     P. 

recurvaliis,  Lk.  ( W.  y-w.  J.  ^X-)  pubescent:  leaves  3-lobed,  wedge-form  at  the  base, 
gashed  at  the  apex,  acute:  stem  many-flowered:  calyx  and  corol  recurved;  petals 
linear.     Flowers  small.      1-2  f.     S.     Y.   W.   T.   R.   C.   N.   O.   F. 

hispidns,  Mx.  (W.  w-y.  J.  21.)  very  hirsute,  erect,  somewhat  branching:  leaves  ter- 
nate; leafets  acutely  lobed:  stem  few-flowered:  calyx  close-pressed.  1  f.  S.  P. 
O.     Canada. 

aquat'ills,  W.  (3)  (water  crowfoot,  w.  Ju.  ZT-)  stem  floating:  submersed  leaves  fili- 
formly  dissected;  immersed  ones  3-parted,  with  cuneiform,  dentate  lobes:  petals 
obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx.  Var.  hdcroplnjllus,  emersetl  leaves  3-parled.  Var. 
capillticetts,  leaves  petioled,  all  emersed,  and  filiformly  dissected,  K.  fiunhitilis,  W. 
Var.  cespitosus,  leaves  petioled,  all  inmiersed,  with  a  nearly  orbicular  circumscrip- 
tion, filiformly  dissected;  the  segments  rigidly  divergent;  base  of  the  petiole  broad, 
sheathing  and  auricled.  Var.  stagnalis,  leaves  sessile,  all  immersed,  filifqfmly  dis- 
sected, circinate;  segments  short:  sheaths  obscurely  auricled:  carpels  rather 
acute,  nearly  smooth.     Beck's  lacustris,  is  a  variety? 

(1)  philonitis,  W. 

(2)  I  discovered  this  plant  in  the  summer  of  1824,  and  published  it  as  Lk's  pros- 
trains.  1  furnished  Dr.  L.  C.  Beck,  and  numerous  other  botanists,  with  specimens. 
Dr.  Beck  dedicated  it  to  my  friend,  G.  W.  Clinton.  I  acquiesce  cheerfully;  but 
adopt  my  own  description.  I  am  now  ( !840)  convinced  that  it  was  undescribed  when 
I  discovered  it.      It  is  always  lohoUij  prostrate,  and  exceedingly  uniform. 

N.  B.  Dr.  Wright  being  very  sick  when  this  genus  went  to  press,  it  is  not  reformed 
as  it  should  have  been,  by  Dr.  Torry's  Flora.  A.  E. 

(3)  heterophyllus,  Roth. 


BUS  RANUNCULUS. 

mitltifid'us,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  y.  2^.)  leaves  3-parted,  many-clefl;  divisions  gashed,  ap- 
proximate: stem  swimming:  leafets  of  the  calyx  roundish,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
petab.     Upper  Louisiana.     S.     B.   R.   O.     Mch. 

nivalis,  W.  (A.  )  leaves  5-lobed,  very  entire;  cauline  ones  sessile,  digitate;  stem 
1 -flowered.     R. 

lapponicus,  (A.  )  leaves  3-parted,  lobed,  obtuse;  stem  nearly  naked,  l-flowered, 
R. 

hyperbo'rms,  Roth.  (A.  )  leaves  deeply  3-lobed;  lobes  oblong,  divaricate:  stem 
filiform,  creeping.     R. 

brevicmdis,  Ilk.  (W.  )  pubescent;  radical  leaves  all  heart-oval,  entire;  cauline 
ones  crenate,  many-cleft,  palmate;  stem  erect,  many-flowered,  with  leaves  much 
shorter:  fruit  globose:  petals  6.     N.   W.  Lakes. 

cardiophylius,  Hk.  (W.  )  hirsute:  radical  leaves  round-cordate,  deeply  emargi- 
nate  at  the  base;  cauline  ones  many-cleft,  palmate;  divisions  linear,  gash-crenale: 
calyx  spreading,  half  as  long  as  the  corol;  fruit  oblong.     Canada.  N.   W.   Lakes. 

eschscholfzii,  Hk.  (VV.  )  leaves  ciliate;  radical  ones  petioled;  partitions  lobed;  stem 
somewhat  2flovvered:  calyx  hirsute,  shorter  than  the  petals:  fruit  oblique,  ovate, 
terminating  in  a  short  style.     R. 

pedatifidus,  Hk.  (W.  )  leaves  fine-hairy;  radical  ones  petioled,  palmate  or  pedate, 
divided  into  entire  linear  lobes:  scape  nearly  naked,  exscrt,  l-flowered:  calyx 
spreading,  sub-villose.     Rocky  Mis.  and  east. 

artliorlnjn'chus,  Hk.  (W.  )  cltjse-pressed,  hairy:  stem  erect,  slender,  ramose  and 
sub-foliaceous  above:  radical  Teaves  petioled,  ternate;  leafets  linear,  many-cleft, 
white  callous  at  the  apex:  calyx  reflexed:  style  stiffly  straight,  longer  than  the 
fruit.     R. 

nutans,  Dc.  (  )  stem  procumbent,  floating;  leaves  heart- reniform;  lobes  approxi- 
mating, obsoletely  crenate  behind,  and  toothed  before;  divisions  of  the  calyx  ovalj 
carpels  witii  straight  beaks.     Creeping  in  swamps  in  Canada. 

gludalis,  L.  (  w.  )  radical  leaves  petioled,  palmately  3-parted  or  3-cleft;  lobes 
rather  obtuse  and  thick;  stem  about  l-flowered:  calyx  very  hiisute:  carpels  com- 
pressed, margined.     Greenland. 

pallassii,  Schlecht.  (  3'.  )  stem  creeping,  fistulous:  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  cunei- 
form, 3-parted:  petals  3:  sepals  8:  head  of  carpels  spherical;  carpels  thick,  ovate, 
glabrous,  beaked.     Arctic  America. 

limosus,  N.  (  y.  )  sub-aquatic,  procumbent,  somewhat  hairy:  leaves  reniform, 
palmately  5-cleft;  the  segments  2 — 3-toolhed,  or  somewhat  lobed;  the  divisions 
blunt,  short  and  shallow:  stem  1 — 2-flowered:  sepals  shorter  than  the  rounded  pe- 
tals: carpels  scarcely  keeled,  with  a  short,  nearly  straight  beak.     Rocky  Mts. 

^abinii,  R.  Br.  (  y.  )  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles,  3-parted;  lobes  elliptical,  the 
lateral  ones  2-cleft;  cauline  ones  sessile,  3  parted;  the  divisions  linear:  calyx  liir- 
sute,  nearly  equal  to  the  retiise  petals.     Arctic  America. 

pccidentidis,  N.  (  y.  )  hirsute  with  shining,  spreading  hairs:  leaves  trifid  or  3- 
parted;  segments  cuneate  and  trifid,  or  incisely  toothed;  lateral  ones  often  sub^ 
divided;  the  uppermost  leaves  trifid,  with  linear,  acute  spginents:  stem  divaricate, 
many-flowered;  sepals  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  elliptical-oblong  petals;  carpels 
smooth,  much  compressed,  with  the  revolute  style  nearly  their  own  length. 
Oregon- 

tenellus,  N.  (  y.  )  leaves  somewhat  hairy  on  the  upper  side;  the  radical  ones  on 
long  petioles,  cordate,  3 — 5-clefl;  the  divisions  2— 3-cleft,  acute;  those  of  the  stem 
3-parted  or  entire;  stem  slender  and  somewhat  spreading,  smooth:  flowers  minute; 
carpels  much  compressed,  smooth,   with  a  minute  curved  style.     Oregon. 

^chlexhtendaia,  Hk.  (  y.  )  pilose  with  spreading  hairs;  stem  somewhat  branching, 
short;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  renifonn-cordale,  3-parted;  lobes  obovate,  3-cleft, 
or  laciniately  divided:  sepals  pilose,  spreading,  at  length  reflexed,  shorter  than  the 
petals:  style  as  long  as  the  ovary.     Piocky  Mountains,  latitude  52° — 5.^)0. 

Southern. 

hederacevs,  (W.  Ju.  7S-)  stem  creeping:  leaves  sub-reniform,  about  3— 5-lobed;  lobes 
broad,  entire,  very  obtuse;  petals  oblong,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx:  stamens 
5—12;  carpels  glabrous.     Probably  introduced. 

nitidus,  M.  (2)  (y.  Ap.  H-)  leaves  3-parted;  segments  unequally  3-cleft,  lanceolate, 

(l)purshii,  Hk.        (2)  not  Wr. 


RAWUNCULUS,    RHAMNUS.  889 

gashed,  toothed,  glabrous:  calyx  reflexed:  petals  oval,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
carpels  with  a  hooked  bealc.     Procumbent  and  erect.     1 — 2  t". 

caroLiiuanus,  Do.  (y. )  stem  erect,  branclied,  and  with  the  petioles  appressed  pubes- 
cent; leaves  glabrous,  oclefl  or5-lobed;  lobes  ovale,  somewhat  gashed,  toothed: 
calyx  glabrous,  reflected,  a  little  shorter  than  the  petals. 

trachyspcr'inus,  E.  (y.  M.)  stem,  petiole  and  leaves  villous,  with  the  hair  spreading: 
leaves  3-cleft;  lobes  acutely  gashed:  peduncles  short,  opposite  the  leaves:  carpels 
tubercled,  with  the  point  hooked.     12 — 15  i.     S — C. 

muriaitus,  Dc.  (y.  Ap.  0.)  leaves  glabrous,  petioled,  roundish,  3-lobed,  coarsely 
toothed:  stem  erect  or  diffuse,  peduncles  opposite  the  leaves:  calyx  spreading: 
carpels  rough-tubercled  on  both  sides,  with  a  straight  acuminate  point.     12 — 18   i. 

tomcnlosus,  Lk.  (y.  2X.)  stem  ascending,  1  to  2-tlowered,  very  villose,  hairs  spread- 
ing: leaves  petioled,  toinentose,  3-cleft;  upper  ones  sessile,  ovate,  entire:  calyx 
very  villose,  sub-reflexed. 

septentrionulis,  Lk.  (y.  21-)  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  membranaceous,  glabrous,  ternate; 
leafets  somewhat  3-lobed,  gashed,  acute:  stem  and  petioles  hirsute  at  the  base: 
peduncles  about  2-flovvered:  calyx  reflexed. 

echinattis,  Vent.  (y. )  a  little  glabrous,  simple:  leaves  simple  roundish,  3-lobed:  petals 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

colliiius,  Br.  (1)  (VV.  Ap.)  leaves  all  radical,  pubescent,  petiole,  3  to  5-cleft:  scape 
villose,  1-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx  persistent:  petals  oblong-ovate. 
1—2  i. 

14 — 2.     Raph'anus.     63.     Cruc.  r.  nut.  asc. 
Exotic, 
raphanistrum,  (wild  radish,  charlock,  y.  Au.)  leaves  lyrate:  siliques  terete,  jointed, 
smooth,  1-celled.     Before  the  silique  is  mature,  it  is  generally  2-celled  and  not 
jointed.     Naturalized.     B.     Pittsfield. 
?atwus,   (garden  radish,   w.   J.  0.)   leaves   lyrate:    silique   terete,    torose,    2-celled. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species — one  has  a  fusiform,  another  a  globose, 
another  a  black  root. 

19—12.     Reksselae'ria.  (2)     7.     Aroi.  g-r.  acr.  d-r.  amy. 

tirginica,  Beck,  (  O.  g.  J.  21-)  scapes  several  from  the  same  root:  leaves  long- 
petioled.  heart-hastate,  lobes  obtuse:  spalhe  elongated,  incurved.  [See  note,  page 
89.]     Mch. 

12.— 3.     Piese'da.     64.     Rese.  asc.  ope. 
Exotic. 

odorata,  (mignonette,  w-y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  entire  and  3-lobed:  calyx  equalling  the 
corol. 

micrantkus,  N.  (y.)  hairy,  dwarf:  leaves  petiolate,  somewhat  rhombic-ovate,  crenate, 
some  of  them  3-parted  or  .3-cleft;  cauline  ones  sub-sessile,  with  3  to  5  linear-oblong 
divisions:  sepals  with  a  broad  membranaceous  border,  as  long  as  the  corol.  Mis- 
souri, Arkansas. 

luteo'ia,  (dyei's  weed,  y.  Au.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate,  entire;  a  tooth  on 
each  side  of  the  base:  calyx  4-cleft:  flowers  spiked.     Naturalized. 

5—1.     Rham'nus.  (3)     95.     Rham.  ast.  dye.  f.  cat. 

franmdoideus,  Mx.  (4)  (dwarf alder.  O.  w-g.  M.  \.)  unarmed:  leaves  oval,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  pubescent  at  the  nerves  beneath:  peduncles  aggregate,  l-flowered: 

Raphanus.     Gr.  ra,  quickly,  and  phuinomai,  to  appear,  because  it  grows  so  quickly. 
Rensselaeria.     In  honor  of  Gen.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Reseda.     Lat.  rescih,  to  appease,  from  its  supposed  qualities  of  allaying  inflammation 

in  external  bruises. 
Rhamnus.     Gr.  rtimiws,  white  thorn;  or  from  Celtic  ram,  a  head  or  tuft  of  branches. 

(1)  This  is  a  description  given  by  Prof  L.  C.  Beck,  of  a  plant  found  by  him  in 
wet  prairies  in  Illinois;  but  he  does  not  decide  whether  it  is  the  co/Zm?/s  or  not. 
(2)  Lecontia,  Cooper.     Arum,  L.         (3)  Berchemia.         (4)  alnifolius,  W. 


390  RHAMNUS,    RHEXIA. 

calyx  acute;   fruit  turbinate.     Berries  black.     Pursh  calls  this  the  franguloides 
after  Mx.  and  gives  alnifolius  to  a  species  found  up  the  Missouri.     S. 

catharticus,  (buckthorn.  T^.)  thorns  terminal:  flowers  4-clefl,  dioecious:  leaves  ovate 
serrate.     First  found  in  the  Highlands  by  Dr.  Barrnlt.     N. 

alnifilins,  Pii.  (1)  (\V.  M.  ^.)  unarmed:  leaves  oval,  denticulate,  short-acuminate 
with  a  sinus  at  the  base,  slightly  cordat?,  pubescent  at  the  nerves  beneatli:  pedun^ 
cles  twice  2-cleft:  berries  depressed-globose.  Berries  purple,  edible.  O.  Hudson's 
Bay. 

caroliniunus,  W.  (w.  J.  Tp.)  unarmed:  leaves  alternate,  oval-oblong,  sub-entire,  ribbed 
glabrous:  umbels  neduncled;   (lowers  all  fertile.     Berry  black,  globose.     4 — 6  f. 

lanceolatus,  Ph.  (VV.  ^.)  unarmed,  shrubby:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acute  at 
each  end,  pubescent  beneath.     Betries  black. 

minutifii)rus,  Mx.  (L.  Oc.  Tj.)  unarmed:  leaves  nearly  opposite,  oval,  serrulate: 
flowers  very  minute,  divisions  spiked,  alternately  sessile  on  the  rachis:  style  3-cleft; 
berries  3-seeded. 

Southern. 

oleifoUus,  Hk.  (  )  unarmed,  erect:  leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  elliptical-oblong, 
entire,  revolute  on  the  margin,  glabrous:  flowers  pentandrous,  in  small  axillary 
crowded  panicles:  petals  very  minute,  stigma  obscurely  2-lobed:  fruit  2-seeded. 
N.  W.  Coast.     California. 

laurifoliiis,  N.  (  )  unarmed,  erect:  leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  elliptical-oblong 
or  oblong,  somewhat  serrate,  the  veins  approximated;  flowers  axillary,  2  or  4 
together,  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  tetrandrous:  petals  very  minute. 
California. 

croceus,  N.  (  )  low  and  branching,  the  branches  spinescent  at  the  extremity: 
leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen,  roundish  obovate,  nearly  glabrous,  glandularly  denti- 
culate: flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  dioecious,  tetrandrous,  apetalous:  styles  ex- 
serled,  distinct  above:  fruit  obovate,  1  to  2-seeded.  California. 
parvifolius,  T.  &  G.  (  )  unarmed:  leaves  ovate,  serrulate,  pubescent  (when  young), 
acute  or  emarginate:  flowers  solitary  or  2  to  3  together,  axillary,  on  very  short 
pedicels,  tetrandrous:  petals  minute,  2-lobed,  partly  surrounding  the  very  short 
stamens:  styles  2,  united  below,  very  short  and  conical.     Virginia. 

californica,  Eschs.  (y-g-)  branches  angular,  grayish-tomentose:  leaves  oval,  serrulate, 
mostly  acute,  retiouiateiy  veined,  glabrous  on  both  sides;  flowers  fasciculute- 
umbelled;  pedicels  toinentose,  as  long  as  the  petioles:  calyx  5-cleft:  petals  5,  scale- 
like: style  .5-cleft:  fruit  2-seeded.     California. 

iexensis,  T.  &  G.  (     )  much  branched  and  straggling;  branches  pubescent:  leaves  ovate 
01    oblong-ovate,   somewhat  acute,  villous   pubescent  on   botli   sides,   denticulate- 
serrulate;    the  veins   prominent  and  very  oblique:   fruit  broadly  turbinate,  2  to  3- 
seeded;  seeds  tumid  without  a  furrow.     Texas. 
ferrugineus,  N.  (  )  leaves  alteinate,  oblong-oval,  acute,  entire;  younger  ones  and 

calyx  ferruglnous-tomentose:   little  umbels  from  the  base  of  the  petiole,  sessile: 
flowers  androgynous:  stigmas  trifid.     Florida. 

9—3.     Rhe'uji.     28.     Poly.  ton.  cat.  lax. 

Exotic. 

palmatum,  (rhubarb.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  palmate,  acuminate.     Fi-om  China. 

rhuponticum,    (2)   (pie   rhubarb.   W.    J.   2/.)    leaves   heart-ovate,    obtuse  and  acute, 

smooth;  veins  sub-pilose  beneath,  the  sinus  at  the  base  dilated;   petioles  furrowed 

on  the  upper  side,   rounded  at  the  edge.     Radical  leaves  very  large.     2 — 4  f.     edi. 

8—1.     Rhex'ia.     90.     Mela.  ton. 

virginica,  (meadow  beauty,  deer-grass.  W.  p.  Ju.  If.)  stem  wing-angled:  leaves  ses- 
sile, lance-ovate,  ciliate-serrate:  corymbs  dichotomous.  1 — 2f.  S.  B.  O.  P.  T 
C.  Y.  H.  F.  N.  M.     S— C. 

Rheum.     Gr.  red,   to  flow,   from  its  purgative  qualities;  or  from  Rha,  the  Wolga, 

whence  it  was  first  brought. 
Rhexia.     Gr.  rer.is,  a  rupture,  from  its  being  used  in  curing  wounds. 

(1)    purshianus,  Hk.         (2)    taitaricum  of  former  editions,  but  Darlington  has 
shewn  that  it  is  this  species. 


RHEXIA,    RHODODENDRON.  391 

mariana,  Mx.  (W.  w-r.  Ju.  2X-)  stem  and  leaves  very  hirsute;  leaves  sub-petioled, 
lance-oval,  or  lance-linear:  calyx  smoothish,  tubular,  long.  Var.  purpurea,  leaves 
narrow-iaucpolate  or  oblong:  flowers  deep  purple.  Var.  ruhella,  leaves  lance-oval 
or  oldono;:   flowers  pale,  reddish.     1—2  f.     &.     Y.   C.   M.     S— C. 

ciliosa,  Mx.  p.  Ju.  Z[.)  stem  sub-quadrangular,  glabrous:  leaves  sub-petioled,  lance- 
ovate,  serrulate,  ciliale,  glabrous  beneath,  somewhat  hispid  above:  flowers  invo- 
lucred.     18  i.     S.     S— C. 

Southern. 

serrulala,  N.  (p.  If.)  stem  sub-quadrangular,  smooth:  leaves  small,  sub-petioled, 
roundish-oval,  acute,  smooth  on  both  sides,  margin  serrulate,  base  sub-ciliate: 
flowers  peduncled,  about  in  threes:  calyx  glandular-hirsute.     6 — 10  i. 

glahelia,  (Mx.  (1)  (p.)  glabrous:  stem  lerele:  leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  3-nerved, 
denticulate,  slightly  glaucous:   calyx  glutinous.     2 — 3  f.     N — C. 

itricta,  Ph.  (p.  J.  2i.)stem  straight,  erect,  winged,  glabrous,  bearded  at  the  joints: 
leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  glabrous  on  both  sides: 
corymbs  dichotomous. 

lutea,  Wr.  (y.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute:  leaves  lance-linear,  sometimes  wedge-form  at  the 
base,  3-nerved:  panicle  pyramidal:  anthers  erect.     13  i.     N — C. 

lineurifolia,  Lk.  (  y.)  stem  terete,  sub-pubescenl:  leaves  alternate,  linear,  oblong, 
obtuse,  sessile,  pubescent  on  both  sides:   floweis  sub-solitary. 

angustifuUa,  E.  (2)  (w.  Ju.  2_f.)  hirsute:  leaves  linear  and  lance-linear,  somewhat 
clustered:  root  creeping?     S — C. 

13 — 2.     Rhinan'thcs.     3G.     Rhin.  nar.  ast. 

crista  galli,  W.  (yellow  rattle,  yellow  coxcomb,  y.  J.  0.)  upper  lip  of  the  corol  vault- 
ed: calyx  smooth:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate.     1  f.     B.     Canada. 

12—1.     Rhizopho'ra.     91.     Rhiz.  ast. 

mangle,  (mangrove  tree.  ^.)  leaves   acute,   ovate,  opposite-ribbed:  peduncles 

axillary:  fruit  clavate-subulate.  This  tree  roots  by  pendant  appendages,  and  thus 
becomes  greatly  multiplied.     Louisiana. 

10 — 1.     Rhododen'dro.v.     .50.     Rliod.  f.  edi.  ton.  b.  ast-f .  feb.  w.  cab. 

maximum,  (wild  rosebay.  W.  r.  Ju.  >-.)  leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  paler  beneath:  urn- 
bels  terminal,  dense:  corols  somewhat  bell-form.  Var.  roseiim,  corol  pale  rose 
color,  divisions  roundish:  leaves  obtuse  at  the  base.  Var.  album,  coral  smaller, 
•white,  divisions  oblong:  leaves  acute  at  the  base.  Var.  purpurevm,  corol  purple, 
divisions  oblotig:  leaves  obtuse  at  the  base,  green  on  both  sides.  4 — 20  f.  iS. 
P.  Y.   B.     Banks  of  Delaware  river,   Plainfield,  Mass.    Dr.  J.  Porter. 

lappovirum,  (3)  (Ap.  Ju.  h.)  leaves  elliptical,  roughened  with  excavated  punctures. 
8-10  i. 

alliiflorum,  H.  (w.  \>.)  erect:  leaves  deciduous,  lance-oval,  very  entire,  membra- 

naceous, glabrous,  fasciculate  in  the  apex  of  the  branches:  peduncles  fasciculate, 
lateral  and  terminal:  calyx  subfoliaceous,  hispid:  corol  rotate-campanulate:  sta- 
mens 10,  erect,  equal.     2 — 3  f     R. 

kamschalicum,  Pallas.  (  )  low,  procumbent:  leaves  persistent,  obovate,  cihate, 

veiny,  shining:  calyx  large,  foliaceous:  corol  rotate:  stamens  longer.     A. 

Exotic, 
ponticvm,  (rose  bay.  p.  T>.)  leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  both  sides  colored  alike:  corymbs 
terminal:  corol  bell  wheel-form:  petals  lanceolate. 

Soidhern. 
punclatum,  (r.  Ju.    ^.)  leaves  lance-oval,   glabrous,  with  resinous  dots  beneath:  um- 
bels termiual:  corol  funnel-form:  capsules  long.     4 — 6f 

Rhinanthus.     Gr.  rin,  nose,  and  anthos,  flower;  its  ringent  corol  resembling  the  snout 

of  an  animal. 
Rhizophora.     Gr.  riza,  root,  ^inAphero,  to  carry,  from  its  numerous  roots. 
Rhododendron.     Gr.   rodon,  rose,  and  dtndron,   tree,   because  its  flowers  resemble 

roses. 

(1)  alifanus,  Wr.        (2)  mariana,  var.  exalbida,  Mx.        (1)  Azalea,  L. 


392  RHODODExMDRON,  RHUS. 

catawliense,  Mx.  (r.  J.  fp.)  leaves  short-oval,  roundish-obtuse  at  each  end:  umbels 
terminal:  segments  of  the  calyx  narrow-oblong:  corol  bell-form.     3 — 4  f. 

Rhododendron,  Azalea. 

10 — 1.     Rho'dora.     50.     Rhod.  ast.  ton. 

canadensis,  (false  honeysuckle,  rhodoia.  b.  r.  M.  \.)  leaves  oval,  entire,  glaucous- 
pubescent  beneath:  flowers  in  terminal  umbels.    2  f.     B.  Y.  C.  N. 

5 — 3.     Rhus.     94.     Anac.  f.  h.  poi.  ast.  ton.  tan. 

typhi'na,  (stag's  horn  sumach.  O.  y.  g.  Ju.  ><.)  branches  and  petioles  very  villose: 
leaves  pinnate,  many-paired;  leafets  lance-oblong,  serrate,  somewhat  downy  be- 
neath, Var.  glabra,  leafets  glabrous  beneath.  Berries  red  and  very  sour.  8 — 15  f. 
S.     Mch. 

glabra,  (sleek  sumach.  O.  g.  r.  Ju.  Tp.)  branches,  petioles  and  leaves  glabrous:  leaves 
pinnate,  many-paired;  leafets  lance-oblong,  serrate,  whitish  beneath:  fruit  silky. 
Var.  elegans,  flowers  dioecious.  The  leaves  of  both  tlie  species  are  used  for  tan- 
ning morocco  leather.     Berries  red  and  sour.     6 — 12  f     <S.     Mch. 

copaUina,  (wing-rib  sumach,  mountain  sumach.  W.  y-g.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  with 
the  main  petiole  joint-winged;  Irafets  lunce-oval,  entire:  flowers  dioecious.  Berries 
red.     3— I2f     «.     P.  T.  F.  W.  N.      Mch. 

venenata,  {I)  (poison  sumach,  poison  elder.  W.  y-g.  Ju.  fp.)  very  glabrous:  leaves 
pinnate,  many-paired;  leafets  oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire;  petioles  not  winged, 
panicle  lax,  dioecious:  fruit  glabrous.  Berries  green,  at  length  whitish.  Panicle 
few-flowered  compared  with  the  preceding  species.  Very  poisonous.  8 — 15  f.  ^. 
F.  P.  N.  C.  B.     Florida.     Mch. 

toxicodendron,  (poison  vine,  poison  ash.  W.  g.  Ju.  ^.)  rooting:  leaves  ternate;  leafets 
oval,  entire  or  sinuate-crenate;  racemes  on  the  brandies  and  axillary,  sessile, 
dioecious.  Var.  radicans,  (2)  (poison  ivy,  climbing  sumach)  stem  climbing  and 
rooting:  leafets  broad,  entire,  or  with  scattered  teeth.  Var.  quercifui'a,  (3)  (poison 
oak)  erect,  low:  leafets  variously  sinuate-lobed.  Var.  niicrocar/ia,  leafets  oblong- 
oval,  long-acuminate,  sub-rliombic:  fruit  very  small.  The  sap  of  this  species  is  an 
excellent  marking  ink  for  linen.     O.   W.  F.   V.  N.  T.  B.     Florida.  Mch. 

aromatica,  A.  (W.  y.  M.  h.)  leaves  trifoliate;  leafets  sessile,  gash-crenate,  pubescent 
beneath,  middle  one  rhombic,  lateral  ones  ihomb-ovate:  flowers  deposited  in  com- 
pact aments.     Small  shrub.     S.     P.   W.   O.   H.   N.     Canada. 

dicersiloba,  T.  &  G.  (  )  nearly  glabrous:    stem  scarcely  climbmg,  with  short  leafy 

branches:  leaves  3  to  5-foliolate;  leafets  very  obtuse,  in  the  pistillate  plant  slightly, 
in  the  staminate  rather  deeply  pinnately  lobed;  lobes  very  obtuse,  the  incisions 
acute:  panicles  axillary,  racemose:  drupes  sub-globose.     Oregon. 

trilobata,  N.  (  )  leaves  glabrous,  small;  lateral  leafets  obovate,  obtuse,  3-lobed  at 
the  apex  or  nearly  entire;  terminal  leafet  cuneiform,  3-lobed  at  the  summit,  the 
middle  lobe  sometimes  3-toothed.     Rocky  Mts. 

Exotic. 

coZi'nws,  (false  fringe  tree,  aaron's  beard,  p-g.  Ju.  T^.)  leaves  simple,  obovate  and 
ovate:  panicle  racemes  plumose.  A  small  tree  with  very  minute  flowers  supported 
on  capillary,  downy,  or  hairy  peduncles.  Indigenous  to  Siberia,  Austria,  and 
Lombardy. 

Southern. 

pumila,   Mx.   (Ju.  \>.)  low:  branches  and  petioles   pubescent:    leafets  oval,   gash- 
toothed,  tomentose  beneath:  fruit  silky  and  downy.     Poisonous.     If. 
laurina,  N.  (         )  very  glabrous:  leaves  elliptical  or  elliptic-ovate,  obtuse  or  emargi- 


Rhodora.     Gr.  rodon,  a  rose,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers. 
Rhus.     Gr.  rous,  sumach,  from  Celtic  rhudd  or  rud,  red,  from  the  color  of  the  fruit. 
(1)  venenata,   Dc.         (2)  Made  a  distinct  species  by  L.  also  by  Dc. ;  but  this 
species  is  too  variable  to  be  divided  hastily.        (3)  lobata,  Dc. 


kHUS,    RHYNCHOSPORA.  393 

tiate,  often  mucronate,  on  rather  long  petioles:  panicles  crowded:  stamens  5: 
filaments  very  short.     California. 

RInjnchosia,  Phaseolus. 

3 — 1.     Rhynchos'pora.*  (1)    9.     Cype.  fod.  ton — . 

alba,  {W.  Ju.  2i.)  spike  corymb-fascicled;  culm  triangular  above:  leaves  setaceous: 
pericarp  somewhat  lenticular:  bristles  about  10.  12 — 18  i.  fif.  B.  C.  O.  N. 
Mch. 

fusca,  M.  (2)  (  )  culm  3-angled:  leaves  linear,  carinate:  fascicles  of  spikes  alter- 
nate, peduncled:  spikes  ovate:  glumes  ovate,  brown:  pericarp  ovate  with  an  acute 
black  tubercle.     2  f. 

glomerata,  (3)  (fal?e  bog-rush.  W.  J.  2X.)  spikes  corymb-fascicled,  remote,  in  pairs? 
culm  obtusely  triangular:  leaves  flat:  peiicarp  obovate-vvedgp-form  very  smooth, 
as  long  as  the  tubercle.     12—18  i.     .S?.     P.  C.   H.  N.   K.     Mch.   S— C. 

capillaceii,  T.  (Ju.  )  spikes  3 — .5,  nearly  terminal:  cul.^l  3-angled,  somewhat  leafy: 
leaves  setaceous:   pericarp  stipetl,  sub-rugose. 

sparsiij  Mx.  (Ju.  )  culm  3-angled,  leafy:  corymbs  axillary  and  terminal!,  compound,- 
lax:  peduncles  capillary:  pericarp  obovate,  rugose,  much  longer  than  the  tubercle. 
18  i.     S.     P.  Y.     S— C. 

cymosa,  W.  (4)  (Ju.  )  culm  3-angled,  leafy:  cymes  terminal  and  axillary:  terminal 
one  largest:  pericarp  round-ovate,  compressed,  transversely  rugose:  tubercle  coni- 
cal.    12-18  i.     &'. 

laxa^  Valil.  (5)  (W.  )  culm  3-angled:  corymbs  leafy,  decompound,  loose:  spike 
subulate:  pericarp  obovate,  pointed  with  the  long,  persistent  style.-  3^6  f.  S. 
S — C. 

torrcyana,   Gray.  (  )  culm  slender,  sub-terete:  leaves  setaceous:  panicle  corym- 

bose, somew-hat  few-flowered;  spikelets  ovate,  mostly  pedicellate:  nut  elliptic-oba 
vate,  compressed,  transversely  rugose:  bristles  hispid  upward,  shorter  than  the  nut: 
tubercle  compressed-conic;  base  as  broad  as  the  nut.     New  Jersey. 

macTnstachya.   T.   (  )  axillary  corymbs  sub-simple;   Ihe  terminal  ones  compound; 

upper  spikelets  densely  fascicled:  nut  obovate,  sn>ooth:  bristles  hispid  upwards,- 
twice  as  long  as  the  nut:  style  persistent,  nearly  four  times  the  length  of  the  nut- 
Massachusetts. 

gracilentii,  Gray.   (  )  culm  and  leaves  very  slender:  corymbs  small,  somewhat 

crowded;  terminal  ones  sub-sesile;  lateral  ones  exsertly  peduncled:  nut  smooth, 
ovate,  or  orbicular  ovate,  lens-form:  bristles  hispid  upward,  longer  than  the  nutJ 
tubercle  subulate,  dilated  at  the  base,  nearly  equalling  the  nut.  iVew  Jersev  New 
York,   N-C.  ^' 

cephnlant/ia,  Gray.  (  )  small  heads  axillary  and  terminal,  sub-globose,  many-flower- 
ed, often  in  pairs;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate:  nut  smooth,  orbicular-obovate,  len- 
ticular, somewhat  margined,  attenuate  at  the  base,  equalling  the  subulate  tuberclei 
bristles  hispid  upward  or  backwards,  twice  as  long  as  ihe  nut.     S.     New  Jersey. 

Sout/iern. 

veriflora,  Mx.  (6)  (M.  Zf.)  culm  and  leaves  setaceous:  panicle  loose,  few-flowered: 
pericarp  obovate,  rugose:  bristles  as  long  as  the  seed.     1  f. 

inexpnnsa,  Mx.  (Ju.  )  culm  obscurely  3-angled:  panicles  remote,  pendulous:  peri- 
carp oblong,  rugose:  bristles  scabrous,  twice  as  long  as  the  seed.     2  f.     S C. 

fascicularis,  Mx.  (  )  flowers  fascisled,  lateral  and  terminal:  bracts  short:  spikelets 

oblong:  scales  mucronate;  bristles  twice  as  long  as  the  smooth  pericarp, 

distans,  Mx.  (Ju.  )  culm  3-angled:  fascicles  of  flowers  distant:  pericarp  lenticular 
slightly  furrowed:   bristles  setaceous.     12 — 20  i.     S — C. 

ciliata,  Vahl.  (  2i.)  spike  corymb-fascicled,  terminal:  bracts,  and  leaves  obtusish, 
ciliate. 

plumoso.,  E.  (Ju.  )  culm  slender,  3-angled:  leaves  linear:  flowers  terminal,  crowded: 
bracts  awned:  bristles  feathered.     8 — 12  i. 


Rhynchospora.    Gr.  runchos,  the  beak  of  a  bird,  and  spora,  seed,  the  permanent  style 

forming  a  beak  to  the  seed. 

(1)  Schoenus,  L.  Mx.  W.  M.         (2)  alba,  van  fusca,  Ph.  (3)  capitellata,  E. 

(4)  Scirpus  polyphyllus,  Ph.  (5)  longirostis,  E.  (6)  raicrantha,  Vahl. 

*  Dr.  Asa  Gray  has  greatly  improved  this  genus. 
50 


394  RHVNCHOSPORA,    RIBES. 

punctata,  E.  (  )  fascicles  lateral  and  terminal,  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the 
culm:  pericarp  rugose,  dotted.     1 — 2  f. 

caduca,  E.  (Ju.  )  culm  S-angled:  panicles  axillary,  erect:  spikelets  clustered,  ses- 
sile:  pericarp  lenticular,  rugose:  bristles  twice  as  long  as  the  seed. 

teres.  E.  (1)  (Ju.  )  culm  terete;  leaves  linear:  panicles  cyme-like:  floweres  crowd- 
ed:  pericarp  glabrous:   bristles  setaceous.     1 — 3  f. 

patula,  Gray.  (  )  culm  triquetrous,  slender  above:  corymbs  axillary  and  terminal, 
patulous,  lax-flowered;  spikelets  ovate:  nut  orbicular  or  orbicular-obovate,  com- 
pressed, transversely  rugose:   bristles  hispid  upwards,  as  long  as  the  nut.     Florida. 

microcarpa.  Bald.  (  )  culm  slender,    sub-triangular:  corymb    loose-flowered,   ex- 

sert  peduncled,  upper  ones  approximate:  bristles  fragile,  hispid  upwards,  scarcely  as 
long  as  the  nut:  nut  ovate,  compressed,  rugose.     Florida,  N — C. 

dodecandra,  Bald.  (  )  panicle  corymbose,  loose-flowered;  spikelets  ovate-lanceo- 
late: stamens  10 — 12:  nut-oblong,  smooth:  tubercle  short,  sub-hemispheric:  bristles 
hispid  upwards,  equalling  the  nut.     Florida. 

megalocarpa,  Gray.  (  )  hexandrous:  corymbs  loosely  flowered:  nut  ovate,  lens- 
form,  smooth,  at  length  black:  tubercle  obtuse,  conic,  confluent  with  the  nut: 
bristles  caducous,  hispid  upwards,  equalling  the  nut.     East  Florida. 

pycnocarpa,  G.   (  )  corymbs  sparse-flowered:   spikelets   turgid-ovate:  nut  smooth, 

ovate,  tumid;  apex  thickened,  larger  than  the  short  conic  tubercle:  bristles  10, 
caducous,  hispid  upwards,  nearly  equalling  the  nut.     N — C.     West  Florida. 

baldioinii,  Gray.   (  )  leaves  acute,    glaucous:  spikelets  ovate:   corymb  crowded, 

terminal:  nut  smooth,  ovate,  (Tr  sub-orbicular-ovate,  lenticular:  bristles  12,  hispid 
upwards,  equalling  the  nut.     Georgia. 

paniculata,    Gray.   (  )  culm   triquetrous:   panicles  numerous,  approximate,   often 

geminate;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  crowded  on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the 
panicles:  nut  smooth,  obovate,  lenticular:  tubercle  subulate,  equalling  the  nut: 
bristles  retrorse-hispid,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  nut.     La.  Florida. 

oligantka,  Gray.  (  )  culm    nearly  lealless,   filiform:    spikelets  very  few,  ovate-ob- 

long: bristles  hispid  upwards,  plumose  below  the  middle:  nut  obovate-oblong,  very 
minutely  roughened,  a  little  shorter  than  the  bristles:  tubercle  very  short,  conic. 
N— C. 

semi-plumosa,  Gray.  (  )  culm  subiterete:  leaves  and  bracts  setaceous:  spikes  ap- 
proximate at  the  summit  of  the  culm:  bristles  hispid  upwards,  plumose  below  the 
middle:  nut  ovate,  smooth  shorter  than  the  bristles:  tubercle  compressed-conic, 
nearly  equalling  the  nut.     New  Orleans. 

5—1.     Ri'bes.     85.     Gros.  f  ref.  gel. 
1 .     Currant-like.     Flowers  racemed. 

flo'ridum  W.  (2)  (wild  black  currant.  O.  M.  \.)  unarmed:  leaves  punctate  both 
sides:  racemes  pendant:  calyx  cylindric:  bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels.  3—4  f. 
S.     Mch. 

albinervium.  Mx.  (W.  A.  g-y.  M.  Tp.)  unarmed:  leaves  abbreviated,  acutely  lobed, 
smoothish:  nerves  white:  racemes  recurved:  berries  glabrous,  red.     D.     Mch. 

tri'fidum,  Mx.  (A.  y-g.  M.  ^.)  unarmed:  leaves  moderately  lobed,  glabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath:  racemes  lax,  pubescent:  flowers  flattish:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
about  3-cleft:  petals  spatulate,  obtuse:   berries    hirsute,  red.     P.     Canada.     iVlch. 

rigens,  Mx.  (mountain  currant.  A.  M.^.)  unarmed:  branches  straight:  leaves  acute- 
ly lobed  and  toothed,  reticulate-rugose,  pubescent  beneath:  racemes  lax;  becoming 
stiffly  erect:  berries  sub-hispid,  red,  erect.  P.  W.  Canada,  Wachuset,  Monad- 
nok.     White  Mts. 

elandiilosum  A.  (3)  (r-y.  M.  '^.)  unarmed:  branches  reclined-prostrate:  leaves 
lobed  smoothish;  younger  ones  pubescent:  racemes  sub-erect;  petals  deltoid: 
bracts  minute:  berry  hispid.  Most  of  the  plant,  particularly  the  calyx,  covered 
with  glandular  hairs.     2—3  f. 

Ribes.     An  ancient  Arabian  name,  of  uncertain  etymology. 

(1 )  cymosa,  E.  As  Elliott's  plant  differs  essentially  from  the  cymosa  of  M.,  it  be- 
comes necessary  to  give  it  another  name.  (2)  pennsylvanicum,  Lk.  recurva- 
turn,  Mx.         (3)  prostratum,  Hr. 


RIBES.  S95 

sanguineum,  Ph.  (W.  r-p.  Mar.  ^.)  unarmed;  leaves  cordate.  3  lobed,  serrate,  witli 
vein-like  lines,  glabrous  above,  sparingly  vvinte-tonientose  beneath:  racemes  lax, 
pubescent,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves:  calyx  tubular;  petals  oblong,  of  the  length 
of  the  calyx:  bracts  obovate-spatulate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels:  germs  liirsute. 

au'rcum,  Ph.  (VV.  y.  Ap.  ^.)  unarmed,  very  glabrous:  leaves  3-lobed;  lobes  divari- 
cate, with  a  few  gash-teeth,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  petiole  ciliate  at  the  base: 
raceme's  lax,  dense-tlowered:  calyx  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels;  tube  slender; 
divisions  oblong,  obtuse:  petals  linear,  half  as  long  as  tlie  divisions  of  the  calyx: 
bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicels:   berries  glabrous. 

laxiflorum,  Ph.  (1)  (W.  _y.  ^.)  unarnied:  leaves  cordate,  5-lobed,  gash-toothed,  trla- 
brous;  petioles  slender:  racemes  lax,  erect,  as  long  as  the  leaves:  bracts  subulate: 
pedicels  elongated:   calyx  bell-tubular;  berries  globose,  hispid. 

prostriitiim,  he  Herit.  (  )  unarmed:  leaves  deeply  cordate,  .5 — 7-lobed,  glabrous; 
lobes  acute,  doubly  cut-serrate,  naked  and  glabrous  both  sides:  racemes  slender, 
erect,  lax:  bracts  small,  obtuse,  many  times  shorter  than  the  glandular-setose 
pedicel:  calyx  wheel-form:  germ  and  berry  glandular-setose.  Berries  red.  Cana- 
da.    R.  A.  P. 

hracteosum,  Doug.  (  p-y.  )  unarmed,  leaves  longly  petioled,  cordate,  deeply  5 — 7- 
lobed;  lobes  acuminate,  doubly  gash-serrate,  finely  hispid  above,  resinous-punc- 
tate beneath:  racemes  often  terminal,  at  length  deHexed;  pedicels  erect-spreading, 
pubescent,  exceeding  the  spatulate  bracts:  calyx  rotate,  glabrous:  petals  minute, 
roundish:   germs  and  berries  resinous-punctate.     5 — 8  f     A.  R. 

hudsunianum,  Rich.  (  )  unarmed;   branches    erect:   leaves    three-lobed,    very  gla- 

brous above,  resinous-punctate  beneath;  leaves  and  petioles  villose:  racemes  erect, 
pubescent:  bracts  shoit;  divisions  of  the  campanulate  calyx  spreading,  villose: 
germs  punctate:  berries  globose,  glabrous,  black.  A  var.  has  the  racemes  longer: 
calyx  somewhat  glabrous.     R.   A. 

cereum,  Doug.  (  )  unarmed:  leaves  small,   cordate,  lobed,    serrate,    glandulous- 

pubescent,  glabrous,  glaucous,  white-glandulous  above:  racemes  pendulous,  sub- 
capitate,  3 — .5-flowered:  biacls  ovate,  appressed  to  tlie  glabrous  germ:  flowers  sub- 
sessile,  angular-cylindric:   divisions  of  the  calyx  small,  reflexed.     R. 

viscosissimum,  Ph.  (W.  y.  J.T>.)  unarmed,  wholly  viscid-pilose:  leaves  cordate,  obtuse- 
ly 3-lobed,  serrate;  racemes  erect,  short:  calyx  tubular:  petals  oblong:  bracts 
linear-spatulate,  half  as  long  as  tlie  pedicel:  germ  hirsute. 

teniiijiomm,    Lindl.  (  )  unarmed;   leaves  sub-rotund,    three-lobed,  mealy;  lobes 

obtusely  dentate  at  the  apex:  racemes  pendulous,  many-flowered:  calyx  tubular, 
glabrous,  colored,  longer  than  the  pedicel:  petals  very  entire,  half  as  long  as  the 
linear,  obtuse  divisions  of  the  calyx:  berry  glabrous.     R. 

2.     Gooseberry-like.     Peduncles  mostly  few-flowered,  rarely  sub-racemed. 

hirtellum,  Mx.  (W.  A.  g.  M.  ^.)  spines  small,  sub-axillary:  branches  sub-hispid: 
leaves  small,  semi-trifid;  lobes  sub-dentate;  peduncles  1-flovvered:  berries  glabrous, 
red.     5f.     W.  T.  P.     Canada. 

gracile,  Mx.  (2)  (M.  >?.)  spines  small,  sub-axillary:  leaves  petioled,  slender,  pubes- 
cent both  sides;  lobes  acute,  gash-toothed;  peduncles  capillary,  (filiform?)  about 
2-flowered;  calyx  bell-tubular:  berries  glabrous,  bluish,  purple.  2 — 3  f  <S.  P. 
W.  T.  N. 

triflorum,  W.  (wild  gooseberry.  A.  g.  M.  ^.)  spine  Sub-axillary:  leaves  glabrous, 
3 — .j-lobed,  gash-toothed;  peduncles  sub-3-floweied,  with  the  pedicels  elongated: 
bracts  very  short;  petals  spatulate,  undulate:  style  hirsute,  half  2  or  3-cleft,  ex- 
sert:   berries  glabrous,  pale-red.     3 — 4  f.     &'.     B.  N.  F.  V. 

02:?/fflC"n«/toif/es,  (smooth  gooseberry.  W.  M.  ^.)  the  large  sub-solitary  prickles  near 
the  buds,  the  smaller  ones  scattered:  leaves  glabrous,  with  toothed  lobes:  pedun- 
cles short,  about  2-flowered;   berries  glabrous.     3f     P.  C.     Canada. 

laciisiris.  P.  (3)  (swamp  gooseberry,  g-y.  M.  >!.)  sub-axillary  spines  few;  stem  every 
where  aculeate  hispid;  leaves  lobed  beyond  the  middle;  petioles  villose:  berriea 
somewhat  racemed,  hispid.     3—4  f     &.     C.  W.  N.  P.  V.  B.  O.     Canada. 

cynos'biUi,  Mx.  (prickly  gooseberry.  W.  g.  M.  h .)  sub-axillary  spines  about  in  pairs: 
leaves  short-lobed,    gash-toothed,  with   soft   pubescence:  racemes  nodding,    few- 


(1)  prostratum'  Le  Herit.        (2)  Synonymous  with  lacustrie,  Aikin.       (3)  oxy- 
canthoides,  Mx. 


396  RIBES,    RIVINA. 

flpwered:  calyx  erect,  bell-form:  berries  prickly,  dark  browrj.  T.  W.  P.  C.  Cats^ 
kill  Mts. 

spedosum,  (Ph.  W.  p.  >?.)  under  the  buds  3-plaited  prickly:  leaves  wedge-roundish, 
gash-crenate,  glabrous,  nerved,  paler  beneath,  siiort-petioled:  peduncles  about  3- 
flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  pedicels  and  germs  glandular-pilose:  calyx  tubular, 
longer  t^an  the  pedicels;   stamens  very  long,  exsert. 

rnenziesii,  Ph.  (W.  r.  p.  ^ .)  under  the  buds  3-plaited-prickly:  branches  very  hispid: 
leaves  truncate  at  the  base,  sub-5-lobed,  gash-toothed;  lateral  lobes  shortest,  to- 
mentose  beneath:  peduncles  about  2-flowered  equal  to  the  leaves:  calyx  tubular; 
limb  spreading:  stamens  as  long  as  the  calyx:  style  exsert:   berry  globose,  prickly. 

setosum,  Lindl.  (g.  )  branches  densely  setose:  piickles  unequal,  subulate:  leaves  sub- 
rotund,  cordate  at  the  base,  pubescent,  3 — 5-lobed,  deeply  crenate:  peduncles  two- 
flowered,  somewhat  bracted:  calyx  tubular-campanulate;  divisions  linear,  obtuse, 
spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  very  entire  petals.     Berries  hispid.     R. 

divaricaium,  Doug,  (g, )  branches  divaricate,  setose,  at  length  naked:  spines! — 3, 
axillary,  deflexed,  coarse:  leaves  sub-rotund,  3-lobed,  gash-toothed,  nerved,  glar 
brous:'peduncles  3-flowered,  nodding:  calyx  funnel-form;  divisions  at  length  spread- 
ing, twice  as  long  as  the   Ipbe:  style  and  stamens  exsert:  berries  glabrous.     A-  R? 

j,rrigunm.,  Doug.  (  g-  )  prickles  axillary,  in  tlirees:  leaves  cordate,  somewhat  5- 
lobed,  dentate,  ciliiite,  both  sides  pilose,  nerved:  peduncles  3-flowered,  glandulous- 
pilose:  calyx  campanulate;  divisions  linear,  equalling  the  tube:  berries  glabrous. 
A. 

saxosum,  H.  (I)  (  g.  )  stem  unarmed,  rarely  aculeate:  spines  none,  solitary  or  in 
pairs:  leave?  cordate,  5-lobed,  serrate,  sub-glabrous:  peduncles  very  short,  deflexed, 
1 — 2-rtowered:  tube  of  the  glabrous  calyx  campanulate;  divisions  spreading,  at 
length  reflexed,  twice  ^.s  long  as  the  cqrol,  about  equalling  the  stamens:  germ 
naked.     R.  A. 

fubrum,  (currant,  g.  M.  ^'.)  unarmed:  racemes  glabrous,  nodding:  corol  flat;  petals 
obcordate:  leaves  obtusely  5-Jobed:  stem  ej-ect.     Berries  red.     2 — 4  f.     R. 

Exotic. 

nigrum,  (blackcurrant,  g.  M.  Tj.)  unarmed:  leaves  punctate  beneath:  racemes  lax: 
flowerg  bell-form:  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels.     Berries  black.     3 — 5  f. 

grossula' ria,  (english  gooseberry,  g.  M.  p.)  branches  prickly:  petioles  hairy:  bracts 
2-leayed:  berry  glabrous  or  hirsute.     2 — 4  f. 

uva'crispa,  (smooth  gooseberry,  g.  M.  fp.)  branches  prickly:  berry  glabrous:  pedi» 
eels  with  1 -leaved  bracts.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  grossularia. 

Southern. 

resinosum.  Ph.  (A.  g.  Ap.  >>.)  unarmed,  wholly  covered  with  resinous,  glandular 
hairs:  leaves  3 — 5-lobed,  roundish;  racemes  erect:  calyx  flattish:  petals  obtuse- 
rhomboid:  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels:   berries  hirsute. 

TOtuiLilifvLaim,  Mx.  (A.  >;.)  spines  sub-axillary;  leaves  roundish,  sub-pubescent; 
lobes  obtuse:  peduncles  1-flowered:  limb  of  the  calyx  tubular:  berries  glabrous. 

19 — 15.     Ri'ciNDs.     96.     Euph.  cat.  ast.  depb.  diu.  nar — .  jau. 
Exotic. 
communis,  (castor-oil  plant,  palma  christi.  ^.)  leaves  peltate,  palmate;  lobes  lanceo-- 
late,  serrate:  stem  with  hoary  mealiness.     4 — 6  f. 

4 — 1.     Rivi'na      29.     Phyt.  eme.  nar. 

laevis,  (  )  racemes  simple:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  flat:  stem  terete, 

Resenibles  Phytolacca  decandra.     <S. 

Southern, 
humilis,  P.  (     1^.)  racemes  simple:  flowers  tetrandrous:  leaves  pubescent. 


Ricinus.     Lat.  ricinvs,  a  tick;  its  seed  resembling  that  insect. 
|livina.     In  honor  of  the  great  German  botanist,  Rivinus. 
(1)  R.  triflorum,  Bw. 


ROBINIA,    ROSA.  S97 

16—10.     Robin'ia.    93.     Legu.  b.  bit-ton—. 

pseudo-acacia,  (locust  tree,  false  acacia.  A.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate,  with  a  termi- 
nal leafet:  stipules  thorny,  or  a  thorn,  racemes  pendant:  teelh  of  the  calyx  un- 
awned:  legumes  smooth.  Cultivated.  30—40  f.  -S.  N.  B.  F.  P.  T.  C.  O. 
Canada. 

S(Mthern. 

viscnsa,  (1)  (clammy  locust.  A.  Ju.  ^.)  racemes  witli  1-flowered  pedicels:  leaves 
pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leafet:  branches  and  legumes  will)  viscous  glands:  calyx 
acuminate.  Racemes  axillary,  dense-ilowered,  erect:  tiowers  approaching  from 
wliite  to  red.     Cultivated.     M.     S— C. 

hispida,  (2)  (rose  locust,  rose  acacia.  A.  Ap.  r.  2(.)  racemes  sub-axillary,  sub-erect: 
calyx  acuminate:  stem  mostly  unarmed;  most  of  the  plant  hispid:  leaves  pinnate, 
with  a  terminal  leafel:  leafets  round-oval,  mucronate,  sometimes  alternate.  Var. 
rosea,  branchlets  nearly  glabrous.     Cultivated.     3 — 6  f.     M.     S — C. 

5 — 1.     Rochel'ia.     (3)    43.     Bora.  ton.  exp. 

virginiana,  (W.  w-b.  J.  <^.)  pilose:  leaves  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  scabrous  above: 

racemes  divaricate:  fruit  densely  covered  with  hooked  bristles.      2  f.      S.      P.  C. 

T.  O.  F.     Mch.     M. 
lapjmlu,    (b.    Ju.    ^.)   hispid:    fruit   prickly,    bearded:    leaves   linear-oblong:    stem 

branched  above:   corollonger  than  the  calyx.     12 — 18  i.     O.  T.   M.     Mch. 
glomerata,  N.   (4)  (W.    w.    J.    $ .)   hirsute:    fruit    rugose:    leaves   linear-spatulate: 

spikes  peduncled,  axillary,  conglomerate,  bifid;  upper  ones  sessile:  divisions  of  the 

corol  entire.     6 — 12  i.     R. 
patens,  N.  (r.  J.  21-)  strigose-pilose:  leaves  oblong-linear,    obtusish:    stem  simple, 

nakedish:  flower-bearing  branches  spreading:  flowers  peduncled,  lax.     R. 

11—12.     Ro'sA.     92.     Rosa,  f  aro.  h.  ton. 

hlanda,  W.  (W.  Ju.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose,  and  with  the  peduncles  hispid: 
leafets  (7)  oblong,  sub-equally  serrate,  glabrous;  petioles  glabrous,  somewhat 
prickly:   branches  very  hispid-aculeate. 

parviflora,  W.  (5)  (wild  rose.  O.  r.  w.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  depressed-globose,  and 
with  the  peduncles  hispid:  petioles  pubescent,  sub-aculeate:  stem  glabrous:  prickles 
stipular,  straight:  leafets  lance-oval,  simply  serrate,  glabrous:  flowers  somewhat 
in  pairs.     Very  variable.     1 — 3  f.     S.     Mch. 

nitida,  W.  (r.  Ju.  \ .)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose:  peduncles  and  branches  hispid: 
petioles  sub-pilose,  unarmed;  leafets  (7)  lance-oblong,  both  sides  very  glabrous  and 
shining.     S. 

lucida,  Eh.  (W.  r.  Ju.  T?.)  tube  of  tjie  calyx  depressed-globose,  and  with  the  pe- 
duncles sub-hispid:  petioles  glabrous,  sub-aculeate:  stem  glabrous:  prickles  stipu- 
lar, straight:  leafets  lance-ovate,  obtusish,  coarsely  serrate,  glabrous,  shining: 
flowers  somewhat  in  pairs:  divisions  of  the  calyx  entire.  4 — G  f. 

S.       P.    Y.    W.  : 

gemella,  VV.  (r.  Ju.  T:.)  tube  of  the  calyx  depressed-globose,  and  with  the  pedun- 
cles glabrous:  flowers  somewhat  in  pairs:  leaves  oblong,  acute,  opake;  petioles 
and  veins  pubescent  beneath:  prickles  uncinate,  the  cauline  ones  in  pairs  below 
the  axils.     P.  Y.  D.  K. 

Carolina.  (6)  (swamp  rose.  O.  r-w.  Ju.  Tj.)  germs  globose:  germs  and  peduncles  a 
little  hispid,  or  glabrous:  petioles  hairy  and  a  little  prickly;  stem  glabrous:  prickles 
stipular,  sub-uncinale:  leafets  5  or  7,  oblong-oval  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute, 
sharply  serrate,  glaucous  beneath:  flowers  solitary  or  corymbed.     3 — 6  f     Mch. 

sahifolia,  Br.  (climbing  rose.  W.  r.  Ju.  >>.)  tube  of  the  calyx  sub-globose:  and  with 

Robinia.     In  honor  of  John  Robin,  botanist  to  Louis  XIV. 

Rochelia.     In  honor  of  Danl.  De  la  Roche. 

Rosa.     Lat.  rose.     From  Celtic,  rhos,  or  rliudd,  red;  slluding  to  the  prevailing  color 

of  the  flower. 

(1)  glutinosa,  C.  (2)  montana,  Bartram.  rosea,  Du  Hamel.  (3)  Myosotis,  L. 
(4)  Cynoglossum,  Ph.  Myosotis,  N.  (5)  Carolina,  Mx.  (6)  pennsylvanica,  Mx. 
corymbosa,  Eh.  In  G.  Britain  there  are  16  native  species,  43  exotic,  45  peimament 
varieties,  and  325  gardener's  varieties  of  the  rose. 


398  ROSA. 

the  peduncles  glandular-hispid:  stem  smooth;  prickles  short,  solitary,  unci- 
nate: leaves  petioled,  ternate;  leafets  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  glabrous  above,  white- 
downy  beneath:  divisions  of  the  calyx  viscid-pilose:  flowers  corymbed.  6 — 8  f. 
S.     K.  Mch. 

rubiginosa,  (1)  (sweet-briar,  eglantine.  W.  r.  J.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate:  pedun- 
cles and  petioles  glandular-hispid:  peti#les  somewhat  prickly:  stem  glabrous: 
prickles  scattered,  hooked,  slender:  leafets  (5  or  7)  ovate,  serrate,  sub-glandular 
beneath.     3— 10  f.     S.     T.  Y.  C.  P.  N.  B.  O.  F. 

micrantfia,  S.  (r-w.  J.  Tp .)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  v.ith  the  peduncles  somewhat 
hispid:  prickles  hooked:  leafets  ovate,  acute,  with  reddish  glands  beneath.  Re- 
sembles the  last  in  the  odor  of  its  leaves.     4 — 8  f.     B. 

sayi,  Sz.  (VV.  h.)  tube  of  the  calyx  oblong-ovate,  smooth;  divisions  of  the  calj'x 
persistent,  erect,  spreading  at  the  summit,  villous,  longer  than  the  tube:  peduncles 
rigid,  smooth  or  sub-glandular-hispid;  petioles  villous  and  prick'y  underneath: 
leafets  (7)  ovate,  sessile,  deeply  serrate,  smooth  above,  glaucous-villose  beneath: 
stipules  clasping  glandular-villose:  younger  branches  aculeate  hispid. 

looodsii,  Lindl.  (         )  stipules  and  sepals  connivent:  leafets  oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous. 

A  var.  has  the  leaves  downy  beneath.     A. 
fraxinfiolia,  Lindl.  (,         )  higher,   unarmed:   branches  stiffly  erect,  becoming  glau- 
cous; leafets  opake,  undulate,  not  hairy.     R. 

mujalis,  Lindl.  (  )  lower,  grayish:  branches  stiffly-erect,  colored;  prickles  scat- 
tered, somewhat  equal:  stipulee  linear:  leafets  oblongs  flat,  beneath  glaucous, 
tomentose.     A. 

stricta,  Lindl.  (  )  very  branching;  branchlets  unarmed:  fruit  elongated,  pendulous. 
A  var.  has  the  leaves  pubescent  beneath.     R.  A. 

Exotic. 

canina,  (dog  rose.  Tp.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  with  the  peduncles  glabrous:  stem 
and  petioles  piickly:  leaves  ovate,  glabrous. 

gallica,  (french  rose,  common  rose.  r.  J.  \ .)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  with  the 
peduncles  hispid:  stem  and  petioles  hispid-prickly.  Sometimes  the  colors  are 
variegated. 

damascma,  (damask  rose.  w.  r.  J.  T:.)  calyx  half-pinnate:  tube  ovate,  turgid,  (thick- 
ened near  its  top,)  bristly:  stem  and  petioles  prickly:  leafets  ovate,  pointed,  downy 
beneath. 

musco'sa,  (moss  rose.  r.  Au.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate:  calyx,  peduncles,  petioles 
and  branches  hispid,  glandular-viscid,  (mossy-like:)  spines  of  the  branches  scat- 
tered, straight. 

woschaia,  (mask  rose,  fp .)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  with  the  peduncles  villose: 
stem  and  petioles  prickly:  leafets  oblong,  acuminate,  glabrous:  panicle  many- 
flowered. 

burgundiaca,  (burgundy  rose.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  sub-globose,  and  with  the  pedun- 
cles hispid:  leafets  ovate,  pubescent  beneath:  corol  small,  full,  fleshy-white:  disk 
obscure.  Var.  provinciulis,  has  scattered  reflexed  prickles  on  the  branches,  and 
glandular  serratures. 

semperflorens,  (monthly  rose.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate-oblong,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  and  with  the  peduncles  hispid:  stem  prickly:  flowers  in  erect  corymbs. 
Resembles  dam/iscciui. 

alba,  (white  rose.  w.  J.  fp .)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  glabrous  or  hispid:  stem  and 
petioles  prickly:  leafets  ovate,  villose  beneath. 

pimpinellifulm,  (burnet  rose.  r.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose,  and  with  the  peduncles 
glabrous:  stem  with  scattered  straight  prickles;  leaves  obtuse,  petioles  scabrous. 
Very  small. 

centifolia,  (hundred-leaved  rose.  r.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  with  the  pedun- 
cles hispid:  stem  hispid,  prickly:  leaves  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  unarmed. 

cinnamo'mea,  (cinnamon  rose.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose,  and  with  the  peduncles 
glabrous;  stem  with  stipular  prickles:  petioles  somewhat  unarmed;  leafets  oblong. 
R.  majalis.     Stem  brown-cinnamon  color. 

muUiflora,  (japan  rose.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  and  with  the  peduncles  unarmed, 
villose:  stem  and  petioles  prickly.  Branches  generally  purple:  leafets  ovate:  flowers 
small,  panicled. 


(1)  suaveolens,  Ph. 


ROSA,    RUBUS.  399 

spinosissima,  (scotch  rose.  ^.)  lube  of  the  calyx  globose,  glabrous:  peduncles  hispid: 
stem  and  petioles  very  Jiispid.     Var.  scolici,  is  smaller. 

/)ar?'j/b/(V/,,  (sniall-ieaf  rose.  \  .)  small:  tube  of  the  calyx  ovate,  sub-glabrous:  pedun- 
cles glandular:  stem  and  petioles  with  slender  prickles;  leafets  rugose,  a  little 
viUose  beneath,  ovate,  glandular-serrate. 

Suvthern. 

setigc'i-d,  Mx.  (.J.  ^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose:  petioles  and  veins  prickly:  branches 
glabrous:  prickles  in  pairs  and  scattered:  divisions  3  to  5,  acuminate,  glabrous: 
leafets  of  the  calyx  fringed  with  bristles.     5 — S  f 

lutcscens.  Ph.  (y-w.  J.  f^.)  tube  of  the  calyx  globose,  and  with  the  peduncles  glab- 
rous: branches  hispid-spiny:  leafets  (7)  glabrous,  oval,  acuminate-serrate;  petioles 
unarmed:  flowers  solitary:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  cuspidate:  petals  oval, 
very  obtuse. 

lacrigata,  Mx.  (cherokee  rose.  w.  Ap.  \ .)  tube  of  the  calyx  oblong,  hispid:  leaves 
perennial,  ternate;  leafets  lanceolate,  serrate,  coriaceous,  lucid:  tiowers  solitary, 
terminal.     5—20  f. 

hjonii.  Ph.  (W.  r.  Ju.  h.)  tube  of  the  calyx  sub-globose,  nearly  glabrous:  peduncles 
hispid:  petioles  somewhat  prickly:  stem  glabrous:  prickles  scattered,  straight: 
leafets  (3  to  5),  ovate-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  sub-glabrous  above,  tomentose  be- 
neath: upper  ones  simple:  flowers  somewhat  in  threes:  stipules  linear;  divisions  of 
the  calyx  tomentose,  linear,  scarcely  gashed. 

pendulina,  W.  (thornless  rose.  r.  .1.  Tj .)  unarmed:  tube  of  the  calyx  oblong:  peduncles 
and  petioles  hispid:  stem  and  bianches  glabrous:  fruit  pendant.     Cultivated. 

2 — 1.     Rosmari'nus.     42.     Labi.  aro.  e-ole.  sto. 
Exotic, 
officinalis,  (rosemary,  fp .)   leaves,   some  green  both  sides;  others  whitish  beneath, 
linear;  margins  revolute. 

3 — 2.     Rottbol'lia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Souiheni. 

dimidiata,  Mx.?  (hard  grass.  L.  If.)  spike  compressed,  linear:  flowers  secund:  glumes 

2-flowered:  outer  floret  staminate;  inner  one  perfect.  Charleston,  S — C. 
ciliata,  N.  (L.  )  culm  erect,  tall:  spikes  terete,  long-peduncled:  flowers  pedicelled, 
secund:  pedicels  and  margins  of  the  rachis  villose:  glumes  and  paleas  each  2. 
3— 4f. 
rugosa,  N.  (L.  )  culm  erect:  spikes  cylindric,  solitary,  axillary,  approximate:  joints 
of  the  rachis  smooth,  nearly  semi-cylindric,  tumid:  outer  valve  of  the  perfect 
flower  transversely  rugose;  accessory  flowers  mostly  barren,  with  an  ernarginate 
pedicel. 

4—1.     Ru'bia.     57.     Stel.  dye.  ton.  diu. 

Exotic.  ^  ■ 

tincto'ria,  (madder.)  leaves  lanceolate,  about  in  sixes:  stem  prickly,  climbing.  Var. 
sylvestris,  lower  leaves  in  sixes;  upper  ones  in  fours  or  in  pairs. 

Southern, 
brorcnii,  Mx.   {y.  21.)  hispid;  leaves  in  fours,    oval:  peduncles  solitary,   1-flowered: 
stem  decumbent.     Berries  purple,  smooth,  Ph.     Carolina. 

11—12.     Ru'bus.     92.     Rosa.  ton.  f  ref  lax. 

ide'us,  (garden  raspberry.  W.  w.  M.  h.)  leaves  quinate-pinnate  and  ternate;  leafets 
rhomb-ovate,  acuminate;  downy  beneath;  petioles  channelled:  stem  prickly,  hispid: 

Rosmarinus.    Lat.  ros,  dew  and  mannus ^.-heloaging  to  the  sea  shore;  from  its  appear- 
ance and  habitation.  -     ' 
RotlboUia.     In  hotior  of  Dr.  Christian  Rottboll, "professor  of  botany  at  Copenhagen.  , 
Rubia.     Lat.  ruber,  red,  from  the  dye  obtained  from  its  roots. 
Rubus.     Lat.  ruber,  red,  from  Celtic  rub;  the  plant  presenting  a  red  hue. 


400  RUEUS. 

flowers  sub-panicled.  Var.  americanus,  bianchlets  nearly  glabrousi  stem  afid  pef-> 
tioles  tprete;  leaves  a}l  ternate:  pedicels  somewhat  prickly.  4 — 6  f.  S.  F. 
villasus,  (high  blackberry.  O.  w.  J.  h.)  pubescent,  hispid  and  prickly:  leaves  digi- 
tate, in  threes  or  fives;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  both  sides:  stem 
and  petioles  prickly;  calyx  short,  acuminate:  racemes  naked:  petals  lance-ovate. 
4— (if.     S.     Mcii. 

frondusus,  Bw.  (1)  (leafy  raspberry.  J.  Zf.)  stem  prickly,  erect:  leaves  ternate  or 
quinate,  pubescent,  simple:   racemes  leafy:   petals  orbicular.  3 — 6  f.     B.  C.     Mch. 

strigosus,  Ms.  (2)  (red  raspberry.  O.  w.  J.  h.)  unarmed,  rigidly  hispid:  leafets  3,  or 
pinnate-quinate,  oval,  at  the  base  obtuse,  acuminate,  marked  with  lines,  and  white- 
downy  beneath;   terminal  one  often  sub-cordate.     Fruit  red,  sweet.     Mch. 

setosus,  Bw.  (bristly  raspberry,  w-r  J.  2/.)  stem  erect,  reclining,  rigidly  hispid:  leaves 
ternate  or  quinate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides.     B. 

cuncifoliiis,  Ph.  (w.  J.  ^.)  brandies,  petioles  and  peduncles,  downy,  with  recurved 
prickles:  leaves  digitate,  in  tiirees  or  fives;  leafets  wedge-obovate,  unequally 
toothed  above,  plaited,  downy  beneath:  racemes  terminal,  panicled:  pedicels  1- 
flowered.     S.     P.   Y.   T. 

canadensis,  (3)  (J.  h.)  a  little  glabrous:  leaves  digitate,  in  tens,  fives  and  threes; 
leafets  lanceolate,  naked  both  sides,  sharply  serrate:  stem  unarmed;  bracts  lanceo- 
late.    Stem  purple.     C.  N.     Canada. 

occidental'is,  (black  raspberry,  thimble  berry.  0.  w.  g-  ^O  branches  and  petioles 
glaucous  and  prickly;  leaves  ternate,  oval,  acuminate,  sub-lobate  and  doubly  ser- 
rate, white-downy  beneath;   petioles  terete:   prickles  recurved.     4 — 8  f.     iS.    Mch. 

hispidus,  (w.  J.  h.)  sarmentose-procuinbent:  stem,  petioles  and  peduncles  very  his- 
pid, with  rigid  bristles:  leaves  ternate,  gash-serrate,  naked,  middle  one  peduncled. 
P.  O.  D.     Canada.     Mch. 

trimal'ls,  A.  (4)  (creeping  blackberry,  dew-beriy.  O.  w.  J.  >■.)  sar.mentose-procum- 
bent:  petioles  and  peduncles  aculeate-hispid,  with  the  prickles  recurved:  stipules 
subulate:  leaves  ternate  or  quinate,  oblong-oval,  acute,  unequally  serrate,  sub- 
pubescent:  pedicels  solitary  elongated.  Y a.r.  Jlagdlaris,  has  orbicular  petals,  and 
small  smooth  leaves.     S.     Mcii. 

inermis,  W.  (  ^.)stem,  petioles  and  peduncles  unarmed:  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  acute, 
unequally  serrate,  tomentose  beneath;  lateral  leafets  somewhat  gashed:  stipules 
setaceous-subulate. 

spectabUis,  Ph.  ( VV.  M.  ^.)  unarmed,  glabrous:  leaves  ternate,  ovate,  acute,  unequal- 
ly and  doubly  serrate,  pubescent  beneath:  peduncles  terminal,  1-flowered,  solitary: 
petals  ovate. 

odora'tiis,  M.t.  (flowering  raspberry,  wild  mulberry.  Wr.  J.  Tp.)  unarmed,  erect, 
viscid  hispid:  leaves  simple,  acutely  3  or  5-lobed:  corymbs  terminal,  spreading. 
Flowers  large;  berries  rather  dry  and  thin.     3— .5  f.     S.     T.  C.  O.   i\.  V.     Mch. 

nutkanus,  Lindl.  (  w.     )  stem  fruticose,  erect,  flexuous,  stoloniferous,  glandulous 

pilose  at  the  apex,  nakedish  at  the  base:  leaves  .5-lobed,  unequally  dentate:  corymb 
simple:  calyx  somewhat  unarmed  cuspidate:  divisions  of  the  corol  equal:  stipules 
connate,  persistent.     Fruit  red,  insipid.     4 — 10  f.     A.   R. 

saxat'iL'is,  (5)  (brier  herb,  rock  blackberry,  w.  J.  2X-)  herbaceous,  pubescent:  stem 
creeping:  leaves  ternate,  rhombic,  acute,  gash-toothed,  naked;  terminal  one  pe- 
tioled:  Howers  somewhat  in  threes;  peduncles  elongated.     S.     O.   D.     Mch. 

obovalis,  }Ax..  (M.  21- )  stem  becoming  a  little  woody,  hispid,  with  stiff" hairs;  leaves 
ternate,  round-obovate,  serrate,  naked:  stipules  setaceous:  racemes  sub-corymbed, 
few-flowered:  bracts  ovate:   pedicels  elongated.     2 — 4  f.      S.     Y.  N.  P. 

sempervi'reiis,  Bw.  (w.  J.  ^.)  stem  procumbent,  covered  with  minute  prickles:  leaves 
ternate,  obovate,  serrate,  shining,   evergreen.     B.  T. 

arcticus,  W.  (r.  J.  2i-)  herbaceous,  small:  stem  unarmed,  about  1-flowered:  leaves  ter- 
nate, glabrous,  obtusely  serrate:   petals  roundish,  emarginate.     Labrador. 

acavlis,  Mx.  (6)  (W.  Ju.  1{.)  herbaceous,  small:  stem  unarmed,  1-flowered:  leaves 
ternate,  glabrous,  sharply  serrate:  petals  oblong,  entire:  styles  approximate. 
Canada. 


(1)  Var.  of  villosus?  Aikin.  (2)  pennsylvanlcus,  Lk.  (3)  triflorus.  Rich. 
(4)  procumbens,  M.     flagellaris,  W. 

(5)  Synonymous  with  canadensis,  Aikin.  triflorus,  Pich.  thus  described — unarm- 
ed: stem  erect,  herbaceous  with  fiuticose  runners,  cauliferous:  leaves  ternate,  rarely 
5-pedate,  acutely  serrate:  stipules  obovate:  panicle  about  5-flowered,  glandulous. 
Canada.     Lake  Huron.     R.  A.  (6)  pistillatus,  S. 


RUBUS,   rudbeckU.  401 

stellatus,  W.  (W.  p;  2i-)  herbaceous,  small:  stem  unarmed,  erect,  1-flowered:  leaves 
simple,  cordate,  3-lobed,  rugose-veined:   petals  lanceolate. 

pedatus,  S.  (W.  w?  2S-)  lierbaoeous,  small,  creeping:  leaves  pedate-quinate,  gashed: 
peduncles  filiforin,  bracled  in  the  middle:   calyx  nearly  glabrous,  reflexed. 

chainxinoriis,  (cloud-berry.  A.  w.  J.  Zf.)  herbaceous,  small:  stem  unarmed,  1-flower- 
ed, erect:   leaves  simple,  sub-reniforrn,  round-lobed:   petals  oblong.     Canada. 

parvijiorus,  N.  (W.  w.  Tp .)  shrubby,  unarmed:  leave.s  simple,  palmate-lobed:  peduri- 
cles  2  or  3-flowered:  flowers  small:  segments  of  the  calyx  villose,  ovate,  abruptly 
acuminate:   petals  oblong-ovate.     D.     JVlch. 

ddiciosvs,  T.  ( VV.  p.  h .)  stem  fruticose,  very  branching,  unarmed  branches  and 
petioles  pubescent:  leaves  simple,  round-cordate,  shortly  3— 5-lobed,  villose-pu- 
bescent,  rugose:  bracts  lanceolate,  1-tootlied:  flowers  sub-corymbed,  terminal; 
divisions  of  the  calyx  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  leafy  at  the  apex,  shorter  tlian  the 
petals. 

macropetalus,  Doug.  (     w.  )  hirsute:    Stem  high,  fruticose;  branches  angled, 

slender,  elongated:  petioles  ribbed,  peduncles  and  calyx  aculeate-setaceous  beneath: 
leaves  trifoliate;  leafets  ovate,  gash-lobed,  serrate,  membranaceous;  terminal  one; 
larger,  longly  petioledj  lateral  ones  shorter-petioled:  stipules  lanceolate:  peduncles 
2- (lowered:  segments  of  the  calyx  longly  acuminate,  somewhat  equalling  the  ob- 
long petals.     A.  R. 

menzicsii,  H.  (  r.  )  stem  procumbent,  terete,  aculeate,  glabrous;  branches  short, 
pube.scent-tomentOse,  aculeate:  leaves  trifoliate;  leafets  broad-ovate,  sub-lobed,  un- 
equally serrate,  short-petioled,  hirsute  above,  pale  and  very  hiisute  beneath:  pani- 
cles terminal,  few  flowered:  pedicels  and  calyx  aculeate:  segments  of  the  calyx 
ovate,  acute,  mucronate,  tomentose,  shorter  than  the  corol.     A. 

subcrect.iis,  And.  (  )  somewhat  glabrous,  stem  sub-erect,  angled,  aculeate:  prickles 

scattered,  uniform:  leaves  with  3 — 5-leafets:  panicle  lax,  tew-flowered:  segments 
of  the'  calyx  ovate,  very  acuminate,  margin  chiefly  pubescent;  D.  A.  JNewfound- 
land. 

nivalis,  Doug.  (  r?)  small,  becoming  fruticose:  leaves  cordate-3-lobed,  sharply 
dentate,  glabrous,  nerves  and  petioles  recurveaculeate:  stipules  ovate,  acute: 
peduncles  short,  2-flowered;  divisions  lanceolate,  pilose.  Fruit  red.  6  i.  On  R; 
Mts. 

itiucronafus,  Ser.  (  )  stem  herbaceous,  pilose,  unarmed:  leaves  ternate-palmate, 

unitbrin  colored,  pilose;  leafets  rhomboid,  acute,  serrate:  stipules  lance-ovate, 
acuminate:  flowers  terminal,  in  pairs:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute'j 
slightly  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  coTol.     Newfoundland. 

17 — 3.     Rcdbeck'ia.     55.     Heli.  s.  ole.  sto. 

purpurea^  W.  (W<  A.  p.  Ju.  If.)  rough:  lower  leaves  broad-ovate,  tapering  to  the 
base,  remotely  toothed;  cauline  leaves  lance-ovate  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sub- 
entire:   rays  long,  pendant,  2-cleft.     3— 5  f     S.     P.     Mch.     S— C. 

discolor,  Ph.  (W.  y.  &  p.  Au.  Z[.)  branches  corymbed,  1-flowered:  peduncles  naked, 
elongated:  leaves  lanceolate,  strigose-pilose:  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute: 
petals  lanceolate,  entire,  two-colored,  as  long  as  the  involucre.  2  f  .Si.  D. 
fulguLa,  (W.  A.  p.  Au.  11.)  stent  hispid:  branches  wand-like,  elongated,  1-flowered; 
leaves  lance-oblong,  denticplate,  hispid,  narrow  at  the  base,  sub-cordate:  involucre 
leafy,  about  equalling  the  ray:  disk  hemispheric,  with  lanceolate  chaff".  2 — 3  fl- 
S.     P. 

hirta,  (W.  y.  &  p.  Ju.  21.)  very  hirsute:  stem  wand-like,  sub-ramose,  l-flowered: 
peduncles  naked:  leaves  ovate-spatulate,  3-nerved,  serrate,  rough-haired:  scales 
of  the  involucre  imbricate  in  a  triple  series,  shorter  than  the  ray:  chaff"  ob- 
long, acute.  2—3  f.  -S.  P.  C.  M.  D.  Charleston,  S— C.  Florida.  Toronto. 
Mch. 

triloba,  (W.  A.  y.  &  p.  Au.  2X.)  pilose-hispid:  stem  panicled;  branches  divaricate, 
many-flowered,  leafy:  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  serrate;  lower 
ones  3-lobed:   leafets  of  the  involucre  linear,  deflexed.     4 — 5  f.     S.     P. 

laciniata,  (cone-flower,  cone-disk  sunflower.  O.  y.  Au.  21.)  lower  leaves  pinnate: 
leafets  3-lobed;  upper  ones  ovate,  erectj  crenate:  stem  glabrous.  Damp.  5 — 10  fl 
S.     M.     Mch. 

Rudbeckia.     In  honor  of  the  Rudbecks,  father  and  son,  predecessors  of  Linneus. 
51 


402  RUDBECKIA. 

digitaUi,  (W.  y.  Au.  21.)  lower  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  pinnatifid;  upper  ones  simply 

pinnate;  top  ones  o-cleft:  egret  crenate:  stem   smooth.     4 — 8  f.     S.     P.  D. 
pinnata,   .Mx.   (1)  (W.  y.  &p.  Ju.  21.)  leaves   all  pinnate;   one  or  more  of  the  lower 

leafets   2-parted,    the    rest   undivided;    egret   entire;    stem   furrowed,   hispid.     P. 

Mch.  ' 

glubosa,  N.  (  }-.         2{.)  scabrous;  small;  ramose;  leaves  sub-sessile,  trifid;  cauline 

ones  quinate-pinnatifid;  divisions   very   narrow,   very  entire:  flowers  sub-sessile, 

roundish;  rays  very  short,  reflexed.     9  i.     R. 

Southern. 

umplezifolui,  W.  (W.  y.  Au.  #.)  glabrous:  leaves  lance-oblong,  cordate,  clasping; 
lower  ones  serrate:  disk  cylindric- conical. 

laemsa.ta,  Ph.  (y.  ZX.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  2- 
nerved,  sparingly  toqthed:  scales  of  the,  involucre  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the 
ray.  '  ''  ■ 

spatulatUfV/.  (A.  Au.  $.)  slender,  pubescent:  stem  1-flowered:  leaves  obovate  spatu- 
late,  entire:  involucre  spreading,  imbjicate:  ray  tlorets  3-toothed. 

ariituia.  Ph.  (y. )  stem  hispid;  branches  long',  corymbed,,  l-flowered:  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  serrate,  hispid:  disk  sub-iiemispheric:  chaiF  of  the  egret  subulate,  awned. 
Does  this  belong  to  this  genus.?     Elliott. 

radula,  Ph.  (2)  {$.)  stem  hispid  below,  nakedish  and  glabrous  above:  peduncles  very 
long,  1-flowered:  leaves  ovat^  attenuate,  tuberculate-hispid;  involucre  imbricate; 
scales  ovate,  acuminate,  ciliate.  • 

subtonieniosa,  Pli.  (A.  Au.  2|.)  short  pubescent,  sub-tomentose:  branches  erect,  many 
flowered:  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute,  sub-serrate;  lower  ones  3-lobed:  scales  of  the 
involucre  incumbent,  shorter  than  the  rays.- 

columnaris.  Ph.  (W.  r.  .Tu.  21.)  leaves  pinnatifid;  leafets  lanceolate,  outer  ones  gene- 
rally largest:  receptacles  elongated,  cylindrical,     if.  : 

gracilis,   N.  (  )   slender,    pubescent:   stem  1  to  3-flowered:    peduncles  elongated: 

leaves  spatulate-ovale,  remotely  denticulate:  involucre  spreading:  disk  conic. 

tomentosa,  E.  (y.  Au.  21.)  short-pubescent,  sub-tonientose:  branches  erect,  virgate: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  dee])ly  toothed  and  entire,  scabrous;  lower  ones  ternate: 
scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  deflected,  much  shorter  than  the  ray  florets. 
"  I  am  uncertain  whether  this  is  the  sub-tomentosa  of  Ph."     Elliott.     3 — 4  f 

mollis,  E.  (p.  S.  21.)  stem  hispid,  villous,  branching:  leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate, 
dentate,  soft-tomentose:  florets  of  the  ray  numerous,  thrice  as  long  as  the  invo- 
lucre.    2—3  f. 

pollida,  N.  (p-r.  2X.)  rough:  leaves  lance-linear,  very  longly  petioled,  sub-entire; 
upper  ones  sessile:  rays  very  long,  hanging  down,  two-toothed;  stem  elongated, 
1-flowered.     Arkansas. 

apetala,Y.  (  21.)  scabrous:  stem  elongated,  1-flowered,  very  pilose  at  the  base: 
rays  for  the  most  part  wanting:  leaves  radical,  sub-sessile,^  very  broadly  ovate, 
sub-rotund.     Alabama.     Georgia. 

nitida,  N.  (  21.)  very  glabrous:  stem  nakedish,  somewhat  one-flowered:  leaves 
coriaceous,  spatulate,  oblong,  sub-entire;  cauline  ones  few,  oblong,  sessile:  invo- 
lucre foiiaceous;  scales  oblong,  retuse,  reflexed  at  the  apex.     Georgia.     Florida. 

odorata,    N.   (y.  21.)   stem  leafy,    few-flonered:    leaves   petioled.   trifid,   hirsute, 

pubescent  beneath;  divisions  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate;  lower  ones  somewhat 
gashed:  involucre  squarrose:  receptacle  hemispheric.     Arkansas. 

alrorubciis,  N.  (r.  21-)  glabrous:  stem  elongated,  terete,  one-flowered:  leaves  narrow- 
lanceolate,  sub-linear,  entire,  attenuated  at  the  base,  longly  petioled,  scabrous  at 
the  margm:  rays  two-toothed:  chaffs  exsert,  lanceolate,  acute.  Arkansas, 
Georgia. 

serotina,  N.  (3*.  p.  21-)  hirsute,  scabrous:  stem  somewhat  one-flowered:  leaves  spatu- 
late-oblong,  sub-serrate,  somewhat  half-clasping;  lower  ones  petioled,  3-nerved, 
ovate:  divisions  of  the  involucre  lanceolate;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent, 
short;  rays  largish.     Arkansas,  Georgia. 

hicolor,  N.  (y.  b-r.  ^i.)  pilose,  sub-scabrous:  stem  somewhat  one-flowered:  leaves 
oblong,  sessile,  ra/ely  sub-serrate,  oblusish;  lower  ones  sub-ovate,  petioled:  divi- 
sions of  the  involucre  oblong;  scales  lanceolate,  hirsute:  rays  short,  bi-colored. 
18  i.     Arkansas. 

(1)  digitata,  W.  odorata,  S.         (2)  aspera,  P? 


RUELLIA,  RUMEX.  403 

.13—2.     Ruel'lia.     39.     Acan.  sto— .  diu. 

strepens,  (1)  (ruel.  W.  w.  p.  Ju.  Z[.)  erect:  leaves  ovate,  Jance-ovate  or  wedge-form, 
sliort-petioled,  entire  or  repand,  undulate,  sub-crliate  at  the  base,  smooth  or  sub- 
pilose  on  both  sides:  peduncles  axillary,  very  short,  about  3- flowered:  divisions  of 
tiie  calyx  linear,  rather  shorter  than  the  tube  of  ihe  corol,  scarcely  pilose:  corol 
sub-equal.     Very  variable.  .  6—24  i.     S.     P.  M.     Florida.     Mch.  S— C. 

Soii.thern. 

ciliosa,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  w.  p.  J.  2i.)  erect,  branching,  more  or  less  hirsute;  leaves  pe- 
tioled,  oval,  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish,  sometimes  cuneatc  or 
attenuated  into  the  petiole,  undulate,  entire  or  repand,  sub-ciliate:  peduncles  axil- 
lary, short  or  wanting,  1  to  3-flo\vered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  half  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corpl,  linear,  hispid,  ciliate  with  whitish  hairs:  corol  sub-equal. 
3—24  i.  ... 

tuhifloru,  Le  Conte.  (w.  21- )  erect,  somewhat  branching,  smoothish  or  hirsute:  leaves 
sub-sessile,  oblong,  repand  or  entire,  undulate:  peduncles  axillary,  short,  one- 
flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear,  (1  inch.J  one  third  the  length  of  the 
tube  of  the  corol:  corol  sub-equal,  pubescent. 

obloHgifulia,  Mx.  (VV.  b.  &  p.  Ju.  21.)  erect,  pubescent:  leaves  sub-entire,  oval  and 
obovate,  sub-sessile,  sub-undulatu:  peduncles  axillary,  very  short,  1  to  3-flowered: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corol,  united  at 
the  base  in  a  short  tube:  corol  sub-ringeut:  stamens  didynamous.  This  species 
difiers  from  the  preceding  sufficiently  lo  make  us  wonder  how  it  has  escaped  our 
new  genera  manufacturers.     Le  Conte. 

G— 3.     Ru'mex.     28.     Poly.  nut—.  lax. 

sansruineus,  (bloody  dock,  olcott  root.  W.  J.  2X-)  valves  entire,  oblong,  one  princi- 
pally bearing  the  grain-like  appendage:  leaves  heart-lanceolate.  2 — 3-f.     /S'.     P.  C. 

cri.«/>«s,( dock.'^O.  Ju.  ZI-)  viilves  of  the  calyx  ovate,  entire,  all  beaiing  grain-like 
appendages  on  their  backs:  leaves  lanceolate,  undulate,  acute.     2—3  f.     lis'.    Mch. 

verticillutus,  W.  (W.  J.  21-)  valves  entire,  all  bearing  grain-like  appendages:  spikes 
leafless,  with  the  flowers  half-whorled:  leaves  lanceolate,  sheathing:  stipules  cylin- 
dric.     2f.     S.     T.  V.  P.  C.  F.  N. 

britannkus,  (W.  J.  21.)  valves  entire,  all  bearing  grain-like  appendages:  spikes  of  the 
panicle  leafless:  sheathing  stipules  obsolete,  torn:  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  flat, 
smooth.     2—3  f.     S.     P.  Y.  T.  C.  B.  D.  O.     Peekskili.     Mch. 

pallidus,  Bw.  (white  dock.  J.  2i.)  valves  ovale,  entire,  harflly  larger  than  the  grain: 
spikes  slender:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute.     B. 

ohtusifuiius,  (O.  J.  21.)  valves  toothed,  one  principally  bearing  a  grain  like  appendage: 
radical  leaves  heart-oblong,  obtuse:  stem  a  little  scabrous.  Perhaps  introduceQ. 
2—4  f.     Mch. 

aquatiais,  (water  dock.  Ju.  21.)  valves  ovate,  entire,  bearing  obsolete  grains:  leaves 
heart-lanceolate,  acute.     3 — 4  f     &. 

aciitiis,  (W.  M.  1[.)  valves  oblong,  somewhat  toothed,  all  graniferous:  leaves  heart- 
oblong,  acuminate,  whorls  leafy.     Introduced,     2 — 3  f.     N. 

aceetosUtis,  (3)  (field  sorrel,  sheep  sorrel.  O.  g.  p.  M.  If.)  valves  without  grains: 
leaves  lance-hastate:  flowers  dioecious.     6 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 

alpi'nus,  (  )  polygamous:   valves  veined,  very  entire,  naked:   leaves  cordate,,  ob- 

tuse,  wrinkled,  large,  rhubarb-like.     New  Haven,  Ct. 

paucifoUus,  N.  (J.  K.)  flowers  dioecious:  stem  simple:  leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse, 
tapering  to  the  base,  petioled:  flowers  panicled.     14  i.     R. 

Exotic. 

pulcher,  (Ju.  2lC.)  valves  toothed;  one  conspicuously  graniferous:  radical  leaves  pan- 
duriform.     Naturalized. 

patientia,  (garden  dock,  patience.  2i.)  valves  entire;  one  of  them  bearing  u  grain- 
like appendage:  leaves  lance-ovate.     Naturalized. 


Ruellia.     In  honor  of  John  Ruelle,  a  French  physician  and  botanist. 
Rumex.     Lat.  rumcx,  sorrel  or  dock,  the  ancient  Roman  name. 

(1)  humislrata,  Mx.     hirsuta,  E.  {2)  hybrida,  Ph.  (3)  Lapathruni,  2a 

edition;  but  the  acetosus  and  patientia  seem  to  unite  the  two  genera. 


404  RUMEX,    SABBATIA. 

pcetosus,  (garden  sorrel.  Zf.)  stem  elongated:  leaves  oblong,  sagittate,  acute,  clasp- 
ing. 

Southern.  / 

persicarioides,  (W.  J.   0.)  vaWes  toothed,  each  bearing  a  grain:  leaves  lanceolate, 

undulate,  entire,  petioled.     6 — 12  i.     S — C. 
crispatulus,  Mx.  ( W. )  valves  obtusely  cordate,  all  crestfd,  3-toothed;  one  naked;  two 

unequally  graniferous:  spikes  leafless:  lower  leaves  oval;  upper  ones  lanceolate;  all 

undulate. 
penosus.  Ph.   (W.  Ap.  21-)  yalves  large,  heart-reniform,   entire,    net-veined:  leaves 

small,  lance-oval,   entire,  veined.     12  f. 
divarkatus?  (Ju.  21.)   valves   toothed,   each  bearing  a  grain:   leaves  cordate-oblong, 

obtuse,  pubescent.     1 — 2  f. 
hastaiuius,  Bald.  (Ap.  Zf.)  yalyes  round-cordate,  entire,  graniferous:  leaves  petioled, 

hastate-oblong;  auricles  entire,  obtuse.     Dioecious.     1 — 3  f. 

Rvmex,  Oxyria. 
4—4.     Rup'piA.     7.     Fluv.  ton—. 

■pmritima,  (sea  teasel- grass.  J.  Z[.)  floating:  leaves  pectinate,  obtuse:  flowers 
spiked.     P.  Y.  JB.  C. 

10—1.     Ri/ta.     81.     Rula.  acr.  stim-f . 
Exotic, 
graveolens,  (rue.    ^.)  leaves  more  than  decompound;  leafets  oblong;  terminal  one» 
oboyate:  petals  entire. 

s. 

6—3.     S  A 'bail.     11.     Palm.  nut.  ole. 

Soiifhern. 

pumila,  Wr.  (1)  {J'l.  ^.)  leaves  fan-form:  scape  panicled:  flowers  sub-sessile,  small. 

Berry  bluish-black.     4 — 6  f. 
minima,  N.    (  )  root  creeping:  stipe  somewhat  prickly,  rough:  fronds  palmate, 

plicate,  sub-7-cleft?     Fruit  brownish,  hirsute.     8  i. 

Sabal,  Chamaerops. 

.5 — 1.     Sabba'tia.     46.     Gent.  bit.  ton. 

gra'cilis,  Sy.  (2)  (W.  r.  Ju.  $.)  slender:  branches  lax,  elongated,  1-flowered:  leaves 
oval-linear:  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,  about  equalling  the  corol:  divisions  of  the 
corol  obovate:  stem  angular.     1  f.     8.     P.     S — C. 

stellaris,  Ph.  (3)  (r.  Au.  $ .)  erect:  branches  dichotomous,  elongated,  1-flowered: 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute:  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  corol: 
divisions  of  the  corol  obovate:   stem  terete.      12 — 18  i.     -S'.     Y.   F. 

annularis,  (american  centaury.  W.  p.  Au.  ^ .)  erect;  leaves  heart-ovate,  clasping: 
flowers  with  long  peduncles,  corymbed:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear:  stem 
with  4-margined  angles.     1—2  f.     R     P.   H.   M.     xMch.     S— C. 

pubjcosa,  Mx.  (r.  Au.  $.)  erect,  few-flowered:  leaves  oblong,  obtusish,  sessile: 
flowers  solitary,  about  7-parted:  calyx  leafy,  exceeding  the  corol;  divisions  lanceci 
late.     1  f.     S.     P.   Y. 

phloroides,  Mx.  (4)  (r.  Au.  ^.)  weak:  leaves  lanqeolate,  erect:  branches  few,  1- 
flowered:  flowers  7  to  13-parted:  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,    shorter  than  the 

Ruppia.  In  honor  of  Henry  Bernard  Ruppius,  of  Gottingen,  an  ardent  student  in 
the  study  of  botany. 

Ruta.  Probably  from  the  Gr.  rud,  to  preserve,  or  protect;  on  account  of  its  medi- 
cal qualities. 

Sabal.     A  name  of  barbarous  origin;   applied  by  Adanson. 

Sabbatia.     In  honor  of  Liberatus  Sabbati,  an  Italian  botanist. 

(1)  adansoni,  P.     Corypha,  Wr.     minor,  Jn.     Raphis  acaulis,  W.     Chamaerops, 

Mx.  (2)  campanulata,  L.  (3)  gracilis,  E.  (4)  Chlora  dodecandra,  L, 


SABBATIA,    SAGITTARIA.  40& 

divisions  of  the  corol.  Var.  erccta,  E.  stem  rigid,  erect:  leaves  linear:  corol  10- 
parted;  segments  lanceolate.  Var.  coriacea,  E.  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched: 
lower  leaves  sub-oval:  corol  thick,  coriaceous,  8-parted.  Var.  fleruosa,  E.  stem 
flexuous:  leaves  lance-linear:  corol  I'i-parted;  segments  long,  lanceolate:  stigmas 
revohite?     2—3  f.     -S'.     P.  Y.  B. 

corymbosti,  Bald.  (1)  )w.  Au.  2i-)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  closely  sessile:  stem  some- 
what angled:  flowers  corymbed:  divisions  of  the  cai/yx  subulate,  shorter  than  the 
corol.  Var.  anoiislifolia,  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear:  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corol.      1  f.     S.      Charleston,   S— C. 

panicHitita,  Mx.  (2)  (w.  Au.  ZT-)  very  branching:  panicle  diffuse:  leaves  lance- 
linear:  stem  sub-terete;  brandies  alternate.     1. — 2  f.     Y. 

Southern. 

brachiata,  E.  (r.  Ju.     )   leaves  lanceolate:  panicle  long;  brandies  brachiate,  about 

3-tlowered:  corol  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
gentianoidcs,  E.  (r.  Au.)  leaves  long,    linear:  flowers  axillary,  sessile;  upper  ones 

crowded:  corolabout  10-parted.     S^C. 

3—^2.     Sac'charum.     10.     Gram.  lax.  nut-sug-(-. 

Ex^otic. 

offi-cinarum,  (sugarcane.)  flowers  panicled,  in  pairs,,  one  sessile  and  one  pedicelled: 
paleas  awnless.     From  the  East  Indies. 

Saccharum,   Erianthus, 

4 — 4.     Sagi'na.     82.     Gary.  dem. 

procumhens,  (pearl-wort.  w.  g.  J.  21-)  stem  procumbent,  glabrous;  petals  very  short. 
At  New  Haven  it  grows  mostly  in  running  water,  or  very  wet  shady  places,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  water  mat:  but  it  grows  along  dry  road-sides  in  other  places.  3 — 4  i. 
S.     T.  Y.  C.  R.  F.  PI.  N. 

ppetala,  (annual  pearl-wort.  J.  ^.)  stem  erectish,  pubescent:  flowers  sub-apetalous. 
Both  species  have  linear,  glabrous,  connate  leaves,  and  axillary  flowers.     P. 

fontinulis,  Short  and  Peter.  (,Ap.  0.)  apetalous:  stem  procumbent,  branchmg,  dicho- 
tomous  above:  leaves  opposite,  linear-spatulale,  entire:  pedicels  solitary,  alternate, 
longer  than  the  leaves.     8 — 15  i.     K. 

erecta,  L.  (  -0.  }  glabrous:  stem  about  1-flowered:  leaves  linear,  acute:  peduncles 
strict:  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  4.    2  i.     Introduced. 


19 — 12.     Sagitta'ria.     13.     Alis.  r.  amy.  sago-like. 

sarrittifolia,  (3)  (narrow-head.  O.  w.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  lanceolate-acute,  sagittate;  lobes 
TanceolatAacute,  straight.  Var.  latifoLia,  leaves  ovate,  sub-acute,  sagittate;  lobes 
ovate,  slightly  acuminate,  straight.  Var.  major,  leaves  large,  abruptly  acute:  scape 
sub-ramose.  Var.  hasliila,  T.  leaves  oblong-lunceolate,  acute;  lobes  spreading, 
lanceolate,  long,  acuminate:  flowers  mostly  dioecious.  S.  Iiustnla,  7th  edition. 
Var.  ffr/icilis,  T.  leaves  linear;  lobes  nmch  spreading,  linear,  very  long,  acute,  S. 
gracilis,  former  editions.  Var.  puhcsceiis,  T.  leaves  and  stem  pubescent:  bracts  and 
calyx  very  pubescent.     S.   piibescens,  7lh  edition.     1^2  f     &'.     Mch. 

obttisa,  W.  ("vV.w.  J.  21-)  leaves  hroadrovate,  round-obtuse,  mucronate-sagittate; 
lobes  approximate,  oblong,  obliquely  acuminate,  straight,  scape  simple:  bracts 
ovate,  acute.     Dioecious.     S.     P.  C.   K. 

JietcropkijlLa,  Ph.  (O.  w.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  simple,  linear  and  lanceolate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  or  oval,  acute,  at  the  base  obtuse,  sagiitate;  lobes  spreading,  linear:  scape 
simple,  few-flowered:  pistillate  flower  sub-sessile:  bracts  broad-ovate,  acuminate. 
8—12  i.     Mch. 

Saccharum.     Lat.  sarcJiarum,  from  the  Arabic  soukar,  from  which  in  most  languages 

the  name  for  sugar  has  been  derived. 
Sagina.     Lat.  sagiao,  to  cram  or  fatten,  birds  feeding  upon  plants  of -this  order. 
Sagittaria.     Lat.  sagitta,  an  arrow,  the  leaves  presenting  an  evident  analogy. 

(1)  paniculata.  Var.  angustifolia,  Ph.     (2)  Svvertia  difformis,  L.     (3)  latifolia,  W. 


406  /        SAGITTARIA,  SALIX. 

rigida,  Ph.  (w.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  keeled  below,  rigid,  verj^  acute  at 
both  ends:  sc.ipe  ramose.     Grpws  in  deep  water.     C.  Oswego,  N.  Y. 

gramiucH,  Mx.  (1)  (w.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  linear,  lung,  3-nerved:  scape  simple,  few-flow- 
ered: bracts  oblong,  obtuse.     P.  Y.  C.     Canada. 

simplex,  Ph.  (w.  Ju.  if.)  leaves  lance-lincar,  acute,  narrow  below:  scape  simple, 
many-flowered:  bracts  and  sepals  round,  obtuse.  Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last. 
8.     Y. 

acutifolia,  Ph.  (w.  Ju.  Z[.)  leaves  subulate,  sheathed  at  the  base,,  convex  on  the  back: 
scape  simple,  few-flowered:  bracts  dilated,  acuminate.     P.  Y.  N.  C.  B.  F. 

pttsiUa,  N.  (Au.  0.)  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  short;  summits  foliaceous:  scape  simple, 
shorter  than  the  leaves:  flowers  few;  pistillate  ones  solitary,deflected:  stamens 
about  7.  Leaves  rarely  subulate,  about  the  twelfth  of  an  inch  wide.  In  mud. 
1—3  i.     T.  Y.  P.  C. 

natans,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  2X0  leaves  floating,  lance-oval,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  tapering  to  the 
base;  lower  ones  sub-cordate:  scape  simple,  few-flowered:  lower  peduncles  elonga- 
ted.    S.     P.     Charleston,  S— C.     Florida. 

lancifoUa,  (2)  (w.  J.  Zf-)  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,-glabrous,  coriace- 
ous, somewhat  perennial:  scape  simple:  seed  compressed,  sub-falcate.  2 — 3  f. 
C.  N. 

1 — 1.     Salicor'nia.     29.     Chen.  asc.  calh — . 

herbacca,  (samphire,  glasswort.  JL^Au.  0.)  herbaceous,  spreading:  joints  compressed 
at  the  apex,  emarginate-bifid.  Var.  virginica,  has  the  branches  undivided,  and  the 
jointed  spikes  very  long.  The  fructification  is  very  obscure,  but  it  may  be  known 
by  its  leafless  nearly  cylindric  jointed  branches.  It  giows  in  salt  marshes  along 
the  seaboard.     12 — 18  i.     -S.     B.  C.     Onondaga  salt  springs.     Salina. 

tnucronata,Bw.  (dwarf  samphire.  L.  Au.  C^.)  low,  herbaceous:  joints  quadrangular 
at  the  bottom,  compressed,  and  truncate  at  the  top:  spikes  oblong,  with  mucronate 
scales.     B.        ■  ' 

amligua,  Mx.  (L.  Ju.  2X.  ^?)  perennial,  procumbent,  branching:  joint  crescent- 
shaped,  small:  spikes  alternate  and  opposite;  calyx  truncate.     Y. 

20—1.     Sa'lix.     99.     Salic,  b.  ton.  feb. 
1.     Leaves  entire,  or  ohsolctehj  serrate. 

viminalis,  Hn.  (basket  willow,  y.  Ap.  T^.)  leaves  lance-linear, very  long,  acuminate, 
entire,  sub-undulated,  white-silky  beneath;  glands  scattered  near  tlie  margin: 
stipules  small:  aments  precede  the  leafing:  scales  almost  round,  very  hairy:  germs 
sessile,  ovate;   style  filiform;  stigmas  acute,  undivided.     Introduced.     S.     B. 

cari'dida,  W.  (white  willow.  Ap.  \ .)  leaves  lance-linear,  very  long,  obsoletely  den- 
ticulate at  the  apex,  pubescent  .above,  white  downy  beneath;  margins  revolute: 
stipules  lanceolate,  about  equalling  the  petioles:  aments  precede  the  leafing,  cylin. 
dric:   scales  lance-obovate,  down  very  long.     3 — 4f     P.'    Catskill  Mt. 

muh'lenhergia'nti,  W.  (3)  (speckled  v.illow.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lanceo^te,  acutish, 
sub-entire,  wh.ite-hairy,  rugose-veiny  beneath;  margin  revolute:  stipules  lanceolate, 
caducous:  aments  precede  the  leafing:  scales  oblong,  with  villose  margins:  germs 
lance-ovate,  silk-villose,  long-pedicelled;  styles  short;  stigmas  2-cleft.  Scales  of 
the  ament  tipped  with  led.     3— .5  f     S*.     P.  N.  T.  C.  D.     Mch. 

tristis,  A.  (mourning  willow.  W.  Ap.  T^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  acute  at  both  ends, 
entire;  margin  revolute,  smoothish  above,  rugose-veined  and  downy  beneath:  sti- 
pules none:  aments  precede  tlie  leafing,  oblong.  Resembles  the  last  species. 
3—4  f.     S.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  O.  W. 

recuTvatn,  Ph.  (shrub  willow.  W.  A.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute,  entire; 
margin  glandular,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  in  the  young  state  silky:  stipules 
none:  aments  precede  leafing,  recurved:  scales  black  at  the  apex;  hairs  of  the 
length  of  the  germs:  germs  ovate,  short-pedicelled,  silky;  styles  short;  stigma 
2-cleft.     Probably  a  variety  of  S.  rosviarinifoiia.     2—3  f.     P.  T. 

Salicornia.     Lat.  sal  (salis)  salt,  from  the  taste,  and  co?-«?i,  a  horn,  alluding  to  the 

shape  of  the  branches. 
Salix.     Lat.  salio,  to  rise  or  spring  up,  from  their  rapid  growth,  or  from  the  Celtic  sa^, 

near,  and  lis,  water,  where  many  of  the  species  grow. 

(1)  graminifolia,  M.  '  (2)  falcata,  Ph.      (3)  incana,  Mx.     tristis,  M.     alpina,  W. 


SALIX.  407 

rcpens,  W.  (I)  (creeping  willow.  J.  ^.)  creeping:  leaves  lance-oval,  entire,  acute, 
glabrous,  somewhat  silky  beneath:  stipules  none:  aments  proceiie  the  leafing, 
ovate;  scales  obovale.  oaluse',  hairy,  sooty-yellow  at  the  apex:  germs  ovate-oblong, 
pedicelleti,  pubescent;  style  short;  stigma  ^-lobed:  capsules  glabrous.  Very  small. 
Found  on  tiie  Wliite  hills,  by.Bigelovv  and  Booit. 

reticulata,  W.  (J.  h.)  creeping:  leaves  round-oval,,  obtuse,  very  entire,  glabrous, 
net-veined,  glaucous  beneath:  stipules  none:  aments  flower  after  leafing,  pe- 
duncled,  diandrous;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  pubescent:  germs  ovate,  sessile,  villose; 
stigma  sub-sessile,  2-parted.     From  Labrador,  with  the  next  five  species. 

vcstita,  Ph.  (J.  T  .  1  creeping:  leaves  rojandish,  entire,  glabrous  above,  net-veined, 
covered  beneath  with  very  long,  appressed,  silky  hairs:  stipules  none:  aments 
flower  after  leafing,  peduncled,  linear,  silky:  germs  ovate,  sessile,  villose;  style 
deeply  2-parted;  stigmas  2-cleft. 

uva-ursi,  Ph.  (M.  h.')  depressed:  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  very  entire;  mar- 
gin sparingly  glandular  belqvv,  glabrous,  shining  above;  stipules  none:  oments 
flower  after  leafing,  lax;  scales  oblong,  ciliate:  germs  ovate,  pedicelled,  glabrous; 
style  2-parted;   stigma  2-lobed.     Resembles  Arbutus  7iL-a-2irsi. 

cordifulia,  Ph.  (  ^.)  depressed:  leaves  oval,  sub-acute,  cordate  at  the  base,  very 
entire,  net-veined,  gkbrous  above,  pale  beneath;  nerves  and  margin  pilose  beneath: 
stipules  semi-cordate. 

ohoviitd,  Ph.  (M.  ^.)  diffuse:  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  entire,  glabrous  above, 
silkj'-villose  beneath:  stipules  none:  aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  sessile,  oblong, 
diandrous;  scales  obovate;  apex  black,  pilose.     T.  C. 

planifulia,  Ph.  (  >-.)  erectish,  divaricate:  branchlets  smooth:  leaves  lance-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  serrulate  m  the  middle,  very  glabrous,  spreading^  flat,  discolored; 
stipules  none. 

proslrnta,  S.  (  \ .)  leaves  without  stipules,  obtusely  dentate,  oval-acute,  glaucous- 
silky  beneath:  stem  prostrate. 

pediccUnris,  Ph.  (stem-berried  willow.  Ap.  Tp.)  branchlets  smooth:  leaves  lance-obo- 
vate,  acute,  entire,  both  sides  glabrous,  and  colored  alike:  stipules  none:  aments 
flower  at  leafing-time,  peduncled,  glabrous;  scales  oblong,  scarcely  pilose,  but 
half  as  long  as  tlie  ;)edicels:  germs  ovate-.oblong,  glabrous,  with  very  long  pedicels; 
stigma- sessile,  2-cleft.    N.  T.     Catskill  iMt. 

lamberiiana,  W.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  nearly  opposite,  lance-obovate,  acute,  glabrous, 
sub-serrate  at  the  apex,  discolored:  stipules  none:  aments  precede  the  leafing;  scales 
round,  black:  filament  one;  anthers  two:  germs  sessile,  oval-ovate,  silky;  style  short; 
stigmas  ovate,  emarginate.     Introduced?     T. 

rosmarinifolia,  (rosemary  willow.  W.  Ap.  \ .)  leaves  straight,  lance-linear,  acute  at 
both  ends,  entire,  sub-glandular  at  the  margin,  caducous  pubescent  above,  silky 
beneath:  stipules  narrow-lanceolate,  erect:  aments  precede  the  leafing,  ovate, 
recurved;  scales  oblong,  obtuse  ciliate:  germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  villose;  stigma 
■sub-sessile,  2-cleft.     3  f.     .S'.     P.  D.  T.     Mch. 

fuscatu,  Ph.  (sooty  willovv.  Ap.  '^.)  leaves  lance-obovate,  acute,  glabrous,  sub-ser- 
rate, glaucous  beneath,  in  the  young  state  pubescent:  stipules  very  narrow:  aments 
precede  the  leafing,  nodding;  scales  obtuse,  scarcely  liairy  witiiin:  germs  short 
pedicelled,  ovate,  silky;  stigma  sessile,  2  lobed.     P. 

2^     Leaves  remotely  and  ohtvsely  serrate. 

conifera,  VV.  (2)  (rose  willow,  cone-gall  willow.  W.  Ap.  T-.)  leaves  lance-oblong, 
remotely  serrate,  acute,  glabrous  above,  flat  and  downy  beneath,  the  first  year's 
growth  glabrous:  stijjules  lunulate,  sub-dentate:  aments  precede  the  leafing;  scales 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  villose:  germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  silk}-;  style  2-cleft;  stigma 
2-lobed.  The  scaly  cones  are  mere  excrescences  or  galls.  Caused  by  the  stings  of 
insects.     4—8  f.     .S'.     T.  B.  F.  D.  N.     Mch. 

vujricoides,  W.  (gale  leaf  willow.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute,  2  glands 
at  the  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneaih:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  glandular-ser- 
rate: aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  villose,  leafy  at  the  base;  scales  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  villose.  dark-colored:  germs  long-pedicelled,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  style  2- 
cleft;  stigma  2-cleft.     -S'.     C.  D.  N. 

prinoides,  Ph.  (Ap.    ^).)  leaves  oval-oblong,  acute,  remotely  wave-serrate,  glabrous, 

(1)  depressa,  Iln.     polymorpha.  Eh.  (2)  eriocephala,  Mx.     longirostris,  Mx. 

the  elder. 


408  SALIX. 

glaucous  beneath:  stipules  half-cordate,  gash-toothed:  aments  precede  the  leafing, 
villose:  germs  pedicelled,  ovate,  acuminate,  silky;  style  long;  stigma 2-cleft.  6 — 8  f. 
S.     P.  Y.  W.  T.  F.  N.   D.  .    ■ 

discolor,  W.  (bog-willow,  red-root  willow,  basket  willow.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  oblong, 
obtusish,  glabrous,  reriiotely  serratf,  entire  at  the  apex,  glaucous  beneath:  stipules 
caducous,  lanceolate,  serrate:  aments  flower  near  leafing  time,  oblong,  downy; 
scales  obluiig,  acute,  dark-colored,  hairy:  germs  sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  downy; 
stigma  2-pai  ted.     >S'. 

ungustata,  Ph.  (VV.  Ap.  y.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  very  long,  gradually  tapering 
to  the  base,  serrulate,  glabrous,  both  sides  colored  nearly  alike:  stipules  half-cor- 
date: aments  precede  the  leafing,  erect,  smoothish:  germs  pedicelled,  ovate,  gla- 
brous; style  •2-cleft:   stigma  3-lobed.     Resembles /^rmoirfes.     P.  T. 

longifolia,  (W.  long-leaf  willow.  W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  linear,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
elongated,  remotely  denticulate,  glabrous,  both  sides  colored  alike:  stipules  narrovr 
lanceolate,  denticulate:  aments  flower  after  leafing,  peduncled,  downy;  scales  flat, 
retuse:  filaments  bearded  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  2  f.     S.  P.  T.  D. 

3.     Leaves  closehj  and  acutchj  serrate. 
Remark.     The  first  six  of  the  following  species  have  about  3  stamens  to  each  flower. 

bahylo'nica,  (weeping  willow.  W.' M.  ^.)  branchlets  pendant:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous,  upper  and  lower  sides  of  different  colors:  stipules 
roundish,  contracted:  atnenls  flower  at  leafing  time:  germs  sessile,  ovate,  glabrous. 
Supposed  to  be  the  willow  on  which  the  Israelites  hung  their  harps,  when  captive 
in  Babylon.     Introduced.     <S'.     T.   P.   C. 

purshiana,  Ph.  (I)  (W.  ^>.)  leaves  long,  lance-linear,  gradually  tapering  above,  sub- 
falcate,  acute  at  the  base,  close  serrate,  glabrous  both  sides,  in  the  young  state 
silky:  stipules  lunulate,  toothed,  deflected.  Branches  very  slender  and  brownish. 
S.     P.  C.  N. 

ni<rra,  VV.  (2)  (brittle-joint  willow,  black  willow.  W.  M.  \ .)  leaves  lanceolate,  acute 
at  both  ends,  serrulate,  same  color  both  sides,  glabrous;  petioles  and  midribs  downy 
above:  stipules  contracted,  toothed:  aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  erect,  cylindric, 
villose;  scales  oblong,  very  villose:  filaments  3  to  5,  bearded  at  the  base:  germs 
pedicelled,  ovate,  .glabrous;  styles  very  shoit;  stigma  2-cleft.  20  f.  <S.  T.  P.  C. 
D.  N.  V.     Florida.     Mch. 

lucida,W.  (shining  willow.  VV.  M.  fp .)  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-acuminate, 
rounded  at  the  base,  serrate,  glandular,  glabrous  both  sides,  shining:  stipules  ob- 
long, glandular-serrate:  aments  flower  in  leafing  time;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
hairy  at  the  base,  serrate  at  the  apex,  glabrous:  germs  lance-subulate,  glabrous; 
style  2-cleft;  stigma  obtuse.  Size  between  shrub  and  tree.  S.  C.  F.  D.  N. 
Mch. 

rigida,  W.  (3)  (stiff- leaf  willow.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  sub-cordate 
at  the  base,  rigid,  glabrous,  sharply  serrate;  lower  serralures  elongated;  petioles 
villose:  stipules  broad-cordate,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate:  aments  flower  ai  leafing 
time;  scales  lanceolate,  dark-colored,  woolly:  germs  long-pedicell^d,  lanceolate, 
glabrous;  style  very  short;  stigma  2-paited.  Branches  red  towards  the  end,  in  the 
young  state  pubescent.     Used  also  in  basket-making.     S.     P.  Y.   T.    VV.   N. 

Mrdala,  \V.  (heart-leaf  willow.  Ap.  \ .)  leaves  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  cordate  at 
the  base,  sharply  serrate,  glabrous,  paler  beneath:  stipules  broad,  round-ovate, 
cartilaginous-serrate:  aments  flower  at  leafing  time;  scales  lanceolate,  dark-colored, 
woolly:  germs  pedicelled,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  style  very  short;  stigma  2-cleft. 
6—8  f     ^.     P.  T.  W.  F.  N.  V. 

grisea,  W.  (4)  (grey  willow.  W.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate, 
glabrous  above,  downy  on  the  midrib,  silky  or  naked  beneath:  stipules  linear,  de- 
flected, caducous:  ament  precedes  the  leafing;  scales  oblong,  hairy,  dark-colored 
at  the  apex:  germ  oblong,  pedicelled.  silky;  stigma  sessile,  obtuse.  Joints  brittle 
at  the  base.     8  f     S.     P.  W.  C.  N. 

alba.  (M.  ^ .)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  silky  on  both  sides;  lower  serra- 
tures   glandular:  stipules  obsolete:  aments  elongated,    flowering  at  leafing-time; 

(1)  falcata,  Ph.  (2).caroliniana,  Mx.     pentandra,  Wr.     vulgaris,  Clayton. 

(3)  cordata,  Mx.     cordifolia,  Banks.         (4)  sericea,  M. 


SALIX,    SALVIA.  409 

scales  lance-oval,  one-colored,  pubescent:  germs  sub-sessile,  ovate-oblong,  at  length 
glabrous;   style  short;   stigma  2-parted,  thick.     Introduced.     /S.     C. 

vileLLi'na,  (yellow  willow.  M.  \ .)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  thickly  serrate, 
glabrous  above,  whitish-silky  beneath:  stipules  none:  aments  flower  in  leafing  time, 
cylindric:  scales  lance-ovate,  botli  sides  colored  alike,  pubescent  without:  germs 
sessile,  lance-ovate,  glabious;  stigma  sub-sessile,  2-lobed.  Middle  size  tree.  Var. 
alba,  has  the  leaves  white-silky  both  sides,  and  very  long  aments.  This  variety  is 
usually  the  tallest.     S.     T.  P.  C.  F.  N.  B.  V. 

ambigiia',  Ph.  (W.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous,  both  sides  of  the 
same  color,  glandular-serrate:  aments  flower  in  leafing  times  the  pair  of  nectaries 
large,  with  lanceolate,  deformed  lobes,  toothed  at  the  apex,  glabrous:  the  terminal 
florets  have  3  stamens.     Resembles  the  viteUina.     Y.  F. 

decip'iens,  Hn.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  at  each  end,  very  gla- 
brous, both  sides  colored  alike;  petioles  glandular-toothed:  stipules  round:  aments 
flower  at  leafing  time;  scales  obovate,  villose:  staminate  nectaries  paired:  germs 
sub-sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  stigmas  sessile,  2-partedi  Branches  very  brittle. 
Introduced.     ^.      T. 

peliolaris,  W.  (Ap.  h .)  leaves  lanceolate,  wholly  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous-silky  be- 
neath, generally  unequal  at  the  base:  stipules  lunulate,  toothed,  small:  aments 
precede  the  leafing,  loose;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  having  black  hairs:  germs  long- 
peduncled,  ovate  silky;  stigmas  sessile,  2-lobed.     Y. 

russcUana,  \V.{^.)  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous:  aments  flower 
in  leafing  time:  florets  generally  with  3  stamens:  germs  pedicelled,  subulate, 
smooth;   styles  elongated.     Tall  tree.     Introduced. 

myrsini'les,  W.  (M.  ^.)  leaves  oval-ovate,  wholly  serrulate,  both  sides  glabrous, 
shining  and  colored  alike;  stipules  lanceolate-serrate:  branches  rough:  aments 
flower  a  little  before  leafing  time,  erect,  cylindric;  scales  lance-oblong, jlong-villous: 
germs  lance-ovate,  sessile,  silky:  stigmas  sub-sessile,  2-cleft.     Labrador.     1  f. 

hcrbacca,  W.  (A.  Ju.  \ .)  leaves  round,  sub-retuse,  serrate,  glabrous  and  shining  on 
both  sides:  stipules  none:  aments  flower  after  leafing,  few-flowered;  scales  obovate, 
obtuse,  villose:  germs  oblong-ovate,  sub-sessile,  glabrous;  stigmas  very  short,  sub- 
sessile.     On  the  north-west  coast.     Smallest  of  all  the  species.     1  i. 

eriocephala,  Mx.  (rose  willow.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  oblong-oval,  somewhat  retuse  at  the 
base,  serrulate:  twigs  downy:  aments  oval,  very  villose.  Probably  a  variety  of 
coni/era.     Diandrous.     C. 

Southern, 
houstoniana,  Ph.  (     >:.)  leaves  lance-linear,   acute,  finely  serrate,  glabrous,  shining, 
one-colored:  stipules  none:  aments  flower  at  leafing  time,  cylindric,  villose;  scales 
ovate,  acute:  filaments  3 — 5,  bearded  to  the  middle. 

5 — 2.     Salso'la.     29.     Chen.  ase.  lax. 

kali,  (salt-wort.  L.  Ju.  0.)  herbaceous,  decumbent:  leaves  channelled,  spinose: 
calyx  margined,  axillary.  Var.  caroliniana,  leaves  dilated,  shorter,  terete,  nerve- 
less, spinose:  stem  smooth  or  hairy:  calyx  with  a  broader  margin.  Seed  cochleate. 
S.     B.  C. 

tragus,  (L.  Ju.  ^.)  herbaceous,  spreading,  smooth:  leaves  subulate,  fleshy,  mucro- 
nate-spinous:  flowers  sub-solitary:  calyx   sub-ovate,  margin  flattened,  discolored^ 

soda,  (L.  3^.)  herbaceous,  smooth:  branches  ascending:  leaves  semi-terete,  acutish? 
fruit-bearing  calyx  transversely  carinate  in  the  middle,  sub-membranaceous.     Y. 

Salsola,  Chenopodicm. 
2 — 1.     Sal' VIA.     42.     Labi.  con.  sto.  aro.  dysp. 

urticifolia,  (nettle  sage.  A.  b.  J.  21-)  villose-viscous:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  toothed, 
decurrent  along  the  petiole:  calyx  3-toothed;  upper  segment  .3-tootheri.   8.   Y.  S-C- 

lyrata,  (wild  sage,  cancer  weed.  W.  b.  JVI.  2i.)  radical  leaves  lyrale,  toothed:  upper 
lip  of  the  corol  very  short:  stem  nearly  leafless,  reverse-hairy.  Var.  obovata,  has? 
the  leaves  obovate,  repand.     1—3  f     5f.     P.  Y.     Canada,  Florida.     S— -C. 

Salsola.     From  Lat.  salsus,  salt. 

Salvia.     Lat.  salvo,  to  save,  from  its  medical  properties. 

52 


410  SALVIA,    SAAfGUISORBA. 

claytoni,  E.  (1)  (vervain  sage.  W.  b-p.  J.  2i-)  leaves  heart-ovate,  sinuate,  tootiiecl, 
rugose:  teetk  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  connivent.     1.  f.     iS'.     K. 

Exotic, 
officinalis,  sage.  b.  J.  Zf.  or  Tp.)  leaves  lauce-ovate,   crenulate:  whorls  few-flowered: 

calyx  mucronate. 
sclara,   (clarry.   $.)  leaves  rugose,    cordate  below;  above   oblong,  villose,   serrate: 

floral  bracts  longer  than  the  calyx,  concave,  acuminate. 
spleadens,  (scarlet  sage.    r.   2i-)  leaves  ovate  and    lance-ovate,  flat,  smooth  beneath: 

flower  long;  calyx  and  corol  scarlet,  downy:  style  exsert. 

Southern. 

azurea,  Lk.  (2)  (b.  w.  Au.  H.)  leaves  lance-linear;  lower  ones  serrate:  stem  and 
leaves  smooth:   calyx  pubescent,  short-3-cleft.     4 — 6  f.     S — C. 

coccinea,  (r.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  cordate,  acute,  tomentose,  serrate:  corol  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx  and  narrower.     1 — 2  f.     S — C. 

trichosteinmnidcs,  Ph.  (W.  b.  =2.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate:  racemes  terminal:  flow- 
ers opposite:   corol  equal  to  the  3-clel't  calyx:   stem  brachiate-branched. 

obovata,  E.  (Ju.)  leaves  large,  obovate,  toothed,  pubescent;  whorls  6-flowered.     181. 

21—1.     Salvi'nia.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim — . 

nutans,  (3)  (W.  ^.)  leaves  oval, obtuse,  with  fascicled  bristles  above;  petioles  pilose: 
fruit  sub-sessile,  aggregate. 

5 — 3.     Sambu'cus.     58.     Capr.  diu.  b.  cat. 

canadensis,  (black-berried  elder.  O.  w.  J.  h .)  branchlets  and  petioles  glabrous;  leafets 
about  in  4  pairs,  oblong-oval,  glabrous,  shining,  acuminate:  cyme  lax,  divided  in- 
to about  .5  parts.     8— 15  f.     S.     Mch. 

pul/esccTis.  Ph.  (4)  (red-berried  elder.  W.  A.  w.  M.  Tp.)  bark  warty:  leafets  in  2  pairs, 
lance-oval,  pubescent  beneath:  flowers  laceme-panicled,  or  in  a  crowded  bunch.  6 
—12  f.     S.     T.  N.  C.  O.  F.  V.     JNlch. 

5 — 1.     Samo'lus.     35.     Prim.  sop. 

valeran'di,  (brookweed,  water  pimpernell.  w.  Ju.  21-)  leaves  obovate:  racemes  elon- 
gated; pedicels  bracted  near  the  middle.  Damp.  8 — 12  i.  S.  O.  P.  Y.  C.  N.  T. 
F.  B.  M.     Mch.     S— C. 

Sou  til  em. 

ebracteatus,  Kunth.  (W.  w.  2i.)  stem  short,  robust,  smooth,  divided  at  the  base: 
leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  somewhat  fleshy,  attenuate  at  the  base;  racemes  elongated, 
sub-pubescent;  pedicels  filiform,  without  bracts. 

12 — 1.     Sanguina'kia.     62.     Papa.  r.  acr-nar.  sed.  cat.  feb. 

canadensis,  (blood-root.  O.  w.  Ap.  7i-)  leaves  sub-reniform,  sinuate-lobed:  scape  1- 
flowered.     A  variety,  stenopetala,  has  linear  petals.     6 — 10  i.     S.     Mch. 

4 — I.     Sancuisor'ba.     92.     Sang.  ton. 

canadensis  (burnet  saxifrage,  vv.  Ju.  7S-)  flowers  in  a.  long  cylindric  spike:  stamens 
several  times  longer  than  the  corol.  The  leaves  resemble  the  burnet.  3—5  f.  S. 
T.  Y.  P.  N.  B.  C.  O.     Mch. 


Salvinia.     In  honor  of  Salvini,  Professor  of  Greek  at  Florence. 

Sambucus.     Gr.  sambuke,   Heb.   sahncca,  an  instrument    of  music,  supposed  to  have 

been  made  of  the  hollow  stem  of  this  plant. 
Samolus.     From  Samoa,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  whence  first  obtained;  or  from 

the  Celtic  words  san,  salutary,  and  rnos,  pig,  having  been  used  as  a  general  remedy 

in  diseases  of  swine. 
Sanguinaria.     Lat.  sanguis,  inis.  blood,  from  the  color  of  its  juice. 
Sanguisorba.     Lat.  sanguis,   blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb,  from  its  having  been  used 

as  vulnerary. 

(1)  verbenaca,  M.  (2)  acuminata,    M.    anguslifolia,   Mx.  mexicana.     Wr. 

.(3)  Marsilea,  L.        (4)  pubens,  Mx. 


SANGUISORBA,    SARRACENIA.  411 

viedi/i,  (great  burnet,  A.  r-\v.  Ju.  2j;.)  spikes  cylindric:  stamens  a  little  longer  than 
the  corol:  spikes  shorter,  tinged  with  red.  Ph.  A  doubtful  species.  T.  S.  P. 
Canada. 

5 — 2.     Sanic'dla.     60.     Umbe.  r.  stim.  deob. 

marylfindka,  (sanicle.  O.  w.  J.  If.)  leaves  digitate;  leafets  oblong,  gashed:  part  of 
the  flowers  are  fertile,  sessile  and  sub-ternale;  the  others  are  barren,  pedicelled,  and 
the  most  numerous.  Van  canadensis,  leaves  sub-ternate;  leafets  ovate,  coarsely 
toothed.     2— 3f.     S.      Mch. 

canadensis,  L.  (  ZfO '^'i^es  all  cut-palmate;  segments  petioled;  divisions  gash- 

serrate:  lateral  ones  two-parted:  flowers  polygamous;  slaminale  ones  shortly  pedi- 
celled:  lobes  of  the  calyx  entire.     Canada. 

menziesii,  H.  (  )  caulescent:  leaves  longly  petioled,  cordate,  deeply  trifid;  seg- 

ments broad-ovate,  cuneate,  variously  lobed,  gasli-serrale,  serratures  very  acute, 
mucronate-ciliate:  umbels  sub-compound;  leafets  of  the  involucels  lanceolate,  acute, 
equalling  the  umbel.     1 — 2  f     A. 

arctopioides  H.  (  )  somewhat  stemless:  leaves  longly  petioled,  deeply  3-parted; 

divisions  elongated-cuneate;  lateral  ones  bifid,  intermediate  trifid;  all  sub-ciliate- 
pinnatifid:  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves:  leafets  of  the  involucre 
foliaceous,  lanceolate,  very  entire,  longer  than  the  simple,  compact  umbel.     A. 

bipinnatifida,  Doug.  (  )  caulescent:   lower  leaves  bipinnatifid,   longly  petioled; 

segmeuts  remote,  obovate,  or  lance-obovate,  acute,  gash  serrate;  serratures  very 
acute:  rachis  very  acutely  dentate:  peduncles  elongated:  umbels  compound,  sub- 
proliferous;  umbellets  globose.     R. 

Southern. 

tridinvm,  Dc.  (  g.  21-)  leaves  longly  petioled,  glabrous,  cut-3-parted;  segments  ob- 
long, unequally  dentate,  lobed  at  the  apex;  radical  ones  sub-palmate;  lateral  ones 
two-parted:  flowers  all  perfect.     Louisiana. 

17 — 1.     Santoli'na.     5.5.     Anth.  h.  bit.  odo. 
Southern, 
suaveofens,  Ph.    (lavender  cotton.  W.  y.  J.  0-)   glabrous:  stem   corymb-branrhed: 
leaves    sub-bipinnatifid;   divisions    acute,    linear:    peduncles   terminal,    1-flowered. 
Sweet  scented. 

8 — 3.     Sapin'dus.     65.     Sapi.  sap.  acr. 
SuiUhern. 
marginatus,  (  f-.)  unarmed:  rachis  narrow;  margined  above:  leafets  lanceolate, 

6-paired:  fruit  sub-conical.     Georgia. 

10—2.     Sapona'ria.     82.     Cary.  dem.  cata. 
Exotic, 
officinalis,  (soapwort,  bouncing  bet.    w.    J.   If.)  calyx  cylindric:  leaves  lance-ovate, 
opposite,    sub-connate,  entire.     Probably  introduced,   and  naturalized.     10 — 18  i. 
Mch. 
vaccaria,  (field  soapwort.  r.  Au.  ^.)  calyx  5-cornered,  cone-ovate:  leaves  ovate,  acu- 
minate, sessile.     Naturalized.     6—18  i.     W.  M. 

12—1.     Sar'racen'ia.     62.     Sarr.  cat—. 
purpurea,  (side-saddle.    O.    p.  J.  Zf.)    leaves  radical,    short,    gibbose-inflated  or  cup- 

Sanicula.  Lat.  sano,  to  heal,  having  been  formerly  celebrated  for  its  healing  quali- 
ties. 

Santolina.  Supposed  from  santalum,  saunders;  it  smelling  like  the  saunders  wood; 
or  to  be  the  diminutive  of  sancta,  a  holy  little  herb;  in  allusion  to  some  reputed 
virtues.  i     r    •     l  •  j 

Sapindus.  From  Lat.  sopo  Indus,  Indian  soap,  the  rind  of  the  fruit  bemg  used  as 
soap. 

Saponaria.     Lat.  sapo,  soap,  its  bruised  leaves  being  said  to  produce  a  lather. 

Sarracenia.  In  honor  of  Dr.  Sarrazin,  an  ingenious  Frenchman,  who  introduced 
many  rare  plants  into  France. 


412  SARRACENIA,    SAXIFRAGA. 

form,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  having  a  broad  arched  lateral  wing;  the  contracted 
part  of  tlie  base  hardly  as  long  as  the  inflated  part.  Scape  with  a  single,  large 
nodding  flower.     In  marshes.     1—2  f.     S.     Mch. 

heteropliyUu,  Ea.  (y.  J.  21.)  leaves  radical;  outer  ones  long-funnel-form,  not  contract- 
ed at  the  mouth,  having  a  narrow,  straight,  lateral  wing;  the  contracted  part  at 
the  base  about  twice  as  long  as  the  inflated  part;  the  inner  leaves  short,  gibbose- 
inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  liaving  an  arched  lateral  wing,  the  contracted 
part  at  the  base  hardly  as  long  as  the  inflated  part:  style  longer  than  the  filaments. 
The  whole  plant  palish  yellow,  and  very  slender.  Intermediate  between  purpurea 
and  flava.  In  swamps  at  Northampton,  Mass.  12 — 30  i.  A  remarkably  distinct 
species,  but  very  rare. 

Southern. 

rubra,  Wr.  (r-p.  Zf.)  leaves  slender;  lateral  wing  linear;  appendage  ovate,  erect, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  contracted  at  the  base.     C — 10  i.     S— C. 

flava,  Mx.  (y.  J.  2i.)  leaves  large,  funnel-form;  tiiroat  expanding;  lateral  wing  near- 
ly warning;  appendage  erect,  contracted  at  the  base,  reflesed  at  the  sides.  18 — 
24  i.     S-C. 

variotaris,  Mx.  (1)  (y.  J.  2X.)  leaves  slightly  ventricose,  with  the  tube  near  the  sum- 
mit spotted  on  tlie  back;  appendage  arched,  incurved;  lateral  wing  slightly  dilated. 
12 — 18  i.     Charleston,  S — C. 

drummondii,  Croom.  (p.  A.)  leaves  very  long,  erect;  tube  dilated  above,  with  very 
narrow  wing;  the  upper  portiotT,  as  well  as  the  orbicular  erect  lamina,  whitish  and 
strongly  reticulated  with  purplish  veins:  flowers  purple.     Florida. 

psittacina,  JMx.  (p.  March.  A. )  leaves  short,  reclined,  marked  with  white  spots;  tube 
inflated,  with  a  very  broad,  semi-obovate  wing;  lamina  ventricose,  recurved  so  as 
nearly  to  close  the  tube;  flower  purple.     Georgia,  Florida  and  La. 

13 — 1.     Sature'ja.     42.     Labi.  aro.  slo.  con. 

Exotic. 

hortensis,  (summer  savory,   b-w.    Ju.   0.)  peduncles  axillary,  somewhat  in  a  cyme: 

leaves  lanceolate,  entire:  stem  brachiate. 
montana,  (winter  savory,  ^.)  peduncles  somewhat  1-sided:  segments  of  tlie  calyx 
acuminate,  mucronate:  leaves  nmcronate. 

Satyrium,  Neottia,  Goodyeka. 
7 — 4.     Sauru'rus.     98.     Saur.  ton — . 

cemvus,  (lizard's  tail,  breast  weed.  W.  Au.  If-)  stem  angular,  sulcate:  leaves  alter- 
nate, heart-oblong,  acuminate.  Rare  in  New  York,  east  of  Cayuga  Lake — abun- 
dant west  of  it.     1—2  f.     O.  P.  H.  F.  Y.  C.  D.     Canada.     Mch.     S— C. 

17 — 1.     Sahsso'rea.     51.     Eric.  diu.  ast. 

aJpiJift,  Dc.  (  )  leaves  lanceolate,  dentate  woolly  beneath;   radical  ones 

lance-ovate,  petioled:  flowers  corymbed,  crowded:  scales  of  the  involucie  oblong, 
villose  above.  Var.  dtasa,  stem  sub-decumbent:  leaves  sub-glabrous,  dense,  almost 
all  narrow-lanceolate,  corymb  glomerate.  Var.  remotifoliu,  stem  erect,  striate: 
leaves  glabrous,  rigid,  narrow-lanceolate;  upper  ones  minute.     R. 

montic.ola,  Rich.   (  )  sparingly    woolly:   leaves  linear,  very  entire:  leafets 

of  the  involucre  oblong-cylindric,  villose,  lanceolate,  acute.     A. 

10—2.     Sax'ifra'ga.     84.     Saxi.  ton—,  emo. 

1.     Leaves  radical,  unditidcd:  stem  nearly  naked. 

aizo'on,  W.  (W.  H.)  leaves  aggiegate,  spatulate,  acutish  glabrous,  with  cartilaginr 
ous  teeth:  stem  simple,  leafy,  pilose:  caly^  glabrous.     3i. 

Satureja.     From  Arabic,  ss'alar,  the  name  given  to  labiate,  aromatic  plants. 
iSaururus.     Gr.  suura,  lizard,  and  oura,  tail,  from  the  shape  and  scaly  appearance  of 

the  long  spike  of  flowers. 
Saxifraga.     Lat.  saxum,   rock,  and  frnngo,  to  break,  from  their  supposed  quality  of 

breaking  stone  in  the  bladder.     See  Parkinson's  herbal. 

(1)  minor,  Wr.      adunca,  S. 


1 


SAXIFRAGA.  413 

stellaris,  W.  (w.  Ju.  2i-)  leaves  wedge-form,  serrate,  pilose  at  the  margin:  stem  sim- 
ple, naked:   petals  acute:  capsules  superior.     Labrador. 

scr/njUiJ'uliu,  Pli.  (W.  21-)  erect:  leaves  small,  oval,  glabrous:  stem  1-flowered,  few- 
leaved:   petals  obovale. 

androsa' ceil,  Vh.  (\V.  w.  2|;.)  pubescent:  leaves  petioled,  linear-spatulate:  stem  leafy, 
1 — 2-riowered. 

hronclduUs,  W..(W.  Zf.)  stoloniferous:  leaves  imbricate,  subulate,  flat,  mucronate, 
spinose,  ciliate:  stem  nearly  naked,  panicied.     <S'. 

nivalis,  (alpine  saxifrage.  W.  w.  J.  Z{.)  leaves  roundish-wedge-form,  crenate-before, 
decurrent  into  the  petiole:  stem  naked,  simple,  racemes  crowded.     2  i. 

virginicnsis,  Mx.  (1)  (rock  saxifrage.  O.  w.  i\J.  If.)  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  oval, 
obtuse,  crenate,  decurrent  into  tlie  petiole:  flowers  sub-sessile  on  the  dichotomous 
branches  of  an  almost  leafless  scape.     1 — 15  i.     S'. 

geum,  W.  (W.  2X.)  leaves  reniform,  toothed,  veinless  and  pilose  on  both  sides:  stem 
naked,  panicied. 

pennsyhunica,  (water  saxifrage.  O.  g-w.  J.  1(.)  pubescent:  leaves  lance-oblong, 
acute,  tapering  lo  the  base,  obsoletely  denticulate:  scape  leafless:  panicle  oblong, 
witi)  fascicled  branches  at  the  top.     1 — 4  f.     <S'.     Mch. 

laurentiana,  Dc.  (Zf.)  radical  leaves  long  petioled  reniform,  5 — 7-lobe-crenate,  gla- 
brous: stems  and  peduncles  with  strong  hairs:  flowers  few,  sub-capitate:  bracts  3 
— 5-lobed:  cal^-x  shorter  than  the  corol.     Canada. 

Imcan' ihcmifo' Liu ,  Mx,  (A.  w.  r.  y.  Ju.  Zf-)  very  hirsute:  stem  somewhat  naked:  leaves 
elongated-spatulate,  acutely  toothed:  stems  divaricate  dichotomous:  panicle  capil- 
lary, lax:  calyx  reflexed:  petals  unequal.     18 — 24  i. 

erosa,  Ph.  (A.  y-g.  Ju.  2i.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  naked:  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute, 
erose-dentale:  panicle  oblong;  branches  divaricate,  very  branching,  lax-llowered; 
pedicels  filiform. 

jamesii,  T.  ( W.  p.)  leaves  reniform,  crenate-toothed,  papillose-punctate  on  both  sides, 
nearly  glabrous:  stem  short,  few-flowered:  divisions  of  the  calyx  triangular-ovate, 
acute,  glandular-pubescent:  petals  orbicular  with  long  claws.     1 — 2  i. 

Jinibriata,  Don.   (2)  (  21)  canescent:  floral  heads  very  crowded,  spherical: 

peduncles  solitary,  one-flowered,  naked,  an  inch  long:  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate 
at  the  margin:  leaves  appressed-imbricate,  orbiculate-obovate,  with  membranace- 
ous and  ciliate  margins,  long-fimbriate.     1  i.     A. 

sciiii'pubcscens,    Sweet,  (y.  2i.)  root  furnished  with  long,  thick  fibres:  leaves 

not  petioled,  oblong-oval  obtuse,  very  glabrous,  denticulate:  flowers  pedicelled,  dis- 
posed in  dense  corymbs:  ^calyx  pilose-glandulous;  sepals  triangular-ovate,  acute: 
petals  ovate,  obscurely  three-nerved,  somewhat  equalling  the  calyx.  Maryland. 
Cultivated. 

arguta,  Don.  (  li-)  scape  glabrous:  panicle  very  simple:  leaves  reniform-rotund, 
gash-serrate,  glabrous;  petioles  filiform:  sepals  oblong,  acute:  petals  ovate,  many- 
nerved:  pistils  very  short. 

neboniutia,  Don.  (         w.  Zf.)  sub-cespitose:  scape  very  simple,   covered  on  all  sides 
with   long  soft   hairs:  thyrse   ovate:  leaves   orbiculate-cordate,  sub-peltate,  gash-' 
eerrate,  hirsute  beneath;  petioles  very  long,  filiform:  sepals  triangular-ovate,  acute: 
petals  oval,  small.     A. 
nutans,  Dc.  (  )  cespitose:  stem   one-leaved:  raceme   nodding,  few-flowered: 

leaves  radical,  reniform,  longly  petioled,  coarsely  gash-toothed,  bearing  short,  rigid 
close-piessed  hairs:  short  pedicels  and  calyx  pilose-glandulous:  (Pbes  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate  acute,  o-nerved:  petals  obovate,  3-nerved,  nerves  llexuose,  very  branch- 
ing.    A. 
rcflexa,  H.  (  )  hoary-pubescent:    leaves  ovate,  sub-coriaceous,  opake,  gash- 

serrate,  attenuated  into  the    petiole:  scape  naked:   panicle  very  glabrous,  compact, 
corymbose:   petals  obovate,  bimaculale,   scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  reflexed,  ob- 
tuse calyx:  filaments  many,  abortive,  dilated,  petaloid:  ovarium  free.     A. 
integrifoLia,  H.   (  )  whole  plant  very  viscid-pubescent:   leaves  radical,  ovate, 

sub-membranaceous,  very  obtuse,  very  entire  or  very  smoothly  sinuate-crenate, 
copiously  reticulate-veined:  scape  elongated,  naked,  panicied  at  the  apex:  panicle 
lax,  broad  or  contracted,  bracled:  petals  obovale,  twice  as  long  as  the  spreading, 
very  glabrous,  at  length  sub-reflexed  calyx:  ttamens  short:  ovarium  entirely  free: 
styles  diverging.     8 — 10  i.     R. 

(I)  nivalis,  M.     vernalis,  Bw.     virginica,  N.  (2)  eschscholtzia,  Sternb. 


414  SAXIFRAGA. 

hieracifulia,  Dc.  (         r.  )  scape  stiffly  erect,  sub-pilose:  leaves  petioled,  obo- 

vate-spatulate,  repand-toothecl,  ciliate,  coriaceous:  flowers  spiked,  subsessile: 
lobes  of  tlie  calyx  ovate,  broad,  of  llie  length  of  the  tube:  petals  ovale,  reddish, 
withering,  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx:  filaments  purple:  capsule  prominent,  pur- 
ple: carpels  divaricate  at  the  apex;  siyles  very  sliort;  stigmas  sub-hemispheric. 
A. 

daliwica,  Pall.  (  )  very  glabrous:  leaves    wedge-fanform,  decgrrent   into  the 

petiole,  deeply  gash-toothed  above:  scape  leafless,  lax-paniclad,  bracted:  bracts 
linear,  very  entire:  petals  bi-punctate,  obovate,  somewhat  twice  as  long  as  the  re- 
flexed    calyx:  filaments  often  pelaloid.     1\.  A. 

folivLosa,  Br.  (  )  leaves  radical,  cuneate  sub-dentate:  scape  divided,  branches 

one-tlowered  at  the  apex,  beneath  covered  with  dwarf  fasciculate  leafets:  calyx  be- 
low obovate:  divisions  of  the  petals  cordate-lanceolate.     A. 

punctata,  L.  (  )  leaves  radical,  longly  petioled,  reniform-cordate,  rotund, 

membranaceous,  pilose,  reticulate,  deeply,  coarsely  and  equally  dentate,  not  mar- 
gined; teetli  entire,  parted,  often  acute:  scape  naked:  flowers  small,  panicled:  pa- 
nicle glandulous,  bracted:  bracts  minute,  linear:  filaments  very  often  abortive,  pe- 
laloid: calyx  reflexed.     A.  R. 

hetaranl/ia,  H.  (  Zf.)  sub-pubescent:    leaves  radical,   longly  petioled,  reni- 

form-cordate, membranaceous,  veiny,  many  lobed;  lobes  shortish,  somewhat  3- 
toothed:  teeth  acute,  beardless:  scape  naked:  flowers  panicled,  often  abortive: 
some  filaments  clavate,  others  jretal-form:  ovarium  free:  calyx  reflexed:  branches 
often  bulbiferous  below.     9  i.     R. 

2.     Leaves  undivided:  stem  lenfy. 

oppositifolia,  W.  (p.  M.  21-)  cespitose:  leaves  cauline,  opposite,  imbricate,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse; upper  ones  ciliate:  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  sessile.     Labrador. 

aizoides,  W.  (y.  U.)  decumbent,  cespitose:  leaves  canline,  linear,  alternate,  tooth-ci- 
liate:   panicle  few-flowered:   petals  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

setig'era,  Ph.  (1)  (VV.  w.  U-)  pubescent:  leaves  radical,  aggregate,  spatulate,  acute, 
spinose-ciliate:  stem  leafy,  about  2-flowered:  calyx  hispid:  very  long  setaceous 
twigs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

hirculus,  (  )  leaves  canline,  alternate,  lanceolate,  naked,  unarmed:  stem  erect. 

North  Somerset. 

exarala,  V.  (2)  (  )  cespitose:  leaves  3— .5-cleft;  upper   ones  linear,    entire, 

glandulous-pubescent;  segments  linear,  acutish:  flower-bearing  stem  slender, 
scarcely  leafy,  3— 5  (lowered:  flowers  corymb-racemed:  ovarium  adhering  to  the 
tube  of  the  pubescent  calyx:  petals  obovate,  3-nerved,  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     R. 

sHeniflora,  Cham.  (  )  stem  cespitose,    stoloniferous,  short:  leaves  rigid,  in 

dense  bunches  of  3's,  5's  and  7's,  very  shining,  as  if  varnished,  many-nerved,  hir- 
sute-pubescent; segments  linpar,  acutish:  stem  floriferous,  elongated,  pubescent- 
glandulous,  panicled  above:  flowers  largish:  ovarium  adhering  to  the  lube  of  the 
glandular-pubescent  calyx;  segments  obtuse:  petals  obovate,  3-nerved,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx.     A.    • 

petraa,  Lin.  (  -^.)  glandulous-pilose:  leaves   fleshy  3-lobed;  radical  ones 

cordate;  lobes  gashed,  somewhat  longly-petioled;  cauline  ones  sub-cuneate;  upper 
ones  undivided:  peduncles  and  ovaria  glandulous-hispid  below:  divisions  of  the  ca- 
lyx oblong,  erect:   petals  obovate,  retuse.     R. 

ranunadifolia  H.  (  w.  )  sub  glandulous-pubescent,  slender:  lower  leaves  very 
longly  petioled,  reniform,  three-parted;  segments  broad-cuneate,  gash-lobed;  cau- 
lineones  few:  flowers  corymbed,  pentandrous:  petals  obovate,  twice  as  long  as 
the  acute- glandulous  calyx.     R- 

richardsoidi,  H.  (  )  stem  glandulous,  leafy,  pubescent  above:  leaves  longly 

petioled,  orbicular-cordate,  crenate-lobed,  veiny;  margin  and  veins  glandulous  be- 
neath: glands  pedicelled:  raceme  compound,  somewhat  spike-form:  lanceolate 
bracts  and  pedicels  glandulous:  petals  obovate-elliptic,  short-unguiculate,  very 
acute  nerved;  about  twice  as  long  as  the  acuminate  segments  of  the  calyx:  sta- 
mens 5.     A. 

(1)  flagellaris,  Sternb.     (9)  nervosa,  Lapeyr. 


SAXIFRAGR,  SCHIZANDRA.  415 

3.     Leaves  lohcd. 

ritiilaris,  S.  (w.  J.  ZIO  frpct:  leaves  petio'ed,  palmate,  upper  ones  spatulate:  stem 
fevv-Howered:  looi  fiL'roiis;  germ  iialf  inleiior.     La!)ra(lor.     A.  R. 

sibcriai,  \V.  (w.  21-)  ascendin<(:  leaves  renirorin,  palmate,  pilose;  cauline  ones  ses- 
sile;  petioles  hirsute:  pedicels  very  long,  fjlitbrm,  2-ciet't,  naked.     Labrador. 

pectiiuilii,  Ph.  (W.  2_f,)  cespitose:  stems  numerous,  leat'v:  leaves  3-lobed;  lobes  3- 
cleft,  linear,  acute,  glabrous;  midrib  furrowed:   flowers  racomed. 

caspitoio.,  VV.  (\V.  y.  J.  ZI-)  leaves  radical,  aggregate,  fleshy,  linear,  obtuse,  eritire 
or  3-cleft,  nerved  beneath:  stem  erect,  nearly  naked,  ("ew-flowered:  petals  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx.  Var.  grcenlandica,  leaves  cauline,  palmate,  many  cleft;  divi- 
sions acute. 

tricufpiiliita,  W.  (w.  J.  2i.)  leaves  radical,  aggregate,  wedge-form,  ciliate,  acutely 
3-toolhed:  stem  ascending,  racemed;  petals  lanceolate,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hudson's  Bay. 

cernua,  (A.)  leaves  cauline,  palmate,  petioled:  stem  very  simple,  l-flowered,  bulbif- 
erous. 

mixta,  P.  (A.)  leaves  digitate,  (3  cleft.)  minutely  nerved,  sub-hirsute:  anthers  sagit- 
tate: stigma  hooded,  reflexed;  stem  sub-viscous,  2 — 3-floweied.  Is  this  a  variety 
of  ccEspitosa? 

nudiaiuLis.  Don  (  w.  If.)  scape  erect,  naked,  terete:  leaves  reniform,  palmate, 
glabrous;  lobes  ovate,  mucronale:  flowers  panicled:  lobes  of  the  calyx  triangular- 
ovate,  acute:  petals  obovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx.     A. 

Exotic. 

sarrncntosa,  (beef-steak,  creeping  saxifrage,  w.  Au.ZT.)  leaves  roundish,  toothed,  hairy, 
sending  off  creeping  shoots:  2  petals  in  each  flower  elongated. 

4 — 1.     ScABio'sA.     56.     Scab.  ton. 
Exotic. 

stdiala,  (star  scabious,  cats  eye.  y-w.  <0.)  corol  5-cleft,  radiate:  leaves  cut  and  jag- 
ged: outer  crown  of  the  nut  orbicular,  large,  spreading,  membranaceous,  many- 
nerved. 

atropurpurea,  (sweet  scabious,  r.  TJ..)  corol  5-c.left,  radiating:  leaves  pinnatifid  and 
cut:  receptacle  cylindric:  outer  ciown  of  the  nut  short,  lobed  and  crenate. 

Scundix,  Uraspermum. 

C — 3.     Scheuchze'ria.     7.     June.  ton.  fod. 

palustris,  (less  flowering  rush.  g-y.  M.  2i. )  stem  glabrous:  leaves  semi-cylindric, 
sheathing  at  the  base;  each  having  a  lateral  pore  on  the  inner  side,  immediately 
below  the  cartilaginous  tip.     In  ponds  and  marshes.     1  f.     P.  T.  V.     Mch. 

21 — 1.     Schiz>5:'a.     5.     Fill,  sec-stim. 

pusiUa,  Ph.  (one  sided  fern.  Ju.  ZT.)  frond  simple,  linear-compressed:  spikes  con- 
glomerate, indexed  one  way.  Tiie  only  known  locality  of  this  interesting  little 
fern  is  near  Quaker-bridge,  New-Jersey,  in  a  swamp.     3 — 6  i.     Y. 

19 — 5.     Schizan'dra.     77.     Meni.  r.  ton.  diu.  dijsu. 

Suuthern. 

coccinea,  Mx.  (r.  &  y.  M.  T^.)  glabrous:  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  sub-denticulate, 
petioled,  sometimes  sub-cordate.     Climbing.     10 — 15  f. 


Scabiosa.  Lat.  scabies,  itch,  from  its  sudorific  qualities  and  supposed  efBcacy  in 
cutaneous  diseases. 

Scheuchzeria.     In  honor  of  two  brothers,  Scheuchzer,  distinguished  botanists. 

Schizsea.  Gr.  scltezo,  to  cleave  asunder,  in  allusion  to  the  cloven  appearance  of  the 
spikes. 

Schizandra.  Gr.  schizo,  to  split,  and  aner,  a  stamen,  because  the  stamens  are  near- 
ly separated  by  fissures  in  the  receptacle. 


416  SCHOENUS,    SCIRPUS. 

3—1.     Schoe'nus.     9.     Cype.  fod— . 

mariscoides,  IM.  (water  bog  rush.  Ju.  21.)  culm  terete  or  sub-sulcate,  leafy;  leaves 
channeled,  semi-terete:  umbel  terminal:  fascicles  of  spikes  three  on  each  peduncle: 
pericarp  rounded  at  the  base.     2f.     P.  Y.     Mch. 

Southern, 
hispid'ulus,  Vahl.  (         )  peduncles  axillary   and  terminal,  3-spiked:  spikes  globose, 

pedicelled:   leaves  filiform,  hispid. 
effusus,  Sw.  (saw    grass.  Au.)  culm  leafy,  obtusely  3-angled:  leaves  prickly  forwards: 
panicle  terminal,  very  long,  diffuse:  pericarp  ovale,   longitudinally  wrinkled.     6 — 
10  f. 

Schoerms,  Rhynchospora. 

3 — 1.     Schol'lera.     17.     Pont,  ton — . 

graminifolia,  W.  (1)  (yellow-eyed  water  grass.  O.  y.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  all  linear,  grass- 
hke:  stem  slender,  fioaiing.     6 — 18  i.     Mch. 

15 — 10.     Schrank'ia.     93.     Legu.  asc. 
Exotic. 
sensUiva,  (2)  (sensitive  plant.)  ptickly:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  in  pairs,  inmost  ones 
minute. 

Southern, 
uncinata,  (3)  (sensitive  briar,  p.   Ju.  2iO  stem  prostrate  angled,  prickly:  leaves  alter- 
nate, abruptly  bipinnate;  leafets  small,  sub-oval,  gibbous  at  the  base,  thinly  pilose, 
irritable.     2—3  f.     S— C. 

Schubertia,  Cupressus. 
13—2.     Schwal'bea.     40.     37.     Sciop.  cath.  eme.  scro. 

■americana,  W.  (chaff  seed.  p-y.  J.  2^.)  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate:  racemes 
terminal:  flowers  alternate.     2  f.     S.     Y. 

Schiceiniizia,  Monotropsis. 

6 — 1.     Soil  LA.     16.     Asph.  exp.  nar.  stim. 

Exotic. 

maritima,  (squill,  w.)  scape  long,    naked,   many-flowered:  bracts   bent  back.     Root 

bulbous. 

Scilla^  Phalangium. 

3—1.     Scir'pus.     9.     Cype.  fod—. 

1 .     Pericarp  surrounded  icith  bristles  at  the  base. 

( Style  articulated  to  the  seed,  base  dilated  and  persistent.     Seed  of  ten  lenticular. 

Eleocha'eis.     Br.) 

tenuis,  W.  (4)  (club  rush.  O.  Ju.  21.)  culm  very  slender,  quadrangular:  spike   ovaL 

Schoenus.  Gr.  schoinos,  a  cord,  given  as  a  name  to  a  rush,  of  which  cords  were 
made. 

Schollera.  In  honor  of  Frederick  Adam  Scholler,  a  teacher  at  the  Moravian  College 
in  Germany. 

Schrankia.  In  honor  of  Francis  Schrank,  Prof,  of  Botany,  at  Ingolstadt,  and  Land- 
sheet. 

Schwalbea.     In  honor  Christian  Schwalbe,  a  German  botanist. 

Scilla.  Gr.  skullo,  to  injure,  its  root  being  as  well  a  poison  as  a  medicine;  or  from 
asgil,  the  Arabic  name  of  the  root. 

Scirpus.  Lat.  scirpus,  a  rush.  De  Theis  derives  it  from  Celt,  cirs,  a  reed  or  rush. 
(1)  Leptanthus  gramineus,  Mx.     Heteranthera,  Ph.         (2)  Mimosa,  4th  edition. 

•(3)  Mimosa  horridula,  Mx.     intsia,  Wr.         (4)  marginatus,  M.  E. 


sciRPus.  417 

acute  at  each  end:  glumes  ovate,  obtuse:  stamens  3:  sljles  3-cleft:  pericarp  rugose. 

8— 12i.     S.     Mch. 
glauctis,  T.  {L.  3u.  U.)  cu\m   maiiy-angled,    glaucous:  spike   ovate,   acute:  glumes 

ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginale:   stamens  3:  styles  2-cleft.     1  f. 
;7a/MS<Ws,  (marsh  club  rush.   W.  J.  2+'.)    culm    round,    inflated;    spike   lance-oblotig: 

glumes  somewhat  obtuse:    poricarp  roundish,    punctate,  rugose:  bristles    scabrous. 

18-24  i.     S.     P.  Y.  B.  C.  N.  D.     Mch. 
aipitdtus,  (W.  Ju.  1[.)  culm  leriete  or  sub-compressed:  spike  ovate,  obtuse:  pericarp 

oval,  compressed,  smooth.     6'.     B.  P.  O.  F.  N.     Mch. 
acicvlaris,  (1)  (W.  Ju.)  culm  setaceous,  quadrangular:  spike  ovate,  acute,  3—6  flow- 
ered: glumes  somewhat  obtuse:  stamens  3:  styles  bifid:  pericarp  obovate.    3 — 6  i. 

S.     B.  P.  C.  O.  F.  N.     Mch. 
fnisillus,  Vahl.  (L.  Au.)  culm  compressed  and  sub-angular:  spike  ovate,  compressed: 

pericarp  obovate:  stamens  3:  style  2 — 3  cleft.     1  i.     &'.     C.  N. 
intcrmcdius,  M.  (W.  S. )  culms  cespitose,  quadrangular  sulcate:  spikes  ovate,  oblong; 

glumes  acutish:  stamens  3:  style  2  cleft:  pericarp  broad-obovate,  compressed:  tu- 
bercle distinct.     3—4  i.     W.  Y.  P.  N. 
pUinifulius,  M.  (J.)  culm  triangular:    radical  leaves  linear,    flatj    nearly  equalling  the 

culm:  spike  terminal,  oblong,  compressed,  shorter  than  the  cuspidate  bracts  at  the 

base.     8  i.     P.  W.  N.  V.  B.     Mch. 
subtcrminalis,  T.  {Au.)  cu\m  floating,  sulcate,   inflated,   leafy  below:  spike   solitary, 

somewhat  terminal,  lanceolate:  style  2-cleft:   pericarp  3-angled.     3  f.     N.     Mch. 
ctEk-pitosus,  (scaly  rush,  Ju.)  culms  cespitose,  terete:  spikes  ovate,  few-flowered:  lower 

glumes  bract-like    as  long  as  the    spike:   sheaths   with  rudiments  of  leaves.     Var. 

cnlLosvs,  glumes  thickened   and  cartilaginous  at  the  tips.     8  i.     N. 

(  Slyle  filiform^  not  bearded,  caducovs.     Scirpus.  L.Br.) 

americamts,  P.  (2)  (W.  Au.)  culm  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  sides  concave,  spikes  lat- 
eral, 1 — 5j  ovate,  conglomerate,  sei^sile:  glumes  round-ovate,  mucronate:  pericarp 
3-angIed,  acuminate.  One  variety  has  3—5  spikes  nearly  terminal:  another  has 
generally  a  solitary  spike  remote  from  the  extremity  of  the  culm.  3 — 5  f.  <S.  B* 
C.  F.  N.  K.     Mch. 

delilis,  M.  (Au.)  culm  cespitose,  deeply  striate:  spikes  about  3,  lateral,  ovate,  sessile: 
glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate.     8 — 12  i.     S.     P.  Y.  B.  C.  N.     Mch. 

lacustris,  {3)  {W.  J.)  cu\m  terete,  attenuated  above,  naked:  panicle  sub-terminal: 
spikes  peduncled,  ovate.     4—8  f.     6\     P.  C.  O.  F.  N.  T.  K.     Mch. 

aattuf,  iVI.  (Ju.)  culm  terete,  (not  attenuated.)  spotted:  peduncles  numerous,  sub-lat- 
eral: spikes  oblong;   glumes  pubescent,  mucronate.     4  f.     P.  Y.  T.  B.  C.     Mch. 

atrovircns,  M.  (W.  Ju.)  culm  triangular,  leafy:  cyme  terminal,  compound,  prolifer- 
ous; involucre  3-leaved:  spikes  conglomerate,  ovate,  acute:  glumes  ovate,  raucro- 
nate,  pubescent.     2  f.     P.M. 

bninneus,  M.  (4)  (Au.)  culm  leafy,  obtusely  triangular:  cyme  decompound:  involucre 
3 — 4-leaved:  spikes  round-ovate,  clustered  in  heads  of  about  sixes:  glumes  ovate, 
obtuse.     2—3  f.     S'.     P.  Y.  C.  N.     Mch. 

macro stachijus,  M.  (5)  (VV.  L.  Au.)  culm  triangular,  leafy:  corymb  clustered;  invo- 
lucre about  3-leaved,  very  lon^:  spikes  oblong:  glumes  ovate,  3-cleft:  middle  seg- 
ment subulate  and  reflexed:  style  3-cleft.  3—4  f.  S.  B.  C.  T.  Peekskill. 
Mch. 

pendulus,  M.  (6)  (J.)  culm  triangular,  leafy:  leaves  striate,  margin  scabrous:  spikes 
oblong-cylindrical,  solitary:  glumes  1-valved,  imbricate,  acuminate,  ovate,  white! 
pericarp  3-sided;  pistil  3-cleft.     3  f. 

{  Style  filiform,  caducous.     Bristles  much  longer  than  the  seed.     Trichophorum.     P.) 

eriophorum,  Mx.  (7)  (red  cotton  grass,  O.  Au.  If.)  culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy: 
panicle  decompound,  proliferous,  nodding:  spikes  all  peduncled:  bristles  surround- 
ing the  pericarp,  exsert.     4 — 5  f.     S.     J\lch. 

linmtus,  Mx.  (W.  Au.)  culm  3-angled,  leafy;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  decom- 
pound, at  length  nodding:  involucre  1 — 2  leaved:  spikes  ovate:  glumes  lanceolate, 
somewhat  carinate:  bristles  longer  than  the  pericarp.     2 — 3  f.     S.     M.  N.     Mch. 


(I)  trichodes,  M.  E.     capillaceus,  Mx.     pusillus.  Ph.  (2)  triqueter,  Mx. 

(3)  validus,  Vahl.  Ph.         (4)  exaltatus,  Ph.         (5)  robustus.  Ph.  maritimus,  Bw.  E. 
(6)  brizoides,  W.  (7)  Eiiophorum  cyperinum,  L.     Trichophorum  cyperinum   P 

53 


418  SCLERIA,    SCLERIA. 

2.     Seed  nuked  at  the  base. 
(  Style  simple  at  the  base,  Jiot  articulated  to  Uie  seed,  caducous.     Isolepsis.     Br. ) 

SMJsywarrosMs,  M.  (1)  (Au.  ZC?)  culm  triangular,  nearly  naked,  incurved;  spikes  3, 
nearly  terminal,  ovate:  glumes  somewhat  squarrose  at  the  top:  involucre  2-leaved, 
very  lonor,  unequal.     2  i.     .S.     P.  C.  N.     Mch. 

capiUaris.  (2)  (W.  Au.  Q.)  culm  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  capillary:  spikes  ovate.  2 — 3 
of  them  peduncled,  with  an  intermediate  sessile  one.     S  i.     S.     P.  C.  N.     Mch. 

autumnaUs,  (W.  Au.  71.)  culm  couipressed,  ancipitous:  umbel  compound:  involucre 
2  leaved:  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  4-sided.  8 — 12  i.  S.  N.  Peeks- 
kill.     Mch. 

Southern. 

simplex,  E.  (W.  J.  If.)  culm  terete:  spike  somewhat  ovate:  glumes  obtuse:  pericarp 
obovate,  3-angled.     8—13  i. 

filiformis,  Vahl,  (Au.)  spike  cylindric,  oblong,  obtuse:  scales  roundish:  pericarp  nak- 
ed at  the  summit:  culm  filiform. 

geniculntus,  Vahl.  (Ju.)  spike  ovate-oblong:  scales  round-ovate:  cuhn  terete,  growing 
in  distinct  clusters. 

iuberculatus,  Mx.  {Au.)  culm  terete,  striate:  glumes  very  obtuse,  loose,  appressed: 
pericarp  somewhat  3-angled:  tubercles  sagittate,  larger  than  the  seed.     12  i.     N. 

quadrungulatus,  Mx.  (M.  2£. )  culm  acutely  4-angled;  3  sides  concave;  one  wider, 
flat:  spike  cylindric:  glumes  very  obtuse.     1 — 2  f. 

equisetoides,  E.  (J.)  spike  cylindric,  terminal;  scales  very  obtuse:  culms  terete,  doubly 
jointed.     Resembles  Equisetum  hyemale.     18 — 24  i.      Mch. 

mucronatus,  Vahl.  (Au. )  leafless:  spikes  oblong:  scales  entire,  acuminate:  culm  3- 
angled.     Mch. 

stenophyilus,  E.  (Au.  %.)  culm  filiform,  obtusely  3-angled:  leaves  setaceous:  involu- 
cre 4-leaved,  very  long:  spike  clustered:  glumes  mucronate.     3 — 5  i.     La. 

coarclatus,  E.  (3)  (Oct.)  umbel  compound,  crowded:  spikes  small,  lance-linear:  in- 
volucre, setaceous,  with  one  of  its  leaves  longer  than  the  umbel:  leaves  filiform, 
concave  on  one  side.     1  f.     La. 

castaneus,  Mx.  (4)  (Ju.)  spikes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse:  involucre  2-leaved,  rigid,  as 
long  as  the  compound  umbel. 

sulcatus,  E.  (Au.)  spikes  lance-ovate,  sometimes  acuminate:  umbel  compound,  as 
long  as  the  involucre:  pericarp  longitudinally  furrowed.     1  f 

nitens,  Vahl.  (Ju.)  spikes  ovate,  pedicelled:  corymbs  generally  compound,  axillary 
and  terminal:  culm  terete. 

divaricatus,  E.  (J.)  culm  obtuse-3-angled:  umbels  decompound,  divaricate:  spikes 
oval,  pendulous.     3 — 4  f. 

schoenoides,  E.   (  )  culm  3-angled:   panicles  decompound,    axillary   and  terminal, 

pendulous:  spikelets  clustered,    pericarp    obovate,  rugose,  surrounded  by  bristles. 
2—3  f. 

sylr.aticus,  Mx.  (wood  rush.  2/.)  spikes  oblong,  crowded:  corymb  leafy,  more  than 
decompound:   scales  oblong,  obtusish,  green:  culm  leafy,  3-angled. 

ovatus.  Vahl.  (Ju.  2X.)  spike  ovate:  scales  oblong:  flowers  somewhat  diandrous: 
culm' sub-compressed:  sheaths  unarmed. 

Scirpus,   FiMBBisTVLis,  Rhynchospoka. 
10—2.     Scleran'thi-s.     30.     Scle.  ton. 

annuus,  (knawel,  gravel  chickweed.  O.  w-g.  J.  0.)  calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading, 
acute:  stem  spreading,  sub-prostrate. 

19—3.     Scle'ria.     9.     Cype.  fod. 
triglomerata,  Mx?  E.    (5)  whip   grass.   J.    U.)  culm   acutely  triangular^    scabrous: 

Scleranthus.     Gr.  sideros,  hard,  and  anthos,  flower,  on  account  of  its  dry  calyx. 
Scleria.     Gr.  skleros,  hard,  on  account  of  the  hard  and  polished  fruit. 

(1)  minimus.  Ph.     (2)ciliatifolius,    E.     (3)  castaneus,  M.     (4)  Fimbristylis,  Vahl. 

(.5)  Elliott  says,  this  is  not  the  triglomerata  of  Pursh,  but  may  be  of  Mx.  Pursh's 
description  is  as  follows:  trislomerata,  (J.  21.)  culm  erect,  simple,  3-sided,  scabrous: 
leaves  scabrous  at  the  marg'in:  fascicles  few-flowered,  terminal:  glumes  ovate,  mu- 
cronate, scabrous:  nuts  globose,  acute,  rugose. 


SCLERIA,    SCUTELLARIA.  419 

leaves  lance-linear,  channelled,  a  little  scabrous,  sparingly  pilose:  spikes  fascicled, 
lateral  and  terminal:  glumes  ciliate:  nut  smooth.     2  f.     S.     P.Y.N.     Rich. 

paucijiora,  M.  (1)  (Au.  21.)  culm  3-angled,  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  glabrous:  spikes 
lateral  and  terminal,  few-flowered;  lateral  ones  pendulous:  terminal  ones  clustered: 
glumes  glabrous:  nut  rugose.     1~ — 18  i.     S.     P.  Y. 

verticillata,  M.  (Au.  U.)  culm  simple,  3-sided;  culm  and  leaves  glabrous:  spike  naked, 
with  alternate  distant  glomerules:  glumes  glabrous;  nut  globose,  mucronate,  trans- 
versely rugose-warty.     1  f     S.     P. 

reticvlata,  Mx.  (Ju.  )  culm  and  leaves  glabrous:  sheatlis  winged:  spikes  scattered, 
axillary  and  terminal:   glumes  and  bracts  glabrous:  imt  reticulate,  dotted.     1 — 2  f. 

Southern. 

cligantlia,  E.  (M. )  culm  slender,  3-angled,  glabrous:  leaves  narrow,  nerved,  slight- 
ly scabrous:  spikes  2 — 3,  sub-terminal,  sessile;  one  lateral,  one  remote,  iong- 
peduncled:  not  very  smooth,  shining.     12 — 18  i. 

gracilis,  E.  (  )  culm    filiform,  3-angled:   culm  and  leaves  glabrous:  spikes  few- 

flowered,  fascicled,  sub-terminal:  glumes  glabrous:   nut  smooth,  shining.     If. 

ciliata,  Mx.  (J.)  culm  erect,  glabrous,  nearly  naked:  leaves  linear,  channelled,  pubes- 
cent above:  spikes  terminal,  clustered:  bracts  and  glumes  ciliate:  nut  rugose.  1 
— 2f. 

Jiirtelln,  Mx.  (Ju.)  culm  erect,  slender:  culm,  leaves  and  bracts  a  little  hirsute: 
spikes  terminal  and  axillary:  glumes  pubescent:  imt  transversely-rugose.  Var. 
strigosa,  angles  of  the  stem,  margins  and  inid-ribs  of  llje  leaves  more  hirsute: 
glumes  ciliate;   nut  tuberculate-rugose.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species.     Elliott. 

inltrriipta,  Ms.  (  )  culm  simple,  3-angled:  culm  and  leaves  pubescent:  spike  glo- 

meiate,  naked;  clusters  alternate,  distant:  glumes  bristly:  nut  globose,  mucronate, 
transversely  warty-rugose. 

21 — 1.     ScoLOPEN'DKiiJM.     5.     Fill,  sec-sti. 

qfficinaruin,  W.  (2)  (caterpillar  fern.  W.  Ju.  2X-)  frond  broad-lanceolate,  cordate  at 
the  base:  stipe  chafiy.     8 — 10  i.     Onondaga,  N.  Y. 

Scorzonera,  Borkausia. 
13 — 2.     Scrophula'ria.     37.     Scro.  cat.  erne. 


marylandicfi ,  (3)  (fig-wort.  O.  g-p.  J.  21.)  leaves  cordate,  serrate,  acute,  roundish  at 
the  base;  petioles  ciliate  below:  fascicles  of  the  panicle  lax,  few-flowered.  3 — 7  f. 
.ST.     Mch. 

nceolala.  Ph.  fg-y.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  lanceolate,    unequally  serrate,  acuminate,  acute 
at  the  base:   petioles  naked:   fascicles  of  the    panicle  corymbed.     3 — 5  f.     &'.     P. 


T.     Peekskill.     Mch. 

13 — 1.     Scctella'ria.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.  ton.  hyd. 

iaferiflora,  (mad-dog  scull  cap,  hood-wort.  O.  ,b.  Ju.  2X. )  branching,  glabrous:  leaves 
long-petioled,  ovate,  toothed;  cauline  ones  sub-cordate:  racemes  lateral,  leafy. 
Damp.     1— 2f.     .S.     Mch. 

galerimla'ta,  (scull-cap.  O.  b.  J.  21.)  branching:  leaves  sub-sessile,  lance-ovate,  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  a  little  white-downy  beneath:  flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary or  in  pairs.     Flowers  large.     Damp.     12 — 18  i.     Mch. 


Scolopendrium.  Gr.  skolopendra,  the  centipede,  so  called  from  the  number  of  its  roots 
and  blanches,  or  from  little  marks  on  the  front  resembling  this  insect. 

Scrophularia.     Lat.  scrop/iu/a,  the  king's  evil,  because  it  )s  used  in  this  complaint. 

Scutellaria.  Lat.  scutellum,  a  little  shield,  from  the  shape  of  the  lid  of  the  calyx;  or 
from  sciitiUa,  a  small  vessel,  on  account  of  the  figure  of  the  calyx. 

(1)  Torrey,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Darlington,  says,  this  is  not  the  pauciflora  of  Pursh. 
Pursh's  description  is  as  follows:  paucijloiu,  {Au.  2i.)  culm  erect,  simple,  3-angled, 
scabrous:  leaves  narrow-linear,  channelled,  scabrous  at  the  margin:  tascicles  few- 
flowered,  in  pairs,  terminal;  one  very  remote,  axillary;  nut  globose,  acutish,  trans- 
versely rugose. 

(2)  Asplenium  scolopendrium,  L.         (3)  nodosa.     Var.  americana,  Mx. 


420  SCUTELLARIA,    SEDUM. 

gracilis,  N.  (W.  b.  J.  Zf.)  stem  sub-simple:  leaves  remote,  broad-ovate,  toothed, 
smooth,  sessile,  scabrous  on  the  margin;  upper  ones  smaller,  entire:  tlowers  axil- 
lary.    Resembles  th6  last.     12— 18  i.     P.  C. 

parvu/M,  Ms.  ( VV.  b.  J.  21-)  minutely  pubescent,  simple,  or  branching  from  the  base: 
leaves  entire,  obtuse,  sessile,  revolute  at  tlie  margin,  veined  beneath;  lower  ones 
short-petioled,  sub  orbicular,  sub-cordate  at  the  base;  upper  ones  oblong-ovate, 
gradually  smaller:  flowers  axillary,  solitarj',  opposite:  root  (or  subterraneous  stem) 
with  tuberous  internodea  and  rootlets  from  each  joint.  Probably  synonymous  with 
S.  ambigua,  Ni  3 — 6  j.  8.  M.  P.  This  improved  description  is  given  by  Dr. 
Aikin.     Mch. 

lavigata,  Aikin,  (W.  b.  M.  21.)  simple,  smooth:  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate,  coarse- 
serrate,  entire  at  the  base  and  extreme  apex,  acute,  or  sub-acuminate,  sub-ciliate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  veined,  glabrous,  paler  berjeath:  raceme  simple,  terminal, 
flowers  opposite,  bracted,  sub-pubescent,  erect;  upper  bracts  smaller,  entire: 
flowers  large.     Iv!— 18  i.     M. 

integrifolia,  ( W.  b.  Ju.  2i-)  somewhat  simple,  densely  pubescent:  lower  leaves  ovate, 
crenate,  tapering  to  the  base;  upper  ones  lance-linear,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile:  ra- 
cemes lax-flowered,  leafv.  Var.  %sso/)//u/(a,  has  the  leaves  all  linear.  1 — 2f.  S. 
P.  C.  H.  N.     S— C.     k. 

pilosa,  Mx  (1)  (b.  J.  If.)  nearly  simple,  pubescent:  leaves  remote,  rhomb-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, round-crenate,  rugose,  petioled;  lower  ones  sub-cordate:  racemes  panicled: 
flowers  crowded:   bracts  lanceoiaie,  entire.     18 — 24  i.     iS.     H.     S — C.     K. 

canescfins,  N.  (W.  b.  Zf.)  branching:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  acutely  toothed,  petioled, 
hoary-villose  beneath:  lower  ones  siib-cordate:  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  pedi- 
celled,  sub-panicled:  bracts  lance-ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx:  bracts  and  flowers 
hoary  villose.     2 — 3  f     S.     Harper's  Ferry. 

cortbfoLia,  M.  (2)  (W.  b.  w.  Au.  2i.)  leaves  broad-cordate,-acute,  obtusely  toothed; 
petioles  long:  racemes  opposite  and  terminal:  bracts  ovate,  acuminate:  stem 
branching.     2—3  f.     -S.     P.   K.      Mch. 

resinosa,  T.  (W.  b.)  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  very  branching:  leaves  ovate, 
very  obtuse,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  very  entire,  sprinkled  on  each  side  with 
resinous  dots:  flowers  axillary,  villose. 

Southern. 

nervosa,  Ph.  (b.  Au.  Zf.)  nearly  simple,  glabrous:  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  toothed, 
nerved:  raceme  terminal,  lax,  leafy. 

angustifolia,  Ph.  (W.J.  21-)  simple,  finely  pubescent:  leaves  linear:  flowers  axil- 
lary, opposite:  stamens  sub-exsert. 

serratu,  Ph.  (b.  Ju.  Zf.)  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  short- 
petioled:  racemes  terminal,  lax,  often  panicled:  bracts  lanceolate,  short.  S — C. 
K. 

viUosa,  E.  (J.)  stem  erect,  branching,  villose:  leaves  large,  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  coarse-toothed,  villose  beneath,  hispid  above:  racemes  panicled:  flowers 
crowded.     2^3  f. 

fiirsuta,  (  )  stem  erect,  simple,  sparingly  branched  hirsute:  leaves  petioled  broadr 
ovate,  crenate,  obtuse,  hirsute:  bracts  ovate,  ciliale:  caXyx  hairy.  1 — 2  f.  Dis- 
covered by  H.  A.  Griswold,  on  the  borders  of  marshes  around  Louisville,  Ky. 

3—2.     Seca'le.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

Exotic. 

cereale,  (rye.  J.  ,3'.)  glumes  and  bristles  scabrous-ciliate:  paleas  smooth.     Introduced. 

10—5.     Se'dum.     86.     Port.  ton. 

ternatum,  Mx.  (false  ice-plant.  W.  w.  J.  21.)  small,  creeping:  leaves  flat,  round- 
spatulate,  ternate:  flowers  somevvhat  3-spiked.  Varies  into  the  eighth  class.  Cul- 
tivated.    S.     P.  H.  M.  K.     S-C. 

Secale.  Lat.  secale,  rye:  from  Celtic  scgal,  of  sega,  a  sickle,  by  which  name  were 
known  all  plants  cut  with  a  sickle. 

Sedum.     Lat.  .ser/o,  to  sit,  because  it  grows  on  the  face  of  rocks,   ant}  looks  as  jf  sit- 
ting upon  them. 
(1)  caroliniana,  Wr.         (2)  versicolor,  N.? 


SEDUM,  SENECIO.  421 

■elephioides,  Mx.  (p.  Ju,)  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  dentate:  corymbs 

niany-tlowered.     1  f.     S.     F.     Harper's  Ferry.     M. 
nntlaUii,  T.  (W.       )  leaves  roundish,  flat,  entire,  scattered:    cymes  terminal,  tricho- 

toinoiis. 
lanceoldtum,  T.  (VV.  w.?)  leaves  flat,  sub-aUernate;  lower  ones  crowded,  lance-oblong, 

aciitish,  glabrous,  with  the  margin  glandular-serrulate:  stem  branching,  assurgent: 

flowers  cyme-corymbed;   petals  lanceolate,  spreading. 

Ei:otic. 

tclcpliiiim,  (orpine,  live-forever,  r.  w.  Ju.  2+.)  leaves  flattish,  tooth-serrate,  thickly 
scattered:   corymb  leafy:  stem  erect. 

anucavipscros,  (stone-crop.  21-)  leaves  wedge-form,  entire,  sub-sessile;  stem  decum- 
bent: flowers  corymbed. 

Southern, 

pulchdlum,  Mx.  (W.  p.  )  glabrous:  stems  assurgent:  leaves  scattered,  linear,  ob- 
tuse:  cyme  many-spiked:   flowers  sessile,  octaiidrous. 

pvsiUian,  Mx.  (1)  (w.  Ju.  ZZ.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  alternate,  nearly  terete,  ob- 
long:  flowers  sub-terminal,  few,  alternate,  sub-pedicelled.     2 — 4  i.     S — C 

stenopetaluni,  Ph.  (W.  y.  Ju.  21.)  glabrous,  stems  ascending:  leaves  scattered  and 
crowded,  adnate-sessile,  compressed-subulate,  acute:  cyme  terminal,  thrice-dicho- 
tomous:  spikes  recurved:  flowers  sessile,  decandrous:  petals  linear,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

rhoduila,  Dc.  ('2)  (VV.  g.  y.  2i.)  erect,  simple:  leaves  imbricate,  sessile,  obovate, 
acute,  fleshy,  glaucous,  toothed  above:  cymes  terminal,  branching.     8  i. 

14 — 1.     Sele'nia.     G3.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 
Southern, 
avren,  N.  (W.  y.  0.)  stem  glabrous,  sub-divided  at  the  base,  acute-triangular:  leaves 
smooth,  somewhat  succulent;  radical   ones  sub-bipinnalifid,  sessile:  peduncles  ax- 
illary, angular.     4 — 6  i. 

Selinum,  Cnidium. 

12 — 12.     Sempervi'vusi.     83.     Cras.  h.  coo.  muc.  lax. 
Exotic. 

tedorum,  (houseleek.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  ciliate:  bulbs  spreading:  nectaries  wedge-form, 
crenulate. 

arhorevm,  (tree  houseleek.)  stem  woody,  smooth,  branching:  leaves  wedge-form,  gla- 
brous, with  soft  spreading  hairs. 

Senebiera,  Lepidium. 

17 — 2.     Sene'cio.     55,     Eupa.  sec-stim. 

1.     Florets  tubular:  rays  none. 

Remark.     The  three  first  species  vary   from  the  character   of  the  section  under 
which  the  genus  is  placed;  being  destitute  of  rays. 

vulgaris,  (groundsel.  W.  y.  J.  21-)  leaves  mostly  clasping,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  tooth- 
ed: flowers  panicled:  stem  erect,  branched.  Perhaps  introduced.  12 — 20  i.  T. 
P.  B.     Mch. 

kierac  if  alius,  (fire-weed,  O.  w.  J.  Q.)  stem  wand-panicled:  leaves  clasping,  oblong, 
acute,  deeply,  acutely  and  unequally  toothed:  involucre  smooth,  bristly  at  the 
base.  This  plant  springs  up  wherever  land  has  been  recently  cleared  of  timber, 
and  more  particularly  if  it  has  been  burned  over.     4 — 8  f.     <S.     Mch.  • 

Selenia.     From  Gr.  selcne,  the  moon. 

Sempervivurn.  Lat.  semper,  always,  and  vicens,  living,  being  on  account  of  its  suc- 
culent habit  remarkably  tenacious  of  life. 

Senecio.  Lat.  sencx,  an  old  man,  from  the  grey-downy  seed  heads,  or  because  it  be- 
comes old  in  the  beginning  of  the  season,  the  name  meaning  the  same  as  Erigeron. 
(1)  Diamorpha,  N.  and  Tillaea  cymosa  of  the  same.  (2)  Rhodiola  rosea,  L. 


422  SEN'ECIO. 

elongatus,  Ph.  (long  stem  groundsel.  W.  Ju.  21- )  glabrous:  radical  leaves  spatulate, 
serrate,  tapering  into  the  petiole:  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid,  toothed,  very  remote: 
peduncles  elongated,  coryrnb-umbelleH.     P. 

paucijiurus,  Ph.  (21.)  glabrous:  radical  leaves  long-petioled,  roundish-ovate,  sub-cor- 
dale,  toothed;  cauline  ones  2,  remote,  pinnatifid,  toothed:  peduncles  short,  some- 
what in  3's,  umbelled.     Labrador.     8  i. 

2.     Flowers  icitk  ray  florets. 

pavpermlus,  Ms.  (21.)  stem  very  simple,  rigidly  erect,  nearly  naked:  leaves  lanceo- 
late; radical  ones  sub-entire  and  gash-toothed:  corymb  few-flowered:  involucre 
smooth:  ra3's  small. 

gracilis,  Ph.  ( W.  M.  21.)  radical  leaves  very  long  petioled.  orbicular,  sub-cordate, 
crenate;  cauline  ones  few,  very  remote,  linear-oblong,  dilated  at  the  base,  gash- 
toothed:  peduncles  very  short,  hirsute,  sub-umbelled:  involucre  smooth:  rays  ievf, 
very  short.     1  f     P.  N. 

ohovalvs,  (W.  y.  M.  IS-)  radical  leaves  obovate,  crenate-serrate,  petioled;  cauline 
ones  pinnatifid,  toothed:  flowers  sub-umbelled,  long-peduncled,  bracted,  with  a 
cavity  under  the  receptacle  like. some  other  pf  the  genus:  stem  somewhat  glabrous. 
S.     B.  P.  N. 

halsamita,  (balsam  groundsel.  W.  y.  J.  21-)  radical  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  petioled; 
cauline  ones  lyrate  or  pinnatifid:  flowers  sub-umbelled:  stem  and  peduncles  villose 
at  the  base,     i— 2  f.     6'.     V.  Y.  P.  B.  C.  M.  N.  D.     Mch. 

aureus,  VV.  (rag- wort,  false- valerian.  AV.  y.  J.  Zf.)  radical  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  ser- 
rate, petioled:  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed,  terminal  division  lanceolate:  pe- 
duncles sub-umbelled.  incrassate.     JS--24  i.     6'.     B.  C.  O.  P.  N.  T.  V.     Mch. 

ajmhalaria,  Ph.  (W.)  radical  leaves  roundish,  petioled,  truncate  at  the  base,  toothed: 
petioles  appendaged,  sub-lyrate;  cauline  ones  sessile,  linear  gash-toothed:  stem 
about  1-flowered.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  last. 

canadensis,  (W.)  {  )  leaves  doubly   pinnate,    linear,    glabrous;  uppermost  ones 

simply  pinnate:  flowers  in  compound,  fasligiate  corymbs.     Canada. 

lugcns.  Rich.  (  )  deciduous-tomentose  or  naked,  simple:  leaves  entire,  glandu- 

lous-dentate;  radical  ones  oblong  spatulate;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  some- 
what clasping:  corymb  dense:  leafets  of  the  involucre  remarkably  sphacelate.  P.. 
A. 

triangularis,  K.  (  )  high,  simple,  leafy,  very  glabrous:  leaves  almost  all  petiol- 

ed, deltoid-acuminate,  coarsely  and  unequally  dentate-serrate:  flowers  largish,  co- 
rymbed:  divisions  of  the  involucre  somewhat  lax,  sphacelate  at  the  apex.     K. 

se7T(/,  H.  (  •  )  high,  ramose,  verj' glabrous:  leaves  numerous,  lance-linear,  deeply 
and  unequally  dentate-serrate:  panicle  very  branching,  densely  sub-corymbed: 
leafets  of  the  involucre  somewhat  lax,  scarcely  sphacelale.     R. 

canus,  H.  (  )  hoary-tomentose:    radical   leaves  spatulate,   very  entire;   cauline 

ones  lance-linear,  pinnatifid:  leafets  of  the  involucre  scarcely  sphacelate.  A  var. 
with  the  leaves  somewhat  glabrous  above.     D. 

resedifulius,  Lessing.  (  )  dwarfish;  very  glabrous:    stem   scarcely  leafy;    radical 

leaves  longly  petioled;  outer  ones  rotund,  crenate-sinuate;  middle  ones  lyrate-pin- 
natifid;  segments  entire  or  2 — 3-lobed;  cauline  ones  oblong-pinnatifid  at  the  base: 
axils  woolly:  stem  1 — 3  flowered.     A. 

eremophilus.  Rich.  (  )  rays  spreading:  stem  liigli,  branching:  leaves  all  very 

glabrous,  pinnatifid;  divisions  sub-linear,  distant,  semi-pinnatifid :  flowers  corymb- 

ed:  bracts  lax,  long,  conforming  to  the  cylindric  involucre.     A. 

frigidus,  Lessing.  (  )  deciduous-ton>entose:  stem  simple,  somewhat  low:   leaves 

oblong,  very  entire;  lower  ones  obovate,  petioled:  stem  ascending,  J-floweied.     A. 

pseudo-arnica,  Lessing.  (  ;  deciduous-tomentose:  stem  thick,  erect,  leafy;  leaves 

oblong,  dentate,  attenuate  below;  upper  ones  sub-cordate  at  the -base,  somewhat 
clasping; 'lower  ones  attenuated  into  a  petiole:  flower  solitary,  large.  A.  New- 
foundland. 

paluslris,  Hk.  (1)  (  )  simple  or  ramose;  woolly:  stem  fistulous:  leaves  broad- 

lanceolate;  cauline  ones  lance-linear,  sinuate-dentate,  almost  pinnatifid:  flowers 
corymbed.     Var.  congesta,  (2)  stem  very  simple,  flowers  capitate.     A. 


(I)  Cineraria  palustris,  Lin.  (2)  Cineraria  congesta,  Br. 


SENECIO,    SESELI.  423 

Southern. 

■c'diatus,  Wr.  (w.)  stem  pilose:  leaves  lance-linear,   ciliate. 

tomcnlosus,  Mx.    (M.    If-)  lioary   and    woolly:  stem   simple:   leaves  petioled,  lance- 
oval,  serrulate:   corymb  sub-umbelled.     2  f. 
Jastlsriatas,  Sz.   (y.)  radical  leaves    oblong,    heart-ovate,    crenate-toothed,    glabrous; 
cauline   ones    pinnalifid,    divisions    gash-tootlied:  flowers  sub-uinbelled:  peduncles 
and  involucre  glabrous.     2 — 3  f. 

lobutus,  P.  (y.  JVl.  ^i.)  glabrous:  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;  lobes"round,  sub-repand: 
corymb-compound:   upper  peduncles  sub-umbelled.     1 — 3  f.      Florida. 

integerrimus,  N.  (VV.  y.  J.)  smooth:  stem  simple,  slender;  leaves  very  entire;  radi- 
cal ones  long-petioled,  lanceolate,  acute;  cauline  ones  sessile,  acummate;  highest 
•ones  minute:  corymb  simple:  peduncles  l-liowered:  rays  shorter  than  the  hemis- 
pheric, bracted  involucre.     Damp.     ]2 — 18  i. 

ScHccio,  Cacalia,  Cineraria. 

20—9.     Seupic'ula.     22.     Hydr.  ton. 

•canadensis,  Mx.  (1)  (ditch  moss,  little  snake  weed.  O.  w.  Ju.  21.)  perfect  flowers 
triandrous:  stigmas  strap-like,  rellexed,  2-cleft:  leaves  linear,  acute,  somewhat 
whorled,  glabrous,  denticulate.     The  pistillate  corols  are  tubular.     S. 

Serrulala,  Liatris. 

13—2.     Sesa'mum.     40.     Peda.  h.  s.  muc.  lax. 

Exotic. 

indicum,  (bene-benni,  oily  grain,  r-w.  Au.  Q.)  leaves  lance- ovate;  lower  ones  3-lobed; 
upper  ones  undivided,  serrate.     2 — 4  f*. 

16 — 10.     Sesba'ma.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  asc. 

Southern. 

resicaria,  Jn.  (2)  (y.  Au.)  leaves  equally  pinnate:  leafets  (10-20  pairs,)  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, glabrous:  racemes  few-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  loment  lanceolate, 
long  stiped.    about  2-seeded.     3 — 7  f. 

marrocarpa,  M.  (O.  y.  &  p.  S.  Q.)  leaves  equally  pinnate;  leafets  (10— 25  pairs) 
oval,  glabrous,  sub-glaucous  beneath:  racemes  axillary,  fevv-fiowered;  legumes 
elongated,  nearly  terete.     4 — 12  f 

5—2.     Ses'eli.     go.     Umbel,  sto.  war — . 

triternatum.  Ph.  )W.  M.  y.  U.)  leaves  triternate;  leafets  long-linear:  umbels  hemis- 
pheric; involucres   many  leaved,    with   linear  leafets  of  the  length  of  the  umbels. 

divaricatum,  Ph.  (y.  M.  If.)  stem  very  branching,  divaricate:  leaves  bipinnatifid, 
with  gashed  lanceolate  divisions:  general  involucre  none:  involucel  Jinear.  6—9  i. 
Louisiana.     L.  ■  ■  ^     r-  . 

leiocarpum,  H.  (  )  leaves  longly  sheathed;  triternate  or  tnternate-pmnate:  leafets 
petioled,  oblong,  very  entire,  entire  or  trifid,  glaucous:  stem  nakedish:  umbellets 
compound;  rays  universal,  very  unequal:  umbels  capitate;  flowers  dicecious  or 
polygamous?  fruit  (when  immature)  very  smooth,  oblong-cylmdnc:  involucres 
and    involucels  none.     9  i.     A.  R. 

Serpicula.     Lat.  ser-po,  to  creep,  in  allusion  to  its  creeping  habit  and  small  size. 
Sesamum.     Gr.  sesarnon,    of  Arabic,   semsen,   which  was   the  ancient  name  for  this 

plant.  ,       T      • 

Sesbania.     (The  Arabic  name  of  the  plant)  Sesbnn,  with  a  Lalin  termination. 
Seseli.     Lat.  seselis,  Gr.  sculis,  words  probably  of  Arabic  origin. 

(1)  occidentalis,  Ph.     verticillala.  M.     Elodea,  Mx.     Udora,  N.  (2)  platy- 

carpa,  P.     disperma.  Ph.     Robinia,     Jn.     Aeschynomene    platycaipa.  Mx.     Glotti- 
dium  floridanum. 


424  SESLERIA,    SIDA.  ., 

3—2.     Sesle'ria.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Southern, 
daetyloides,  N.  (moor  grass.   W.    g.)  culm  setaceous,  leafy:  leaves  short,  flat,  subu- 
late, sub-pilose;  stipules  bearded:  spikes  2 — 3,  few-flowered:  corol  and  2-flowered: 
calyx  acuminate,  entire.     4 — 5  i. 

11 — 5.     Sesu'viom.     87.     Ficoi.  f.  nut. 
sessile,   Dc.  (L.  r.  Ju.)  flowers  sessile:  leaves  linear-oblong,  flat. 

Southern. 
.pentandrum,  E.  (L.  An.)  leaves  lance-linear,  obtuse,  succulent:  flowers  solitary,  close- 
ly sessile,  pentandrous.     The    descriptions  of  Ihe  sessile  are  too  short  to  enable  me 
to  determine  whether  this  is  the  same.     tlHott. 
pedunculatiim,  Dc.  (L.  w.  Au.)  leaves  lance-linear,  obtuse,  succulent:  flowers  solitary, 
axillary  peduncled,  polyandrous. 

Setaria,  Pennisetum. 
13 — 2.     Setme'ria.     37.     Scro.  cat.  erne. 

Southern. 

tenuifolia,  Ph.  (1)  (y.  &  p.  Au.'^?)  glabrous,  very  branching:  leaves  compound ■ 
pinnatifid;  segments  filiform,  opposite  and  alternate:  corol  sub-rotate;  capsule  gla- 
brous.    3—4  f     Charleston,  S— C 

pectinata,  Ph.  (y.  S.  07)  viscid-pubescent,  very  branching:  leaves  pectinate-pin- 
natifid:  divisions  undivided  acute,  linear:  corol  sub-rotate:  capsule  pubescent. 
2-4  f. 

macrophylla,  N.  (W.  y.  Ju.)  branching:  leaves  smoolhish:  lower  ones  sub-pinnatifid 
or  deeply  toothed;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire:  orifice  and  tube  of  the  corol 
densely  lanuginous:  stamens  scarcely  exserted.     4 — 5  f. 

Shepherdia,  Hippophae. 
5 — 5.     Siebal'dia.     92.     Rosa.  r.  b.  ton. 

procumbens,  (A.  y.  A  p.  If-)  leaves  ternate;  leafets  M'edge-form,  3-toothed,  smooth 
above,  hairy  beneath. 

Southern. 

erecta,  Var.  parviflora,  (W.  r-yr.  Ju.  $.)  erect,  branching:  radical  leaves  about  twice 
3-cleft;  segments  sub-divided;  cauline  leaves  alternate,*  sessile,  sub-bipinnatifid. 
4—6  i. 

19 — 15.     Si'cYos.     97.     Cucu.  sop. 

angulata,  (single-seed  cucumber.  O.  w^  Ju.  Q.)  leaves  cordate,  with  obtuse  hind 
lobes,  5-angled,  scabrous,  denticulate:  fruit  capitate,  hispid.  Cultivated.  River 
alluvion.     <§■. 

15 — 12.     Si'da.     74.     Malv.  emo.  muc. 

spinosa,  (W.  y.  Ju.  =^.)  stem  spreading:  axils  sub-spinose:  leaves  long-pftioled, 
lance-ovate,  obsoletely  cordate,  toothed:  peduncles  solitaiy,  axillary:  stipules  setace- 
ous, longer  than  the  peduncle:  carpels  2-beaked.     1 — 2  f.     S.     P.  Y.  H.  M.     N 

C. 

Sesleria.     In  honor  of  Dr.  Leonard  Sesler,  a  Venetian  cultivator  of  plants. 

Sesuvium.     Gr.  se/cos,  a  bird's  nest,  which  each  half  of  the  capsule  resembles. 

Seymeria.     In  honor  of  the  patron  of  b(jtany  of  the  name  of  Sevmer. 

Sibbaldia.     In  honor  of  Sir  Robert  Sibbald,  author  of  Scotia  illustralica. 

Sicyos.     Gr.  sikuos,  cucumber,  which  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  this. 

Sida.     Gr.  side,  a  name  given  by  Theophraslus,  either  to  a  malvaceous  plant,   or  to 

our  Nymphsea. 

(1)  Gerardia  cassioides,  Ph.     afzelia,  Mx. 


siDA.  425 

iiapaai,  (1)  (fiilse  inullows.  w.  Ju.  Jf.)  leaves  lieart-a-lobecl,  glabrous;  lobes  ohlon^, 
acUrniiiale,  toothed:  peduncles  many-flowered:  carpels  awnless,  acuminate.  2 — 4f. 
R     P. 

divim,  (2)  (W.  vv..Dc.  2X0  leaves  7-lobe-palmate,  scabrous;  lobes  lanceolate,  gash- 
loolhed:   corymbs  bracted:   flowers  dioecious.     P. 

crispii,  (L.  w.  Au.  0.)  leaves  oblong-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate;  npper  ones  ses- 
sile: peduncles- solitary,  longer  tlian  the  petioles,  deflected  when  in  fruit:  carpels 
inflated,  awnless-,  crisp-undiilale.     P. 

inalriirfloni,  Do. .(  p.  )  radical  leaves  roundish,  9-lobed,  truncate  at  the  base;  those 
of  tiie  stem'  5-parled;  segments  linear,  somewhat  toothed;  petioles  of  the  lower 
leaves  hispid;  Tiyceme  terminal:  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  with  a  long 
acumination!  carpels  7,  pointless.     J— 2  f.     N.  W.  Coast. 

oretriina,  N.  (  r-p.  •'.)  stem  nearly  glabrous:  radical  leaves  7-lobed;  the  lobes  incisely 
."i-toothed;  those  of  the  stem  palmately  7-parted;  the  segments  3-lobed  and  incised, 
linear-lanceolate:  segments  of  the  calyx  broadly  ovate:  raceme  terminal:  styles  8i 
18  i.     West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

,     Smitlirrn. 

hisphln,  Ph.  (y.  Au.  21.)  hispid-pilose:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate:  peduncles  solitary, 
axillary,  as  long  as  the  petioles:   outer  calyx  filiform.      1 — 2  F. 

rhombij'iiliu,  (y.  Au.  ![.)  leaves  lance-oblong,  toothed,  wedge-form  and  entire  at  the 
base:   peduncles  much  longer  than  the  petioles:  carpels  2-horned.     1 — 2  f     N C. 

alcacoides,  Mx.  (VV.  Ju.  TJ.-)  lower  leaves  triangular-cordate,  gashed;  upper  ones  pal- 
mate-man3'-cleft:  corymb  terminal:  calyx  hispid. 

grncilig,  E.  (y.  Au.  Z[. )  steni  slender,  glabrous:  leaves  linear-serrate:  peduncles  soli- 
tary, axillary,  as  long  as  the  petioles:  carpels  (10)  2-hoined,  glabrous.     2 — '.i  f. 

glahr(i,  N.  (y.  ^?)  small,  ramose,  very  glabrous:  leaves  linear  oblong,  sub-lanceo- 
late, gashed,  unequally  serrate;  short-petioled,  smallish:  flowers  axillary,  aggre- 
gated: carpellae  sub  ](),  bi-dentate.     9  i.     Florida. 

dissccta,  N.  (21.  r.)  steilately  pubescent  and  hoary:  leaves  5-parted  to  the  base; 
lateral  segments  3-cleft,  the  middle  one  multifid;  ultimate  divisions  narrowly 
linear:   racemes  terminal,  leafy:   styles  11.     Near  the  Rocky  Mts. 

dijdoscijpha,  T.  &  G.  (w.  p.)  hispid  with  spreading  hairs:  stem  prostrate:  leaves  digi- 
tately  .')-parted;  segments  narrowly  2 — 3-lobpd;  petiole  twice  as  long  as  the  lamina: 
flowers  aggregated  at  the  summit  of  the  branches:  bracts  3,  long,  filiform  at  the 
base  of  the  pedicels:  calyx  deeply  5.parted:   stamineal  column  cyathiform,  double; 

the  exterior  deeply  5-lobed;  the  lobes  antheriferous  at  the  summit:  styles  7 dt 

California. 

ddphinifolia,  N.  (2{.  p.)  hispidly  hirsute:  leaves  all  pedately  7-parted:  segments 
divided  into  linear,  rather  obtuse  lobes:  flowers  in  a  long,  leafy  raceme:  lobes  of* 
the  calyx  lanceolate:   styles  7.     8 — 12  i.     California. 

coccinea,  Dc.  (Zf.  r.)  steilately  pubescent  and  hoary:  leaves  on  longjpetioles,  deeply 
3-parted;  lateral  segments  2-parted,  the  intermediate  one  3-cleft:  racemes  termi- 
nal: styles  12.  Plains  of  the  Upper  Missouri. 
fascicidntii,  T.  &  G-  "•  HI)  stems  somewhat  hairy:  leaves  linear,  denticulate-serrate 
above,  cordate  at  the  base;  those  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  crowded;  flowers  ses- 
sile, terminal:  carpels  5 — 7,  scarcely  rostrate,  strongly  reticulated  and  muricate. 
Texas. 
jilicuulis,  T.  &  G.  (C?)stemsvery  slender,  hispid:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cordateatthe 
base,  serrate;  petioles  as  long  as  the  lamina:  flowers  axillary,  solitary:  carpels  5. 
2-beaked.     2  f.     Te.xas.  ^         * 

hulsc'iiui,  T.  &  G.  (p.  )  stem  hispidly  pilose:  leaves  orbicular-ovate,  abruptly  acumi^ 
nate,  tomentose  beneath  with  a  whitish  velvety  pubescence,  roughishly  tomentose 
above,  crenate-dentate:  peduncles  axillary  in  the  upper  leaves,  several-flowered: 
styles  about  12.     Florida. 

califnrnka.  N.  (21  p.)  velvety-tomentose:  leaves  orbicular-cordate,  laciniately  toothed; 
the  radical  and  lower  cauline  ones  on  very  long  petioles:  flowers  in  a  terminal  ra- 
ceme: stamineal  column  short,  double;  the  exterior  .5-lobed,  antheriferous  at  the 
summit:  styles  about  7;  stigmas  long,  simple.     California. 

obliqua,  N.  (  1{.)  leaves  reniform,  very  oblique  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  summit, 
scabrous-tomentose,   strongly  reticulately  veined  beneath,   crenulate-dentate:  pe- 

(1)  iVapaea  leavis,  4th  ed.         (2)  Napaea  scabra,  4th  ed. 
54 


426  SIDA,    SILENE. 

duncles  axillar}?,  solitary,  1-flowered,  recurved  after  flowering:  bracteoles  2,  seta- 
ceous: petals  oblong,  stellately  hairy  externally:  carpels  7,  pointless.  On  the 
Wallawallali  river. 

17 — 2.     Siegesbec'kia.     55     Heli.  s.  sto. 

flosculosa,  W.  (W.  y.  Au.  0.)  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  tootlied:  florets  of  the  disk 
3-tootlied,  triandrous.  ' 

Southern. 

ladniata,  Lk.  (  )  leaves  gash-pinnaiifid;  upper  ones  lanceola:tt,  entire,  tubercu- 

late:  outer  involucre  short:  florets  of  the  ray  very  large.        '^^a^\''^- 

11—12.     Siever'sia.     92.     Rosa.  f.  aro.  to|^^^ 

anemonoides,  Dc.  (1)  (  w.  )  stem  1-flowered,  stoloniferous,ci;eMiing:  leaves  pin- 
nate, glabrous;  pinnae  ensiform,  dentate  at  the  apex:  stipCffes  filiform:  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx:    style  bearded.  -'A. 

rossii,  Br.  (2)  (  )  awns  naked:  leaves  radical,  interruptedly  pinnate,    glabrous; 

pinnae  3-lobed;  lowest  and  accessory  ones  small  and  undivided:  stem  1-tlowered, 
somewhat  2-leaved:  veins  of  the  petals  all  distinct.     A. 

glacialis,  Br.   (3)  (  )  covered  all  over  with  dense,  yellow  hair:  leaves  pinnate; 

divisions  ovate-oblong;  upper  and  lower  ones  smallest;  middle  ones  larger,  some- 
what 1-toothed:  flower  large,  single,  terminal:  awns  of  the  carpellae  very  villose. 
A. 

triflora,  Br.  (4)  (  r.  )  hirsute;  stem  nakedish,  erect,  simple,  3-flowered:  leaves 
ladical,  interruptedly  pinnate;  pinnae  cuneale,  gash-dentate,  sometimes  pinnatifid; 
lower  ones  gradually  smaller:  petals  equalling  the  calyx;  avVns  very  long,  silky- 
villose.     R.   A.     Newfoundland. 

radiata,  Mx.  (5)  (  y-  )  hirsute,  simple:  radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;  lateral 
leafets  few,  very  minute;  terminal  one  largest,  rotund-cordate,  sinus  narrow,  very 
deep,  radiate-nerved,  sub-lobed,  crenate-serrate;  caulineones3 — 5,  sessile,  cordate, 
gash-lobed:  flowers  few,  (2 — 3)  erect:  corol  lower  than  the  calyx;  awns  sub-pilose. 
A. 

10 — 3.     SiLEKE.     82.     Gary.  dem.  cata. 

pcnnslyvanica,  Mx.  (6)  (pink  catch-fly.  W.  r.  J.  2^.)  viscid  pubescent:  lower  leaves 
wedge-form;  upper  leaves  lanceolate:  stems  few-flowered  at  the  summit:  about  3 
petals  obtuse,  slightly  emarginate,  sub-crenate.  6 — 10  i.  &  T.  C.  P.  B.  K. 
Y.  N.  D.     S— C. 

vivgmica-,  Mx.  (7)  (W.  r.  J.  IS.-)  decumbent,  wholly  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  ob- 
long, a  little  rough  at  the  margin:  panicle  dichotomoua:  petals  2-cleft:  stamens 
and  pistils  exsert.  Var.  ereda,  has  the  stem  erect:  flowers  sub-fascicled.  12 — 
18  i.     6'.     P.  T.   D.   M.  K.     Sandusky  bay.     Mch. 

aiiUrrhitia,  (sleepy  catch-fly.  O.  w-p.  J.  O.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-ciliate:  pedun- 
cles 3-parted:  petals  emarginate:  calyx  ovate.  Flbwers  small.  1 — 3  f.  iS.  T. 
Mch.     M.  K. 

noclurna,  (w.J.  C?-)  flowers  alternate  sessile,  on  a  one-sided  spike:  petals  2-cleft. 
S.     P. 

acmdis,  (W.  r.  Ju.  2_f.)  stemless,  depressed:  leaves  linear,  keeled:  peduncles  termin- 
al, sohtary,  erect,   1-flowered:   petals  emarginate.     S.     R.     Labrador. 

sleliata,  A.  (J.  Au.  Zf.  w.)  stem  erect,  branching,  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  whorl- 
ed  in  fours,  ovate-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate:  cymes  panicled:  petals  lacer- 
ate-fimbriate,  not  crowded:  stamens  about  the  length  of  the  petals.  2  f.  Cana- 
da to  Carolina,  and  west.     Cucubalus,  steUalus,  7th  edition. 

Siegesbeckia.     In  honor  of  Dr.  J.  G.  Siegesbe'ck,  an  opposer  of  Linneus. 

Sieversia.  Named  by  Willdenow,  in  honor  of  M.  Seivers,  a  well  known  Russian  bo- 
tanical collector. 

Silene.     Gr.  sialon,  saliva,    in  allusion  to  the  visci  matter  covering  the  plant;    or 
after   the   god,  Silenus,  who  is  represented  as  always  drunk,  and  covered   with 
slaver. 
(1)  Geum,  W.  Ph.     Dryas  pentapetala,  Lin.  (2)  Geum,  Dc.  (3)  Geum, 

Adams,  Dc.         (4)  Geum,  Ph.     Potentilia  nivalis,  T.         (5)  Geum  calthifolium,  S. 

(6)  virginica,  Wr.     caroliniana,  Wr.         (7)  catesbaei,  W. 


SlfcEN'E.  427 

nivca,  Dc.  (J.  Ju.  21.  w.)  minutely  pubescent:  stem  simple  or  dicliotomous  above: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate,  the  floral  ones  lanceolate-ovate  and 
much  smaller:  flowers  sub-solitary:  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  the  teeth  very 
sborl  and  obtuset  limb  of  the  petals  cuneiform,  2-cleft,  with  a  minute  2-parled 
crown;  stii>aiongpr  than  the  ovary.  1 — 3  f.  Pennsylvania,  Illinois.  Cucubalus, 
iiiiLU^.  7th  eijition. 

,)  glabrous  and  glaucous:  stem  branching:  leaves  oblong,  acute: 
iFJite:  petals  bifid,  naked,  with  cuneiform-claws:  styles  very  long, 
i^^"|ntro(luced.     Ciiriibidiis,  LeJicn,  7tli  edition. 

w-r.)  minutely  pubescent:  stem  erect,  veiy  slender:  leaves 
i,^iled  and  narrow,  attenuated  at  each  end:  flowers  few,  on 
ulyx  obovate,  at  lengtii  inflated  and  membranaceous,  abrupt  at 
limb  of  the  petals    bifid.     2—3  i.     Rocky  Mts.     Cucubalus, 

,)  fomewhat  viscid-pubescent:  stem  simple,  erect,  remotely 
krt-'Bodes:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  plane:  spike 
long:  flowers  erect:  calyx  oblong-clavatfe,  10-striate:  petals  bifid.  1 — 2  f.  Ore- 
gon,    N.  W.  Coast. 

drinnmondii,  H.  (Zf.  w.)  glandular-pub^s'cent  and  viscid:  stems  erect,  strict,  simple: 
leaves  remote,  linear-lanceolate:  raceme  loose,  few-flowered,  with  the  pedicels 
elongated  and  usually  alternate:  cal3-x  oblong-cylindrical,  erect.  1 — 2  f.  .S\  Ore- 
gon. 

multicmik.  N.  (r.Zf.)  minutely  pubescent:  stems  numerous,  erect,  rigid:  leaves linear- 
oblanceolate,  rather  acute:  flowers  few,  on  shortish  peduncles:  calyx  ovate-cylin- 
drical, slightly  inflated,  10-striate,  with  obtuse  teeth:  petals  bifid.  1  f.  West  of 
Rocky  Mts. 

/iooken,''S.  (ZT-w.)  sub  decumbent,  softly  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  attenu- 
ate below:  stems  dichotomal;  branches  about  two,  with  3  large  flowers  on  long- 
peduncles:  calyx  cylindric-sub-campanulate,  with  acute  teeth:  petals  divaricately 
4-cleft.     Oregon. 

menzicsii,    H.  (  )  minutely    glandular-pubescent:    stem   erect,  dichotomously 

branched:  leaves  crowded,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lowermost  oblong-ovate,  acuminate 
at  both  ends:  flowers  numerous:  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  leaves:  limb 
of  the  2-parted  petals  with  the  segments  linear,  much  longer  than  the  obovate 
deeply  5- toothed  calyx:  styles  thickened  above,  conspicuously  bearded  within.  6 
— 12  i.     N.  W.  America. 

stcUarioides,  N.  (  w-.)  minutely  pubescent:  stem  erect,  scarcely  branched:  flowers 
few:  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate:  peduncles  longer  tlian  the  leaves:  petals 
bifid,  longer  than  the  obovate  deeply  5-toothed  calyx:  styles  slender  and  smooth. 
3 — 6  i.     Oregon. 

Exotic. 

armcria,  (garden  catch-fl}\  w.  r.  Au.  ^..)  flowers  fascicled  fastigiate:  upper  leaves 
cordate,  glabrous:  petals  entire. 

conica,  (cone-fruit  catch-tly.  r.  Cf-')  calyx  of  the  frui*  conic,  striate  (about  30  stri- 
ate:) leaves  soft,  lanceolate:  petals  bifid.     Flowers  small. 

dicJiotoma,  (forked  catch-fly.  w.  Au.  ,5.)  calyx  ovate,  viscid  hairy,  erect:  petals  2- 
cleft:  racemes  in''  pairs,  terminal,  one-sided:  flowers  intermediate,  peduncled: 
leaves  petioied,  lance-ovate,  ciliale  at  the  base. 

jioctijiorn,  (night-flowered  catch-fly.  w-r.  Ju.  0.)  calyx  lO-angled,  veiny:  teeth  of 
the  tube  equal:  stem  dicliotomous:  petals  bifid. 

^ojilliem. 
^uinqueridn'era,  (r.  Ju.  0.)  hirsute:  leaves  wedge-oblong;  upper  ones  linear:  petals 

roundish,  entire:  fruit  erect,  alternate.     8 — 12  i. 
ovala,  Ph.  (r-w.  J.  21.)  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  smoothish:  raceme  terminal, 

compound:  calyx  ovate:  stamens  and  styles  exserl:  stem  simple. 
regia,  (VV.    r.  J.    2i.)  pulverulent-viscid-pubescent:    leaves  broad-ovate,    opposite, 

somewhat  scabrous:  calyx    long-cylindric:   petals    oblanceolatCj  generally   entire: 

style  and  stamens  exsert.     2 — 3  f 
rotundifolia,  N.  (W.  r.  Ju.)  decumbent:  stem,  calyx  and  margin  of  the  leaves  very 

pilose:  leaves  broad-oval,  acuminate  at  each  end:   flowers  few,  trichotomal:  petals 

gashed,  sub-4-cleft,  lateral  segments  shorter.     K. 


428  SILENF.,    SILPHIUM. 

baldwinii,  (J)N.  (M.  r.)  eub-piloso,  not  viscid:  fitem  Rub-ercct,  witli  brown  distant 
joints:  leaves  small,  oblong  below,  obovale  acute  above.  Flowers  very  large.  0 
—18  i.  On  barren  soil.  Common  near  Charleston,  S— C.  Name  by  Nuttall,— 
description  and  locality  by  S.  Drayton.  '■.. 

axillaris,  (2)  (p,  Au.)  viscid-pubescent:  stem  branching:  leaves  ov^te  and  oval,  peti- 
oled,  sub-dentate:  flowers  sessile,  axillary,  solitary,     8  i.         .'   '  ■. 

17 — 4.     Sil'phium.     55.     Heli.  s.  ole.  sto.  •  ■ 

pcrfoliaium,  (ragged  cup.  W.  A.  y.  Au.  21-)  stem  4-sided,  smootlj:  leaves  opposite, 
connate,  ovate,  serrate.  Var.  conjunctum,  four  outer  scales  ojC;Mg^Mi,yolucre  longer 
than  the  inner  scales.     4—6  f.     S.     P.     Mcii.  ^  'FC;',j;(' 

inte'gri folium,  Mx.  (A.  y.  Au.  2_C.)  stem  4-sid'ed,  rough:  leaves]«mttj^tG,  sessile,  ob- 
long, entire,  scabrous:  flowers  ^e\\,  siiort-peduncled.     4  f.   •.•i^^4^C;.' 

trifoliutum,  (3)  (y.  S.  21.)  stem  6  angled,  smooth:  leaves  whpyiii^m  threes,  lance- 
ovate,  unequally  tooth-serrate,  scabrous  above;  upper  ones  sessile:  panicle  tricho- 
lomons.     4 — G  f.     »S'. 

ternatum,  (W.  y.  Ju.  21)  stem  terete,  shiDoth:  leaves  whorled,  in  threes,  petioled, 
lanceolate,  sub-denticulate,  a  little  scabrous,  ciliate  at  the  base;  the  upper  ones 
scattered,  sessile:  panicle  dichotomous:  involiicre  ciliatev  4 — Gf.  .V.  V.  Niag- 
ara. 

terebinihinaceum,  (W.  y.  ,Tu,  2i.)^'!tcm  smooth:  radical  leaves  large,  round  or  reni- 
form-cordate,  slightly  lobed  and  toothed;  cauline  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  serrate, 
scabrous:   panicle  compound,  many-flowered.     4 — 5  f .     D,     Rich. 

guminiferuiii,  E.  (W.  y.  Ju.  2|'.')  stem  erect,  hispid,  gumniferous:  leaves  sinuate-pin- 
natifid,  sub-hispid  benealht  flowers  large,  axillary,  sub-sessile:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre ovate,  acuminate,  hispid  on  the  margin.     2—"  i'.     D.     Mch. 

Southern. 

laciniaimn,  (O.  y.  Au.  7i-)  stem  hispid  above:  radical  and  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid; 
divisions  tooth-sinuate:  flowers  panicled:  scales  of  the  involucre  eub-cordate,  acu- 
minate.    8— 12f.     K. 

pinixitijiihuu,  E.  (W.  y.  Au.)  stem  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  sub- 
scabrous,  a  little  hairv  beneath:  scales  of  the  involucre  ova!;  outer  ones  roundish. 
4-6  f. 

compositum,  (y.  Ju.  21.)  stem  smooth:  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid-sinuate;  radical  ones 
leinate,  sinuate  nuiny-cleft:   flowers   small,  panicled.     2 — 4  f     S — C. 

counatum,  (A.  y.  Au.  21.)  stem  terete,  hispid:  leaves  opposite,  connate,  remotely 
serrate,  scabrous.     6  f. 

lacvigatum.  Ph.  (y.  Au.  2X-)  stem  simple,  4-angled,  furrowed,  glabrous:  leaves  op- 
posite, sessile,  ovate-acuminate,  slightly  serrate,  sub-cordate  at  the  base,  glabrous 
on  both  sides.     2  f. 

scahcrrimmn,  E.  (y.  Au.  )  stem  sub-angled;  angles  rough  above:  leaves  ovate,  sub- 
acuminate,  serrate,  rigid,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  short  petioled:  flowers  corymbed: 
scales  of  the  involucie  ovale,  ciliate.     3—4  f     Cliarleston,   S — C, 

atropiirpiireuin,  Retz.  (W.  y.  Au.  21.)  stem  terete,  smooth:  leaves  whorled,  in  fours, 
lanceolate,  scabrous,  sub-entire,  sub-sessile,  ciliate  at  the  base;  upper  ones  scatter- 
ed:  panicle  dichotomous.     4  f 

dcntaluiii,  E.  (y.  Au.  )  stem  erect,  somewhat  glabrous:  lower  leaves  opposite;  up- 
per ones  alternate;  all  lanceolate,  sinuate  toothed,  pilose,  scabrous:  flowers 
corymbed.  scales  of  the  involucre  broad-ovate,  ciliate.     2 — 3f 

asttiriscum,  (y.  Ju.  2i.)  stem  simple,  terete,  hispid:  lpa%'es  opposite  or  alternate,  ob- 
long, acute,  serrate,  scabrous:  flowers  few,  generally  solitary.  Var.  scabnim, 
leaves  lance-oblong,  sub-crenate,  sessile,  scabrous:  involucre  sub-ciliate.  2 — 3  f. 
S— C. 

pvviiium,  Mx.    (4)  (y.  Au.  2_[.)  stem  and  petioles  tomenlose;  branches  1-flowered: 

Silphium.     Gr.  silphion,  the   name  of  a  plant  of  the  umbelliferous  kind,  which  Lin- 

neus  transferred  to  this  genus. 

(1)  Dr.  Drayton's  description.  Marcescent  petals  torn;  2  liguiate  nectaries  adher- 
ing to  tiie  inside  of  each  petal,  and  free  at  the  rounded  entire  apex:  anthers  cordate- 
lobed:  capsule  4-toothed  at  the  apex?         (2)  of  M.  C.  Leavenworth.  (3)  terni- 

folium,  M-T.         (4)  tomentosus,  Ph, 


SILPHIUM.    SISYMBRIUM.  429 

leavos  nlternal.p,  heart-ovate,  serrate,  petioled,  white-tomentose  benealli:  akenes 
iinawned.     2 — 3  f.     Florida. 

datum,  IMi.  (y.  H-)  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  cordate,  sinuate:  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre obtuse. 

retii.iiliiliiiii,  Vh.  (y.  2f.)  leaves  alternate,  lance-ovate,  cordate,  serrate,  obtusish,  a 
little  villose. 

svbacaulb,  N.  (  }'.  )  somewhat  senbrons:  stem  very  short:  peduncles  very  long: 
leaves  oblong,  sub-sinuate-pinnatifid,  toothed:  divisions  of  the  involucre  dilated, 
rhomboid. 

14^2.     Sina'pis.     63.     Cruc.  s.  con.  war.  sti.  epis. 

Exotic. 

nigra,  (common  mustard,   y.  J.  ^.)  silique  glabrous,   4-angled,  close-pressed  to  the 

.stem;   leaves  at  tiie  top  lance-linear,  entire,  smooth.     Natuialized. 
alba,  (yellow-seed  mustard,    y.  0.)  silique  bristly,  rugged,  shorter  than  the  2-edged 

beak:  leaves    pinnatifid;   upper    ones   sub-lyrate,    all  irregularly   toothed.      Seeds 

large,  pale-yellow,  and  sometimes  become  blackish. 
arvcnsis,  L.  {f^.  y.  J.  Au.)  siliques  glabrous,  many-angled,  torose,  about  three  times 

the  length  of  the  slender,   somewhat  ancipital  style:  stem  and  leaves  more  or  less 

hairy.     2 — 3  f.     New  York  and  Lower  Canada.     Introduced. 

5 — 1.     Siphony'chia.     00.     Illcc.  ast — . 

amcricana,  T.  »fc  G.  (  0?)  leaves  oblanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
slightly  hairy  below,  ciliate,  rather  obtuse:  stem  much  branched,  minutely  and 
relrosely  pubescent:  flowers  in  small  glomerate  cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Florida,  Georgia,  S — C. 

.5 — 2.     Si'soN.*     60,     umbel,  r.  det.  sti.  rheu. 

majus,  Dc.  (  )  stem  glabrous:  leaves  cut-pinnate;  lobes  of  all  with  cartilagin- 

ous n)argins,  sharply  serrulate;  those  of  the  lower  ones  lanceolate;  those  of  the 
upper  ones  many-cleft  and  linear. 

rvfiricaule,  Dc.  (  )  leaves  half-whorled,  cut-tri-pinnate;  segments  capillaceous: 

partial  involucres  compound,  longer  than  the  umbellets.     Near  Baltimore. 

Sison,  QiIhanthe,  Zizia,  Uraspermum,  Discopleura. 

J  4 — 2.     Sisym'brium.  (1)     63.     Cruc.  ast.  s.  stim. 

ojjicinnle,  (hedge  mustard.  O.  y-  J-  C--)  siliques  close-pressed  to  the  rachis  of  the 
spike:  leaves  runcinate.     1 — 3  f.     <S. 

caiiescens,  N.  (2)  (\V.  y.  Ap.  0.)  leaves  bi-pinnatifid,  hoary;  divisions  toothed,  ob- 
tuse, sometimes  oboyate:  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx:  siliques  sub-angled,  ascend- 
ing, shorter  than  the  peduncles.     1 — 2  f.     S.     R.  K. 

cheiruntkoides,  (3)  (O.  y.  J.  Q.)  siliques  erect:  fruit-bearing  pedicels  spreading; 
leaves  lanceolate,  sub-entire.     »S'.     D.     Canada. 

juuceuiii,  Dc.  (  )  leaves  glabrous,  glaucous;  lower  ones  petioled,  runcinate-pin- 

nalifid;   upper  ones  lance-linear,  entire.     R. 

sophioules,  Fischer,  (y.  0.)  leaves  bipinnatifid;  lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  gashed: 
pedicels  and  petals  somewhat  shorter  than  the  calyx:  flowers  and  siliques  linear- 
flliform.  falcate,  umbel-corymbed.     1-^2  f.     A. 

huinilc,  Ledebour.  (w.  p.  r.  Zf.)  hoary-pubescent:  stem  diff"use:  leaves  entire  or 
sinuate-dentate;  radical  ones  spatulate;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  attenuated  at  the 


Sinapis.     Lat.   shiapis,   which  De  Tlieis  conjectures  came  from  Celtic  nap;  plants 
allied  lo  the  radish. 

Siphonychia.     Gr.  siphon,  tube,  funnel,  nuchios,  night,  dark. 

Sison.     Gr.  sison,  a  ])lant  of  the  umbelliferous  kind;  from  Arabic  si,  zan,    which  sig- 
nifies a  running  stream. 

Sisymbrium.     Gr.  sisuinbrion,  the  water  rocket,  from  sisubos,  fringe;  from  its  fringed 
roots. 

(1)  Erysimum  of  Authors.  (2)  sophia,  Ph.  not  L.  (3)  parviflora,  P. 

*  Tiiese  species  should  have  been  described  under  Annni.     See  Discopleura. 


430  SISYMBRIUM,    SIUM. 

base:  eiliques  linear,  fire  times  longer  than  the  pedicel,  lerete-torulose,  pubescent, 
Var.  1.  leaves  sub-entire.     Var.  2.  leaves  sinuate-dentate,  sub-pinnatifid.      A.  R. 

hjrala,  (1)  (w.  Ap.  $ .)  radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  sub-hirsute;  cauline  ones- 
linear,  very  entire:  stem  and  upper  leaves  glabrous,  glaucous:  branches  erect: 
siliqae  erect,  straight,  linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels.     F.  Y.  T.  R.  C. 

linifolium,  N.  (M.  21.)  glabrous:  stem  slender,  sinjple:  leaves  linear,  undivided;  the 
lower  ones  somewhat  laciniately  cleft:  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx: 
siliques  linear  and  narrov/.     Rocljy  Mts.     . 

pygmaemn,  N.  (  Zf.)  dwarf,  nearljr  smooth:  stem  somewhat  simple:  lower  leaves 
somewhat  lyrately  pinnalilid,  oblong;  upper  ones  entire,  hnear:  petals  longer  than 
tlie  cal3'x:  silique  long  and  narrow.     Oregon. 

Sophia,  L.  (O- Ju.)  leaves  bipinnatifidly  divided;  lobes  oblong-linear,  incised:  pedi- 
cels four  times  the  lengh  of  the  calyx:  petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.  Lower 
Canada,   Virginia.. 

thaliana,  Gay.  (0.  M.)  stems  often  many  from  one  root,  rather  naked,  branching 
above,  erect:  leaves  hairy,  sparingly  toothed;  radical  ones  ovate-oblong  or  spatu- 
late-oblong,  somewhat  petioled:  siliques  erect,  spreadinor,  .twice  as  long  as  the 
pedicels.     S.     Massachusetts.     Arahis  thaliana,  7tli  edition. 

glaucum,  N.  (0.  p.)  glaucous,  much  branched:  leaves  entire;  radical  ones  small, 
spatulate;  cauline  ovate,  sagittate  and  clasping,  rather  acute:  siliques  nearly 
straight,  erecr.,  compressed,  with  convex  valves,  four  times  the  length  of  the  pedi- 

•     eels.     Oregon. 

virgatum,  N.  (o'-PO  canescently  hirsute  with  simple  and  stellate  hairs:  stem  vir- 
gately  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  lanQeolate-linear,  clasping,  lower  ones  denti- 
culate or  entire:  siliques  somewhat  terete,  erect,  4 — 5  times  the  length  of  the  pedi- 
cels:  seeds  in  a  double  series.     Oregon. 

paiiciflnrum,  N.  (^.  w. )  hirsute  with  forked  hairs:  leaves  entire;  radical  ones  nar- 
rowly oblong-spatulate;  cauline  lanceolate-linear,  sessile:  stem  rather  slender, 
branching  from  the  base:  siliques  long,  pendulous;  seeds  in  a  double  series. 
Oregon. 

Sisymbrium,  Erysimum. 

15 — 3.     Sisyrin'chiom.     18.     Irid.  fod.  odo. 

anceps,  Gay.  (2)  (blue-eyed  grass.  O.  b.  J.  21.)  scape  (or  culm)  simple,  2-edged  or 
2-winged:  glume-like  spathe  of  two  nearly  equal  valves,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
flower:  petals  mucronale.  Sisyrinchium  bermudianum,  is  a  synonjme.  6 — 12  i. 
S.     Mch. 

mucronatum,  Mx.  (W.  b.  J.  Zf.)  leaves  and  scape  simple,  sub-setaceous:  spathe  color- 
ed, with  one  valve  terminating  in  a  long  mucronate  point.  9 — 12  i.  S.  P.  M.  Mch. 

5 — 2.     Si'uM.     60.     Umbe.  r.  poi — . 

latifuliuvi,  (3)  (water  parsnip.  W.  w.  Ju.  21-)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acutely  serrate:  stem  erect,  angular,  hollow,  smooth.  Whenever  any  of  the 
leaves  grow  under  water  they  are  sub-divided.  I — 3  f.  S.  B.  N.  O.  P.  F.  C. 
T.     Mch. 

lineare,  Mx.  (w.  Ju.  2i.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  linear,  sub-lanceolate,  acutely  and 
finely  serrate:  involucres  many-leaved,  linear:  umbels  terminal.  Probably  a  variety 
of  the  last.     Torrey.     P.  Y.  "C.  F.  N. 

douglasii,  Dc.  (w.  2i-)  stem  terete:  leaves  gash-pinnate;  lower  segments  gash-3- 
cfeft,  these  and  theiest  petioled  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate:  umbels  opposite  the 
leaves  and  terminal,  peduncled  without  involucres,  many-rayed.     2  f.     R. 

Sium,  CEnanthe,  Helosciadium. 

Smilacina,  Convallakia. 

Sisyrinchium.     Gr.  sus,  a  hog,  rughos,  snout,  hogs  being  supposed  fond  of  rooting  it 

Sium.     Gr.  sinn,  which  De  Theis  takes  from  Celt,  sin,  water,  from  its  habitation. 

(1)  arabidoides,   Hk.    see  p.   164,   where  Hooker  misled   me.      A.  hjmta  must  be 
struck  out  under  the  species  petrea,  as  this  is  the  true  A.  lynila.  (2)  bermu- 

dianum, Mx.     gramineum,  Lk.  (3)  denticulatum,  E.? 


^SMILAX.  431 

20— C.     S-mi'las.     12.     Smila.  dia.  rat—. 
1.     Stems  icoody. 

•q'.ui(b-nu<rulai-is,    M.   (Ju.  ^.)  stem  prickly,  4-angled;  leaves  unarmed,  ovate,  acute, 

sab-cordate,  5-nerved.     .S. 
sursapariUa,  (1)  (J.  \ .)  prickly,  leaves   unarmed,  lance-ovate,  cuspidate,  sub-5-ner- 

ved,  becoming   glaucous   beneath:  the  general  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles. 

6'      P.  Y.     S— C. 
rotundifolia,  (2)  (horse  briar,  green  briar.  W.  w-g.  J.  fp.)  prickles  scattered:  leaves 

(when  in  maturity)  ronnd-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  cordate,  5-nerved:  berry  spheri- 
cal.    S.     B.  T.  D.  N.     Mch. 
cuduca,  (W.   J.    ^.)  prickly:  leaves   ovate,  mucronate,  5-nerved,  membranaceous; 

general  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles.     S.     P.  Y.      S — C. 
pstudo-diuia,  (W.  j\I.  ^.)  unarmed  in  all  parts:  cauline  leaves  cordate:  ramose  ones 

oblong-ovate,  5-nerved:  peduncles  very  lon£^.     8.     Y.     S — C. 
iaurifolia,  (Ju.    ^ ,)  prickly:  branches  unarmed:  leaves   oval  or  lance-oval,  leathery, 

recurve-prickly,  3-nerved,    perennial:  umbels  short-peduncled.      iS'.      Y.      S — C. 

La. 
panduratus,   Ph.  (Ju.    ^.)  prickly:    leaves  ova'te-panduriform,  acuminate,  3-nerved: 

peduncle  twice  as  long  as  the  common  petiole.     N.  Jersey. 

2.     Stems  herlaccoits, 

iamnoi'des,  (Ju.  ^.)  stem  prickly,  terete:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  sub-panduri- 
form,    obsoletely   cordate,  5-nerved:  common  peduncle   longer  than  the  petiole. 

pedimndaris,  (Jacob's  ladder,  W.  w-g.  M.  21-)  stem  terete,  climbing  or  arching  over: 
leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  about  9-nerved;  (sometimes  but  7)  umbels 
long-peduncled.     Damp.     2—3  f.     .S'.     T.  B.  C.  O.  F.  N.  V.     Mch. 

hcrbacca,  (bohea  tea.  W.  g.  J.  2i.)  stem  angled,  erect,  simple:  leaves  long-petioled, 
oval,  about  7-nerved:  umbels  with  long  compressed  peduncles:  berries  depressed, 
globose.     Damp.     2—3  f.     S.     P.  C.  O.  JM.  F.     ftlch. 

SoUtllCTTl. 

ha'stata,yV.  (W.  Ju.  ^.)  stem  angled,  prickly:  branches  unarmed:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  hastate-auricled  at  the  base,  .3-herved,  prickly-ciliate  on  the  margin. 
Var.  lanceolata,  leaves  long,  narrow,  lanceolate.     S — C 

bona-nox,  (W.  Ju.  h.)  stem  unarmed,  angled:  leaves  heart-ovate,  acute,  7-nerved 
prickly-ciliate. 

walteri,  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  n.)  prickly:  leaves  heart-ovate,  smooth,  3-nerved:  berries  acu- 
minate. 

ovata,  Ph.  (Ju.  'ip .)  generally  unarmed:  leaves  unarmed,  ovate,  acute,  cuspidate,  3- 
nerved,  both  sides  colored  alike:  common  peduncle  shorter  than  the  petiole. 

lanceolata,  (J.  n.)  unarmed:  leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3 — 5- 
nerved,  very  glabrous,  perennial:  umbels  many-flowered;  peduncles  short.     S— C. 

alkt,  Ph.  (J.  n.)  generally!  unarmed:  stem  obsoletely  angled:  leaves  lance-elongated, 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  very  entire,  3-nerved:  umbels  few-flowered,  very  short-pedun- 
cled. , 

pumila,  Wr.  (3)(S.  p.)  unarmed:  leaves  heart-ovate,  entire,  somewhat  5-nerved, 
soft-pubescent  beneath:  umbels  short-peduncled;  pedicels  very  short:  berries  ob- 
long, acute:  stem  procumbent.     Charleston,  S — C. 

cincidifolia,  Ph.  (VV.  n.)  prickly:  leaves  unarmed,  round-cordate,  acuminate,  5- 
nerved,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  net-veined,  short-petioled. 

Siiujrtiiuin,  Sison,  Cxidiom,  Zizia.* 


Smilax.     Gr.smilax,  of  smile,  a  scraper,  in  allusion  to  its  prickly,  stem.    . 

*  De  Candolle   lias  made  this  genus  for  our  three  common  species  of  Smyrnium;  to 
wit,  aureuiii,  integerriiuum,   and  cordulum. 

(1)  glauca,  Mx.         (2)  quadrangularis,  W.  (3)  pubera,  Mx. 


432  SOLANUM,    SOLIDAGO. 

5—1.     Sola'«um.     38.     Sola.  f.  &  b.  poi.  r.  amy.  nut. 

dulcama'ra,  (bittersweet,  woody  nightshade.  W.  b-p.  Ju.  ^.).  stem  unarmed,  woody, 
cliiiihing:  lower  loaves  rnoslly  cordate,  glabrous;  upper  ones  mostly  guitar-hastate, 
few-tlowered:  corymbs  opposite  to  leaves.  This  is  the  true  bittersweet:  but  the 
Celastrus  scandens  is  wrongly  called  so  by  some.     Damp.     T.  B.   C.   F.  N. 

nigrum,  (deadly  nightshade.  6.  w.  p.  b.  J.  0.)  stem  unarmed,  erectish  or  erect; 
branches  angled,  dentate:  leaves  ovate,  repand,  glabrous:  racemes  2-ranked,  nod- 
ding.    1—2  f.     S.     Mch. 

mrolinensc,  (horse  nettle.  VV.  b.  J.  0.)  stem  prickly:  leaves  oblong,  tomentose, 
sinuate-angled,  sub-hastate,  prickly:  racemes  lax.     1— 2  f.     /S.     P.   H.  F.     M. 

fiavidum,  T.  &  G.  (W. )  sufFruticose,  densely  tomentose:  branchlets  and  calyx  prickly: 
leaves  solitary,  oblong,  obtusish.;  lower  ones  repand-sinuate;  upper  ones  obsoletely 
sinuate:  racemes  opposite  the  leaves,  about  3-flowered. 

Exotic, 
tuberosum,  (potato,  b.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  wing-angled,  unarmed:  leaves  interruptedly 

pinnate;  leafets  entire:  flowers  sub-corymbed:  roots  knobbed-tuberous.  Cultivated. 
hjcoper'sicuiH,  (love  apple,    tomatoes,    y.  S.   -0.)    stem    unarmed:  leaves  pinnatitid, 

gashed:  racemes  2.parted,  leafless:  fruit  glabrous,  torulose. 
vieLongc'na,  (egg-plant.  J.  0.)  stem  unarmed:    leaves  ovate,    tomentose:  peduncles 

pendant,  incrassate:  calyx  unarmed. 
pseudo-capsicum,    (Jerusalem  cherry.  \ .)  stem   woody:    leaves   lanceolate,    repand: 

umbels  sessile. 

Southern, 
viamviosum,  (y.  Ju.  0.)  stem  prickly,  herbaceous:  leaves  cordate,    lobe-angled,  vil- 

lose  on  both  sides,  prickly. 
virginianum,  (b.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  prickly:   leaves  pinnatifid,  prickly  on  both  sides; 

divisions  sinuate,  obtuse;  margin  ciliate:   calyx  prickly. 
iriJlorum.i   N.   ( W.  w.  Ju.        )  stem  unarmed,  herbaceous,  procumbent:  leaves  tooth- 

pinnatifid,  smooth;  divisions  acute,  sub-undulate;  margin  sub-revolute:  peduncles 

opposite  the  leaves,  2— 3-flowered.     1  f. 
jamcs'ii  T.  &  G.  (W.  w?  0.)  herbaceous,  somewhat  pilose:  stem  unarmed,  erect:  leaves 

unequally  pinnate;   leatets  lance-ovate,    abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  obsoletely 

sinuate:  racemes  tevv-flowered,  a  little  out  of  the  axils. 
verbascifolium,  W.  (         ^.)  stem  unarmed,  fruticose:  leaves  ovate,  tomentose,  very 

entire:  corymbs  2-clefl,  terminal. 
hirsuium,  N.  (p.  2_f.)  small,  pilose,  hirsute:  leaves  broad-obovate,  very  obtuse,  sub- 
entire,  attenuated  at  the  base;    ribs  aculeolate,  raceme  somewhat  3-flowered:  pe- 
duncles filiform.     Georgia. 

Solm,    loNIDlUM. 

17 — 2.     Solida'go.  (I)     5.3.     Aster,  ast.  sec-sti — . 
1.     Flov:ers  one-sided.     Leaves  icith  three  combined  nerves. 

canadensis,  (Canadian  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Ju.  71.)  stem  downy:  leaves  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, rough:  racemes  copious,  panicled,  recurved:  ri^s  hardly  longer  than  the 
disk:  stem  angular:  leaves  sessile,  three  inches  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire. 
2—5  f.     &'.     Mch.  0 

pro'cera,  A.  (great  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Ju.  21-)  stem  villose,  erect:  leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  rough,  villose  beneath:  racemes  spike-form,  erect,  drooping  before  flower- 
ing:  rays  short.     4 — 7  f.     <S'. 

seroti'na,  W.  (smooth  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  2i.)  stem  erect,  terete,  smooth:  leaves 
lance-linear,  glabrous,  serrate,  rough-edged:  racemes  panicled:  peduncles  downy. 
The  young  leaves  are  edged  with  many  little  slifl*  white  hairs.     Mch. 

Solanum.     Uncertain.     Some  derive  it  from  Lat.  sol,  sun,  and  Greek  aneu,    without, 

having  reference  to  the  nightshade  species. 
Solidago.     ho.t.  solido,  to  make  firm;   from  its  consolidating  or  astringent  qualities 

(I)  In  this  trouble.-ome  genus,  most  of  the  extensive  and  accurate  descriptions  of 
President  J.  E.  Smilii  are  given.  He  took  a  review  of  Pursh,  and  of  all  preceding 
writers,  and  then  wrote,  with  specimeny  of  almost  every  species  before  him. 


>^ 


SOLIDACO.  433 


gigantm,  (giant  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  2|.) ''tern  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate, 
smooth,  serrate,  rough-edged,  obscurely  3-nerved-  racemes  panicled:  peduncles 
rough-haired:  rays  short.     4 — 7  f.     <S. 

ciliaris,  W.  (fringed  golden-rod.  O.  y;  21-)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lance- 
olate, somewhat  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough-edged,  slightly  serrate;  racemes  pani- 
cled; peduncle  glabrous:  bracts  ciiiate:  rays  short.  Tlie  stem  is  angular:  radical 
leaves  petioled,  oval,  pointed,  veiny,  serrate,  rough,  near  a  foot  long:  branches  of 
the  panicle  spreading:  bracts  minute. 

reflexa,  W.  (hang-leaf  golden  rod.  y.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  villose:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sub-  serrate,  scabrous,  reflexed:  racemes  panicled,  very  little  ] -sided,  reflexed.     S. 

P.  y. 

lateriflora,  (side-flowered  golden-rod.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  erect,  a  little  hairy:  leaves 
lanceolate,  slightly  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough-edged;  lower  ones  sub-serrate:  ra- 
cemes panicled,  a  little  recurved,  sub-secund:  flowers  large,  the  rays  being  much 
longer  than  the  involucre:  stem  striated,  often  purplish,  pmnatifid,  with  numerous 
lateral  flowering  branches.     12 — 3  f.     jS.     P.     Canada.     JNI. 

2.     Racemes  or  floicers  one-sided.     Leaves  veiny. 

as'pera,  A.  (rough  golden-rod.  y.  Au.  21.)  stem  erect,  terete,  hairy:  leaves  ovate, 
somewhat  oval,  very  rough,  rugose,  serrate:  racemes  panicled:  leaves  one  to  two 
inches  long,  acute:  racemes  dense,  somewhat  conic:  ray  florets  twice  as  long  as 
the  involucre.     3-4  f.     -S.     P.  Y.  C.  F. 

aliissima,  W.  (variable  golden  rod.  O.  y.  Au.  TS.)  stem  erect,  rough-haired:  leaves 
lanceolate;  lower  ones  deeply  serrate,  scabrous,  rugose.  The  panicled  racemes  are 
very  numerous  and  spread  every  way,  so  as  to  bring  the  one-sided  flowers  upwards: 
rays  half  as  long  again  as  the  involucre.  But  this  species  is  so  variable,  that  stu- 
dents generally  endeavor  to  make  several  species  of  it.  The  serratures  of  the  leaves 
are  equal  and  unequal;  it  is  hairy  or  villose,  and  sometimes  racemes  diverge  but 
little.     3—6  f.     S. 

rugosa,  W.  (wrinkled  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  2j;.)  stem  erect,  rough-haired:  leaves 
lanceolate,  scabrous,  rugose;  lower  ones  with  close-pressed  serratures:  racemes 
panicled,  very  spreading.  Leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  last,  and  the  flowers 
a  little  smaller;  like  it  very  variable,  and  perhaps  only  one  of  its  numerous  varieties. 
3-6  f.     S. 

scahra,  W.  (harsh  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  2j:.)  stem  erect,  rough-haired,  furrowed: 
leaves  oblong,*' tapering  to  both  ends,  acuminate,  glabrous  above,  rugose  and  sca- 
brous beneath,  along  the  middle  close-pressed-serrate.     2 — 5  f.     S. 

nemoralis,  A.  (woolly  golden-rod.  W.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  erect,  downy:  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate,  hispid,  entire;  radical  ones  somewhat  wedge-form,  serrate:  racemes 
panicled.     Of  a  gr^  aspect.     1—3  f.     -S.     T.  B.  P.   F.   V.     Canada.     Mch. 

j)at'ula,  M.  (spread  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  If.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  oval,  serrate, 
glabrous;  radical  ones  obloiig-spatulate:  racemes  panicled,  spreading:  peduncles 
pubescent.  Stem  wand-like,  angular  and  striate:  stem-leaves  sessile,  about  an 
inch  long,  pointed;  the  radical  ones  resemble  those  ol  the  os-eyed  daisy:  racemes 
about  an  inch  long:   flowers  rather  large.     2  f.     .S'. 

ulmifolia,  M.  (elm  golden-rod.  O.  y.  Au.  ZfO  stem,  i  leet,  glabrous,  striate:  leaves 
oval,  deeply  serrate,  acuminate,  villose  beneath:  radical  ones  obovate:  racemes 
panicled:  peduncles  villose:  rays  short.  Radical  eaves  resemble  those  of  the  last 
species,  and  are  hairy  both  sides,  some  of  the  r.  rt  are  oblong-ovate,  and  only  vil* 
lose  near  the  vtfins  beneath:   the  petioles  are  britted.     3 — 4  f.     /S'. 

argiila,  A.  (sharp-notched  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  7i-)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves 
glabrous,  sliarply  and  unequally  serrate;  cauline  ones  oval;  radical  ones  oblong- 
ovate:   racemes  panicled:  rays  elongijted.     2 — 3  f.     5>'.     K. 

juncea,  (rush-stalk  golden-rod.  y.  Au.  If.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  rough-edged;  lower  ones  serrate:  racemes  i)anicled.  Stem  brownish, 
somewhat  angular  and  striate,  leafy:  racemes  a  finger's  length,  dense,  recurved- 
spreading:  compound  pedicels  roughish,  bracted:  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  invo- 
lucre.    2-3  f     S.     P.  C. 

elliptica,  W.  (1)  (oval-leaf  golden-iod.  y.  Au.  21.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  oval, 
smooth,  serrate:  racemes  panicled:  rays  of  middling  length.  2 — 4  f.  S.  P.  Y. 
F.  K. 


(1)  latisshnifolia,  Miller. 

55 


434  SOLIDAGO. 

asperata,  Ph.  (  21)  atern  corymb-panic'.ed:  racemes  eroctisli:  llowers  ascending: 

leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous.     Described  by  Pursh  t'roni  dried  specimens. 

recurva'ta,  W.  (curved  golden-rod.  W.  y.  S.  2f.)  stem  erect,  pubescent:  leaves  lance- 
olate, serrate,  ro'jgli-edged:  racemes  elongateil,  recuived-])anicled.     iS'.   P.   C   Mch. 

senipervircns,  (narrow-leaf  golden-rod.  y.  S.  ZX-)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lance- 
olate, somewhat  fleshv,  smooth,  entire,  rough-edged:  racemes  panicled:  peduncles 
hairy:  stem  tall,  purplish,  a  little  glaucous:  leaves  many,  narrow,  long:  ray  florets 
long,  narrow,  rather  numerous.     3 — 5  f.     iS*.     P.   Y.  C.      Canada. 

odara,  W.  (sweet-scented  golden-rod.  O.  y.  An.  21.)  stem  erect,  pubescent:  leaves 
lance-linear,  entire,  glabrous,  rough-edged:  racemes  panicled.  The  upper  part  of 
the  stem  is  furrovved:  racemes  2  or  3  inches  long,  spreading  horizontally,  each 
generally  accompanied  by  a  leaf:  bracts  oblong,  smooth:  stalk  angular  and  rough. 
This  is  the  true  golden-root  tea-plant.     3  f.     iS.      Sto.  sti. 

mllosu,  Ph.  (y.  S.  2|.)  stem  erect,  villous:  leaves  lanceolate,  rather  soft,  serrate, 
nerveless:  racemes  panicled,  one-sided.  Stem  robust:  branches  recurved,  expand- 
ing.    2— 3f. 

uUginosa,   N.  (  )  very  glabrous:  racemes  erectish,  short-panicled,  sub-fastigiate: 

stem  simple,  attenuate:  leaves  unequal;  cauline  ones  entire,  lance-linear,  sessile; 
inferior  and  radical  ones  appressed-serrulate,  lance-oblong,  irregularly  attenuated, 
petioled.     Sphagnous  swamps,  Mass. 

^     Racemes  erect. 

spccio'sa,  N.  (y.  S.  2J!-)  stem  tall,  smooth;  branches  virgatc:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub- 
coriaceous,  scabrous  on  the  margin;  lower  ones  sparingly  serratej  racemes  erect, 
compound:  peduncles  pubescent:  florets  of  the  ray  five,  long:  akenes  glabrous. 
3-6  f.     S. 

virgata,  Mx.  (y.  Au.  If.)  stem  simple,  smooth:  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  wedge- 
shape,  obtuse,  entire,  glabrous,  close-pressed;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller: 
branches  of  the  panicle  elongated,  with  terminal  clusters:  peduncles  smooth,  one- 
sided.    Slender.     2  f.     S.     C. 

li'culor,  (while  golden-rod.  O.  w.  Au.  2[.)  stem  hairy:  leaves  oval,  hairy;  lower 
ones  serrate;  tliose  on  the  flower  branches  entire,  numerous  and  small:  scales  of 
the  involucre  obtuse.  Racemes  are  sliort  and  compact:  rays  white,  somewhat  nu- 
merous and  shortish;   disk-florets  rather  numerous.     2 — 4  f      -S'.      M. 

pctiolaris,  W.  (late  golden-rod.  y.  Oc.  H-)  stem  erect,  villose:  leaves  oval,  roughish, 
petioled:  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre.  Stem  branching,  terete,  hoary: 
leaves  hoary  about  the  ribs,  over  an  inch  in  length;  those  covering  the  flower- 
branches  sub-entire:  racemes  numerous,  short,  with  i'ew  and  rather  large  flowers. 
2— 3f.     S.     P.  Y. 

slricta,  (willow-leaf  golden-rod.  W.  y.  Au.  21.)  stem  erect,  glJibrous:  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate,  entire,  glabrous,  rough-edged;  ra<lical  leaves  serrate:  racemes  panicled, 
erect:  peduncles  glabrous.  The  branches  of  the  panicle  are  erect,  simple,  close. 
2  f     -S.     P.  Y.  C.  N. 

conferdflora,  N.  (y.  2i.)  robust:  stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  smoothish; 
lower  ones  very  broad,  spatulateoval,  serrate,  acute;  margin  scabrous;  the  upper 
ones  sessile,  lance-oval,  entire:  racemes  compound,  erect:  involucre  squarrose, 
many  flowered:  ray-florets  long,  (10  or  12.)     2 — 5  f.     <?.     P.   Y.  N. 

graminifolia,  (1)  (grass-leaf  golden-rod.  O.  y.  S.  'U.)  stem  (rough-haired,  Willd.) 
very  furrovved,  smoothish:  leaves  almost  linear,  (lance-linear,  Willd.)  entire, 
roughish,  nearly  erect,  with  3  or  5  rough  nerves:  corymbs  terminal,  level-topped: 
flowers  in  heads;  rays  not  longer  than  the  disk.  Stem  leafy;  leaves  sessile,  grass- 
green,  about  two  inches  long,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch  wide:  flowers  smallish: 
involucre  ovate,  smooth,  shining,  with  tumid  green-tipped  scales.  4 — 5  f.  S. 
Mch. 

tcnuifoUa,  Ph.  (2)  (pigmy  golden-rod.  W.  y.  S.  Zf.)  stem  rough,  angular,  branched, 
corymbed:  leaves  s]»reading,  linear,  very  narrow,  slightly  3nerved,  scabrous,  with 
axillary  tufis  of  smaller  ones:  corymbs  terminal,  level  topped;  llowers  in  heads: 
rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  disk.  Leaves  very  small  and  narrow.  1 — 2  f.  S. 
Y.  P. 

(1)  lanceolata,  A.     Chrysocoma,  L.     Euthamia,  N.  (2)  lanceolata,  Var.  mi- 

nor, Mx. 


SOLIDAGO.  435 

cac'siu,  W.  (blue-stem  golden-rod.  W.  y.  Au.  Z(.)  stem  nearly  erect,  very  smooth 
and  even:  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous,  acuminate,  with  the  margin  and  nerves 
rough iisli:  rays  rather  longer  than  the  disk.  Stem  upright,  somewhat  zigzag, 
branclied,  leafy:  leaves  about  two  inches  long,  sub-entire,  sub-glaucous,  paler 
beneath:  racemes  numerous,  short,  rough-pedicelled:  bracts  small,  smooth,  subu- 
late.    2—3  f.     ^^ 

lie'uhi,  W.  (purple  stem  golden  rod.  y.  S.  If.)  stem  glabrous,  panicled:  leaves  lance- 
olate, serrate,  glabrous,  rougli-edged:  branches  racemed  at  the  extremity:  rays 
elongated.     Stem  branched,  dark  purple:  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends.     »S'.     P.  N. 

hi^/uda,  \V.  (O.  y.  Oc.  21-)  stem  erect,  hispid,  scabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  rough, 
entire;   radical  ones  serrate:   rays  of  middling  length.     Resembles  the  casta.     S. 

LltliospermifoLia,  W.  (y.  S.  Zf.)  stem  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  Bca- 
brous  on  both  sides,  tapering,  3-nerved,  entire:  ray-florets  elongated.     S. 

■puhirulii,  N.  (y.  Zf.)  stem  simple,  terete,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire, 
slightly  pubescent  both  sides,  tapering  to  both  ends;  radical  ones  sub-terete:  ra- 
cemes spiked,  axillary,  erect  and  condensed:  peduncles  pubescent:  scales  of  the 
involucre  lance-linear,  acute:iray  florets  about  10,  elongated.  Stem  brownish,  sim- 
ple pubescent.     1 — 2  f.     iS.     Y.      Mch. 

Ucvigula,  A.  (flesh-leaf  golden  rod.  y.  S.  2|.)  stem  erect,  smooth:  leaves  lanceolate, 
fleshj',  entire,  smooth  in  every  part:  racemes  panicled:  peduncles  scaly,  villose. 
rays  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre.  Tall,  strong.  Probably  a  variety  oi' mczicaiia. 
Grows  in  salt  marshes.     4— (i  i.     S.     P.   Y.   B.  C.     M. 

Umonifulia,  P.  (1)  (y.  S.  1[.)  stem  oblique,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat 
fleshy,  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides:  racemes  panicled,  erect:  peduncles  scaly,  gla- 
brous or  sub-pubescent:  ray-florets  elongated.  Stem  generally  purple:  leaves 
somewhat  clasping;   lower  ones  a  foot  long.     Wet.     3 — 5  f.      S. 

vimin'ca,  W.  (2)  (twig  golden-rod.  y.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  sub-pubescent:  leaves 
lance-linear,  membranaceous,  tapering  to  the  base,  glabrous,  rough-edged;  the 
lower  ones  sub-serrate:  rays  elongated.  Peduncles  and  branches  angular,  and  very 
rough:   bracts  lanceolate,   recurved,  smooth:   flowers  nuiiierous.     >S'.     P.     Canada. 

macroplu/tla,  Ph.  (y.  Au.  21.)  lower  leaves  ovate,  acuminate  tapering,  unequally  and 
sharply  serrate,  glabrous;  cauline  leaves  tapering  to  both  ends,  lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile,  serrate:  racemes  axillary,  peduncled,  leafy,  of  the  length  of  the  leaves: 
involucre  oblong,  turgid,  many-flowered:  rays  somewhat  elongated.  Intermedi- 
ate between  this  genus  and  the  aster.     2 — 3  f.     T.   B.     Canada. 

jhxlcovlis.  Ph.  (zigzag  golden  rod.  \V.  y.  Au.  Z[.)  stem  zigzag,  glabrous,  angled: 
leaves  lanceolate-acuminate,  serrate,  glabrous:  racemes  axillary:  rays  half  as  long 
again  as  the  involucre.  Stem  slender,  purplish,  partly  terete  and  partly  angular: 
leaves  numerous  on  short  broad  petioles,  hardly  2  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  wide, 
paler  beneath;  the  upper  less  serrate:  racemes  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  the 
upper  ones  sub-capitate.     2 — 3  f     ,!>)'.     Mch.     M. 

lati/olia,  M.  (3)  (broad-leaf  golden-rod.  AV.  y.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  somewhat  zigzag,  an- 
gular, smootji:  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  strongly  serrate,  smooth,  contracted  into 
winged  petioles:  racemes  axillary.  Leaves  often  2  inches  broad,  and  sometimes 
hairy  on  the  under  side  of  the  midrib.     W.  T.  Y.  P.  C.  O.  N. 

miilarli.  Ph.  (4)  (axil  golden-rod.  W.  Au.  ?[.)  stem  glabrous,  terete,  straight:  leaves 
lanceolate,  si.'rrate,  glabrous:  racemes  axillary,  sub-globose,  erect:  ligulate  florets 
elongated.     T.     Mch. 

virgdii'rui,  (european  golden-rod.  y.  71-)  stem  flexuous,  angular,  pubescent:  leaves 
serrate,  roughish,  attenuated  at  the  base:  racemes  erect,  panicled,  close:  rays  elon- 
gated. Flowers  large;  rays  .5 — 10:  upper  leaves  nearly  entire.  1 — 3  f.  V'ar.  ul- 
pina,  leaves  obovate  or  lanceolate,  mostly  entire:  flowers  kw.  3 — 6  i.  This 
species  is  the  only  one  common  to  the  two  continents.     Bw.     White  Mts.     D. 

muUiradiata,  W.  (y.  S  Zf.)  stem  somewhat  villose:  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  gla- 
brous, ciliate:  lower  ones  serrate  at  the  apex:  raceme  terminal,  erect:  rays  elonga- 
ted, numerous.     Labrador. 

rigida,  (hand-leaf  golderi-rod.  W.  y.  Au.  2[.)  stem  corymbed,  hairy,  scabrous:  leaves 
ovale-oblung,  rough,  with  minute,  rigid  hairs;  lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  en- 
tire: racemes  compact:  rays  twice  the  length  of  the  obtuse  involucre.  Stem  terete, 
striate,  leafy:  leaves  a  little  hoary;  radical  ones  petioled,  12   inches  long,  broad, 


(1 )  mexicana,  L.         (2)  integerrima,  Miller.         (3)  flexicaulis,  Mx.     1st  variety. 
Var.  latifoha,  P.         (4)  flexicaulis,  Mx.     3d  variety. 


436  SOLIDAGO. 

acuminate,  nerved;  the  rest  1  to  4  inches  long:  scales  of  the  iuvoluore  ronnd-ob- 
tuse,  nerved,  membranaceous  at  the  edges.  3 — 5  f.  >S.  P.  Y.  C.  Mcli.  K. 
noveboraccnsis,  (star  golden-rod.  y.  Oc.  2f-)  radical  leaves  oval-oblong,  long-petioled, 
rough:  stem  almost  leafless,  branched,  furrowed,  level  top  corymbed:  rays  twice  as 
long  as  the  tapering  calyx.  Stem  strong,  rough,  furrowed,  liaving  leaves  only  at 
the  origin  of  the  flowering  branches:  radical  leaves  with  shallow  serratures:  flowers 
large,  resembling  in  form  some  asters:  involucre  scales  narrow,  purplish.  2 — 3  f. 
Y.  N. 

Southern. 

1.     Racemes  onesided. 

cineras'cens,  Sz.  (y.  S.  U.)  stem  erect,  slender  pubescent:  leaves  elongated,  lance- 
linear,  attenuate  at  the  base,  serrate,  sub-scabrous  on  both  sides:  racemes  recurved: 
peduncles  and  ray-florets  elongated.     Upper  leaves  small,  distant.     3  f 

retrorsa,  Mx.  (y.  S.  2i.)  stem  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  (rough,  S.)  leaves  closely  ses- 
sile, linear,  tapering  above,  glabrous,  pellucid-punctate,  reflexed,  rough  on  the 
margin:  branches  of  the  panicle  recurved.  Stem  pubescent  above:  leaves  some- 
what clasping,  slightly  mucronate.     3 — 4  f     S — C. 

iortifolia,  E.  (1)  (y.  S.  ![•)  stem  erect,  pubescent:  leaves  lance-linear,  sub-serrate, 
spreading,  twisted;  midrib  and  upper  surface  scabrous,  nearly  glabrous  beneeth: 
panicle  pyramidal:  racemes  reourved.  Stem  very  pubescent  above:  leaves  some- 
times pubescent  beneath,  obscurely  3-nerved:  panicle  very  compact.    Aif. 

pyramidata,  Ph.  (y.  S.  Zf.)  stem  erect,  terete,  hispid:  leaves  oblong,  acute,  some- 
what clasping,  sessile,  glabrous,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  rarely  and  obsoletely 
toothed:  panicle  naked,  secund,  pyramidal:  branches  reflexed:  peduncles  glabrous. 
4— Gf.  '  '    '         , 

conjmhosa,  E.  (y.  S.  2i.)  stem  erect,  glabrous,  branches  hispid:  lower  leaves 
lance-oblong;  upper  ones  ovate;  all  fleshy,  glabrous,  rigid,  scabrous  and  ciliate  on 
the  margin:  racemes  corymbed;  lower  ones  recurved:  ray-florets  elongated.  Stem 
robust:  leaves  close-sessile;  lower  ones  sub-dentate;  upper  ones  generally  entire. 
4— 6f. 

pitclieri,  N.  (  )  racemes  secund,  glabrous:  leaves  conformable,  smooth,  thickly 

set,  lance-oblong,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate:  panicle  pyrmidal,  short- 
ish, few-flowered:   pedicels  pubescent:   liguli  abbreviated.     Arkansas. 

radula,  N.  (  )  racemes   ereclish,    finely    pubescent,   scabrous:   leaves    oblong, 

sessile,  entire,  sub-reticulate,  thick  below:  panicle  contracted,  sub-racemed:  scales 
of  the  involucre  oblong:   liguli  very  short.     Arkansas. 

lanata,  H.  (  )  wholly    arachnoid-woolly:   leaves    lance-spatulate,    appressed- 

serrate;  lower  ones  petioled;  upper  ones  small,  very  entire:  racemes  erect,  ter- 
minal, sub-simple:  leafets  of  the  involucre  obtuse,  sub-glabrous.     R. 

2.     Racemes  erect. 

pubescens,  E.  (y.  Oct.  2X.)stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  long,  lanceolate, 
tapering  at  the  base,  pubescent;  lower  ones  serrate:  racemes  erect,  panicled:  ray- 
florets  middle  size.  Stem  slightly  scabrous,  generally  colored:  branches  rigidly 
erect:   up])er  leaves  generally  entire;  lower  ones  almost  s[)atulate.     3 — 4  f. 

pavciflosculosa,  Mx.  (y.  S.  2i-)  glabrous,  sutfruticose:  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
nerveless:  panicle  compound,  many- flowered;  fascicles  erect:  involucre  oblong,  5- 
flowered:  ray-floret  one. 

pulverulenln,  N.  (y.  Zf.)  stem  simple:  stem  and  leaves  pulverulent-pubescent:  leaves 
sessile;  lower  ones  oval,  serrate;  upper  ones  obovate,  entire,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin: racemes  erect,  spike-form:  ray-florets  (10.)  elongated.  The  lower  leaves 
somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  tlie  Spiraea  salicifolia,  E.     3 — 4  f. 

erecta,  Ph.  (y.  S.  If.)  stem  simple:  stern  and  peduncles  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end.  glabrous,  veiny,  scabrous  on  the  margin:  racemes  short,  erect, 
axillary  and  terminal.     Three  is  great  uncertainty  about  this  species.     E.  2f 

hirla,  W.  (y.  Zf.)  stem  panicled,  rough:  leaves  lanceolate,  scabrous  on  both  sides; 
cauline  ones  serrate;  branch  ones  very  entire:  racemes  erect:  rays  elongated. 

(l)odora,  Mx. 


SOLIDAOO,    SONCHUS.  437 

glomerata,  Mx.  (A.  y.  If.)  stem  low,  simple:  leaves  glabrous,  lance-oblong,  senate: 
racemes  simple,  composed  of  axillary  glomerules;  upper  ones  clustered:  involucre 
turgid,  many-flowered.  Lower  leaves  broad-oval,  acuminate,  serrate.  Nearly  al- 
lied to  Aster.     N.  K. 

m'lidlis,  Vh.  (y.  2{.)  stem  simple,  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous, 
attenuate  at  tlie  base,  elongated:  racemes  erect. 

elata.  Ph.  (y.  S.  ![.•)  stem  terete,  pilose,  tomentose  above:  leaves  lance-oval,  acute,, 
sub-entire,  veiny,  tomentose  beneath:  racemes  erect,  panicled  rays  elongated. 
Leaves  sessile,  rather  small,  with  elevated  veins.     2 — 3  f, 

salicina,  E.  (y.  S.  2i.)  stem  tall,  slender,  pubescent  above,  a  little  scabious:  branches 
virgate,  elongated,  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  very  scabrous  above,  glabrous  beneath; 
lower  ones  serrate:  racemes  sub-secund:  branches  short,  sometimes  recurved. 
Stem  when  old  nearly  glabrous,  generally  colored:  leaves  sessile,  diminishing  up- 
wards; lower  ones  paler  beneath.     4 — 5  f. 

angustifolia,  E.  (y.  S.  2|.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  subulate-linear,  veiy  entire, 
glabrous:  racemes  erect  panicled:  ray-florets  middle  size.  Stem  slender:  branches 
numerous:  leaves  sessile,  sometimes  lance-linear,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin. 
2— 3f. 

7)iissovricnsis,  N.  (  )  small,  glabrous,  racemes  erect:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute, 

gash-sub-serrulate;  upper  ones  entire:  panicle  short,  lax:  flowers  largish.  1  f. 
Arkansas. 

cordata,  Short  &  Peter,  (y.  Au.  Zf.)  stem  striated,  pubescent:  lower  leaves  petioled, 
cordate,  sharply  and  irregularly  serrate,  acute;  upper  ones  ovate,  gradually  becom- 
ing sessile  and  entire;  radical  leaves  broad-cordate  and  serrate:  spikes  axillary  and 
terminal,  densely  flowered:  leafets  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  obtuse,  appressed. 
2—4  f.     K. 

ohlocnsis,  Riddell.  (  y.  Oc.  l_l-)  stem  simple:  radical  leaves  (when  they  precede 
the  stem)  on  long  equitant  petioles,  oblong,  retuse,  acute  and  entire  at  the  base, 
serrate  towards  tlie  summit;  margins  scabrous;  cauline  leaves  entire,  half  clasping, 
lanceolate,  acute:  corymb  fastigiale.     Wet  grassy  prairies,  Oiiio. 

riddcllii,  Frank.  (  y.  Sept.  21.)  leaves  very  entire,  glabrous,  scabrous  at  the  margin; 
lower  and  radical  leaves  very  long-petioled,  sub-falcate-lanceolate,  sub-acute,  dis- 
tinctly .5-nerved;  upper  ones  sheatiiing,  lance  oblong,  acutish,  obsoletely  nerved; 
petioles  carinate,  equitant:  stem  glabrous,  striate,  corymb-panicled:  racemes  or 
fascicles  3-flowered:  scalesof  the  involucre  obtusely  ovate,  half  as  long  as  the  ligulir 
pedicels  bracted,  sub-villose.     2  f     O. 

squarrosa,  N.  (y.  )  pulverulent,  finely  pubescent:  racemes  lax,  few-flowered, 

axillary,  panicled,  flowers  largish:  liguli  elongated:  leafets  of  the  involucre  reflex- 
ed:   leaves  oblong  ovate,  entire,  sub-sessile;   lovver  ones  obovate,  sub-serrate. 

hirsuta,  N.  (  )  sub-pilose:    racemes   erect:  stem  simple:  flowers   sub-racemose- 

glomerate:  leaves  scattered,  elliptic-ovate;  radical  ones  spatulate,  crenulate.     K. 

17 — 1.     Son'chus.     53.     Cich.  sal.  sec-sti. /t«em. 

arnensis,  (corn  sow-thistle.   W.  y.   Au.  2i-)  involucre  and  peduncles  hispid,  sub-um- 

belled:  leaves  runcinate,  denticulate,    cordate  at  the  base:  root  creeping.     P.  Y. 

C.  F. 
oleraccus,  (common   sow-thistle.  O.  y.  Ju.  0.)  peduncles  sub-tomentose,  umbelled: 

involucre  glabrous:  leaves  lance-oblong,    clasping,  denticulate,  sub-sinuate.     Var. 

aspera,  prickly.     Perhaps  introduced.     2 — 5  f     <S'.     Mch. 
viacrophyUus,  W.  (W.  b.   Au.  Zf.)  peduncles  hirsute,  naked:  flowers  panicled:  leaves 

large,  lyrate,  cordate  at  the  base,  hirsute  beneath.     4 — 7  f. 
sjnnvlosus,  Bw.  (W.  L.  y.  Au.   0.)  peduncles   smooth,  somewhat  umbelled:  leaves 

cordate  at  the  base,  oblong  clasping,  waved,  spinose.     2  f.     T.  B. 
alpinus,  W.    (1)  (mountain  sow-thistle,   b-w.    Au.    21-)   peduncles   hirsute,    naked: 

flowers  raceraed,  bracted:  leaves  runcinate,  sagittate  at  the  base,  glabrous,  glau- 
cous beneath.     Canada. 
leucnphoi'us,  W.  (2)  (sow-thistle.  W.  b-w.  Ju.  $.)  peduncles  scaly:  flowers  racemed: 

leaves  runcinate,  acuminate:  stem  wand-panicled.     3 — 5  f     >S'.     P.  N.  F.   K. 
floridanns,  W.  (W.  b.  Ju.  $.)  peduncles  somewhat  scaly:  flowers  panicled:  leaves 

runcinate-lyrate,   petioled,    denticulate.     Pursh  says  this   is  called  the  gall  of  the 

Sonchus.     Gr.  sogchos,  the  ancient  name  of  this  plant. 
(1)  montanus,  Lk.     cocruleus,  S.     canadensis,  L.         (2)  spicatus,  Lk. 


438  SONGHUS,    SPARGANIUM. 

earth,  and  is  used  for  curing  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake;  but  Mr.  Elliot  applies  that 

name  to  the  Prenanthes  alba;  the  root  of  which  he  says  is  very  bitter.  3—6  f.     jS. 

P.  Y. 
acuminatus,  VV.  (W.  b.  Au.  $ .)  peduncles  soniewliat  scaly:  flowers  panicled:  radical 

leaves  sub-runcinale;  cauline  ones  ovate,   acuminate,   petioled,   denticulate  in  the 

middle.     3—4  f.     8.     P.  Y.  B. 
pallidus,  W.  (1)  W.  y.  Ju.  2i.)  flowers   in  a  compound  terminal  raceme  or  panicle: 

leaves  lance-ensiform,  clasping,  toothed.     F. 

Southern. 

ludovirianus,  N.'CVV.  y.  J.)  leaves  all  runcinate,  retrorsely  and  sharply  toothed:  pe- 
duncles and  involucre  naked:  panicle  divaricate.  Chaft' conspicuously  stiped.  N. 
3—5  f. 

caroimianus,  Wr.  (y.  Au.  #.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  undu- 
late, sub-spinose-toothed,  auricled  at  the  base,  [half-clasping:  flowers  somewhat 
umbelled.     1 — 3  f. 

sihericvs,  Lin.  (  b.  0.)  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  glabrous,  very  entire,  dentate,  or 
runcinate-pinnatitid:  peduncles  squamulose,  panicled,  and  with  the  involucre  glan- 
dulous-hispid.     D.  A.  R. 

Sonchus,  Lactuca. 

10—1.     Sopito'ra.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  asc. 

Southern. 

sericea,  N.  (W.   w.  21- )  leaves  pinnate;   leafets  wedge-oval,  smooth  above,  silky-vil- 

lose  beneath:  spikes  many-flowered,  tub-sessile.     1  f. 

Sophora,  Baptisia. 
Sorhus,  Pykus, 

3 — 2.     Sorg'huji.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  sug. — 
Exotic, 
saccharatum,  (broom  corn.  y-g.  Au.  0.)  panicle  somewhat  whorled,  spreading:  fruit 
oval:  glumes  covered  with  penuanent  softish  hairs:  leaves  linear.     From  the  East 
Indies.     6—8  f. 
vulgarc,  (Indian  millet,    coflee  corn.  2i.)  panicle  compact,  oval,  nodding  when  ma- 
ture: fruit  naked,   sub-compressed.     Var.   hicolor,    glumes   glabrous,    black:  seed 
globose.     5 — 7  f. 

J  9— 3.     Sparga'kium.     8.     Tyi)h.  ton—. 

ramosum,  Sw.  (2)  (bur-reed.  O.  w.  Ju.  0.)  the  3-sided  bases  of  the  leaves  concave 
on  the  two  outsides:  the  general  fruit  stem  branclied:  stiijmas  linear.  In  water 
o-enerally.  Flowers  in  round  heads;  the  staminate  heads  above  the  pistillate  ones, 
and  considerably  the  smallest.     l—2f.'S.^     Mch. 

aincrlainum,  N.  (3)  (lake  bur-reed.  W.  w.)  lower  leaves  about  equally  the  length  of 
the  stem;  floral  leaves  concave  at  the  base,  erect:  stigma  simple,  ovate-oblong, 
oblique,  about  half  as  long  as  the  style.  Tlie  stem  is  erect,  nearly  simple.  Grows 
plentifully  in  a  small  swamp  in  Troy,  about  a  mile  east  of  Rensselaer  School.  1  f. 
S.     T.  C.  P.  F.     Mch.     S— C. 

angiistifolium,  Mx.    (4)  (floating  bur-reed.  W.  ^.  Au.  2L-)  leaves  flat,  long  linear. 


Sophora.     An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  aojihcra;  the  name  of  a  beautiful  tree. 

Sorgliuiii.     Surghi  is  the  Indian  name,  according  to  Baubin. 

Sparganium.     Gr.  spariranon,  a  band  or  fillet;  alluding   to  the  long,  linear  form,  and 

pliant  texture  of  the  leaves. 

(1)  Lactuca  canadensis,  L.  (2)  ereclum,  L.  (3)  simplex.  Ph.?  (4)  na- 
tans,  Var.  a.  Ph. 

*  Mr.  Elliott  describes  a  plant  under  ameriranum?  which  does  not  agree  with  that 
plant  in  the  vicinity  of  Troy.  I  have  bctore  me  all  the  three  sjiecies  here  described, 
and  have  often  seen  them  growing.  The  plant  of  E.  cannot  possibly  be  eitlier  of 
them,  unless  it  is  the  ramosum.  I  do  not  believe  that  the  simplex  is  an  American 
plant. 


SPARC ANIUAI,    SPERMACOCE.  439 

very  narrow,  fiinch  longer  than  the  stem,  weak;  the  part  above  water  rioating  on 
its  surface.  Grows  in  great  abundance  in  the  little  lake  on  Gatskill  mountain',  12 
miles  west  of  the  village,  near  the  Mountain  House.     P.  15.  N. 

17 — J.     Sparganoph'orus.     fi").     Antli.  ton.  rat. 

ticr/killalns,  M.v.  (water  crown-cnp.  p.  Au.  2l.  )  leaves  linear,  wliorled:  heads  few, 
torniinal:  egret  campanulate,  5-tootlied.     Floating  in  water.     1  f.     <S'.     Y. 

Sjjartina,  Luinetis. 

16—10.     Si'ar'tium.     93.     Legu.  b.  bit-ton. 
Exotic. 

junceum,  (spanish  broom.  J.  T-.)  branches  opposite,  wand-like,  bearing  flowers  at  the 

end:  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous. 
sciipnrluin,  (scotch  broom.  J.    ^.)  leaves   ternate  and  solitary,  oblong:    tlowers  axil 

iary:  legumes  pilose  at  the  margin:  branches  angular. 

5 — 1.     Specula'ria.     52.     Camp.  ton. 
Eiotic, 
amplexicuidls,  sjicadum,   described  under  Campanula. 

10 — 5.     Sper'gula.     S3.     Gary,  demo — . 

arvensis,  (corn  spurry.  W.  w.  J.  2S.)  leaves  filiform,  whorled:  panicle  dichotomous: 
peduncles  become  reflexed  as  the  fruit  advances  to  maturity:  seed  reniform.  8 
—1-2  i.     S.     R.  T.  -vv.  C.  F.  N.     Mch. 

saginoidcs,  (1)  (pearl  spurry.  w.  J.  ZC-  or  0.)  glabrous:  leaves  opposite,  subulate, 
naked:  peduncles  solitary,  very  long.  Persoon  asks  whether  this  is  not  a  variety 
of  the  Sagina  procumbens.     2 — 3  i.     S.     C.  F.     New  Jersey. 

nodosa,  Hk.  (W.)  leaves  subualate,  opposite,  glabrous,  connate;  lower  ones  sheath- 
ing, upper  ones  proliferous  in  the  axils:  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Canada. 
N.  W.  Lake<=. 

snbulnta,  Hk.  (W.)  glabrous  or  sub-pubescent:  leaves  narrowly  linear-subulate,  mu- 
cronate:   peduncles  long,  solitary:   petals  equalling  the  calyx  and  capsule.     R. 

rnbra,  T.  vt  G.  (red  sand-wort.  i'.  J.  0.)  glabrous,  humifusje:  leaves  filiform,  fleshy, 
longer  than  the  joints:  stipules  cuneute-membranaceous,  sheathing:  stamens  5: 
capsule  angular  or  globose,     8  i.     P.  Y.  C.  T.  II.     Arcnaria,  rubra,  7th  edition. 

4 — I.     Spermaco'ce.     57.     Cine.  ton.  ast.  feb. 

Southern. 

tcnu'ior,  (w.  Ju.  0.)  stem  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate",  scabrous  above,  nearlv 

glabrous  beneath:   flowers  whorled:  seeds  rough.     Stem    sometimes  pubescent  and 

flowers  nearly  solitary.     Swartz. 
glabra   Mx    (VV.  w.  J.  Q..)  stem   procuuibent,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  glabrous 

on  both  sides:  flowers  whorled:   seeds  glabrous. 
involucrota,  Ph.  (     w.     )  stem  very  hispid:    branches  alternate:   leaves  lance-ovate, 

acuminate,  hiisute  on  both    sides:  stipules  inany-brislled:  heads   terminal,  involu- 

cred:  stamens  exsert.     1  f. 
lasiantha,   Raf.   (  )  stem  weak;  branches    diffuse:    leaves    sessile,    oblong,  acute; 

nerves  scabrous:  flowers  verticillate:  corol  woolly  within.     Louisiana. 

Sparganojjhorus.     Gr.   spargaaon,   a  fillet,  a.n6i  jjlicro,   io  bear:  because  the  seed  is 

crowned  with  a  membranous  band. 
Spartium.     Gr.  spartlnu,  a  rope:  because  of  the  use  made  of  its  branches  incordage. 
Specularia.     Lat.  speculum,  a  mirror;  the  old  name  of  the  leading  species  in  the  genus. 
Spergula.     Lat.  spergo,  to  scatter,  from  the  dispersion  of  its  seeds. 
Spermacoce.     Gr.  sperma,  seed,  and  akokc,  a  sharp  point;  the  seeds  pointed. 

(1)  decunibens,  E. 


440  SPHAERALCEA,    SPIR.^IA. 

15—12.     Sphaeralcea.     Mali.  emo.  muc. 

^ellata,  T.  (  p)  densely  clothed  with  a  grayish  stellate  pubescence:  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  petioled,  erosely  serrate,  rugose:  peduncles  axillary,  3— 5-flower- 
ed:   flowers  aggregated:  carpels  12— 14,  bimucronate,  2-seeded.     Oregon. 

lacerifolia,  N.  (  p.)  minutely  roughish-tomentose  with  a  stellate  pubescence:  leaves 
5-lobed,  somewhat  cordate;  the  lobes  acute,  toothed,  unequally  serrate:  peduncles 
aggregated,  terminal:  carpels  12—14,  pointless.     Oregon.      Globe  mallows. 

5—1.     Spige'lia.     46.     Spi.  g-h.  ath^-.  oath—,  nar— . 

manjlandica,  (pink-root.  W.  p.  J.  2{)  stem  4-sided:  leaves  all  opposite,  sessile,  lance- 
ovate,  entire.     A  celebrated  vermifuge.     9 — Id  i.     >S'.     P.     Florida.     S — C. 

20—5.     Spina 'ciA.     29.     Chen.  nut.  lax. 

Ezoilc. 
</lera'cea,  (spinach-  J.  0.)  fruit  sessile,  prickly  or  unarmed:  leaves  hastate-sagittate: 
stem  branched.     In  habit  resembles  the  Chenopodium  album.     1—2  f. 

11—5.     Spir^'a.     92.     Res.  h.  ton-f.  aro— . 
1.     Stem  more  or  less  woody. 

salicifoiia,  A.  (1)  (meadow-sweet,  willow  hard-hack.  O.  r.  w.  J.  ■^.)  leaves  lance- 
ovate  or  obovate,  serrate,  glabrous:  flowers  in  panicled  spreading  racemes.  Var. 
alba,  has  white  petals,  and  generally  the  twigs  are  reddish.  The  small  branches 
are  generally  killed  by  frost  in  the  winter,  as  also  of  the  next  species.  2 — 4  f.  S. 
Mch. 

iomentosa,  (steeple  bush,  purple  hard-hack,  meadow-sweet.  O.  r.  Ju.  'h.)  leaves 
lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  downy  beneath:  racemes  in  a  crowded,  sub-panicled 
spike.     2— 3f.     .S'.     Mch. 

hypericifoUa,  ( John' s-wort  hardback,  w.  M.  ^ .)  leaves  obovate,  entire  or  toothed  at 
the  apex:  umbels  sessile.     Cultivated.     3  f.     P.     Canada. 

ckamaedrifolia,  Lui.  {  )  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  unequally  serrate,  rarely  sub-lobed, 
sub-glabrous:  corymbs  hemispheric,  peduncled:  pedicels  and  reflexed  lobes  of  the 
calyx  pubescent.  Var.  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse,  glabrous  or  sub-pubescent.  A. 
Canada. 

douglassii,  H.  (  r.  )  branches  and  peduncles  pubescent:  leaves  elliptic,  coarsely 
and  unequally  serrate  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath:  panicle  crowded,  oblong, 
obtuse:  flowers  small:  stamens  twice  as  long  as  tiie  corol:  lobes  of  the  calyx  tri- 
angulai,  reflexed:   carpellae  5,  very  glabrous,  sliining.     A. 

menziesii,  H.  {  r.  )  branched  above:  peduncles  and  calyx  triangular,  reflexed, 
smoothly  pubescent:  leaves  elliptic,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate  above,  similar- 
colored  and  glabrous  beneath:  panicle  crowded,  oblong,  obtuse;  flowers  small:  sta- 
mens twice  as  long  as  the  corol.     A. 

coryinbosa,  R.  (A.  r-w.  \ .)  leaves  oblong-obovate,  gash-toothed,  pubescent  beneath: 
corymb  terminal,  peduncled,  compound,  fastigiate,  somewhat  leafy.  This  may  be 
the  cluimaedrifolia  of  Pursh,  but  probably  not  of  L.     Torrey. 

creiiata,  (  fp .)  leaves  obovate,  acute,  looth-crenate  at  tlie  apex:  corymbs  peduncled, 
crowded.     Y.  H. 

opulifuUa,  (nine-bark,  snowball  hard-hack.  W.  w.  J.  ]^.)  leaves  sub-oval  \  lobed, 
doubly-toothed  or  crenate,  glabrous:  corymbs  teiminal,  crowded:  carp 'Is  inflated: 
flowers  trigynous.     Wet.     3—5  f.     S.  T.  C.  P.   D.     Mch. 

capitata,  Ph.   (W.  J.  ^.)  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  lobed,   doubly  toothed,  reticulate 

Sphaeralcea.     Gr.  sphaira,  globe,    athuihos,    mallows.     Fruit  in  globular  heads,  and 

of  the  mallows  family. 
Spigelia.     ]n  honor  of  Adam  Spigelius,  an  old  botanist  of  considerable  note. 
Spinacia.     Lat.  spina,  a  thorn,  from  the  processes  of  the  seed. 
Spiraea.     Gr.  speiron,  spiral  coil;   in  allusion  to  the  spire-like  inflorescence  of  some 

species. 

(1)  alba,  M. 


•'^ 


SPIR^A,    STACHYS.  441 

beneath,  tonientose:  corymbs  terminal,  crowded,  sub-capitate,  very  long-peduncled: 
calyx  toiDcntose. 

sorbiJoUa,  Ph.  (W.  w.  Au.  ^.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  uniform,  serrate:  flowers 
panicled. 

ino'iiogij'na,  T.  (W.  fp.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  sub-3-lobed,  gash-serrate,  glabrous: 
corymbs  umbelled:  style  one;  pedicels  glabrous:  divisionsof  the  calyx  erect,  spread- 
ing: germs  villose.     S, 

2.     Stem  herhaceous. 

aruncus,   W.    (steeple-weed.  W.  A.    w.    J.   If.)    leaves   2— 3-pinnate:  flowers  in  a 

panicled  spike;  styles  3  to  5.     Var.  americana,  has  very  long  slender  spikes.     4 — 6  f. 

S.     P.  M.     Catskill. 
lobata,  (W.  r.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  pinnate,  glabrous:  the  odd  leafet  large,  7-lobed:  lateral 

ones  3-ldbed:  corymbs  iiroliferous.     P. 
dis'color,  Ph.  (W.  Ju.  >^.)  leaves  ovate,  snb-lobed,  toothed,  obtuse,  white-tomentose 

beneath,  smooth  above,  short-petioled:    panicle  terminal,  very  branching;  branches 

white-pubescent:  calyx  and  germs  villose. 
betulifulia,  Pall.  (W.  A.  r.  J,  >>.)  leaves  broad-ovate,  gash-toothed,  glabrous;  corymbs 

terminal,  compound,  fastigiute,  leafy.     1  f 

Exotic. 

ulmaria,  (queen  of  the  meadow,  w.  r.  Au.  21.)  leaves  pinnate,  downy  beneath;  the 
terminal  leafet  larger,  3-lobed;  the  lateral  ones  undivided:  flowers  in  a  proliferous 
corymb.     Stem  herbaceous. 

Spiraea,  Gillenia. 

Spiranthes,  Neottiaj 

13—1.     Sta'chys.     42.     Labi,  ton, 

hyssopifolia,  Mx.  (Ju.  )  slender,  erect,  somewhat  glabrous:  leaves  sessile,  linear  and 
lance-linear,  rarely  toothed:  whorls  about  4-flowered.     12 — 15  i.     S.     Mch. 

as'pera,  Mx.  (hedge  nettle,  clown-heal.  O.  w-p.  Ju.  2X-)  stem  erect,  with  branches 
opposite,  hispid  backwards:  leaves  sub-petioled,  lance-ovate,  truncate-serrate,  gla- 
brous, with  ciliate  margins  and  under  veins:  whorls  4 — r2-flovvered,  but  mostly  6: 
calyx  with  spreading  spines.  Var.  lenvifolia,  leaves  very  thin,  slender,  lanceolate. 
1 — 2  f.  This  is  an  exact  description  of  all  my  specimens,  collected  iu  various  situ- 
ations.    Perhaps  it  should  constitue  a  new  species.     Mch. 

sylvalica,  W.  (W.  p.  Au.  TJ.)  leaves  ovate,  sub-cordate,  acuminate;  whorls  6-flowef- 
ed:  stem  prickly  backwards.     1— 2  f.     S.     N.     K.     Mch. 

velutina,  Sz.  (W.  b.)  stem  simple,  4-angled,  villose,  or  sub-hispid;  leaves  lance-ovate, 
crenate-serrate,  close-sessile,  clasping,  opposite  and  pointing  4  ways;  nerves  silky- 
tomentose  on  both  sides:   whorls  about  6-flowered:  corol  sub-pilose.     1  f. 

pilosa,]^.  (r.  21.)  hirsutely  pilose:  leaves  sub-sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  serrate: 
calyx  very  pilose;  teeth  long:  whoils  somewhat  6-flowered.     R. 

Exotic. 

latifolia,  W.  (p.  Ju.  2i-)  whorls  many-flowered,  spiked:  upper  lip  bifid  with  acute 
divisions:  leaves  broad,  cordate,  rugose,  hairy. 

Southern. 

hispida,  Ph.  (y-p.  Ju.  If.)  stem  and  leaves  hispid:  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  oblong, 
acute,  obtusely  serrate:   whorls  about  4-flowered:  calyx  glabrous.     2  f.     S — C. 

tcnu'folia,  (  )  stem  erect,  angled,  smoothish:  leaves  petioled,  lance-oval,  serrate, 
acuminate:   whorls  6-liowered:   calyx  very  pubescent.     S — C. 

intermedia,  A.  (W.  2i.)  whorls  many-flowered;  calyx  sub-pungent:  leaves  oblong, 
sub-cordate,  crenate;  stem  somewhat  woolly. 

Stachys,  Hyssopus. 

Stachys.     Gr.  stachus,  spike;  the  flowers  of  all  the  species  grovV  in  spikes. 

56 


442  SXANLEVA,    STELLAifilA. 

IS — 2.     Stan'leya.     63.     Cru.  asc. 

heteropkylla,  N.  (  )  stem  erectr  lower  leaves  lyrately  pinnate,  soinewliat  pubes- 

cent beneath;  terminal  segment  much  larger,  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  serrate; 
upper  loaves  lanceolate,  entire:  lanj'ina  of  the  petals  longer  than  the  claws. 
Rocky  Mts. 

virldiflura,  N.  (Ju.  Au. )  erect,  glabrous:,  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  entire;  the  radical 
ones  with  a  few  luncinate  teeth  towards  the  base:  petals  linear,  and,  as  well  as  the 
calyx,  herbaceous.     Rocky  Mts. 

Southern. 

jiinnatifida,  N.  (W.  y.  21.)  glaucous,  smooth:  leaves  somewhat  succulent,  undulated, 
interruptedly  pinnatifid;  divisions  sub-lanceolate,  remotely  "toothed;  racemes  ter- 
minal, many-tlowered:  peduncles  long. '  Mr.  JNuttall  thinks  the  Cleome  pinnata  of 
Ph.  and  tills  plant  are  the  same.     3  f. 

integrifulia,  J.  (VV.  y.  )  stem  simple,  angular:  leav'es  entire,  ovate,  oblong,  taper- 
ing to  both  ends:  raceme  terminal:  silique  of  the  length  of  the  pedicel. 

5 — 3.     Staphyle'a.     95.     Staph^  ast — . 

trifolia,  (bladder  nut.  W.  y-w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  in  threes:  racemes  pendant:  petals 
ciliate  below.  When  in  flower,  if  the  genn  be  cut  transversely  and  examined,  it 
will  appear  2  or  3-celled,  and  wsill  contain  the  rudiments  of  15  or  20  seeds.  But 
when  the  fiuit  is  ripe,  it  consists  of  2  or  three  inflated,  adnate,  sub-inembranous 
caipels  each  containing  1  to  3  hatd  small  seeds.  6^-18  fi  iS'.  13.  P.  C.  T.  M. 
F.  N.     Moil. 

17 — 2.     Stark'ea.     55.     Heli.  ast.  sec-sti. 

Southern, 
spinulosns,  Ph.    (1)  (W.  y.  Au.  Tl-)   caulescent:  leaves  bipinnatifid,   gash-toothed; 
divisions  linear,  rigidly  mucronate:  flowers  lateral  and  terniinal,  crowded:  rays  2- 
toothed:  chaff  setaceous.     1 — 2  f. 

5 — 5.     Stat'ice.     33.     Plum.  r.  ast.  ajn.  diar. 

limo'niuni,  L.  (2)  marsh  rosemary,  sea  lavender.  L.  b.  Au.  21.)  scape  terete:  panicle 
much  branched:  leaves  lance-obovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glabrous.  The  root  is  a 
valuable  astringent.     12—18  1.     S.     B.  C.  T. 

armeria.  (thrift.  L.  r.  ![■)  scape  simple,  terete,  capitate:  leaves  linear,  flat.     1  f.     S'. 

10—3.     Stella'ria.     62.   '  Gary.  dem.  lax— . 

media,  S.  (3)  (chick  weed.  O.  w.  M.  Zf.)  leaves  ovate,  and  heart-ovate,  glabrous: 
stem  mostly  procumbent,  having  alternate  lines  of  hairs  on  opposite  sides.  Num- 
ber of  stamens  variable.     9—15  i. 

pu'bera,  Mx.  (W.  w.  M.  21.)  pubescent:  stem  decumbent:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  ses- 
sile, acute,  sub-ciliate,  somewhat  undulate:  pedicels  dichotomous,  recurved:  petals 
longer  than  the  calyx.     C— 10  i.     P.   C,  M.  K. 

horealis,  Bw.  (w.  Ju.)  leaves  lance-oval:  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered: 
petals  and  calyx  about  equal.  ,  R.     White  Mts. 

vliginosa,  Sr.  (4)  (bog  starwort.  W.  w.  J.)  stem  diffuse,  procumbent,  much-branched: 
leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate,  and  narrow  at  the  base:  peduncles  somewhat  in  pairs, 
single  or  many-flowered:  petals  shorter  tlian  the  calyx.     P.  R.  W. 

humi/ti^a,  Sw.  (#.)  leaves  ovate,  sub-secund,  sessile:  s|em  procumbent,  4-cornered: 
peduncles  solitary,  short. 

Stanleya.     In  honor  of  Lord  Stanley,  a  distinguished  patron  of  science. 
Staphylea.     Gr.  staphula,  a  bunch;  in  which  form  its  fructification  is  disposed. 
Starkea.     In  honor  of  the  Rev.  M.  Starke,  a  Cryptogamist  of  some  note. 
Statice.     CJr.  statin,  to  arrest;  because  it  stops  diarrhoea,  according  to  Pliny. 
Stellaria.     Lat.  sldla,  star,  from  the  figure  of  its  flower. 

(1)  Amellus,   Ph.  (2)  carolinian:i.   Ph.  (3)  Alsine  media,  L.      Uolnsteuvt 

succulenturn.  (4)  alsine,  Hn. 


STELLAUIA',    STEVIA.  44S 

lotiifipcs,  Goldic.  (W.)  sub-flaccid,  very  glabfous,  glaucous:  learv'cs  linear-subulate, 
spreading:  peduncles  terminal,  fork-branched:  bracts  membranaceous;  pedicels 
niucli  elongated:  petals  broad-obovate,  deeply  bifid,  a  little  longer  than  the  obtuse 
obscurely  3-nerved  calyx.     Woods.     Lake  Ontario,  N.  W.  Lakes. 

lacta,  Hk.  (W.)  stifliy  erect.  Very  glaucous:  leaves  erect,  lanceolate,  broader  at  the 
base,  acute,  crcnate,  smooth:  peduncles  sometimes  in  pairs,  1-Hovvered,  sometimes 
in  i'ew-tlowered  terminal  panicles:  petals  two-parted,  a  little  longer  than  the  ob- 
scurely 3-nerved  cal^'x.     N.  W.  Lak^s.     R. 

cernstoidcs,  L.  (  )  stems  cespitose  and  decumbent,  somewhat  dichotomous:  leaves 
oblong,  pubescent:  peduncles  in  pairs,  1 -flowered,  deflexed  in  fruit:  petals  exceed- 
ing the  obtuse  sepals:  capsule  oblong,  almost  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Green- 
land. 

gracilis,  Richardson.  (  )'glabrous':  stgm   weak:  sterile  branches   gemmiferous: 

leaves  lanceolate  -somewhat  succulent:,  peduncle  solitary,  axillary  or  terminal, 
elongated,  l-flowered:  petals  2-parted,  longer  than  the  glabrous  acute  nerveless 
sepals.     Hudson's  Bay. 

nitens,  N.  (0.)  sub-cespifose,, smooth  and  shining:  stems  erect,  sparsely  hairy  below, 
filiform,  naked  above:  leaves-  lanceolate-subulate,  short  acute:  petals  2-lobed  and 
much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  very  acute  3-nerved  sepals.     Oregon. 

crispa,  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  (2X-)  glabrous:  stems  diifase,  decumbent:  leaves  veiny, 
ovale,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end.  the  margin  undulate:  flowers  axil- 
lary, solitary  on  short  peduncles  hardly  longer  than  tlie  leaves:  petals  mostly 
wanting,  or  2-parted  and  very  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  3-nerved  sepals. 
Oregon. 

calijcaiUha,  Bongard.  (  )  cespitose:  stems  decumbent,  flaccid:  leaves  ovate-lance- 
olate, connate,  the  margin  minutely  ciliate  with  white  hairs,  much  siiorter  than  the 
internodes:  cyme  dicholomous:  peduncles  filiform:  petals  none:  sepals  ovate-lance- 
olate, 3-nerved,  a  little  siiorter  than  the  obtuse- sub-globose  capsule.      Sitclia. 

hrachypctala,  Bongard.  (  )  .stem  simple,  erect:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rather  thick: 
petals  and  capsule  half  the  length  of  the  sepals.     Sitclia. 

Southern. 

proslrata.  Bald.  (1)  (Ap.  0.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  smooth:  petioles  very  long:  stem 
prostrate,  terete,  hollow,  dichotomous,  sub-pubescent:  peduncles  solitary,  long: 
flowers  heptandrous:   calyx  erect.     Flowers  small.     1^4  f 

jarnes'ia'na,  T.  &  G.  (VV.)  viscid-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-falcate,  closely 
sessile,  acute:  stem  somewhat  branclied,  flaccid:  panicles  lax,  divaricate:  petals 
2-lobed,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong,  acute  divisions  of  the  calyx. 

nntlallii,  T.  &  G.  (0.  March.  Ap.)  minutely  glandular,  branched  from  the  base,  erect 
orascending:  leaves  linear,  obtuse,  rather  flesliy:  cyme  few-flowered:  petals  ob-cor- 
date,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  nerveless  sepals.  4 — G  i.  Ar- 
kansas.    La.     Texas. 

macropetiila,  T.  ^  G.  (0)  glabrous,  branching  from  the  base:  stems  erect,  slender: 
leaves  linear  and  very  narrow,  somewhat  fleshy,  acute:  cyme  few-flowered:  petals 
obovate  spatulate,  2-lobed,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  lanceolate 
3-rlbbed  sepals.     Akansas. 

uniflora,  Wr.  (  M.)  glabrous,  branching  from' the  base:  stems  erect,  very  slender: 
leaves  subulate-linear,  acute:  peduncles  axillary,  filiform,  l-flowered:  petals  ob- 
cordate,  with  a  shallow  sinus,  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong-acutish  nearly  nerve 
less  sepals.     N — C.  to  Georgia. 

Slellaria,  Micropetalon. 
17 — 1.     Stk'via.     55.     Eupa.  bit.  ton. 

Southern, 
callosa,  N.  (VV.  r.  S.  Q.)  leaves  linear,  crowded,  somewhat  succulent,  callous  at  the 
apex;  upper  ones  alternate:  flowers  divaricate,  sub-corymbed:  egret  about  8-leaved, 
erose,  short. 

Slewartia,  Stuartia. 

Stevia.     In  honor  of  James  Steve,  or  Esteve,  an  eminent  Spanish  botanist. 
(1)  elongata,  N."? 


444  STILLINGIA,    STREPTANTHUS. 

19 — 15.     Stillin'gia.     96.     Euph.  1.  esc.  dis.  eme, 
Sovthern. 
salvatica,  (y.  J.  21.)  herbaceous:   leaves  sessile,    lance-oblonjr,    tapering   at  the   base, 
serrulate:  staminate  florets  scaicely  longer  than  the  bracteal  scale.     2 — 3  f.     S — C. 
sebifera,  (I)  Ju.   T?.)  leaves  petioled,  rhomboid,  acuminate,  entire,  with  a  gland  below 

the  base  on  the  petiole:   staminate  florets  pedicelled.     Introduced.     20 — 40  f. 
ligus'trina,  Mx.  (J.)  fruticose:  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  to   each  end,  very  entire 
petioled:  staminate  florets  short-pedicelled.     G — 12  f. 

3—2.     Stip'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  fod. 

avmacea,  (2)  (feathergrass.  J.  2l{-)  leaves  striate,  glabrous:  panicle  spreading,  sub- 
unilateral:  branches  whorled  with  branchlets:  glumes  acute,  membranaceous,  equal- 
ling the  glabrous  fruit;  awn  naked,  twisting.  Var.  bkolor,  (3)  fruit  obovate, 
bearded  at  the  base.     P.  Y.  B.  O.     Florida.      Mch. 

juncea,  Ph.  (W.  An.  2i-)  leaves  convolute-filiform:  panicle  lax:  glumes  somewhat 
awned,  longer  than  the  fruit,  awn  long,  scarcely  pubescent.     D.     Mch. 

canadensis,  Lk.   (4)  (  )  leaves  setaceous:   panicle  small:  glumes  glabrous,  obtuse- 

pvate,  equalling  the  pubescent  fruit:  awn  thick,  short.     N. 

SoiUhern. 

expansa,  Lk.  (  )  leaves  striate,  glabrous,  somewhat  glaucous:  spikes  alternate, 

panicled,  spreading:  flowers  sessile,  remote:  glumes  longer  than  the  paleas:  awn 
short,  naked. 

striata,  Lk.  (  )  panicle  long,  narrow:  peduncles  jointed,  very  straight:  awns  naked, 
somewhat  flexuous.     Has  the  aspect  of  an  Andropogon.     Lk. 

farviftora,  Dc.  (W.  Zf.)  leaves  radical,  sub-rigid,  filiform:  panicle  appressed  and  dif- 
fuse, many-flowered:  awns  becoming  capillary  towards  the  extrerpity.     1 — 2  f. 

Stipa,  Trichochloa,  Eriocoma. 

3—1.     Sti'pulici'da.     30.     Ule.  ast. 

Southern. 

setacea,  Mx.  (5)  (w.  M.  0?)  stem  erect,  smooth,  2 — 3-chotomous:  lower  leaves 
small,  opposite,  spatulate;  branch-leaves  none:  stipules  (2  at  each  fork,)  fimbriate. 
6-10  i.     C. 

17 — I.     Stoke'sia.     55.     Inul.  f.  h.  ton.  dia.  feb. 
Southern, 
cyanea,  Hr.  (b.  H.)  stem  leafy:  leaves  lanceolq,te:  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered, 

14—2.     Streptan'thus.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  edi. 

gagittatiis,  N.  (r.  ^.)  leaves  stigittate,  acute,  clasping,  very  entire;  petals  oblong- 
oval,  immaculate.     R. 

p»ff?j/btos,  Hk.  (Arkansas  cabbage.)  I  have  received  no  description  of  this  species 
other  than  what  is  implied  by  the  name — leaves  oval.     Grows  in  Arkansas. 

ansvstifolius,'^^.  (S't.)  radical  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  sparingly  hirsute:  cauline 
oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate  and  clasping,  smooth,  erect:  petals  oblong-oval,  the 
limb  exserted.     Rocky  Mts. 

Stillingia.  In  honor  of  Mr.  Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  a  man  of  some  distinction,  and  a 
collector  of  plants. 

Stipa.  Gr.  stupe,  a  feathery  substance;  a  beautifully  feathered  beard  is  peculiar  to 
S.  pendata. 

Stipulicida.  Lat.  stipulcc,  the  stipule,  and  caedo,  to  cut,  the  stipule  being  divided  in- 
to many  segments. 

Stokesia.     In  honor  of  John  Stokes,  eminent  in  botany  and  organic  relics. 

Streptanthus.     Gr.  str^tos,  twisted,  and  anthos,  flower. 

(l)Croton,  L.  (2)  virginica,  P.  (3)  barbata,  Mx.  (4)  juncea,  Mx. 

(5)  Polycarpon  stipplifidum,  Ph. 


STREPTANTHUS,    STUARTIA.  445 

cordatiis,  N.  (g-y.)  glabrous:  lower  leaves  spatulate-oblong,  repandly  denticulate; 
oauline  ones  cordate,  clasping,  all  obtuse:  flowers  on  short  pedicels:  siliques  de- 
fiexed.     Rocky  Mts.  .  .  ■  . 

virgalus,  N.  (  )  radical  leaves  more  or  less  villous  with  stellate  hairs,  lanceolate- 
linear;  Cauline  ones  oblong-linear,  sagittate,  clasping:  petals  exserted,  linear-oblong: 
calyx  pubescent.     Rocky  Mts. 

Southern.      • 

maculatus,  N.  (W.  p.  M.  0.)  glaucous:  stem  erect,  terete;  leaves  clasping,  heart- 
ovate,  acute,  entire:  raceme  terminal,  corymbed.     1 — 2  f. 

obtusijulms,  H.  (r.  p.  0.)  leaves  elliptical,  obtuse,  deeply  2-lobed  and  clasping  at  the 
base:   petals  broadly  obovate:  siliques  broadly  linear.     Arkansas. 

hyncinthoidcs,  H.  (J.  0.  b-p.)  glabrous:  leaves  oblong-linear,  acuminate:  petals  spa- 
thulate-linear,  longer  than  the  filaments.     Texas,  Arkansas. 

arcuatus,  N.  (r-p.)  hirsutely  villous  with  branching  hairs:  leaves  lanceolate-linear, 
remotely  serrulate;  cauline  ones  sagittate  and  clasping,  very  acute:  siliques  flat  and 
curved  downward:  petals  obovate,  exserted.     California. 

glandidosus,  H.  ((J.  p.)  hirsute  below:  leaves  linear-oblong,  repandly  toothed,  the 
teeth  glandular:  radical  ones  petiolate,  cauline  deeply  sagittate  and  clasping: 
flowers  erect,  spreading,  secund:  siliques  very  narrow,  somewhat  spreading,  curved; 
valves  reticulated:   petals  linear-lanceolate,  undulate.     California. 

flavescms,  H.  {Q.  y.)  hirsute  with  simple  hairs:  leaves  linear-oblong,  the  lowest  ones 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  or  obtusely  dentate  with  glandular  teeth;  upper  ones  entire: 
flowers  erect;  petals  linear,  acute:  siliques  erect,  hirsute.     California. 

repandus,  N.  (w. )  hirsute,  particularly  the  lower  part:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
elongated,  clasping:  angularly  toothed  or  repand  above:  petals  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx.     California. 

heteropltyUus,  N.  (p-w.)  hirsute  below  with  simple  hairs:  leaves  laciniate-pinnatifid; 
cauline  ones  sagittate  at  the  base  and  clasping:  flowers  pendulous;  sepals  long- 
connivent:  petals  linear:  siliques  very  long  and  narrow,  pendulous.     California. 

6—1.     Strepto'pus.  (1)     12.     Smil.  dia.  nar. 

rosctts,  Mx.  (rose  bell  wort.  r-w.  M.  2X.)  glabrous,  shining:  leaves  clasping,  serrate- 

ciliate:  anthers  short,  2-horned.     Woods.     12—18  i.     <S.     C.  B.  H.  D.     Mch. 
distortus,  Mx.   (2)   (y.M.li-)  glabrous:   leaves  clasping:  pedicels  solitary,  twisted- 

geniculateia  the  middle.     Woods.     2  f.     P.N. 
lanuginosus,  Mx.   (W.  A.  g-y.  J.  H  )  whitish-woolly:  leaves  sessile,  sub-cordate  at 

the  base,  acuminate:   pedicels  in  pairs  on  a  short  stipe.     Flowers  large.     Berries 

red.     S.     Near  Rochester.     Stevenson.  P. 

StrophosUjles,  Phaseolus. 
21 — 1.     Struthiop'teris.     5.     Fili.  sec-stim. 

pennsylvanicn,V7.  (3)  (ostrich  fern.  U-)  barren  frond  bipinnatifid;  divisions  entire, 
obtuse;  lower  ones  elongated,  acute.     O.  D. 

1.5-12.     Stuart'ia.     70.     Tern,  storn.  ton. 

Southern. 

rirginica,  Mx.  (4)  (w.  M.  fp .)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate:  flowers  axillary,  generally 

in  pairs:  calyx  ovate,  obtuse:  petals  entire:  styles  united.     6 — 12  f.     Florida. 
pentiisp/na,  L.  Her.  (M.  Ju.  y-w.)  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  or  mucro- 
nat^ely  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath:  sepals  lanceolate:   styles  distinct; 
capsule  5-angled.     N — C.  to  Georgia. 

Sluarlia,  Malachodesdron. 

Streptopus.     Gr.  strepios,  twisted,  and  pous,  foot,  because  of  a  peculiar  twist  of  each 

flower  stalk. 
Struthiopteris.     Gr.  stroulhos,  an  ostrich,  znApterux,  a  feather;  from  the  resemblance 

of  its  frond  to  the  ostrich  featiier. 
Stuartia.     In  honor  of  John  Stuart,  Earl  of  Bute,  a  distinguished  naturalist. 

(1)  Uvularia,  L.         (2)  Uvularia  amplexifolia,  VV.         (3)  Onoclea  nodulosa,  Sh. 
<4)  Malachodendron,  L. 


446  STVLO?ANTHES,    SWERTIA. 

Shjlandra,  Convallaria. 

^/yluphorum,  Meconopsis. 

10 — 10.     Stylosan'thes.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  asc. 

datior,  (1)  (pencil  flower,  W.  y.  Au.  11.)  stem  pubescent  on  one  side:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, glabrous:  bracts  lanceolate^  ciliate:.  heads  2  or  o-flowered.  Var.  procumbens, 
stem  procumbent.     9—15  i.     /S'.     P.  M.  S— C. 

11—12.     Sty'lypus.     92.     Rosa.  ton.  '' 

vema,  (y.  J.  Z[.)  sparingfly  pubescent;  stem  procumbent  at  the  base,  branching  above: 
radical  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate;  cauline  ones  pinnate  and  pinnatifid;  leafets 
gash-toothed:  stipules  large,  roundish,  gash-toothed.  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx: 
awns  naked:  flowers  small.     M.  K.  , 

5 — 1.     Styphonia.     94.     Anac.  f.  «&  h.  poi.  sti. 

integrifolia,   N.   (r.)  leaves  oval,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  entire,  on  short  petioles. 

California. 
serrata,  N.  (         )  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  on  very  short  petioles,  sharply  repand-serrate. 

California. 

15 — 12.     Sty'r'^x.     71.     Styr.  aro.  acrid — .  car. 
Southern. 

grandifolium,  (2)  (w.  Ap.  fp.)  leaves  broad-obovate,  acuminate,  tomentose  beneath: 
racemes  simple,  axillary,  leafy  near  the  base.     4 — 12  i. 

pulverulentum,  Mx.  (w.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  oval,  acute,  tomentose  beneath:  racemes 
lateral,  few-flowered,  leafy.     18  i. 

lae'vc,  Wr.  (3)  (w.  Ap.  ^. )  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  serrate,  gla- 
brous: racemes  lateral,  leafy:  corol  tomentose.     4 — 6  f. 

glabrum,  (4)  (w.  Ap.  ^.)  leaves  lance  oval,  acute  at  each  end,  finely  serrulate, 
membranaceous,  glabrous:  racemes  lateral,  leafy.     6 — 8  f.     Florida.     S — C. 

14 — 1.     ScBULA'iiiA.     63.     Crue.  r.  nut.  asc. 
aquatica,  W.  (awl  wort.  w.  Ju.  0.)  stemless:  leaves  subulate.     Wet.     1 — 2  i. 

Southern.  , 

alpi'na,  W.  (A.  7S-)  stem  branching:  leaves  obovate. 

4 — 1.     Swer'tia.     46.     Gent.  r.  bit.  ton.  asth. 

■defleza,  S.  (5)  (W.  g-y.  Ju.  i^.)  corol  bell-form,  with  a  deflected  horn:  leaves  ovate: 

branches  short.     In  swamps.     18 — 24  i.     D.     Canada. 
pusilla,  Ph.  (false  gentian.  A.  b.  J.  Cf-)  corol  wheel-form,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx: 

stem  simple,  1 -flowered:  leaves  oblong.     1  i.     White  hills. 

Southern. 

/astiffiata,  Ph.  {\W.  Ju.  Zf.)  corol  bell-wheel-form,  as  long  as  the  calyx:  flowers  fasti- 
giate-clustered,  axillary  and  terminal:  pedicels  in  pairs:  leaves  spatulate-obovate, 
nerved:  stem  branching. 


Stylosanthes.     Gr.   stulos,  a  column,  and  anthos,  flower,  the  corol  being  supported 

on  a  pillar  in  the  calyx. 
Stylypus.     Gr.   stulos,   column,   upo,   under,    on  account  of   its   receptacle  being 

columnar. 
Styphonia.     Stuphos,  stuffed;  from  the  dense  herbage. 
Styrax.     Gr.   sturax,   the   ancient  name   for  the  gum  benzoin,  wliicli  this  genus 

furnishes. 
Subularia.     Lat.  subula,  an  awl,  from'  its  awl-shaped  leaves. 
Swertia.     In  honor  of  Emanuel  Sweert,  gardener  to  the  Emperor  Rudolphus  II. 

(1)  hispida,  Mx.     Trifolium  biflorum,  L.  (2)  grandiflorum,  Mx.         (3)  glab- 

rum, Mx.         (4)  Botan.  Mag.  No.  921.         (5)  corniculata,  Ph.  not  L. 


SWIETENIA,    SYRINGA.  447 

•   10—1.     Swiete'nia.     71.     Cedr.  feb.  ton. 
Southern, 
maliagonii,  (maliogony.     T.)  leaves  somewhat  4-paired;  leafets  lance-ovate,  unequal 
at  the  base,  acuminate:  racemes  axillary,  jjanicled. 

^  3—1.     Sye'na.     17.     Pont.  ton. 

Southern. 

Jluviatills,  (J.  ir?)  leaves  crowded,  subulate:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  long-peduncled: 
peduncle  recurved  after  tiowering.     2 — 3  i.     S — C. 

5 — 1.     Sympho'ria.  (1)     58     Capr.  f.  ref.  exp. 

racemosa,  Mx.    (2)  (peter's   wort.  W.  r.  Au.  h.)   raceme   terminal:  corol  bearded 

within.     2— 3f.     «.     O.  D.     Rochester. 
glomerata,  Ph.    (3)    ( W.    g-r.   Au.    ^.)   racemes  axillary,    capitate,    cono;lomerate. 

3—4  f.     S-C. 

5 — 1.     Svmfhokicar'pus.     53.     Capi.  r.  cats,  cath-h.  lax. 

racemosa,  Mx.    (4)  (  )  flowers  in   sub-terminal,  lax,    interrupted,   often  leafy, 

racemes:  corol  densely  bearded  within:  style  and  stamens  included.  Canada. 
R.  A. 

occidentalis,  Rich.  (  )  spikes  dense,  terminal  and  axillary,  nodding:  corol  and 

divisions  densely  bearded  within:  style  and  stamens  sub-exsert.     R.  A. 

5 — 1.     Sym'pkvtum.     43.     Bora.  r.  dem.  muc. 
r\Exotic. 
ojfiicinale,  (corafrey.    y-<v.    J.   TJ..)   leaves   ovate-sub-lanceolate,    decurrent.    ruo-ose. 
Naturalized.    2—4  f. 

Sijmpho carpus,  Ictoues. 
Sijmplocos,  HopEA. 

13 — 1.     Synan'dra.     42.     Labi.  car.  ton.  aro. 

Southern. 

giandiflora,  N.  (W.  y-w.  J.  Zf?)  stem  irregularly  sulcate:  leaves  sub-hirsute  above, 
lieart-ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  dentate;  lower  ones  sub-petioled;  upper  ones 
sessile,  clasping:  flowers  solitary,  sessile.     1  f.     K. 

2—1.     Syrin'ga.     34.     Olea.  bit.  ast. 
Exotic, 
fculgaris,  (lilac,  b-p.  w.  M.  \,)  leaves  cordate:  flowers  in  a  thyrse. 
persica,  (persian  lilac,  b.  M.  fp .)  leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  pinnatitid. 
chlnensis,  (Chinese  lilac,  b.  M.  \.)  leaves  lanceolate:  branches  stiff,  mottled. 


Swietenia.     In  honor  of  the  celebrated  Austrian,  Van  Swieten. 
Syena.     In  honor  of  Arnold  Syen,  superintendent  of  the  garden  at  Leyden. 
Symphoria.     Gr.  sumplioreo,  to  cluster  together;    alluding  to  the  inflorescence. 
Symphoricarpus.     Gr.  sumphoro,  to  cluster  or  unite,  karpos,  fruit;  on  account  of  the 

gerins  being  adnate. 
Symijhytum.     Gr.   sumphotum,    of  sun,   and  phuo,    to   grow  together,  having  been 

fiinious  for  its  healing  wounds. 
Synandra.     Gr.  S2m,  together,  and  aner,  stamens;  in  allusion  to  the  adherance  of  the 

two  long  stamen.s. 
Syringa.     Gr.  suriax,  a  pipe,  because  pipes  were  made  of  its  branches. 

(1)  Loniccra.  _      (2)  Symphoricarpus,   Mx.         (3)  vulgaris,  Mx.         (4)  Xylos- 
tcuHi  cilialum,  Var.  ulbuiu,  Ph. 


448  TAGETES,    TEPHROSIA, 

T. 

17 — 2.     Tage'tes.     55.     Inul.  aro.  sto. 

Exotic. 

erecta.,  (african  marygold.   y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  lanceolate,  ciliate-ser- 

rate:  peduncles  1 -flowered,  incrassate,  sub-inflated:   involucre  angled. 
palulu^  (trench  marygold.  y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets   lanceolate,   ciliate-ser- 
rate:  peduncles  1-flovvered,  sub-incrassate:  involucre  smooth:  stem  spreading. 

11 — 1.     Taij'num.     86.     Fort.  muc.  nut.  lax.  res. 

ieretifolium,*  Ph.  (taliny.  W.  p.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  cylindric,  fleshy,  subulate:  peduncles 
elongated,  naked,  cymose,  4 — 10  i.  Darlington  says  the  seed  is  not  arilled,  ac- 
cording to  the  generic  descriptions  of  W.  &.  N.     S.     P.  D. 

Southern.  ' 

parvijiorum,  N.  (         )  small:  leaves  slender:  stamens  5 — 10.     Arkansas. 

17 — 2.     Tanace'tum.     55.     Anth.  h.  bit-odo.  ton — cor.  ast 

huronensis,  N.  (W.  )'.  Zf.)  leaves  pseudo-'bipinnate,  gash-serrate,  sub-tomentose  be- 
neath: pedicels  thickened:  ray-fldiets  irregular,  4— 5-cleft.  Flowers  large,  corymbed. 
D.     Mch. 

paucifionnn,  Rich.  (  )  stem  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves,  somewhat  1-flowered: 
leaves  bi-pinnate,  villose,  sessile:  florets  all  perfect.     A. 

Exotic, 
vulgare,  (tansey.   W.  y.  Ju.  2X-)  leaves  doubly  pinnate,  gash-serrate.     Naturalized. 
Var.  crispum,  (double  tansey,)  leaves  crisped  and  dense. 

20—15.     Taxus.     100.     ConSl^b.  h.  &  f.  abs.  sed.  ren. 

canadensis,  W.  (1)  (dwarf  yew,  shin-wood.  O.  Ap.  '^.)  leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  mar- 
gin revolute:  receptacles  of  the  staniinate  flowers  globose.  Appears  like  a  small 
spreading  hemlock  bush.     2 — 6  f.     IVlch. 

baccata,  W.  (W.  h .)  leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  flat:  receptacles  of  the  staminate 
flowers  globose. 

10—2.     Tellima.     84.     Saxi.  ton—. 

grandiflora,  Doug.  (W.  w.  2i.)  leaves  cordate,  lobed,  dentate-serrate:  racemes  elonga- 
ted: petals  oblong-linear,  laciniate-pinnatifid:  styles  2.     A.  R. 

parviflora,  H.  (  )  hirsute-scabrous:  leaves  ternate;  leafets  gash-pinnatifid:  raceme 
short,  petals  unguiculate,  tiifid:  styles  3.     1  f.     R.     North  California. 

TcUitna,  Mitella. 
16 — 10.     Tephro'sia.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g.  asc. 

virginiana,  (goat's  rue.  O.  r.  Ju.  Zf-)  crect.'with  whitish  down:  leafets  (17 — 21)  lance- 
oblong,  acuminate:  raceme  terminal,  short,  sub-sessile:  legumes  falcate,  villose: 
calyx  woolly.     1  f.     iS'.     Mch. 

Tagetes.     Said  to  be  named  from  Tages,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  grandson  of  Jupiter. 
Talinum.     Gr.  thallo,  to  be  green,  from  the  verdant  habit  of  the  genus. 
Tanacetum.     Corrupted  from  Atlianasia,  the  ancient  name  for  tansey,  of  a,  without, 

and  thanatos,  death,  from  the  durability  of  its  flowers. 
Taxus.  Lat.  taxus,  the  ancient  name  for  the  yew  tree. 
Tephrosia.     Gr.  tcpliros,  ash  colored,  from  the  color  of  the  foliage. 

(1)  bactata  minor,  Mx. 

*  This  most  elegant  little  annual  is  remarkably  tenaceous  of  life.  I  received  the 
dry  root  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  D.  Townsend,  collected  in  Dr.  Darlington's  locality  in 
Pennsylvania,  which  I  set  in  a  box  of  earth  in  the  spring  of  1827,  and  it  produced 
numerous  flowers  that  season.  The  next  summer  a  sufiicient  number  of  plants  were 
produced  by  self-sown  seeds,  to  supply  numerous  specimens  for  students. 


-<*.• 


TEPHROSIA,    TIIALICTRUM.  449 

Southern. 

chn/sopIr/Uii.  Vh.  (I)  (M.  )  prostratp,   pubescent:  leaves    pinnate,    in    fives,  sub- 

sessile;  leafeis  c-une;ite,  obovatp.  very  obtuse,  glabrous  above,  silky  beneatb:  pedun- 
cIhs  opposite  the  leaves,  loriij,  about  IMlowered:   legumes  nearly  straight. 

hispidiilii.  Mx.  (2)  (r.  JNI.  21-)  stem  erect,  slender,  pubescent,  dichotoinous:  leaves 
pinnate;  leafets  (11  — 15)  oval,  sub-retuse,  mucronate,  hairy  beneath:  racemes  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  few-tlowered:   legumes  mucronate.   slightly  hispicJ.     2  f. 

paucifolia,  N.  (3)  (r.  M.  21-)  stem  decumbent,  very  villose:  leaves  distant,  pinnate; 
leafets  oval,  wedge-form  at  th.e  base,  villose  beneath:  peduncles  much  longer  than 
the  leaves,  few-tlowered.     S — C. 

onohnjihoules,  N.  (  r.  )  erect,  ferruginous-pilose:  leaves  sub-sessile;  leafets 
numerous,  (16 — 24)  cnneate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate:  racemes  very  long,  ter- 
minal, many-flowered:  leeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  short.     Arkansas. 

clcirtnis.  N.  (r-p.  2S.)  decumbent,  sparingly  pubescent:  loaves  sub-sessile;  leafets 
(15 — 17)  oblong-elliptic,  icutish:  peduncles  filiform,  few-flowered,  longer  than  the 
leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  acuminate.     Alabama. 

17 — 2.     Tkt'kaconothe'ca.     55;     Heli.  s.  sto. 

Soulheriii 

hdianthoides,  W.  (y.  J.  21- )  scabrous:  leaves  opposite,  sessile^  lance-spatulate,  toothed, 
pilosCj  glandular-punctate:   involucre  4-angied.     2 — 3  f.     Florida. 

13 — 1.     Tku'crium.     42.     Labi.  fra.  sto.  car.,  ton. 

canadense,  (wood-sage,  germander.  O.  r.  Ju.  2X.)  pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, petioled:  stem  erect:  spikes  whorled,  crowded:  bracts  longer  than  the  calyx. 
V4r.  virgiakum.  upper  leaves  sub-sessile:  bracts  about  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
1—3  f.     -S.     Mch.  ^ 

tiiciniutum,  T.  (VV.  )  somevvhatipiticose:  leaves  pinnately  5-parted;  upper  ones 

3-parted;  divisions  linear:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  pedicelled:  pedicels  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves. 

1—1.     Tha'lia.     21.     Orch.  aro. 
Sout/ierrii 
dealbarta,  Roscoe.   (p.  Au.  2S-)  panicle  while-pulveiulent:  spatheS-flowered:  leaves 
ovate,  revolute  at  the  sunmiit. 

12 — 12.     Thalic'trum.     G1.     Ranu.  acr.  poi — . 

dioicum,  (4)  (meadow  rue.  O.  w-r.  M.  If.)  very  glabrous,  dioecious  or  polygamous: 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  elongated,  mucronate:  leaves  on  short  {)etioles, 
ternately  deconi[)ound;  leafets  rounded,  crenately  and  obtusely  lobed,  glaucous 
beneath:  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves:  carpels  oblong,  sessile,  strongly  ribbed, 
twice  the  length  of  the  slender  curved  style.  T.  purpurascens,  of  7th  edition  is  a 
synonym.      IVlch. 

corniiti,  (VV.  g  y.  Ju.  21.)  dioecious  or  polygamous:  filaments  sub-clavate;  anthers 
oblong,  obtuse:  leaves  sessile,  ternately  decompound;  leafets  roundish-obovate  or 
elliptical,  3-lobed,  with  the  lobes  ratlier  acute,  glaucous  or  pubescent  beneath: 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves:  carpels  sub-sessile,  ribbed,  twice  as  long  as  the 
style:  stigma  linear.  Mch.  T.  revolutum,  carolinianum,  rugosum,  corynellum, 
of  7lh  edition,  are  synonyms  for  tliis  species. 

ancmonoides,  Mx.  (rue  anemone.  O.  w.  M.  2_f.)  umbels  involucred;  radical  leaves 
twice  ternate;   leafets  sub-cordate,  3-toothed;  involucre  6-leaved;  leafets  petioled, 

Telragonotheca.     Gr.  tetragon,  quadrangular,  and  thcka,  case,  in  allusion  to  the  four 

angles  of  the  grains. 
Teucriun).     Said  to  be  named  after  Teucer,  the  founder  Troy. 
Thalia.     \n  honor  of  John  Thalius,  a  German  botanist. 
Thalictrum.     Gr.  thalLo,  to  be  green,  alluding  to  its  verdant  habit. 

(1)  prostrata,  N.         (2)  gra(»le,  N.         (3)  villosa,  Mx.  spicata,  Wr.        (4)  laevi- 
gatum,  Mx. 

57 


450  THALICTRUM,    THLASPI. 

uniform:  umbel  few-flowered:  carpels   striate:  root  tuberous.     6 — 10  i.     (S.     Mch. 

Anemone  thalictroides,  7th  edition. 
filipes,  T.  &  G.  (      )  polygamous?  carpels  .semi-obovale,  compressed,  striate,  each  on 

a  slender  stipe,  nearly  its  osvn  length,  acute:  style  none;  leaves  biternale,  petiolate: 

leafets  roundisli,  obtusely  3  to  5-lobed,  glaucous  beneath.     N — C. 
aipiniiiii,   L.  (         )   flowers   perfect,  in  a  simple  raceme,  nodding:  filaments  filiform; 

anthers  oblong-linear:  stem  simple,  nearly  naked:  leaves  biternate;  leafets  glabrous: 

stigma  linear:  carpels  ovate,  sessile.     Canada  to  Greenland. 

Southern.  ■ 
clavatum,  (         Zf.)  monoecious:   filaments  club-form:  pericarp  compressed,  scarcely 
beaked,  with  a  very  short  style:  leaves  glabrous,  without  stipes. 

5 — 2.     Thas'pium.     CO.     Umbe.  poi— .  sto — . 

aclacifolium,  Dc.  (Ju.  2_I.)  leaves  gash-bilernate;  segments  oval,  equally  dentate: 
umbels  sub-verticillate;  lateral  ones  sterile.  3  f.  Canada.  Banks  of  St.  Lawrence 
river.     Virginia.     K. 

barbinode,  Dc.  (W.  y.  21-)  lower  leaves  somewhat  gash-3-ternate;  vipper  ones  gash- 
biternate,  segments  cuneate-ovate,  acute,  unequally  gash-serrate,  entire  at  the  base. 
3f     P.     Banks  of  Schuylkill.     Mch. 

atroptirjmrmm,  Dc.  (p.  J.  Zf.)  radical  leaves  petioled,  cordate  undivided:  cauline  ones 
gash-pinnate:  segments  3  to  7,  short-petioled,  ovate  oblong,  all  cartilaginous- 
dentate.     2— 3f.     S.     C.  H.  M.  P. 

Thaspium,  Cnidium,  Sison,  Thapsia. 

12—1.     The'a.     70.     Tern.  ton—,  nar.  bev. 

Exotic. 

hohea,  (bohea  lea.  M.  T^.)  flowers  6-petalled:  leaves  oblong-oval,  rugose.  From  China 

and  Japan.     Flowered  the  last  of  Sepiember*J*1838,  in  Albert  P.  Heartt's    garden. 

virid'is,  (green  tea.  \ .)  flowers  9-petalied:  leaves  very  long-oval.     J.  C.  Leltson  says 

this  is  only  a  variety  of  the  bohea. 

10 — 1.     Ther'mia.     93.     Legu.  f  nut.  g.  asc. 
Southern. 
rhomhifolia,   N.   (1)  (W.  y.  Zf.)  leafets  rhomb-ovate,  somewhat  wedge-form,  silky- 
pubescent  beneath,  obtusish:  stipule  leaf  like,  round-ovate,  oblique,  shorter  than  the 
petiole:  raceme  interrupted. 

Thermopsis,  Thermia. 
5 — 1.     The'sium.     25.     Sant.  sed.  ton. 

umbellatum,  (2)  (false  toad  flax.  O.  w-g.  J.  ZX-)  erect:  leaves  oblong:  umbels  axillary, 
(sometimes  at  a  distance  above  the  axil:)  3  to  5-flowered,  flowers  bracled:  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the^eaves.     9—15  i.     ;S.     Mch. 

14 — 1.     Thlas'pi.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 

arvensc,   (penny-cress.    W.  J.  0.)  silicles  sub-orbicular,  compressed,  smooth:  leaves 

oblong,  toothed,  glabrous.     P.  Y.  D. 
alliaceum,   (W.   ©.)  silicle  sub-ovate,  ventricose:   leaves  oblong,   obtuse,  toothed, 

glabrous.     Introduced. 


Thaspium.     From  the  isle  of  Thaspia,   which  gave  name  to  the  Thapsia  of  the 

ancients,  in  allusion  to  its  affinity  with  that  genus. 
Thea.     Gr.  thea,  originating  in  the  Chinese  Tcha  or  Tsja,  their  name  for  tea. 
Thermia.     Gr.  thermos,  a  lupine,  to  whicli  its  flowers  bear  resemblance. 
Thesium.     Gr.  theseion,  because  it  formed  part  of  the  garland  presented  by  Theseus 

to  Ariadne. 
Thlaspi.     Gr.  thlao,   to  break  or  press,  because   its  seeds  appear  as  if  bruised  or 

pressed. 

(1)  CytissuB,  Ph.         (2)  Comandra,  N.     Hamiltonia,  S. 


THLASPI,    THYSANOCARPUS.  451 

tuberosjim,  (r.  M.)  silicle  eub- orbicular,  Bhort,  compiessed:  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  obso- 
letely  toothed,  smooth,  sessile:  radical  ones  long-petioled:  stem  pubescent,  very 
short  and  simple:  root  tuberous  and  fibrous.     4 — 5  i.     P. 

alpesire,  Dc.   (  )   loaves  entire  or  obscurely  toothed;  radical  ones  ovate,  petioled; 

cauline  ones  oblon<r,  clasping:  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx:  silicle  obcordate, 
8  to  12  seeds:  style  fililonn.     Canada. 

montnnuin,  Dc.  (  )  leaves  somewh^it  fleshy,  entire;  radical  ones  obovate,  petioled: 
cauline  ones  oblong,  sagittate-clasping:  petals  larger  than  the  calyx:  silicles  obcor- 
date, 4-seeded:  style  filiform.     A.     Canada. 

corhlr/iriforme,  Dc.  (  )  leaves  somewhat  fleshy;  radical  ones  petioled,  ovate,  sub- 

dentate:  cauline  ones  cordate-clasping:  petals  larger  than  the  calyx:  silicles  oblong, 
sub-emarginate,  8-seeded:  style  short,  filiform.     R. 

Tldaspi,  Lepidium. 

19 — 15.     Thu'ja.     100.     Coni.  b.  h.  ton.  exp.  con. 

occidentnlis,  (arbor  vitre,  false  white  cedar.  M.  fp .)  branchlets  2-edged:  leaves  imbri- 
cated   4-\vays,    rhomb-ovate,    close  pressed,   naked,   tubercled:    strobiles   obovate; 
inner  scalestruncate,  gibbous  below  the  apes.    Vast  quantities  along  the  Erie  canal 
from  Rome  to  Montezuma.     V.  T.     Peekskill.     Mch.   S— C 
giganlea,  N.  (  )  strobiles  lax;  scales  oboval.  retuse:  leaves  imbricate  4-ways, 

ovate,  obtusish,  closely  incumbent,  sub-equal.  200  feet  high  and  12  feet  diameier. 
R. 

13 — 1.     Thy'mus.     42.     Labi.  arc.  sto.  con. 
Exotic. 

serpyllus,  (mother  of  thyme,  b-p.   J.  ^.')  flowers  in  heads:    stem  creeping:  leaves 

flat,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  base.     Naturalized. 
vulgaris,  (thyme,  b-p.  J.  21.  ^.)  e^te,,    procumbent  at  the  base:  leaves  ovate  and 

linear,  revolute,  flowers  in  a  whoi^  spike. 
lanus'inosus.  (lemon  thyme.  H.  \.)  flrowers  in  heads:  stem  creeping,  hirsute:  leaves 

obtuse,  villose. 

Thyrsunthvs,  Wistaria.    • 

Tiedmannia,  Oenanthe. 
14 — 1.     Thv'sanocar'pus.     63.     Cruc.  asc. 

curvipes,  Hk.  (W.  )  flowers  racemed,  small:  silicle  pendulous:  stem  solitary,  erect: 
leaves  mostly  radical,  pinnatifid.      West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

oblov gif alius,  N.  (  )  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  silicles  nearly  orbic- 
ular, wingless,  hispid  with  uncinate  hairs:  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  and  densely 
and  stellately  hirsute.     Oregon. 

Soulhern. 

pusiilus,  H.  (Ap.     )  flowers  apetalous:  silicles  nearly  orbicular,  wingless,  hispid  with 

uncinate  hairs:   leaves  oblong,  toothed,  and  stellately  hirsute.     California. 
eleguns,  Fiscli.  and  Meyer.   (  )  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx:  silicles 

orbicular-ovate,   membranaceously  winged;   the  wing  perforated  with  holes,  emar- 

ginate  at  the  apex.     12 — 18  i.     California. 
pulilidlus,  Fisch.  and  Meyer.  (    w.     )  petals  longer  than  the  calyx:  silicles  glabrous; 

the  wing  not  perforated,  truncated  at  the  apex:   style  much  exserted.     California. 
crenatus,  iV.  (March.  Ap.      )  j)etals  about  as  long  as  the  calyx:  silicles  orbicular-obo- 

vate,  crenate,  glabrous,    slightly  emarginate,   membranaceously  winged;   the   wing 

perforated:  style  not  exserted:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  runcinately  and  remotely 

denticulate.     California. 


Thuja.  Gr.  thuion,  a  kind  of  cedar  used  for  making  images  in  Greece,-  or  thija,  from 
thyo,  to  sacrifice,  because  its  wood  was  used  as  a  perfume  in  sacrifices. 

Thymus.     Gr.  thumos,  courage,  in  allusion  to  its  cordial  qualities. 

Thysanocarpus.  Gr.  thusanos,  fringe,  and  karpos,  fruit;  the  pods  being  edged  with 
fringes. 


452  THYSANOCARPUS,    TILIA. 

lacinatus,  N.  (  )  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx:  silicles  elliptical,  glabrous,  winged; 

the  wing  entire  or  crenate,  not  perforated,  entire  at  tlie  apex,  and  acuminate  with 
the  conspicuous  style:  leaves  linear,  remotely  and  incisely  toothed.  California. 

10—2.     TiARtL'LA.     84.     Saxi.  ast-j-. 

cordifolia,  (initre-woit,  gem-fruit,  w.  ]M.  7i-)  leaves  cordate,  acute-lobctl,  toothed: 
teeth  mucrnnate:  scape  racemed.  llesembles  the  Mildlu  diplnjUa.  10  i.  C.  T. 
O.  N.  V.     Mch. 

vienziesii,  Fh.  (  VV.  2X-)  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  short-Iobed,  toothed;  cauline 
ones  alternate,  distant:  raceme  filitbrm,  somewhat  spiked:   calyx  tubular.     1  f. 

trifoLiata,  VV.  (W.  Zf.)  leaves  ternate;  leafets  sub-rhomboid,  serrate,  pilose:  racemes 
terminal:  little  corymbs  of  flowers  alternate:  calyx  bell-form. 

hractciita,  T.  &  G.  (W.  21-)  leaves  round-cordate,  gash-serrate;  serratures  niucronate: 
scape  racemed:  flowers  pentandrous,  bracted;  pelals  very  narrow:  stamens  not 
exsert.  This  species  differs  from  TiarelLn  in  its  pentandrous,  bracted  flowers;  and 
from  Heiiihcra  in  its  distinct  styles  and  habit.  It  should  perhaps  form  a  distinct 
genu.s.     Torrey. 

finifoliiifa,  Hk.  (  )  sub-glabrous:  stem  one  leaved:  leaves  all  petioled,  triangular- 

cordate,  obtusely  toothed;  teeth  short-mucronate:  panicle  lax:  flowers  nodding: 
calyx  canipanulate:   petals  abortive  (?)     1  f.     R. 

laciniutu,  Hk.  (  )  rough,  hitsnte:  stem  sub-trifoliate:   leaves  trifoliate;  middle 

leafet  trifid:  lateral  ones  bifid:  all  broadrlanceolale,  lacinate-pinnatifid:  panicle  lax; 
flowers   nodding:    calyx  short-campaimlate:    petals  0?     9 — I'Z  i.     N.  W.  Coast. 

Smttlicrii. 

biternata,  Vent.  (A.  y-w.  J.  ZC-)  leaves  biternate;  leaft^s  heart-ovate,  oblique,  gash- 
lobed,  toothed:  stem  leafy:  panicle  terminal,  divaricate,  witli  the  flowers  some- 
what spiked.  There  is  some  obscurity  about  tlijs  plant;  it  cannot  belong  to  this 
genus.     Elliott.     Resembles  Spiraea  arunct^fj^h. 

15 — 3.     Tigri'dia.      is.     Lid.  acr — .  cath — . 

Exotic. 

pavonia,  (tiger  flower,  r-y.  M.  to  S.  21.)  root  bulbous:  stem  simple,  wavy:  leaves 
ensiform,  nerved:  petals  flat,  spotted;  inner  ones  small,  guitar-lorni.  Var.  leoiia, 
one-colored. 

12—1.     Til'ia.     79.     Fili.  b.  ast.  muc.     cata.  diu.  con. 

gl/ihra,  V.  (1)  bass-wood,  lime-tree.  O.  y-w.  Jn.  ^>.)  leaves  round-cordate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  .sub-coriaceous,  glabrous:  petals  truncate  at  the  apex, 
crenate:  style  about  equalling  the  petals:  nut  ovate.  Large  tree:  wood  soft  and 
white.     Leaves  often  truncate  at  the  base.     .S'.     Mch. 

pnhcscens,  V.  (2)  crop-ear  bass-wood.  y-w.  Ju.  t  •)  leaves  truncate  at  the  base,  (one 
lobe  cropped,)  oblique,  acuminate,  tooth-serrate,  pube.-^cent  beneath:  panicle  dense- 
flowered,  petals  eniarginate,  about  equal  to  the  style:  nut  globose,  smooth.  Var. 
Uptojihylla,  leaves  lax,  serrate,  verv  thin,  somewhat  papyraceous.  <S'.  p,  D.  C. 
O.  N. 

alha,  Mx.  (  )  leaves  glabrous  above,  whitish-pubescent  beneath;  the  veins  pale; 

serratures  mucronately  acuminate:  petals  emarginate:  starninodia-spatulate,  entire: 
style  nearly  glabrous  at  the  base.     I'ennsylvania  to  Maryland  and  Western  States. 

Southern. 

heteropJuillo,  Vent.  (W.  J.  >^.)  leaves  ovate  , oblique  at  the  base  or  equally  truncate  and 
cordate,  sharply  serrate,   white  tomentose  beneath:  nut  globose,  somewhat  ribbed. 

Tiarella.     A  diminutive  of  tiaras,  an  ancient  ornament  for  the  head,  in  allusi^  to 

the  shape  of  the  seed  vessels. 
Tilia.     Lat.  tilia,  the  linden,  perhaps  of  Gr.  j^tdea,.the  elm  tree. 
Tigridia.     From  the  tiger-like  spots  on  some  of  the  flower.s. 

(l)  americana,  W.  canadensis,  IVlx.         (2)  americana,  Wr. 


TILL.EA,    TIPULARIA.  453 

4—4.     TiLL.c'A.     8G.     Port.  muc. 

ascmdcns,  Ea.  (pigmy-weed,  w.)  stem  ascendinij,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints:  leaves 
connate,  subulate,  tlesliy:  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile.  Very  minute.  A  new 
species;  discovered  on  the  llousatonic  by  Prof.  Ives,  in  the  summer  of  1816.  C 
Peekskill. 

6 — 1.     Tilland'sia.     15.     Broni.  sug.  aro.  edi.  ref. 
Soulhera. 

ulriculata,  (wild  pine,  w.)  leaves  somewhat  glaucous  and  pruinose,  concave,  broad,  sub^ 
ulate.  setaceous  at  tli«  apex,  acumiAate,  recurved  and  very  dilated  at  the  base:  panicle 
branching;  flowers  sessile:  bracts  somewhat  2-ranked,  shorter  tha'n  tlie  calyx: 
petals  twice  as  long  as  tlie  calyx,  erect,  equal  below,  distinct  at  the  apex,  often 
gaping  on  the  side;  stamens  longer  than  tlie  corol.  Leaves  pale  green,  retaining 
water  in  tlieir  dilated  bases.     3  /.  * 

JH7iC(;rt,  Le  Conte.  (  b.)sleni  leafy:  leaves  longer  than  the  stem,  gradually  shorter 
towards  the  top,  somewhat  pruinose,  cliannelied,  subulate-setaceous,  rigid,  recurved 
at  the  apex,  dilated  at  the  base:  spilies  compound,  many-flowered,  distichous;  bracts 
imbricate,  longer  than  the  calyx:  petals  equitant,  thereby  forming  a  tube,  dilated 
in  the  middle,  thrice  as  long  as  the  bracts,  margin  and  apex  recurved:  stamens 
longer  tiian  the  corol:  stigma  roundcapilate,  hispid.  Leaves  pale-green:  stem 
reddish:  bracts  red:  stamens  blue;  anthers  j^ellow.     1  f. 

prinifolia,  Le  Conte.  (  b.)  stein  leafy:  leaves  equalling  the  stem,  gradually  shorter 
towards  the  top,  at  lengtli  scale-like,  sub-gubescent,  not  pruinose,  subulate-setace- 
ous, semi-terete,  erect,  concave  at  the  base:  spikes  simple,  few-flowered:  bracts 
short,  imbricate:  petals  equitant,  th.er^j  foruiing  a  tube,  longer  than  the  bracts: 
dilated  in  tiie  middle,  recurved  nt  the  apex  and  margin:  stamens  longer  than  the 
corol.  Leaves  pale  green:  stem,  and  Hiacls  red:  stamens  blue:  anthers  yellow. 
5  i.  ^ 

lartia'mi,  E.  (  b.)  stem  leafy:  leaves  longer  than  the  stem,  gradually  shorter  to- 
wards tlie  top,  hoary-pnbescent,  subulate  setaceous,  seini-terete,  erect,  concave 
and  dilated  at  the  base:  spike  nearly  simple,  6 — S-flowered,  2-ranked,  bracts  imbri- 
cate: petals  equitant,  thereby  forming  a  tube,  dilated  in  the  middle,  longer  than  the 
bracts,  recurved  at  the  apex  and  margin.  Leaves  greenish:  stem  and  bracts  red: 
stamens  blue;  anthers  yellow.     JO  i. 

paespilosa,  Le  Conte.  (  b.)  stem  scaly  by  the  diminution  of  the  leaves:  leaves  longer 
tlun  the  stem,  hoary-pubescent,  subulate-setaceous,  semi-terete,  erect,  somewliat 
concave  at  the  base:  spikes  3 — 4-flowcred:  bracts  imbricate:  petals  equitant,  there- 
by forming  a  t^be,  dilated  in  the  middle,  longer  tlian  the  bracts,  recurved  at  the 
apex  and  margin.  Leaves  reddish  grey:  stem  and  bracts  red:  stamens  blue;  anthers 
yellow.     4  i. 

recvrrdla,  (  )  leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  terete,  curved,  subulate-setaceous, 
pruinose,  whitish  pubescent,  with  narrow  grooves,  2-ranked:  stem  naked  above, 
1 — 2-flowered:  flowers  sessi'e:  corol  longer  than  the  calyx.     6  i. 

nsneoides,  {  g.)  grayish,  pruinose,  whitish  pubescent:  stein  diffuse,  filiform,  pendu- 
lous, branching,  dichotomous,  flexuous,  or  even  spirally  twisted:  leaves  subulate- 
filiform,  semi-terete,  twisted:  flowers  terminal,  solitary,  sessile:  calyx  glabrous, 
rusty,  3-parted;  divisionssubulate,  very  acute,  erect;  petals  3,  broad-linear,  rounded 
fit  the  apex,  equitant  below,  thereby  forming  a  tube  equal  to  the  calyx;  lamina 
spreading,  flat:  stamens  sJiorter  than  the  tube.     La.     S— C. 

IS — I.     TiPULARtA.     2L     Orch.  r.  amy.  vis.  aro — . 

fUsrolor,  N.  (1)  (w.  Au  )  leaf  solitary,  plaited  and  longitudinally  nerved:  flowers 
raceiued,  nodding,  bractless.     Resembles  the  Corallorhiza.     Y. 

.    .      •■  "♦ 

Tilhsa.     In  Iionor  cf  Tilli,  and  Italian  botanist. 
Tillandsia.     In  Iionor  of  Tillands.  a  Swedish  botanist  of  Abo. 
Tipularia.     So  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  flower  to  insects  of  the  genus 

iipula,  or  crane  fly. 

(1)  Limodorum  unifolium,  M.     Orchis  discolor,  Ph. 


454  TOiriELDIA,   TRADESCANTIA. 

6 — 3.     Tofielb'ia.     13.     Mela,  poi — .  asc — . 

puhens,  Mx.  (1)  (g-w.  Au.  If.)  scape  scabrous:  spike  oblong,  interrupted:  capsules 

sub-globose,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.     Vi — 18  i.     <S'.     D.     S — C. 
glntinosa,  Mx.    (VV.    21-)   scape    and  pedicels  glutinous-scabrous:  spike  with  a  few 

alternate  fascicles:  capsule  egg-form,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Canada.  Mch. 
pusilla,  Mx.   (scotch  asphodel,  g-w.   J.  2i.)  glabrous:  leaves  short:  scape  filiform: 

spike  few-flowered,  globular:  little  calyxes  adnate  to  the  racliis:  capsule  globose. 

Mountain  swamps.     Canada. 

^'outhern. 

glabra,  N.  (  g-w.  )  scape  terete,  smooth:  leaves  linear,  ensiform:  spike  short, 
dense,  oblong:  bracts  acute,  very  small:  peduncles  solitary,  angular,  as  long  as  the 
flowers:  styles  0:  capsules  distinct,  membranaceous,  equalling  the  corol.     8 — 10  i. 

glaherrima,  Macbride.  (w.  Oc.  7i-)  very  glabrous:  flowers  racemed:  buds  approxi- 
mate, nearly  whorled,  I -flowered.     2—3  f     S— C. 

Toltnia,  Pyrola. 

20 — 15.     ToRREYA.     100.     Coni.  h  &h.  abs.  ner.  w  &  b.  pun-odo. 

Southern. 

taxifolia,  Arnot.    (Florida  yew-tree.  \ .)   branches  spreading;  branchlets  2-ranked, 

forked:  leaves  2-ranked,  linear,  keeled,  rigid,  mucronate.     20 — 40  f. 

My  specimen  consists  of  a  transverse  segment,  C^  inches  diameter.  The  wood 
resembles  spruce  spars.  It  must  be  of  slow  growth;  as  the  most  thrifty  growth  pre- 
sents from  fifteen  to  twenty  concentric  rings  to  the  inch.  Leaves  one  inch  long,  one 
tenth  of  an  inch  wide.  Fruit  an  inch  and  3  tenths  long,  and  9  tenths  in  diameter. 
Outside  coat  (primine)  very  rugose,  brittle;  shell  (secundine)  thin;  leaving  the  seed 
large.     Aspalaga  River,  Florida. 

11— 1.     Toute'rea.  (2)     88.     Turn.  emo. 

ornata,  N.  (W.  y-w.  A.  2i?)  leaves  lanceolate,  interruptedly  pinnatifid;  segments 
sub-acute:  base  of  the  capsule  foliose,  5  to  7-valved;  seeds  almost  without  margins. 
2  to  4  feet  high.  Flowers  very  large,  solitary  and  terminal,  sessile,  odorous. 
Found  on  the  banks  of  the  Missouri. 

nuda,  N.  (W.  y-w.  21-)  leaves  sub-lanceolate,  interruptedly  pinnatifid;  segments  ob- 
tuse: capsule  naked,  3-valved;  seeds  margined:  outer  stamens  petaloid,  often 
sterile.  Flowers  smaller  than  the  preceding  species.  Near  the  Great  Bend  on  the 
Missouri. 

17 — 2.     Towksend'ia.     55.     Aste.  ast.  ton. 

sericea,  Hk.  (  )  florets   of  the  ray  involute,  narrow,  scarcely  expanded:  leaves 

radical,  numerous,  erect-spreading,  sub-spatulate,  entire,  ciliate:  flowers  solitary: 
involucre  ovate,  with  silky  leafets.     A.  R. 

G — 1.     Tradescak'tia.     13.     Comm.  ton — . 

mrffinica,  (spider-wort.  b.  p.  M.  If-)  erect,  branching:  leaves  lanceolate,  elongated, 
glabrous:  flowers  sessile;  at  length  the  peduncles  become  elongated;  umbel  com- 
pact, pubescent.     Cultivated.     1 — 2  f     jS'.     P.  M.     Florida.     Mch. 

rosea,  Mx.  (r.  M.  2L.)  erect,  simple:  leaves  lance-linear:  peduncles  elongated:  calyx 
smooth.     8—12  i.     S. 

Tofieldia.     In  honor  of  Mr.  Tofield,  an  English  botanist. 

Torreya.     In  honor  of  Prof  John  Torrey  of  New  York — the  American  Linneus. 

Touterea.  Gr.  touteron,  another.  A  temporary  name,  given  from  its  having  been 
published  as  Bartonia  and  Torreya:  and  been  driven  from  both  l)y  other  appplica- 
tions  of  both  names.     The  word  "  Another,"  may  stand  as  a  name  for  this  edition. 

Townsendia.     In  honor  of  David  Tovvnsend,  Esq.  of  West  Chester,  Pa. 

Trarlescantia.     In  honor  of  two  Tradescants,  father  and  son,  Frencli  botanists. 
(1)  pubescens,  Ph.  Narthecium,  Mx.  (2)  See  note  to  p.  63,  and  write  this 

name  in  the  blank  at  the  *     This  is  the  Torreya  of  7th  ed. 


TRAGIA,    TRICHODIUM.  455 

19—3.     Tra'gia.     9G.     Euph.  ton.  stim. 
ramosa,   T.  &  J.   (W.)  stem  herbaceous,  pilose,   very  branching:   leaves  petioled, 
lance-ovate,   sharply  serrate,    hirsute  beneath,   sub-cordate  at  the  base:   racemes 
axilary,  lilifbrm,  t'ew-tlowered.     8  i. 

Southern. 
urens,  (Ju.  21-)  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  obtuse,  sub-dentate  at  the  apex:  stem 
and  branches  pubescent.     Var.  sul/ovalis,   leaves  oblong-oval,   sometimes  wedge- 
form.     Var.    Id.nccolala,  leaves  lanceolate,   sub-dentate   and  entire.     Var.  linearis, 
(1)  leaves  linear,  nearly  all  entire.     12 — IS  i.     S — C. 
'urticifulia,   Mx.  (Ju.  0.)  leaves  cordate,   o\'ate,  serrate:  stem  erect,  very  hirsute. 

12—18  i.     S— C. 
macrocarpa,  W.  (W.  Ju.  ^$.)  climbing,  hispid:  leaves  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  acutely 
toothed.     K. 

17 — 1.     Tragopo'gon.     53.     Cich.  asc.  sal. 
Exotic, 
jjorrifolius,  (vegetable  oyster,  goat  beard,  salsafy.  p.  Ju.    q.)  involucre  longer  than 
therays  of  thecorol;  the  corroUets  very  narrow,  truncate;  peduncles  incrassate.  C. 

12 — 12.     Tkautvetteria.*     61.     Ranu.  acr.  r.  poi — . 

pabnata,  Fisch.  «&  Meyer.  (Ju.  Au.)  leaves  slightly  coriaceous,  with  conspicuous 
reticulated  veins:  cyme  mostly  compound.  2 — 3  f.  N — C.  K.  Tennessee.  Cimi- 
cifuga  palmata,  and  tludictnim  ranunculinum,  7th  edition. 

■grandis,  N.  (  )  leaves  membranaceous,  the  veins  scarcely  prominent:  cyme  nearly 
simple.     Oregon. 

5 — 2.     Tre'pocar'pus.     60.     Umbe.  aro — .  stim. 

Southern. 

aethiisae,  N.  (w.)  umbels  5-rayed:  fruit  four  times  as  long  as  broad:  leaves  many-cleft, 

with  linear  lobes.     Arkansas. 
Irachijcfirptis,  (W.)  umbels  2  and  3-rayed:  fruit  three  times  as  long  as  broad.  Perhaps 
a  variety  of  the  last.     Louisiana. 

10—1.     Trib'clus.     81.     Zygo.  ton.  ver. 

Southern. 

maximus,  (y.  Ju.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  about  4-pairs,  outer  ones  largest:  pericarps 

10-seeded.  not  spiny.     1 — 2  f. 
irijugatus,  N.    (y.  0.)  leafets  in  3  pairs;  terminal  ones  largest,  pubescent  beneath: 
capsules  5,  1-seeded,  muricate,  spineless. 

3 — 2.     Tri'chochlo'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  fod. 

capiUaris,  Lk.  (2)  (W.  S.  2X-)  leaves  convolute-filiform,  smooth:  panicle  diffuse, 
capillary,  very  slender:  pedicels  longer  than  the  awns:  awns  3  to  4  times  as  long 
as  the  tiower.     2  f.     S.     N. 

3 — 2.     Tricho'dicm.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

laxiflorum,  Mx.  (W.  M.  2X-)  culm  erect:  leaves  setaceous  and  with  the  sheaths  some- 
what scabrous:  panicle  diffuse,  capillary,  with  trichotomous  branches:  glumes 
unequal.     18  i.     S.     JB.  C.  T.  N.     Mch. 


Tragia.     In  honor  of  Hieronymus  Tragus,  a  famous  old  German  herbalist. 
Tragopogon.     Gr.  tragus,  a  goat,  and  pogon,  beard,  so  called  from  its  downy  seeds 

wiiile  m  the  capsule. 
Trautvefteria.     Gr.  trauta,  tender  branch?  uetos.  rain,  tereo,  to  preserve. 
Trepocarpus.     Gr.  Irepo,  to  turn,  and  karpos,  fruit;  from  that  appearance. 
Tribuius.     Gr.  triboLvs,  name  of  the  thistle,  from  Gr.  treis  bolai,  tree. 
Triciiochloa.     Gr.  thrix  (trirhos)  hair,  and  chloa,  green  herbage. 
Trichodium.     Gr.  thrix  (trichosj  hair,  on  account  of  its  capillary  inflorescence. 

(1)  linearifolia,  £.?         (2)  Stipa,  Lk.     sericea,  Mx.     Agrostis  sericea,  M. 

*  See  generic  description  in  Addenda. 


leaves 
filiform, 


45G  TRICHODIUM,    TRIFOLIUJl. 

scahrum,  M.  (1)  (Ju.  21-)  culm  p^enicnlate  at  the  base,  assurgent,  branched:  leaves 
lance-linear,  flat,  striate,  scabrous;  sheaths  pfeneraliy  smooth:  panicle  whorled  and 
divarical'":  glumes  unequal:  paleas  ovate,  acute,  3-uerved.  12 — 18  i.  S.  T.  Y. 
P.  VV     N.     Mch. 

elalMtn,  Ph.  (Au.  2{.)  culm  erect,  firm:  leaves  narrow  linear,  flat,  scabrous;  sheaths 
smooth:  pnnicle  whorled,  a  little  spreading:  glumes  nearly  equal.     3  f.     <5<'. 

montuiivm,  T.  (A.  Ju.  If.)  culm  cespitose,  erect:  leaves  involute-filiform,  and  with 
the  .«heaths  scabrous:  panicle  ca[)il!ary,  lax,  a  little  spreading.     9 — 12  i. 

perenncuin.  VVr.  (2)  (S.  Zl-)  culm  decuffljbent:  panicle  somewhat  diffuse;  branches 
whorled  and  trichotomous:  flowers  racemed.     1 — 2  f     S. 

Trichophorum,  Scirpl's. 

17 — 2.     Tri'ciiophyl'lum.     N.  {?>)     5.5.     Hell.  ton.  sto. 

lanaturii,  Ph.  (W.  y.  Jn.  2i.)  woolly  on  all  parts:  leaves  linear,  pinnatifid  abovei 
peduncles  elongated,  1 -flowered:  rays  2  toothed:  akenes  glabrous,  .')-angled. 

Inlc^r'tfoiium,  Hk.  (  )  lower  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  upper  ones  linear-spatulate, 
entire  and  very  entire  or  very  rarely  sub-trifid  at  the  apex,  both  sides  white-woolly. 
R. 

vmliijinriun,  N.  (y.  Ju.  0?)  many-stemmed,  canescent  tomentose:  leaves  opposite; 
lower  ones  entire;  uppei  ones  trifid  or  sub-bifid  at  the  apex;  branching  ones  entire, 
linear:  involucre  8-leaved;  divisions  ovate-oblong,  obtuse.     9  i.     R. 

Scvihcrn. 
oppositifoUum,  N.  (W.  Ju.  2{^)  decumbent,  branching,  short  hoary-pubescent:  1 
opposite,    palmate  3-cleft,   segments  ligulate,  simple  or  divided:  peduncle  ^'• 
mostly  dichotomous,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves.     6 — 12  i. 

13 — 1.     Trichoste'iha.     42.     Labi.  car.  ton. 

dlcholoma,  (blue  curls.  W.  b.  Au.  0.)  leaves  lance-ovate:  branches  flower-bearing, 
2-forked:  stamens  very  long,  blue,  curved.  Var.  linenris,  somewhat  pubescent: 
leaves  linear.     6-1 2  i.     S.     T.  Y.  V.  C.  N.  P.  B.  H.  M.  F. 

Tricuspis,  Windsoria. 

7 — 1.     Trienta'lis.     35.     Prim.  sed.  sop. 

amcricana.  Ph.  (4)  (chick  winter  green.  O.  w.  M.  2X.)  leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate, 
acuminate:  petals  acuminate.     3 — ti  i.     Mch. 

16 — 10.     Tkifo'lium.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g.  asc. 

reficrum,  (W.  r.  J.  Zf.)  procumbent,  pubescent:  leaves  obovate:  stipules  oblique, 
cordate:  heads  many-tloweied;  flowers  pedicelled,  at  length  all  reflexed:  legumes 
about  3-seeded.     Near  the  great  Lakes.    12—18  1.     S.     P.   C.     Genesee  F.     Dew. 

repcus,  (white  clover.  O.  w.  ,M.  Z[.)  creeping:  leafets  cvate-oi.long,  emarginate,  ser- 
rulate: flowers  in  umbelled  heads:  teeth  of  the  calyx  sub-equal:  legumes  4-seeded. 
S. 

pralense,  (red  clover.  O.  r.  M.  Zf.)  ascending,  smoothish:  leafets  ovate,  sub-entire: 
stipules  awned:  spikes  dense-ovate:  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube 
of  the  corol,  and  longer  than  the  other  teeth.     2—3  f.     S. 

arvense,  (rabbit  foot,  field  clover.  O.  w.  Ju.  ©.)  erect,  branching,  villose,  leaves 
hnear-oblanceolate:  spikes  villose,  oval-cylindric:  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous, 
longer  than  the  corol.     Grows  in  dry  pastures  or  barren  fields.     6 — 10  i.     /S. 

agrarium,  (5)  (y.  J.   -^.)  erect,  sub-pubescent:   leafets  lance-wedge-form,   obtuse, 

Trichophyllum.     Gr.  thrix  (Irichos)  hair,  and  phvllon,  a  leaf,  an  apt  name. 

Trichostema.  Gr.  tlirix  (trichos  )  hair,  and  siema,  stamen,  alluding  to  the  long  capil- 
lary filaments. 

Trienlalis.     Lat.  trieiis,  the  third  of  any  thing,  it  being  about  a  third  of  a  foot  high. 

Trifolium.     Lat.  tres,  three,  a.nd  folium,  leaf,  that  being  its  usual  number. 

(I)  Agroslis  scabra,  W.         (2)  decumbens,  Mx.     Cornucopia,  Wr.         (3)  Acti 

nella,  Ph.         (4)  europaea.  Mx.  not  L.         (5)  aureum,  Pollich. 


TRIFOLIUM.  457 

middle  one  sessile:  stipules  lanceolate,  acute:  spikes  oval,  imbricate:  banner  de- 
flexed,  permanent:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  glabrous,  unequal.  S.  P.  O.  T. 
On  the  islands.     G— 14  i.     M. 

procumljcns,  VV.  (hop  clover,  yellow  clover.  W.  y.  J.  0.)  procumbent:  stem  hairy: 
leaiets  obovate,  sub-niarginate,  glabrous:  stipules  short,  lanceolate,  acute:  spikes 
oval,  imbricate:  banner  deHexed,  furrowed,  permanent.     'A — 6  i.     ;S.     B.  P.  M.  C. 

aimpcstrc,  Sr.  (])  (y.  0.)  spike  ovate,  imbricate:  banner  deflected,  permanent:  leafets 
lance-ovate,  middle  one  petioled:  stem  sub-dift'use:  branches  decumbent.     P. 

stoloni/'erum.  M.  (buffalo  clover.  W.  w.  J.  2i-)  stoioniferous,  smooth:  lower  leaves 
on  long  petioles!  leafets  obovate  or  wedge-form,  serrulate,  retuse  or  emarginate  at 
the  apex:  stipules  membranaceous,  broad-lanceolate:  flowers  in  globose  heads, 
pedicelled.  erect,  at  length  retlexed:  segments  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  narrow, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  tube.     N.   Y.     Penn.     West  to  Mississippi. 

altissimurn,  Doug.  (W.)  very  glabrous:  stem  erect,  tall:  leafets  lance-linear,  tooth- 
leted;  petioles  very  long;  upper  leafets  sub-sessile:  stipules  lance-acuminate,  adnate 
to  both  sides  of  the  petiole:  little  heads  oblong:  calyx  glabrous:  teeth  4  above, 
twisted.     R. 

spinulo'sum,  Hk.  ( W. )  prostrate,  glabrous:  leafets  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  spine- 
toothed:  stipules  ovate  acuminate,  spine  serrate:  involucre  1-leaved:  little  lieads 
sub-globose,  short:  calyx  a  little  shorter  than  the  corol.     N.  W.  Lakes.     R. 

ajal/iiferum,  Hk.  (W.)  piostrate,  ramose,  glabrous:  leafets  oblong  or  obovate- wedge- 
form,  mucronate,  spine-tootlied:  involucre  large,  1-leaved,  cap-form:  little  heads 
hemispheric  many-flowered.     West  of  Rocky  Mts. 

involucrutum,  W.  (0.)  little  heads  roundish,  peduncled;  surrounded  by  an  orbicular, 
toothed  receptacle:  stipules  oblong,  awned,  toothed:  stem  erect,  branched.     R. 

nanum,  T.  (W.  p.  2X-)  little  heads  few-flowered,  umbelled:  legumes  4  to  5-seeded: 
calj'x  glabrous:  teeth  nearly  equal:  leafets  obovate-oblong,  acuminate:  setm  ces- 
pitose,  erect.     1 — 2  i. 

plumosum,  Doug.  (![.  w.  J.  Ju.)  silky  pubescent:  stem  erect,  tall:  leafets  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  on  very  long  petioles,  the  uppermost  sub-sessile: 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  adnate  above  the  middle  to  the  petiole:  heads 
of  flowers  conical-oblong,  pedunculate,  ebracteate:  calyx  very  hairy:  the  teeth 
(linear,  straight,  silky-plumose,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corol:  ovary  4-ovuled. 
Oregon. 

fimbridtum,  Lindl.  (p.)  prostrate,  glabrous:  leafets  oblong  or  slightly  cuneate,  spinu- 
lose-denticulate:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  laciniate-spinulose:  involucre  lacini- 
ately  many-cleft,  shorter  than  the  sub-globose  heads:  teeth  of  the  calyx  broadly 
subulate,  straight,  half  the  length  of  the  corol.     N.  W.  Coast. 

gymnocarpon,  N.  (M.  J.  21- y-w.)  cespitose,  minutely  pubescent:  caudex  short  and 
thick:  leaves  mostly  radical;  leafets  oval-oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  serrate,  nearly 
glabrous  above:  stipules  scarious,  oval:  flowering  stems  very  short,  a  little  1  afy  at 
the  summit:  peduncles  about  the  length  of  the  petioles:  heads  5  to  G- flowered: 
segments  of  tlie  calyx  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume  hairy,  reticulate- 
rugose,  1  to  2-seeded;  th^stipe  about  the  length  of  tiie  calyx  tube.  2 — 3  i.  Rocky 
Mts. 

varicgatiim,  N.  {$.  p.  w.)  glabrous,  decumbent,  branchiirg:  leafets  obovate-oblong  or 
somewhat  obcordate,  minutely  spinulose-serrate:  upper  stipules  roundish,  lacini- 
ately  dentate  with  subulate-setaceous  teeth:  peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  involucre  laciniately  many-cleft,  shorter  than  the  sub-globose  head:  teeth 
of  the  glabrous  calyx  equal,  lanceolate-subulate,  with  setaceous  points,  much 
longer  than  the  tube,  shorter  than  the  corol:  legume  dehiscent,  1  to  2-seeded.  S. 
Oregon. 

pauciflorum,  N.  (Ap.  M.  O.  p.  w.)  glabrous,  nearly  erect,  slender,  much  branched 
from  the  base:  lower  leafets  cuneate-oblong:  upper  ones  lanceolate  linear,  acumi- 
nate, distantly  and  minutely  spinulose  serrulate:  stipules  laciniate,  acuminate: 
involucre  many-cleft,  much  shorter  than  the  small  few-flowered  head:  teeth  of  the 
calyx  simple,  broadly  subulate,  pungent,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube,  and  shorter 
than  the  corol:  legume  2-8eeded.     Oregon. 

erio cap h Ilium,  N.  (2i.  M.  y-w.)  softly  pilose  or  villous:  stem  erect:  leaves  all  on  long 
petioles;  leafets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  and  minutely  serrate: 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,   acuminate:  heads  sub-globose,  pedunculate,  the  flowers 

(1)  procumbens,  S.     agrarium,  C. 

58 


458  TRiroLiuM. 

at  length  reflexed:  caljx  very  hairy,  divided  nearly  to  the  base;  the  teeth  filiform, 
two-thirds  the  length  of  the  corol,  plumose.  Oregon. 
medium,  L.  (ZI-  p-)  almost  glabrous:  stem  nearly  erect,  flexuous,  branching;  leafets 
oblong  or  elliptical,  nearly  entire:  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate:  heads  of  flowers 
sub-globose,  rather  loose,  soiitaiy,  more  or  less  ped  inculate,  sometimes  bracteate: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  somewhat  hairy;  the  lower  one  longest,  shoiler  tliaii 
the  tube  of  the  corol.  Mass.  Introduced. 
lonsipci,  N.  (M.  Ju.  Z[.  y-w.)  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  erect  or  ascending,  simple: 
leaves  on  slender  petioles;  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  silky-pubescent  be- 
neath: stipules  semi-lanceolate,  acuminate,  foliaceous:  heads  roundish-ovate,  ebrac- 
teate,  on  very  long  pedunc.les:  segments  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  nnich  longer  than 
the  tube,  somewhat  equal:  petals  lanceolate:  ovary  5-ovuled.  Rocky  Mountains. 
2—3  i. 
andinum,  N.  (M.  J.  H-  y-w.)  cespitose,  silky-canescent:  caudex  short  and  thick, 
branched  above:  leaves  mostly  radical:  leafets  cuneate-oblong,  apiculate:  stijjules 
broadly  ovate,  membranaceous:  heads  of  flowers  hemisplierical,  solitary,  on  short 
scapes,  bracteate  at  the  base,  with  two  sessile  sheathing  leaves:  calyx  densely 
villous;  teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  ovary  3  to  4-ovuled:  legume  1 -seeded. 
Rocky  Mts. 
dasyphylium.,  T.  &,  G.  (21.  p.)  densely  cespitose:  caudex  rfhort  and  thick,  branchmg 
above:  leaves,  peduncles  and  calyx  canescently  silky,  with  brownish  hairs:  leafets  3, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolatej'acute  or  acuminate,  entire:  stipules  membrana- 
ceous, lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate:  head  globose,  many-flowered,  on  a  long 
radical  peduncle:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate-setaceous,  nearly  equal,  longer  than 
the  tube,  and  half  as  long  as  the  corol:  legume  3  to  4  seeded.  3 — 4  i.  Summit  of 
Rocky  Mts. 

Southern, 
carolinianum,  Mx.  (p-w.  Ap.  U-)  small,  procumbent:  leafets  obcordate,  (upper  one 
only  emarginate)  hairy  toothed:  stipules  2-cleft:  umbels  capitate,  peduncled,  re- 
flected, few-flowered:  corol  scarcely  exserted:  legumes  3  to  4-seeded.  3 — 10  i. 
microcephaltim,  Pii.  (VV.  w-p.  Ju.  If.)  ascending,  pubescent:  leafets  obovate,  emar- 
ginate, denticulate:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate:  heads  very  small,  peduncled,  few- 
flowered:  flowers  sessile:  involucre  ovate,  awned:  calyx  awned,  as  long  as  the  corol. 
California. 
albopurjiureum,  T.  &  G.  (0.  w.  p.)  decumbent  or  assurgent,  viHous-pubescent:  leaves 
all  on  long  i)etioles;  leafets  narrowly  cuneiform,  ti  uncate  or  emarginate,  denticulate: 
stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate:  spikes  ovale,  very  villous,  at  length 
on  slender  peduncles:  teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  somewhat  spreading,  ratlier 
longer  than  the  corol:  petals  scarcely  connected.  California. 
fucatum,  Lindl.'(0.  w.  r  )  glabrous,  ascending:  leaiets  roundish-cuneiform,  sharply 
denticulate,  rather  thick:  stipules  scarious,  ovate,  entire,  mucronate  with  a  long 
point:  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves:  involucre  scarcely  half  the  length 
of  the  somewhat  hemispherical,  few-flowered  heads,  9-cleft;  the  segments  ovate, 
acuminate,  entire:  calyx  many  times  shorter  than  the'corol;  the  teetli  tiiangular, 
acute,  unequal,  about  the  length  of  the  tube:  wings  as  long  as  the  vexillum:  legume 
stipitate,  5  to  8-seeded.  California. 
amjjlectens,  T.  »Jt  G.  (  )  glabrous,  erect,  brandling:  leafets  obovate-cuneiform,  mucro- 
nately  dentidlate:  stipules  ovate,  scarious,  entiie,  arisiale-mucronate:  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  involucre  about  half  the  length  of  the  .^  lo  6-flowered  head, 
4  to  5-parted;  the  segments  somewhat  lobed,  obtuse:  calyx  much  shorter  than  the 
corol,  cleft  almost  to  the  base;  the  teeth  subulate,  very  unequal:  vexillum  free, 
covering  the  wings:  legume  sessile,  6-seeded.  4 — 6  i.  California. 
grncilentum,  T.  &  G.  (0.  p.)  nearly  glabrous,  slender,  erect  or  ascending:  middle  leaves 
on  very  long  filiform  petioles;  leafets  cuneate-obcordate,  spinulose-serruhite:  sti- 
pules rather  tblinc^ous;  the  lower  ones  linear-lanceolate  and  setaceously  acuminate: 
the  uppermost  ovate-lanceolate  and  shorter:  heads  loose,  15  to  2ri-fiowere(i:  calyx 
glabrous;  the  teeUi  lanceolate-subulate,  setaceously  acuminate,  thrice  the  length 
of  the  lube  and  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  corol;  legume  Iseeded.  Cali- 
fornia. 8 — 10  i. 
amvhuinthum.  T.  &,G.  (21.)  small:  steins  creeping,  a  little  puberulent:  leafets  broadly 
obcordate,  creimlute:  stipules  scarious,  ovate,  obtuse,  or  with  a  short  abrupt  point: 
heads  rather  few-flowered,  on  long  filiform  peduncles:  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  legume  3  to  4-seeded:  the  stoloniferous  branches  also 


TRIFOLIUM,    TRILLIUM.  459 

bearincr  solitary  fertile  flowers  in  tiie  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  short  recurved  pedun- 
cles.    Texasfc 

aciculurc,  N.  (March.  Ap.  0.  r.)  erect,  branching  from  the  base:  leafets  narrowly 
lanceolate-linear,  acule,  spinulosely  and  closely  serrulate:  lower  stipules  entire, 
acuminate:  upper  ones  laciniate:  involucre  niany-clett,  somewhat  siiorter  than  the 
globose  head:  llowers  redexed:  teetli  of  tiie  calyx  simple,  subulate,  as  long  as 
tiie  tube,  rather  siiorter  than  the  corol:  legumes  linear-oblong,  2-seeded.  Cali- 
fornia. 

poli/phyllum,  N.  (Ap.  Q.)  somewhat  erect,  glabrous:  leafets  3  to  5,  lanceolate-linear, 
spinulosely  serrulate:  stipules  acuminate,  laciniate  and  spinnlose:  involucre  many- 
cleft,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sub-globose  head:  teeth  of  the  calyx  rather  broadly 
subulate,  pungent,  about  the  length  of  the  tube,  and  rather  shorter  than  the  abbre- 
viated corol:  legume  2-seeded.     California. 

Trifolimn,  Melilotus. 
6 — 3.     Triglo'chin.     7.     June,  ton — . 

mn.rUimum,  (I)  (arrow-grass.  W.  g.  Ju.  Zf.)  fruit  ovate-oblong,  of  six  united  carpels. 

The  carpels  vary  in  number  from  3  to  6.     Sphagnous  swamps.     9—15  i.     C.  O. 

D.     Mch. 
paluslre,  (marsh  arrow  grass.  W.  g.  Ju.  Zf.)  flowers  triandrous:  fruit  of  three  united 

carpels  nearly  linear,  attenuated    at  the  base.     6 — 12  i.     O.     Onondaga.     Mch. 
triandrum,  Alx.  (Ju.)    triandrous:   flowers    3-cleft,   short-pedicelled:   carpels  roundish 

triangular:  leaves  sub-setaceous,  almost  as  tall  as  the  spike  or  scape.     G — 9  i.     P. 

Canada.     Mch. 

16 — 10.     Tuigonel'la.     93.     Legu.  s.  emo.  lax. 
E.cotic. 
fccnum-grcBcum,  (fenugreek.   0.)  legumes  sessile,  solitary,  straight,  erectish,  sub-fal- 
cate, acuminate:  stem  erect:  leaves  wedge-oblong. 

Southern, 
sericea^  Ph.  (2)  (y.  Ju.  0.)  leaves  ternate,  sessile,  oblong,  acute,  silky-villose:  pedun- 
cles axillary,    1-flowered,  longer   than  the  leaf:  flower  1-bracted:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  linear:  legume  glabrous,  very  long. 

fj— 3.     Tril'lium.     12.     Smil.  r.  erne. 

ses'sile,  (3)  (W.  p.  M.  2i.)  flower  sessile,  erect:  petals  lanceolate,  erect,  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx:  leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate,  acute.  8 — 10  i.  S.  P.  Charles- 
ton, S — C.     Floiida. 

peti'diitinn,  Ph.  (W.  p.  J.  Zf • )  flower  sessile,  erect:  petals  lance-linear,  erect,  a  little 
longer  than  the  calyx:   leaves  very  long-petioled,  lance-oval,  acute. 

erytkroau-puin,  Mx.  (4)  (smiling  wake-robin=  A.  w.  »Ss  r.  M.  Zf.)  peduncle  erectish: 
petals  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  recurved,  almost  twice  as  long  as  the  nairow  sepals: 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  petioled.  8  i.  S.  T.  F. 
N.  V.     White  Mts.     Mch. 

piislL'/.um,  Mx.  (5)  (dwarf  wake-robin,  r.  M.  Zf.)  peduncle  erect:  petals  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx:   leaves  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile.     S.     P. 

pen'diihnn,  \V.  (6)  (nodding  wake  robin.  W.  w.  M.  Zf.)  peduncle  inclined;  flower 
pendulous:  petals  flat,  ovate,  shortly  acuminate,  nearly  equal  witli  the  calyx:  sepals 
ovate-acuminate:  leaves  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  sub-sessile.  F.  T.  B. 
Mch. 

purpu'reuin,  Kin.  (A.  p.)  leaves  spatulate-ovate,  acuminate,  net-veined:  flowers 
pedunoled,  nodding:  petals  larger  than  the  calyx.  Nearly  allied  to,  but  distinct 
from  the  preceding.     E. 


Triglochin.     Gr.  treis,  three,  and  glocldn,  an  angle,  corner  or  point,  alluding  to  the 

three- pointed  capsule. 
Trigonella.     A  diminutive  of  Lat.  trigona,  alluding  to  its  little  triangular  flower. 
Trillium,     hut.  trilix,  triple,   from  the  prevalence  of  the  number  three. 

(1)  elatum,  N.     (2)  americana,  N.  Lotus,  Ph.      (3)  recurvatum,  Bk?     (4)  pictum. 
Ph.  undulatum,  W.      (5)  pumilum.  Ph.         (6)  cernum,  Ph.  Bw.  E.  4th  ed.  not  L. 


460  TRILLIUM,    TRIPOLIUM. 

eredum,  (1)  (false  wake-robin.  W.  p.  w-}'.  M.  21.)  peduncle  eiect  or  erectish,  with 
the  flower  a  little  nodding:  petals  ovate,  acuminate,  spreading,  equalling  the  sepals: 
leaves  rhomboid,  acuminate,  sessile.  Yvlt.  atropiirpurcum,  petals  large,  dark  purple. 
Var.  album,  petals  smaller,  white;  germ  red.  Xar-fiirum,  petals  3'ellow:  both  petals 
and  calyx  leaves  longer  and  narrower.  H.  H.  E.  12  to  13  inches  high.  Leaves 
often  3  to  4  inches  broad.  Peduncle  about  3  inches  long.  9 — 16  i.  jS'.  T.  C.  F. 
N.  V.     Mch. 

ohovatum.  Ph.  (r-w.  IS.)  peduncles  erect:  petals  obovate,  obtusish,  flat,  spreading, 
scarcely  longer  or  broader  than  the  sepals:  leaves  rhomb-ovate,  acuminate,  close- 
sessile. 

grandiflorum,  (2)  (W.  w.  M.  71-)  peduncle  a  little  curved,  and  the  flower  a  little  nod- 
ding: petals  lance-spatulate,  connivent  at  the  base,  much  larger  than  the  calyx: 
leaves  broad-rhomb-ovate.  Berries  dark  purple.  1  f.  iS*.  P.  V.  O.  Johnstown, 
Cambridge,  and  Utica,  N.  Y.     Lake  Erie.     Mch.     Genesee  Falls.     Dew. 

nicalc,  Riddell.  (W.  w.  Mar.  21.)  stem  glabrous:  leaves  short  petioled,  oval,  obtuse, 
glabrous.  5-nerved:  peduncle  erect:  sepals  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  5-nerved:  petals 
spatulate-obovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  one  third  longer  than  the  calyx.  2 — 3  i.  Banks 
of  the  Scioto  River. 

Sojitliern. 

cer'nmim,  {o)  (W.  r-w.  M.  21.)  peduncles  recurved:  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
larger  than  the  calyx;  leaves  obovate  and  oval,  tapering  to  the  base,  acuminate. 
12—18  i. 

stijlosmn,  {4)  (A.  w-r. )  slender:  peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  recurved: 
petals  undulate,  spreading,  oblong,  obtuse,  larger  than  the  calyx:  germ  styliferous: 
style  1,  as  long  as  the  stigma:  leaves  sub-petioled,  lance-oval,  acute  at  both  ends. 
8—10  i. 

nertusum,  E.  (r-w.  Ap.)  peduncle  recurved:  petals  lance-oblong,  larger  than  the  calyx: 
leaves  lanceolate  and  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  membranaceous,  nerved      C — 8  1. 

ovatum,  Ph.  (W.  p.  Ap.  2i.)  peduncle  erect:  petals  oblpng,  acute,  spreading,  a  little 
longer  than  the  linear  sepals:  leaves  ovate,  gradually  aciite,  closely  sessile. 

5 — 1.     Trios'tedm.     58.     Capr.  r.  erne.  cath. 

peifoliatum,  (5)  (fever  root,  horse-ginseng,  wild  coffee.  O.  p.  J.  2i.)  leaves  oval, 
acuminate,  connate,  sub-pubescent  beneath:  flowers  sessile,  whorled.  Berries 
purple  or  yellow.     2 — 4  f.     jS'.     Mch. 

Southern. 

angustifolium,  W.  (6)  (W.  A.  y.  Ju.  21.)  leaves  lance-oval,  sub-connate:  peduncles 
opposite,  1-flovvered:  stem  hispid.     2 — 3  f.     K. 

18_1.     Tripho'ra,*  N.  (7)     21.     Orch.  g-r.  vis-pasty. 

pendula,  M.  (8)  (three-bird  orchis.  "\V.  w-p.  Au.  21-)  root  tuberous:  stem  leafy, 
about  3- flowered  at  the  top:  leaves  clasping,  ovate,  alternate:  lip  entire.  4— 6  i. 
.S'.     P.  Y.  V.  O.  N.     AVestfield,  Mass.     Mch. 

17 — 2.     Tripolium.     5.5.     Aster,  ast.  kaem. 

paucijbrum,  Nees.     Described  under  Aster. 

an^stum,  Lindl.  (  )  leaves  linear,  serrulate-scabious,  glabrous:  stem  narrow, 

very  stiffly  erect;  branches  straight,  racemose:  leafets  of  the  imbricate,  hemis- 
pheric involucre  linear,  acute:  rays  inconspicuous.  A  variety  has  one-flowered 
branches.     Another  variety  has  many-flowered  branches. 

Triosteum.     Gr.  ireis,  three,  and  osteon,  bone,  from  the  three  hard  seeds. 

Triphora.     Contracted  from   Plukenet's  name,  triiiiithopltorvs,  bearing  three  flowers. 

Tripolium.     Gr.  treis,  three,  polco,  to  plough  o.  to  furrow;  on  account  of  the  leaves 

being  three-furrowed. 

(1)  rhomboideum,  Mx.  (2)  rhomboideum,  Var.  grandiflorum,  Mx.  (3)  cates- 
bsei,  E.  (4)  cernuum,  Mx.  (5)  majns,  Mx.  (6)  minus,  Mx.  (7)  Arethuaa,  L. 
(8)  trianthophorus,  Sw.     parviflcra,  Mx.     nutans,  Le  Conte. 

'^  See  note  to  Orchis. 


TRIPSACUM,    TRITICUM.  461 

19—3.     Teip'sacum.     10.     Gram.  far.  fod— . 

dacfyloiiles,  (sesame  grass.  J.  Zf.)  spikes  numerous,  (3 — 4)  aggregate:  florets  stami- 
nate,  near  tli'e  summit;  pistillate  below.  Var.  mortoitoc/tyo/t,  spike  solitary.  3 — 5  f. 
)S.     Y.  C 

Southern. 

ajlindricum,  Mx.   (  )  spike  solitary,   cylindrical,  separating  into  short  joints: 

flowers  all  perfect.     Perhaps  a  RottboUia.  '  E.     S— C.     M. 

3 — I.     Tripterel'la.     13.     Xyri.  fod — .  ton — . 
Soutltern. 

capitata,  Wr.  (1)  (w.  J.  0.)  flowers  in  a  terminal  head:  angles  of  the  germ  scarcely 

winged.     6 — 8  i.     S — C. 
coerulea,  M.  (2)  (b.  S.  0?)  flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  raceme:  angles  of  the  germ 

distinctly  winged.     2 — 4  i. 

3—2.     Trise'tum.     10.  Gram.  far—,  fod. 

palustre.  Mx.  (3)  (J.  ZT-)  panicle  contracted,  nodding,  somewhat  wlioiled:  glumes 
2 — 3-flowered;  florets  smooth,  acuminate:  lower  one  awnless:  lower  valve  of  the 
upper  floret  bicuspidate,  awned  below  the  tip.     1 — 2  f.     S.     O.  jV. 

puipurascens,  T.  &  G.  (  21.)  panicle  very  simple,  somewhat  racemed,  few-flowered: 
glumes  few-flowered,  very  unequal,  entire:  culm  and  leaves  smooth:  stipules  very 
short,  truncate.     2  f.     S.     Mch. 

subspicatum,  (4)  (  If.)  panicle  somewhat  spiked:  awn  at  length  reflexed,  exceed 
ing  the  glumes. 

3 — 2.     Trit'icum.     10.     Gram.  s.  nut.  far.  gel. 

pauciflorum,  Sz.  (W.  )  spike  simple,  erect;  spikelets  about  2-flowered:  culm  simple, 
leafy,  terete,  deeply  striate,  smooth:  leaves  somewhat  glaucous,  scabrous  on  the 
ribs  and  margin.     2  f. 

repens,  L.  (couch-grass,  quack-grass.  O.  J.  2i.)  spikelets  oblong,  4 — 5-flowered: 
glumes  subulate,  many-nerved;  florets  acuminate:  leaves  flat:  root  and  base  of  the 
stem  creeping.  2  f  Troublesome  to  farmers  in  rich  soils;  veiy  useful  for  binding 
the  banks   of  canals,  and  sandy  soils.     5?.     Mch.     Airropyron,  repens,  7th  edition. 

caninum,  L.  (E.  Zf.)  spikelets  3 — 5-flowered,  compressed:  glumes  3 — 5-nerved, 
bristled  at  the  tip:  florets  bristled  at  the  tip:  roots  fibrous.  2f  S.  Seneca  Lake. 
Mch.     Agropyron  caninum,  7th  edition.     Gen.  Agiop.  expunged. 

Exotic. 

hyhernum,  (winter  wheat.  J.  § .)  glume  4-flowered,  tumid,  even,  imbricate,  abrupt, 
with  a  short,  compressed  point:  stipule  jagged:  paleas  of  the  upper  florets  some- 
what bearded.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species,  which  are  induced  by 
culture. 

(Estivum,  (summer  wheat.  J.  0.)  glumes  4-flowered,  tumid,  smootii,  imbricated, 
awned.     Smith  says  this  may  be  a  variety  of  the  last. 

composi'tum,  (egyptian  wheat.)  spike  compound;  spikelets  crowded,  awned. 

Varieties  of  wheat  numerous — species  few. 


Tripsacum.     Gr.  tripsis,  a  rubbing  or  grinding;  alluding  either  to  the  use  of  the  grain, 

or  to  the  polislied  aspect  of  the  glumes. 
Tripterella.     A  diminutive  of  Gr.  treis,  three,  and /J^erwr,  wing;  alluding  to  the  three 

littl*^  wjngs  proceeding  from  the  corol. 
Trisetum.     Lat.  tres,  three,  and  seta,  bristle;  on  account  of  the  three  beards  or  awns 

of  the  flower. 
Triticum.     Lat.  tritum,  ground  or  rubbed;  from  the  manner  in  which  its  grains  were 

prepared. 

(1)  Anonymous,  Wr.  (2)  Burmannia  biflora,  L.  (3)  Avena,  Mx.  Aira 

palleus,  M.  (4)  airoides,  Pb.     Aira,  L. 


462  TROLLIUS,    TURNERA. 

J 2 — 12.     Trol'lius.     61.     Ranu.  r.  poi — .  cath. 

laxus,  Sy.  (J)  (globe  flower,  y.  M.  2I.)^eta]s  5,  oblong,  spreading;  nectaries  shorter 
than  the  stamens.  Petals  always,  or  mostly  five,  obovate:  capsule  short,  abrupt, 
crowded  with  the  elongated  style.     P.     R.     Genesee  Falls.     Dewey. 

8 — 1.     Trop^o'lcm.     73.     Tropae.  asc.  f.  lax.  con. 
Exotic. 
viajus,  (nasturtion,  Indian  cress,  y.  &  r.  Ju.  0.  &  Zf.)  leaves  peltate,  sub-repand: 
petals  obtuse,  some  of  them  fringed. 

14 — 2.     Tropidocar'pum-     63.     Cruel,  asc.  dia. 
Southern, 
gracile,  II.     (         )  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  pinnatifid:  silique  linear.     California. 
scabriusculum,  H.  (  )  somewhat  roughly  hirsute:  leaves  bipinnatifid:  silique 

lanceolate.     California. 

17 — 1.     Trox'imon.     53.     Cich.  sal.  asc. 
'    Southern, 
glaucum,  Ph.    (W.  y.  Ju.  $ .)  scape   1-flowered,    glabrous:   leaves  lance-linear,  flat, 
very  entire,    glaucous  on  both  sides:  divisions  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  acute, 
pubescent. 
cuspidiituiii,  Ph.  (2)  (W.  y.  M.)  scape  1-flowered,  sub-pubescent:  leaves  linear,  un- 
dulate and  tomentose  on  the  margin:  divisions  of  the  involucre  imbricate,    cuspi- 
date, glabrous. 

Troximon,  Krigia. 

6 — ].     Tu'lipa.     14.     Lili.  diu — .  emo. 
Exotic. 

suave'olens,  (sweet  tulip.  M.  H-)  small:  stem  1-flowered,  pubescent:  flower  erect: 

petals  obtuse,  glabrous:   leaves  lance-ovate. 
gesneriana,  (common  tulip.  M.  21- )  stem  1-flowered,  glabrous:  flower  various-colored, 

erect:  petals  obtuse,  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate. 

13—1.     Tul'lia.     42.     Labi.  car.  ton—. 

Southern. 

pycnan'thcmoides,  (3)  (false  mountain-mint.  W.  r-p.  Au.  21-)  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  hoary-above,  and  glaucous  beneath:  bracts 
subulate,  of  the  length  of  the  striate  calyx.     2 — 3  f.     Tennessee. 

5 — 3.     Tur'nera.     80.     Cisti.  ano.  ton — . 

dstoides,  (y.  Ju.  #.)  peduncles  axillary,  leafless:  leaves  serrate  near  the  summit. 
Flowers  resemble  those  of  Cistus  carolinianus. 


Trollius.     A  barbarous  word  from   the  obsolete  German  trol,  expressing  any  thing 

round. 
Tropffiolum.     Gr.  tropaion,   a  trophy,  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves  and 

flower  to  a  spear  and  helmet. 
Troximon.     Gr.  troximon,  eatable;  a  just  name  for  the  original  species. 
Tulipa.     From  a  Persian  word,  synonymous  with  turban,   which  is  not  unlike  the 

swelling  flosver. 
Tullia.     [n  honor  of  Prof  Tully,  of  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Turnera.     In  honor  of  Dr.   Win.  Turner,  one  of  the  fathers  of  English  botany. 

(1)  americanus,   Donn.  (2)  marginatum,   N. 

(3)  Discovered  and  named  by  M.  C.  Leavenworth.     Dr.  Tulley,  Dr.  Leavenworth, 
and  Dr.  Solon  Smith,  were  the  earhest  of  Prof  Ives'  pupils  in  New  Haven,  Conn. 


TURRITIS,    TYPHA.  463 

14 — 2.     Turri'tis.     G3.     Cruc.  asc.  diu. 

glabra,  {W.)  erect:  radical  leaves  pelioled,  tooUied.  having  branching  hairs;  upper 
ones  broad-laiicpolate,  s;igitlate,  glabrous,  half  clasping,  glaucous:  pod  narrow 
linear,  sliffly  erect:  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx.  R.  Naturalized  about 
N.  Haven.     Hudson's  15ay. 

strictu,  Hk.  (W.)  erect,  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate;  radical  ones  petioled,  toothed; 
cauline  ones  sagittate,  halt'clasping,  suH-dentate:  flowers  and  siliques  linear, 
elongated,  stiflly  erect.     Rocky  Mt.  and  West. 

rctriifrac'ta,  Hk.  (VV.)  erect,  white-pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate;  radical 
ones  pelioled,  toothed;  cauline  ones  sagittate,  half-clasping,  glabrous,  sub-dentate: 
llowers  nodding:  pods  linear,  elongated,  pedicelled,  and  bent  back.  R.  Hudson's 
Bay. 

mollis,  Hk.  (  w.  0.)  erect:  lower  leaves  spatulate,  sinuate-dentate;  upper  ones 
lance-sagittate,  very  entire;  all,  with  the  erect  branching  stems  and  pedicels  with 
numerous  spreading  hairs;  softly  hirsute:  siliques  linear-elongated,  erect,  straight. 
A. 

patula,  Graham,  (r-b.  )  erect:  leaves  lanceolate;  radical  ones  petioled,  dentate; 
cauline  ones  sagittate,  half-clasping,  glabrous,  sub-dentate:  flowers  and  siliques 
linear,  elongated,  very  spreading.  A  var.  has  the  radical  leaves  scarcely  pubes- 
cent. Another  var.  has  the  radical  leaves  hoary- pubescent,  sub-entire.  A.  R. 
Canada. 

»n«croco7)fi,  N.  (y-w.)  radical  leaves  runcinate-dentate,  or  simply  toothed,  hairy; 
cauline  ones  lanceolate,  sagittate,  crowded,  glabrous:  siliques  stricly  erect,  very 
long,  narrow.     3 — 4  f.     Oregon 

spatliidalii,   N.   (  )  radical  leaves  broadly  spatulate-oval,  repandly  toothed,  hirsute; 

cauline  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping:   siliques  very  long,  erect.     12 — 18  i.     Oregon. 

brachycfirpa,  T.  &  G.  (p.  ^.)  glabrous  and  glaucous:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  toothed; 
cauline  ones  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  sagittate  and  somewhat  clasping:  siliques 
short,  rather  broadly  linear:  pedicels  of  the  flowers  pendulous,  of  the  fruit  spreading 
or  ascending.     Mch. 

17—2.     Tussila'go.     .55.     Eupa.  dem.  bit.  r.  ton. 

far'fara,  (colt's  foot.  y.  Ap.  2i-)  scape  single-flowered,  scaly:  leaves  cordate,  angular 
toothed,  downy  beneath.  The  flower  appears  long  before  the  leaves.  4 — 6  i.  W. 
T.  P.  N.  C.  O.  F.  V. 

Sub-Gknus  Nakdosmia. 

frisrifia,  W.  (mountain  colt's  foot.  y.  M.  Zf.)  thyise  fastigiate:  flowers  with  rays: 
Feaves  roundish-cordate,  unequally  toothed,  tomentose  beneath.      V. 

sa<riUat(i,  Ph.  (VV.  2i-)  thyrse  ovate,  fastigiate:  flowers  with  rays:  leaves  radical, 
oblong,  acute,  sagittate,  very  entire;   lobes  obtuse. 

palmala,  W.  (VV.  Ap.  2i.)  thyrse  ftstigiate:  flowers  with  obsolete  rays:  leaves  round- 
ish-cordate,  half  7-lobed,  gash-toothed,  tomentose  beneath.     N.  D. 

corymbosa,  Hk.  (  )  leaves  cordate  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  angular-dentate,  tomen- 


tose beneath.     A. 


19—3.     Ty'pha.     8.     Typh.  ton—. 


Itilifolia,  (cat-tail,  reed-mace.  O.  Ju.  2J.)  leaves  linear,  flat,  slightly  convex  beneath: 
staminate  and  pistillate  ainents  close  together.     Wet.     4 — (if.     S.     Mch. 

aniruslifolia,  (W.  Ju.  21- )  leaves  linear,  channelled,  semi  cylindric  below,  and  flattisli 
above:  staminate  and  pistillate  aments  a  little  separated.  Not  so  large  as  the  last 
species.     Wet.     3 — 5  f.     S.     P.  F. 

Turritis.  Lat  turris,  a  tower  or  turret,  the  leaves  and  flowers  giving  the  stem  a 
pyramidal  form. 

Tussilago.  Lat.  lussis,  a  cough,  and  ago,  lo  drive  or  act  upon,  from  its  reputed  effi- 
cacy. 

Typha.     Gr.  tiphos,  a  bog  or  inarsh;  from  its  residence. 


464  ULEX,    URALEPSI5, 


Udora,  Serpicula. 

16—10.     U'lf.s.     93.     Legu.  r.  lax. 

Exotic. 

curopa'us,  (furze.  M.  ^.)  leaves  lance-linear,  villose:  bracts  ovate,  lax:  branchlets 
erect. 

5 — 2.     Ul'mus.     99.     Ulmas.  ton.  muc.  dem. 

■americana,  Mx.  (elm,  white  elm.  O.  g-p.  Ap.  fp.)  branches  smooth:  leaves  oblique 
at  the  base,  having  acuminate  serratures  a  little  hooking:  flowers  pedicelled;  fruit 
fringed  with  dense  down.  Var.  pendula,  has  hanging  branches  and  smoothish 
leaves.  Rafinesque  says  this  is  a  distinct  species.  40 — 70  f  .S?.  Mch. 
Jidza.  Mx.  (1)  (slippery-elm,  red-elm.  O.  Ap.  ';.)  branches  scabrous,  whitish:  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  nearly  equal  at  the  base,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  both 
sides,  very  scabrous:  buds  tomentose,  with  very  dense  yellowish  wool:  flowers  ses- 
sile.    The  bark  is  very  mucilaginous.     20 — 40  f.     iS'.     Mch. 

neinornUs.  (river  elm.  Ap.  >?.)  leaves  oblong,  smoothish,  equally  serrate,  nearly 
equal  at  the  base:   flowers  sessile.^    5'. 

racemnsa,  Thomas.  (  fp  .)  flowers  in  racemes;  pedicels  in  distinct  fascicles,  united 
at  their  bases:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent 
beneath:  stigmas  recurved.     A  large  tree. 

Southern. 

alaia,  Mx.  (2)  (whahoo.  March.  >-.)  branches  on  each  side  winged  with  a  cork-like 
bark:  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute,  nearly  equal  at  the  base:  fruit  pubescent,  ciliate. 
30  f. 

3—2.     Uki'ola.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod— . 

laiifoUa.  Mx.  (W.  A.  Ap.  1[-)  leaves  broad,  flat:  panicle  loose,  nodding:  spikelets 
long-peduncled:  florets  sub-falcate,  monandrous;  lowest  ones  abortive.    4  f.    <S.    P. 

gra'cilis,  Mx.  (W.  Au.  If.)  panicle  elongated,  racemose,  appressed:  spikelets  3- 
flowered:  florets  spreading,  straight,  monandrous:  lowest  ones  abortive.  3 — 4  f. 
-S.     Y.  K. 

spica'ta,  (3)  (W.  L.  Au.  71-)  panicle  spiked,  straight:  leaves  involute,  distichous, 
spreading:  spikelets  5  to  9-flowered:  florets  triandrous.     18  i.     S.     Y.  E.  C. 

■strkta,  T.  (W.  21-)  very  smooth:  leaves  narrow,  erect:  panicle  erect,  contracted: 
spikelets  linear-oblonff,  many-flowered:  flowers  straight,  awnless.  Intermediate 
between  Festuca  and  Uniola; 'perhaps  a  Ceratochloa.     Torrey.     1  f. 

Southern. 

paniculata,  (4)  (sea-side  oats.  L.  Ju.  21.)  panicle  large,  compressed:  spikes  sub- 
sessile:  glume  4  to  5-valved:  flowers  triandrous.     4 — 6  f. 

ni'tida,  Bald.  (Ju.)  leaves  flat,  narrow:  panicle  scattered,  spreading:  spikes  few,  sub- 
sessile:  glume  3-valved:  flowers  monandrous.     2 — 5  f. 

3 — 2.     Uralep  SIS.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton.  fod—. 

aristulata,  N.  (5)  (Au.  §-.)  lateral  panicles  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves: 
terminal  ones  partly  exsert:  glumes  3-flowered:  bristle  of  the  paleas  as  long  as  the 
lateral  cusps.     Whole  plant  covered  with  a  viscid  acid  secretion.     T.     1  f. 


Ulex.     Celt,  ec  or  ac,  a  point;  which  is  applicable  enough  to  its  appearance. 
Ulmus.     Lat.  ulmus,  which  is  from  Celt,  elm,  having  remained  unchanged  in  English. 
Uniola.     Lat.  unns,  one,  so  named  from  the  aggregation  of  many  glumes  in  one  calyx. 
Uralepsis.     Gr.  onra,  a  tail,  and  Irpis,  a  scale  or  glume,   intended  to  indicate  the 

singularly  caudate  appearance  of  the  outer  corol  valve. 

(I)  aspera,  M.     rubra,  Mx.  younger.      (2)  puraila,  Wr.      (3)  distichophylla,  Rs. 
Festuca  distichophylla,   Mx.  (4)   maritima,  Mx.  (5)  Aira  purpurea,  M. 

not  Wr. 


URALEPSIS,    UTRICULARIA.    ■•  465 

Southern. 

piiipurea,  Wr.  (1)  (S.  ^?)  leaves  subulate:  panicle  small,  racerned:  paleas  villose; 

outei  valve  tnoie  than  twice  the  lenj^th  of  the  glume,  when  mature  deeply  3-parted, 

3-nerved  and  reflected;  middle  division  with  an  awn  as  long  as  the  valve.     Whole 

plant  has  a  strong  saline  tasle.     E.     2  f! 
Cbrnuta,  E.  (         )  culm  and  leaves  very  narrow,  pilose:  panicle  slenderi  middle  awn 

bf  the  paleas  longer  than  the  valve,  finely  recurved.     2  f. 

19_4.     Urti'ca.     98.     Urti.  a^t.  diu.  h.  irr. 

pumila,  (2)  (stingless  nettle,  rich-weed,  clear-weed.  O.  Ju.  O.)  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved,  serrate,;  lower  petioles  as  long  as  the  leaves:  flowers 
monoecious,  triandrous,  in  corymbed  heads,  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Stem 
smooth  and  sliining;  when  in  deep  shades,  the  stem  is  pellucid.  8 — 12  i.  S. 
Mch. 

urcns,  (dwarf  stinger.  J.  ^.)  leaves  opposite,  oval,  about  5-nerved,  sharply  serrate: 
spikes  glomerate,  in  pairs.     9—14  i.     S.     N.  P.  T.  Y.  B.  C. 

dioica,  (common  nettle.  O.  J.  2X.)  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  lance-bvate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate: flowers  difficious:  spikes  panicled,  glomerate,  in  pairs,  longer  than  the 
petioles.     2—3  f.     S.     Mch. 

prucera,  W.  (great  nettle.  O.  Ju.  21-)  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  lance-ovate,  serrate: 
petioles  ciliale:  flowers  dioscious-  spikes  somewhat  branched,  glomerate,  in  pairs, 
equalling  the  petiole.  Var.  gracilis,  slender:  leaves  lance-ovate;  leaves  and  petioles 
hispid.  Not  so  common  as  the  last,  which,  if  examined  before  full  maturity,  may 
be  mistaken  for  this.     3 — 4  f.     S. 

capituta,  (J.  If-)  leaves  alternate,  heart-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate;  3-nerved,  twice  as 
long  as  the  petiole:  glomeriiles  spiked:  the.  spikes  are  solilaiy,  shorter  than  the 
lenves,  leafy  above:  stem  naked.     3—5  f.     S.     P.     Canada.     Mch. 

canadf.nsis,  (3)  (canada  nettle,  albany  hemp.  Ju.  Zi!.)  leaves  alternate,  heart-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  hispid  both  sides:  panicles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  spread- 
branched;  the  lower  staminate  ones  longer  than  the  petioles;  upper  pistillate  one 
elongated:  stem  covered  with  stings,  .5—6  feet  high.  Var.  divaricata,  has  smoolhish 
leaves,  and  sometimes  very- spreading,  solitary  panicles.  4 — 6  f.  S^.  T.  P.  B. 
C.  O.  F.  N.     Mch. 

Southern. 

chamoedroides,  (Ph.  March  0.)  leaves  opposite,  sub-sessile,  ovate,  serrate,  strigose 
beneath:  clusters  of  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  sub-globose,  reflexed.  Prickles  white, 
conspituous,  stimulant.     4 — G  i. 

2 — 1.     Utricula'kia.     35.     Lent.  ton—. 

ceratophylla,  Mx.  (4)  (hooded  millfoil.  W.  y.  Ju.  $ .)  leaves  inflated,  6-whorled,  with 
branching,  capillary  filaments  on  the  sides:  flowers  sub-corymbed:  upper  lip  of  the 
corol  somewhat  3-lobed;  lower  lip  deeply  3-lobed;  spur  short,  flattened-conoid,  ob- 
tuse, deeply  emarginate,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol:  fruit  nodding: 
root  very  long,  branching.     8  i.     S.     P.  Y.  B. 

macrorhiza,  (5)  (bladderwort.  W.  y.  J.  7X-)  leafless,  floating:  scape  many-flow- 
ered, furnished  with  large  scales;  flowers  racemed:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  sub- 
3-Iobed;  lower  lip  entire,  with  the  sides  deflected;  palate  large,  with  brown  stripes; 
spur  elongated,  approacliing  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol,  obtuse,  emarginate,  conic  at 
the  base;  linear  at  the  tip:  fruit  nodding:  root  very  long,  very  branching.  6 — 8  i. 
S.     T.  B.  P.  C.  O.  F.  N.     Mch. 

striata,  Le  Conte.  (6)  (y.  J.  Q.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  with  1—2  scales,  5—6- 
flowered:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  broad,  expanded,  3-lobed;  intermediate  lobe  striate; 
lower  lip  sub-3-lobed,  sides  reflected;  palate  with  brown  spots;  spur  nearly  linear, 


Urtica.     Lat.  uro,  to  burn;   from  its  stinging  properties. 

Utricularia.     Lat.  utriculus.   a  little  bladder,   tVom  the  little  bladders  which  serve  to 

float  the  plant,  in  some  species. 

(1)  Aha,  Wr.  (2)  Adesia  trinerva,  R.  (3)  whitlowi,  M.  (4)  inflata, 

Wr.  (5)  vulgaris,  Ph.  not  L.  (6)  cornuta.  Ph.  not  Mx.     fibrosa,  E.  not  Wr. 

biflora,  Vahl.? 

59 


466  UTRICULARIA,    UVULARIA. 

elongated,  obtuse,  emarginate,  appressed  to  the  lip  of  the  corol,  &nd  nearly  as 
long.     S.     Y.    P.  N.  • 

gibba,  (y.  Ju.  71.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  naked:  upper  Iip/)f  the  corol  emarginate; 
lower  lip  sub-3-lobed;  middle  lobe  sub-revolute,  tienat^  spur  gibbous,  incurved, 
obtuse,  entire.     1—3 1.     8.     T.  Y.     Pilisfield.     Mch. 

fornictUa,  Le  Conle.  (1)  (y.  Au.  0.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  naked,  1— 2-flowered: 
upper  lip  of  the  corol  :;5-lobed;  middle  lobe  arclied  over  the  palate;  lateral  ones  ap- 
pressed; lower  lip  entire;  spur  incurved,  conoid,  obtuse,  entire,  appressed  to  the 
lower  lip  of  the  corol.     S. 

purpurea,  VVr.  (2)  (W.  p.  Au.  Zf.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  2 — 3-flowered:  upper  lip 
of  the  corol  truncate,  emarginate;  lower  lip  3-lobed;  lateral  lobes  saccate;  palate 
small;  spur  flattened-conoid,  entire,  appressnd  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol:  root 
branching:  branches  4— 5-whorIed.     .S.     P.   Y.   13.   D.     Mch.     S— C. 

persunatii,  Le  Conte.  (y.  CJ-)  leafless,  rooting:  scape  with  scales,  many-flowered: 
flowers  racemed:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  emarginate,  reclined;  loiver  lip  small,  en- 
tire, obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  palate  large,  prominent;  spur  linear-subulate,  acutish, 
somewhat  pendulous:   root  small,  naked.     4 — 8  i.     S.     S — C. 

sdncca,  (3)  (y.  .1.  0.)  leafless,  rooting:  scape  with  scales,  setaceous,  distantly 
many-flowered:  upper  lip  of  the  corol  short,  entire;  the  sides  revolute  at  the  tip; 
lower  lip  deeply  3-lobed;  spur  subulate,  entire,  as  long  as  the  lower  lip:  root  small, 
naked.     .S'.     C.  F.     S— C. 

cormita,  Mx.  (leafless  bladder-wort. ^V.  y.  Ju.  Zf.)  spur-nectary  subulate,  lengthened 
out  longer  than  the  corol.  nearly  vertical,  acute;  lower  lip  of  the  corol  broad,  3- 
lobed:  scape  with  two  nearly  sessile  flowers  at  the  top;  no  leaves  at  the  base,  but 
having  dense  alternate  tufts  of  radical  leaves.     T.  B.  N.   D.     Mch. 

minor,   VV.  (Ju.  y.  )  nectary  carinate;   upper  lip  emarginate,  equal  to  the  palate: 

leaves  dichotomously  3-parted:  corol  with  throat  open.     Mob. 

Southern. 

loiigirustris,  (y.  Q.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  with  scales,  1 — 2  flowered:  upperlip  of 
the  corol  sub-3-lobed;  lateral  lobes  appressed;  lower  lip  rather  entire;  si)ur  linear- 
subulate,  ascending,  sub-incurved,  emarginate  longer  than  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corol. 

inlegra,  (4)  (y.  0.)  leafless,  floating:  scape  with  scales  1— 2-flowered:  upper  lip  of 
the  corol  sub-3-lobed;  lateral  lobes  sub-involute;  lower  lip  entire;  spur  flattened- 
conoid,  obtuse,  entire,  nearly  eqiialling  the  lower  lip. 

fibrosa,  Wr.  (y.  )  scape  2-flowered:  flowers  large:  sjjur  obtu.se:  leaves  root-shaped, 
fibrous.     This  and  the  next  species  are  not  satisfactorily  defined.     Le  Conte. 

b'iflora,  Lk.  (y.  Ju.  )  nectary  subulate,  straight,  nearly  equalling  the  upperlip:  scape 
about  2-flowered:   leaves  setaceous. 

G — 1.     Uvula'kia.     12.     Smil.  dem.-ton — . 

peifoliata,  (bellwort.   O.   y.  M.  If.)   leaves  perfoliate,   oval,    ol)tuse,    (lance-linear  or 

oval-oblong  in  the   youirg  state:)  corol  bell  liliaceous,  scabrous  or  granular  vvitiiin: 

anthers  cuspidate.     8 — 12  i.     S.     Mch. 
graiidiflora,  S.  (.5)  (W.    y.  M.  2i.)   leaves   perfoliate,    oblong,   acute:   petals  smooth 

within:   anthers  obtusish;   nectaries  roundish.     Flowers  laro-e.     9 1.5  i      S      T 

V.  O.     Mch.  " 

sessilifolia.  (O.   y.  M.   Zf.)    leaves  sessile,    lance-oval,    becoming   glaucous   beneath; 

petals  flat,  smooth  within:  capsule  stiped,   (laised  above  the  receptacle  on  a  little 

stem:)  stem  glabrous.     8 — 12  i.     iS.     Mch. 

Southern. 

puberu'la,  Mx.  (A.  )  leaves  oval,   rounded  at  the  base,   somewhat  clasping,  both 

sides  colored  alike:  capsule  sessile,  ovate. 

Uvularia.     So  named  from  the  throat  of  the  flowers  being  similar  to  the  uvula  of  the 

throat. 

(1)  gibba,  E.  not  L.     minor,  Ph.  not  L.     pumila,  Wr.7  (2)  saccata,  4th  ed. 

(3)  subulata,  Gron.?  (4)  bipartita,  E,  (5)  lanceolata.   W.       perfoliata 

major,  Mx. 


VACOINIUM.  467 


10—1.     Vaccin'ium.     51.     Vacc.  f.  res.  ton.  lax. 
1 .     Leaves  deciduous. 

stamin.*'eum,  (squaw  whortleberry,  deer  berry.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  oval,  acute,  entire, 
glaucous  beneath:  pedicel.s  solitary,  axillar}',  filiform:  corol  spreading,  bell-form; 
divisions  oblong,  acute:  anthers  essert,  awned  on  tlie  back:  berry  pear-fonu.  Var. 
aUiiim,  has  tiie  nerves  and  veins  of  the  leaves  hairy,  and  the  berry  globose.  Pursh 
makes  this  variety  a  distinct  species;  but  Smith  says  it  can  iiaidly  be  called  a 
variety.  Berries  of  this  species  are  large,  green,  and  mealy  glaucous  when  ripe. 
2-3  f.     &. 

dumo'sum,  C.  (1)  (bush  whortleberry.  O.  w.  J.  h.)  brancjilets,  leaves  and  racemes  a 
little  hispid,  bedewed  with  resinous  specks:  llie  leaves  oblong-obovate,  acute  at  the 
base,  mucronate,  entire,  both  sides  colored  alike:  racemes  bracted:  pedicis  short, 
axillary,  sub-soiitary,  2-bracted  near  the  middle:  corol  bell-form;  divisions  round- 
ish, including  tlie  anthers.  Var.  IditcUum,  (2)  racemes  and  calyx  pilose:  berries 
hispid.  12—18  1.  ^'. 
Jrondosum.  (3)  (blue  whortleberry.  O.  w.  M.  ^.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtusish, 
entire,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  bedewed  '.vith  many  resinous  dots:  racemes  lax, 
bracted:  pedicels  long,  tiliform,  bracted:  bracts  linear:  corol  ovate-bell-form,  with 
acute  divisions  and  enclosing  the  anthers.  Var.  laiiceoiaUun,  having  lanceolate 
leaves  acute  at  both  ends.     Kerries  large  and  blue.     3  f.     »S. 

rcsiiiosum,  (4)  (black  whortleberry.  O.  p.  M.  h .)  leaves  slender,  petioled,  oblong- 
oval,  Tnoslly  obtuse,  entire,  bedewed  with  resinous  specks  beneath:  racemes  lateral, 
1-sided:  pedicels  short,  somewhat  bracted:  corol  ovate-conic,  5-cornered.  Berries 
black.  One  variety  has  a  yellowish-green,  and  another  has  a  reddish-yellow  corol. 
1—4  f.     S.     Mch. 

con/m/josvm,  (5)  (giant  whortleberry,  blue  bilberry.  O.  w.  M.  fp .)  flower-bearing 
branchlets  almost  leafless;  leaves  oblong  oval,  acute  at  both  ends,  mucronate,  sub- 
entire,  subtomentose  beneath,  and  hairy  both  sides  when  young,  but  glabrous  above, 
and  a  little  hairy  at  the  veins  beneath  when  mature:  racemes  short,  sessile,  with 
scaly  bracts:  corols  cylindric-ovate:  calyx  erect:  style  somewhat  exsert.  Var. 
amaauia,  has  the  style  not  exsert,  and  the  racemes  are  crowded:  corol  cylindric, 
and  the  calyx  retlexed.  The  twigs  are  reddish,  flowers  large,  with  a  reddi.sh  tinge. 
Yar.fiiscdiiim.,  has  the  leaves  a  little  serrulate,  glabrous:  corymbed  racemes  terminal: 
pedicels  long  and  nodding:  corol  cylindric.  with  short  direct  divisions:  style  hardly 
exsert.  Flowers  striped  with  red;  calyx  brown.  Berries  black.  In  wet  ground  this 
species  grows  very  large.     4 — 12  f.     /S.     Mch. 

penusylcdiucum,  Mx.  (6)  (black-blue  whortleberry.  O.  r.  g.  M.  h.)  branches  angled 
above:  dark  green:  leaves  sub-sessile,  lance-oval,  mucronate,  serrulate,  both  sides 
shining:  fascicles  of  flowers  crowded,  sub-te-rminal:  corol  ovate,  5-toollied.  Very 
branching,  leaves  flat,  m^mbiauaceou.-:  calyx  green.     12 — 18  i.     iS.     Mch. 

ligusl.ri'num,  Mx.  (p.  r.  J.  ^f^.)  branches  angular:  leaves  sub-sessile,  erect,  lanceolate, 
mucronate,  serrulate:  fa.scicles  gemmaceous,  sesi^ile;  flowers  nearly  sessile:  corol 
oblong-ovate. 

tencUuin,  A.  (dwarf  whortleberry.  A.  r-w.  M.  >?.)  racemes  bracted,  sessile:  coiol  cylin- 
dric-ovate: leaves  oblong-oval,  somewhat  wedge-form,  serrulate,  nearly  smooth. 
W.  ?.   B.     White  hills. 

uliginosniH,  (r-w.  Ap.  h.)  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  very  entire,  glabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent and  glaucous  beneath:  flowers  sub-solitary,  octandrous:  corol  short-ovate,  4- 
cleft.  Var.«  a//jiiium,  Bw.  (7)  (winter-green  whortleberry.  A.)  leaves  obovate, 
entire:  flowers  sub-solitary:  berries  oblong,  crowned  with  the  style.  1 — 2  f .  White 
hills.     Mt.  Marcy,  (McComb's.)     Dewey. 

myrlilul'des,  Mx.  (Ap.  ^.)  leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  membranaceous,  very  entire, 
pubescent  on  the  margin  beneath,  and  near  the  nerves:  flowers  scattered,  sub- 
solitary,  very  short-pedicelled.     Labrador. 


Vaccinium.     Lat.  vaccinium,  the  bilberry,  which  some  say  is  altered  from  baccinium 

a  berry. 

(1)  frondosum,  Mx.  ('^"i  Jiirtellum,  A.  (3)  glaucum,  Mx.  (4)  Andromeda 
baccata,  Wm.  (5  dismorphum,  Mx.  album,  Lk.  amocnnm,  W.  (6)  virgatum 
W.     tenellum.  Ph.  not  Alton,  Bw.         (7)  gaultheroides,  Bw. 


468  VAGCfNIUM,    VALERIANA. 

caspitosum,  Mjc-  (  ^0  small,  cespitose,  very  glabrous:  leaves  wedge-obovate,  round- 
obtuse,  distinctly  serrate,  membranaceous:  flowers  on  the  branches  solitary,  sub- 
sessile:  corol  short-pedicelled.     3  i.     Labrador. 

2.     Leaves  evergreen. 

m'tis-i'dcm,  (bilberry,  cowberry,  w-r.  M.  Tj.)  low:  stem  creeping,  branchlets  erect: 
leaves  obovate,  emarginate,  reyolute,  sub-serrulate:  shining  above,  punctate  beneaths 
racemes  terminal,  nodding:  corol  bell-cylindric.  Sometimes  tetrandrous.  B. 
Monadnok.     Canada. 

ovatum.  Ph.  (W.  M.  ^.)  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acute,  revolute,  serrate,  glabrous, 
coriaceous;  racemes  axilary  and  terminal,  bracted,  short:  corol  cylindric:  calyx 
acute. 

ohtusum,  Ph.  (W.  \-.)  creeping:  leaves  small,  oval,  roundish-obtuse  at  each  end, 
piucronate,  very  entire,  glabrous,  coriaceous:  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1 -flowered. 

Southern. 

arho'reum,  Marshall,  (farkleberry.  w.  M.  fp.)  leaves  petioled,  obovate,  acute  at  each 
end,  mucronate,  glandular-serrate,  shiningabove,  net-veined,  sub-pubescent  beneath: 
racemes  bracted,  nodding:  pedicels  axiliarj',  solitary,  filiform:  corol  cylindric-bell- 
form:  divisions  acute:  anthers  inclosed,  awned  on  the  back.  8 — 20  f.  Charleston, 
S— C.     Florida. 

pal'lidum,  A.  (M.  ^.)  leaves  ovat-e,  acute,  serrulate,  glabrous:  racemes  bracted: 
corol  cylindric-bell-form.     A  doubtful  species.     Ph. 

galezans,  Mx.  (y-w.  M.  \ .)  leaves  sessile,  wedge-lanceolate,  sub-serrulate,  veined, 
pubescent:  fascicles  sessile:  pedicels  very  short:  calyx  acuminate:  corol  ovate; 
throat  very  compressed:   style  exsert. 

myrtifolinm,  Mjc.  (  h .)  creeping,  very  glabrous:  leaves  petioled,  oval,  lucid,  revolute, 
sparingly  denticulate:  fasciples  axillary,  sub-sessile,  few-flowered:  corol  sub-glo- 
bose-bell-form, with  5  small  short  teeth:  anthers  awned  on  the  back.  Leaves  pe- 
rennial: berries  black. 

crassifolmm,  Ph.  (r.  J.  Tp .)  diftuse:  branches  ascending,  lax:  leaves  lance-oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  serrate,  rigid,  glabrous:  racemes  terminal,  corymbed,  bracted, 
few-flowered;  flowers  nodding:  calyx  appressed:  corol  bell-form,  spreading,  deeply 
and  acutely  5-toothed.     Leaves  perennial. 

nitidum,  Ph.  (r.  M.  ^.)  r>rect,  very  branching;  branches  2-ranked:  leaves  shining, 
oval-obovate,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous,  serrate:  racemes  terminal,  corymbed, 
bracted,  nodding:  corol  cylindric.     Leaves  evergreen. 

myrsini'tis,  Mx.  (p.  M.  ^.j  erect,  very  branching,  small-leavedi  leaves  sessije,  oval, 
mucronate,  sub-serrulate,  smooth  and  lucid  above,  sub  hirsute  and  scabrous  punc- 
tate beneath:  fascicles  gemmaceous.  terminal  and  lateral:  corol  oblong-ovate.  Var. 
lanceoLaluin,  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end.  Var.  oitoswm,  leaves  roundish- 
obovate.     Leaves  evergreen. 

I'UX'folium,  Ph.  (I)  (W.  w.  J.  f>.}  low:  leaves  obovate,  crenate-toothed,  glabrous: 
fascicles  crowded,  sub-sessile,  axillary  and  terminal:  corol  shoit-ovate:  filaments 
glandular:  stigma  capitate.     Leaves  evergreen. 

Vaccinium,  OxYcoccus. 

3 — L     Yagina'ria.     9.     Cype.  fod — . 

Sovtliern. 

Scirpoides,  Mx.  (2)  (21-)  culm  leafless,   sheathed:   spike  ovate,  sub-solitary;  scales 

lance-spatulate.     12 — 18  i. 

3 — 1.     Valeria'na.     56.     Vale.  r.  ner-|-.  sed-j-.  paZ. 

dioica,  W.  (r.  J.  210  glabrous:  radical  leaves  sub-spatulate-ovate,  entire,  very  long 
petioled;  cauline  ones  few,  pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceolate,  very  entire  and  sub- 
dentate,  obtusish.     Hudson's  Bay. 

Vatrinaria.     Lat.  vagina,  a  sheath,  from  the  stem  being  clothed  with  leafless  sheaths. 
Valeriana.     Lat.  valeo,  to  be  powerful,  in  allusion  to  the  many  powerful  virtues  of 

the  plant. 

1^1)  brachycerum,  Mx.         (2)  richardi,  P.     Fuirena,  Mx. 


VALERIANA,  VERBASCUM.  469 

pauciftora,  Mx.  (W.  w.  J.  Zf.), lower  leaves  pinnate;  upper  ones  ternate;  leafets  oval, 

acute,  serrate:  panicle  lax,  few-flowered,     o  t".     &'.     K. 
sijlcatica,  Banks^.  (  )  glabrous,  erect:   stem  striate:  radical  leaves  petioled,  ovate, 

or   sub-spatulalc,  undivided:    cauiine   ones   parted-pinnale;    divisions   lance-ovate, 

somelimes  eiiiire:    flowers   perfect:  lobes  of  tjie  stig.na  minute,  2  to  3:   fruit  ovate, 

compressed,  glabrous.     R.     Newfoundland.     Mcli. 
capituta,  W.  (  )  stem  erect,  glabrous,  pubescent  at  the  joints:  radical  leaves 

petioled;    sub-rotund,   simple;    cauiine  ones   sub-sessile,   simple   or  gasli-ternale; 

leafets  sinuate-serrate,  ovate;  upper  one  large:  panicle  densely  capitate:  bracts  very 

long:  tube  of  the  corol  elongated:  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  glabrous.     A. 

Exotic, 
phu,  (valerian.  21.)  cauiine  leaves  pinnate,  radical  ones  undivided:  stem  smooth. 

Southern, 
obovata,  Dc.  Described  under  Phyllactis. 

Valeriana,  Fedia. 

3 — 1.     Vale'rianel'la.     56.     Vale.  r.  ner-f--  sed.  pal. 

coerulca,  (1)  (b-w.  J.  Q.)  stem  dichotomous  above,  ciliate-angled:  radical  leaves 
obovate:  cauiine  ones  spatulate-oblong,  ciliate;  upper  ones  toothed  at  the  base: 
involucre  ciliate,  scarious  at  the  tip:  fruit  compressed,  rhomboidal.  A  very  small 
species.  The  size  of  the  plant  and  habit  is  the  most  striking  difference  between 
this  and  the  Fedia  radiata.     4  i.     Maryland. 

20—2.     Val'lisne'kia.     22.     Hydr.  ton—. 

spiralis,  var.  americana,  (tape  grass.  W.  w.  Au.  If.)  leaves  floating,  linear,  obtuse, 
serrulate  at  the  summit,  tapering  at  the  base:  peduncle  of  the  pistillate  flower 
long;  of  the  staminate  short  and  erect.  In  the  river  Hudson  from  Stillwater  to  the 
Highlands.     S.     T.  C.  P.  B.  N.  H.     Peekskill. 

G — 1.     Vancouveria.     78.     Berb.  b.  r.  ton^-.  dye.  f.  ref-f. 

hexandra,  Morr.  &  Decaisne.  (y.  w.)  leaves  radical,  2  to  3-ternate:  scape  slender, 
simple:  flowers  in  a  lax,  slightly  panicled  raceme,  on  filiform  nodding  pedicels. 
Oregon. 

6 — 3.     Vera'trum.     13.     Mela.  asc.  esc.  poi. 

viride,  (2)  (itchweed,  Indian  poke,  white  hellebore.  O.  g.  J.  2S-)  racemes  panicled: 
bracts  of  the  branches  lance-oblong,  the  bract  of  tlie  flowers  longer  than  the  sub- 
pubescent  peduncles:  leaves  broad-ovate,  plaited,  many-nerved.     3 — 5  f.     S. 

angustifoliuin,  Ph.  (W.  A.  g-y.  J.  21.)  flowers  monoscious  and  dioecious:  panicle 
snnple:  petals  linear:  leaves  very  long-linear,  keeled.     Tall.     &     K. 

Southern. 
parviflorum,  Mx.  (A.  g.  Ju.)  leaves  lance-oval,  flat,  glabrous:  panicle  slender:  spread- 
ing: petals  acute  at  each  end,  starniniferous. 

Veratrum,  Helo.nias. 

5—1.     Verbas'cum.     38.     Sola.  1.  cata+. 

thap'sus,  (mullein.  O.  y.  J.  Q.)  leaves  decurrent,  downy  both  sides:  stem  generally 
simple,  though  sometimes  branched  above:  flowers  in  a  cylindric-spike.     When 

Valerianella. 

Vallisneria.     In  honor  of  Anthony  Vallisneri,  a  noted  French  botanist. 

Veratrum.     Some  derive  it  from  Lat.  vere  atrurn,  truly  black,  from  its  black  root. 

Veibascum.     Lat.     As  if  burbuscum,   from  barba,   a  beard,  from  its  hairy,  shaggy 

leaves. 

(1)  Fedia  coerula,  MSS.  of  Aikin.     Some  authors  have  removed  all  our  species  of 
Fedia  to  this  genus.     Both  genera  need  reviewing  and  comparing.     (2)  album,  Mx. 


470  VERBASCUM,  VERRESINA. 

botanists  are  bo  infatuated  with  wild  speculation,  as  to  tell  as  the  mullein  was- 
introduced,  they  give  our  youngest  pupils  occasion  to  sneer  at  their  teachers.  Var. 
thapsoides,  stem  brandies.     ;j — 6  f.     jS. 

llaUa'ria,  (moth  mullein,  sleek  mullein.  W.  p- w.  w-y.  J.  $ .)  leaves  glabrous,  tooth- 
serrate;  lower  ones  oblong-obovate;  upper  ones  heart-ovate  clasping:  pedicels  1- 
flovvered,  in  a  teiniinal  panicle-raceme.  Var.  alba,  leaves  toothed:  tlowers  white. 
Var.  Lutm,  (1;  leaves  doubly  serrate:  flowers  yellow.  2— 3  f.  S.  T.  N.  Y.  P. 
B.  C.  O.  H.  xM.  F.     Mch. 

bjclmltis,  (VV.  y.  J.  $ .)  leaves  oblong-wedge-form,  white-downy  beneath:  spikes  lax, 
lateral  and  terminal.     jS.     P.    ' 

13 — 1.     Vkrbe'na.     41,     Verb.  h.  dis.  cata.  aro, 

spuria,  (W.  b.  Ju.  21-  $■)  stem  decumbent,  with  spreading  branches:  leaves  ia 
many-eleft  divisions:  spikes  filiform:  bracts  exceeding  the  calyx.  1 — 2  f.  S. 
P.  Y.  C. 

hastatii,  (vervain,  simpler's  joy.  O.  p-w.  Ju.  71-)  erect,  tall:  leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, gash-serratf»;  lower  ones  sometimes  gash-hastate:  spikes  linear,  panicled, 
sub-imbricate.  Var.  pinnatijlda,  has  the  leaves  gash-pinnatitid,  coarsely  toothed. 
Var.  oljlon<rifolifi.  leaves  lance-oblong,  deeply-serrate,  acute:  spikes  filiform,  pani- 
cled.    2— 5f.     &     Mch. 

uriici/oUa,  (nettle-leaf  vervain.  O.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  erect,  sub-puhescent:  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  petioled:  spikes  filiform,  axillary  and  terminal:  flowers  remotish. 
2— 4f.     S.     Mch. 

arnrustifiilin.,  Mx.  (2)  (pigmy  Vervaiu-  V\'.  b.  J.  21-)  low,  erect:  leaves  lance-linear, 
tapering  to  the  base,  lliinly  serrate,  with  channelled  veins:  spikes  filiform,  solitary, 
terminal  or  axillary.     1  f.     ;5f.     N.  P.  Y.  M.  C.  H.     PeekskiU.     Mch. 

Southern. 

auhle'tia,  (3)  (W.  p.  M.  2(.)  assurgent:  spikes  solitary,  imbricate,  long-p^dnncled: 
divisions  of  the  corol  emarginate:  leaves  oval,  deeply  serrate  and  divided,   petioled. 

bracteosa,  Mx.  (4)  (W.  p.  Ju.  2i-)  small,  decumbent,  very  hirsute:  leaves  laciniate: 
flowers  spiked,  sub-iuibricate:  spikes  squarrose  with  very  long-linear  bracts,  spread- 
ing every  way.     D. 

paniculata,  Lk.  (W.  Ap.  Ju.  If.)  erect,  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  undivided:  spikes  filiform,  imbricate,  corymb-panicled.     4 — 6  f. 

diffusa,  Lk.  (p.  21- )  erect,  very  branching:  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate,  sub-pubescent: 
spikes  very  long,  lax,  panicled,  very  diffuse. 

caroUniana,  (.5)  ( VV.  p.  J,  2/.)  eiect,  scabrous:  leaves  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  un- 
equally serrate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sub-sessile:  spikes  very  long,  filiform:  flowers 
distinct.     2  f.     Charleston,  S— C. 

Stricta,\ ewi.  (W.  b.  Ju.  21.)  hirsute,  hoary:  stem  stiftly  erect:  leaves  sessile,  obovate, 
serrate,  suh-tomentose,  very  hirsute:  spikes  straight,  imbricate,  somewhat  fas- 
cicled. Var.  wollis,T.  {\N.  p.)  stem  erect,  simple,  terete,  villose:  leaves  ovate, 
aculish,  unequally  gash-toothed,  teeth  acute,  hirsute  above,  soft-villose  beneath: 
spikes  dense-lJovveied,  straight,  terminal,  somewhat  in  tiirees.  Probably  a  distinct 
species.     T.   D. 

bipiiumtifida.  N.  (W.  b.  J.  Zf.)  somewhat  erect,  hirsute:  leaves  3-cleft,  bipinnatifid; 
divisions  linear:  nuts  deeply  punctate. 

17 — 2.     Verbesi'na.     55.     Anth.  1.  aro.  bit.  deo.  stim. 

siegcshecliia,  Mx.  (0~l  (crownbeard.  y.  Ju.  21.)  stem  winged:  leaves  opposite,  lance- 
ovate,  acuinina'e  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate:  panicle  brachiate:  flowers  in  fasci- 
cles on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     3— 6  f.     8.     P.M.     Charleston^  S—C. 

virginica,  (w.  Ju.  ![■)  stem  narrow-winged:  leaves  alternate,  broad-lanceolate,  sub- 
serrate:  corymb  compound:  involucre  oblong,  pubescent:  ray-florets  3  or  4.  3 — 6  f. 
S.     P.     S-C. 

Verbena.     Lat.  verbena,  from  Cell,  fetfacn,  meaning  to  remove  the  stone,  whence  the 

English  vervain. 
Verbesina.     Altered  from  vcrlima,  to  which  talata  bears  resemblance. 

(J)  claytoni,  Mx.     (2)  rugosa,  VV.      (3)  longiflora,  Lk.     13uchnera  canadensis,  L. 
(4)  Zapania,  Lk.     (5)  Phryma  caroliniensis,  \Vr.      (6)  Siegesbeckia  occidentalis,  L. 


VERBtSINA,     VKROMCA.  471 


^nuata,  E.  (1)  (w.  Oct.  2i.)  leaves  altornato,  sessile,  sinuate,  attenuate  at  tliebase; 
flowers  cor^'uibed:  involucre  imbricate.      1 — (3  t'. 

17 — 1.     Vernon'ia.     53.     Innl.  ton.  stim. 

novehnracensis,  (2)  (tlat-lop.  p.  An.  21-)  tall:  leaves  thick-set,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
rough:  corymb  tlistigiale:  scales  of  the  involucre  filiform  at  the  apex.  4 — 6  f.  &. 
B.  P.  C.  J  J.    M.  F.  N,     Mch. 

jnani'ln,  (3)  (W.  r.  Au.  .'S  )  stem  tall,  angled,  thickly  pubescent:  leaves  thick  set 
lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath:  corymb  fastigiale:  scales  of  the 
involucre  ovate,  acute,  avvnless.  Resembles  the  preceding,  and  probably  only  a 
variety.     4—7  f.     .S".     P. 

■corymhusa,  Sz.  &  Koaling.  (W.  r. )  stem  sulcate,  sub-scabrous:  leaves  thick-set, 
sessile,  sub-clasping,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sliarp-serrate  below,  entire  towards 
the  apex,  scabrous  above,  siuoolh  and  hollovved-punctale  beneath:  corymb  terminal 
fastigiate:  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obluse,  ciliale.      I  f. 

bal<l'wmi,T.  {\W.)  alem  soft  pubet^cent:  leaves  lance-ovate,  sharp-serrate,  scabrous 
above,  pubescent  beneath:  corymb  diffuse,  sub-fasligiate;  involucre  scales  lanceo- 
late, squarrose,  reflexed,  scabrous  pubescent. 

Southern. 

•oligophylla,  yix.  (p.  Ju.  2|.)  stem  simple,  branching  abpve:  radical  leaves  oval; 
cauline  ones  lanceolate;  all  toothed:  corymb  panicled:  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  acuminate.  Varies  vvitii  the  flowers  sub-sessile  and  peduncled.  2  f. 
S— C.     . 

scaher'rimn;  N.  (p.  Ju.  2i-)  leaves  lanc^-jinear,  acute,  close-sessile,  very  scabrous, 
nearly  entire:  corymb  sub-umbelled,  few-rlowered:  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late, naked,  tilifurmly  acuminate.     Stem  simple.     2  f. 

an(rustifi>li(L,  (p.  Ju.  If.)  stem  simple:  leaves  numerous,  long-linear,  nearly  entire: 
corymb  sub-unibeiled:  scales  of  the  involucre  rigidly  mucronate.     3f     S — C. 

tomentu'sa,  E.  (4)  (p.  Au.  ZI-)  stem^  slender,  tomentose  above:  leaves  long,  narrow, 
lanceolate,  very  acutely  serrate,  slightly  scabrous  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath: 
corymb  fastigiate:  scales  of  the  involucre,  tiliform  at  the  apex.     3 — .5  f. 

/asciadulu,  Mx.  (VV,  Au.  21)  leaves  loiiglmear,  sparingly  serrate:  flowers  corymbed, 
erect,  ap|)roxiinate:   involucre  ovoid,  smooth:   scales  unarmed. 

uitis'sima,  JN.  (r))(\V.  p.  Au.  21.)  stem  glabrous:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  some- 
what scabi;ous:  involucre  small  hemispheric;  scales  ovate,  acute,  Ciliale,  unarmed, 
closely  appressed.  Var.  murginata,  T.  t&  J.  (VV.  p.)  stem  glabrous;  leaves  narow- 
landeolate,  glabrous,  very  entire:  corj'mb  fastigiate:  involucre  hemispheiic-turbin- 
ate:  scales  ovate  acute,  arachnoid-ciliate,  a  little  mucronate,  close-appressed. 
This  may  be  a  distinct  species.     T. 

2 — 1.     Vero.ni'ca.     37.     Scrop.  ton — .  cat. 

ojjicinulis,  (speedwell.  \V.  b.  M.  2i.)  sjiikes  lateral,  peduncled:  leaves  opposite,  ob- 
ovate,  hairy:  stem  procumbent,  rough-haired.     9 — 12. i.     8.     T.  Y.  C.  P.  M.  N. 

ser/itjl/ifolia,  (paul's  betony,  smooth  speedvv?ell.  O.  b.  M.  21.)  racemes  terminal,  sub- 
spiked:  leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  crenate:  caipsule  about  as  long  as  the  styles.  2 — 6  i. 
>'.     Mch. 

al//i'na,  L.  (A.)  corymb  terminal:  leaves  opposite,  lance-oblong,  acute,  toothed:  calyx 
hispid. 

anagallis,  (brook  .pimpernel,  long  l^eaved  brooklime.  W.  b.  J.  2f.)  racemes  opposite, 
long,  loose:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate;  stem  erect.  12 — 13  i.  S.  O.  T.  Y.  N. 
P.  C   F.     Canada.     Mch. 


Vernonia.     In  honor  of  Wm.  Vernon,  an  industrious  collector  of  American  plants. 
Veronica.     Etymology  obscure;   the  common  one  is  Lat.  rcnis.,  true,  and  Gr.  eikon, 

a  figure;   probably  lliis  plant  was  dedicated  to  St.  V'eroiiica. 

(1)  laciniata,  N.'  (2)  Chrysocoma  gigantea,  \Vr.  J  (3)  Serratula,  L.  Chry- 
socoma  tomentosa,  Wr.?  (4)  Chrxsocoma  tonientosa,  Wr.?  (5)  Chrysocorna 
gigantea,  Wr.  ? 


472  VERONICA,    VESICARIA. 

beccahun' ga,  (brook-lime.  b.  J.  2^.)  racemes  opposite:  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  sub-ser- 
rate, glabrous:  stem  procumbent,  rooting  at  the  base.  Probably  a  variety  of  the- 
last.     9—18  i.     5?.     B.  P.  0.  F.  N. 

scutella'ta,  (scull-cap  speedwell.  O.  b.  J.  2l.)  racemes  lateral,  alternate;  pedicels  divari- 
cate:  leaves  laiiceliiiear,  somewhat  tootiied.    '9 — 12  i.     Mch. 

arven'sis,  (wall  speedwell.  O.  w-b.  M.  Q.)  flowers  solitary,  nearly  sessile:  lower 
leaves  heart-ovate,  seirate,  petioled;  floral  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  longer  than' 
the  peduncles:  divisions  of  the  calyx  unequal.  Var  rcniformis,  leaves  sessile, 
reniform,  entire.  This  variety  is  made  a  distinct  species  by  Rafinesque.  3 — 8  i. 
;S'.     Mch.  , 

agres'tJ.Si  (field  speedwell,  neckweed.  W.  b.  M.  0.)  flowers  solitary,  leaves  heart- 
ovate,  serrate,  petioled:  stem  procumbent,  pubescent:  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate, 
equal,  pilose.     5— 10  i.     S.     P.  Y.  B. 

peregri'na,  (I)  (purslane  speedwell.  O.  w.  M.  0.)  flowers  sessile,  solitary:  leaves' 
glabrous,  lance-linear,  toothed  and  entire/  obtuse;  lower  ones  opposite:  stem  erect. 
4— 8i.     S'.     Mch. 

hederifodii,  (ivy  speedwell,  w-b.  M.  0.)  flowers  solitary:  leaves  equalling  the  petioles, 
round-cordate,  .5-lobed;  upper  ones  3-lobed;  segments  of  the  calyx  cordate,  acute',^ 
ciliate:  stem  procumbent.     Y. 

Soiithern. 
reniformis,  Ph.  (W.  b.  J.  21-)  spikes peduncled;  peduncles  lateral,  axillary,  1-bracted; 
leaves  opposite,  long-petioled,  heart-reniform,  gash-crenate:  stem  creeping. 

Verqp.ica,  Leptndra. 

14 — 1.     Vesicaria.     (2)     63.     Cruc.  asc.  stim — . 

didymocarpa,  Hk.  (W.       )  white  downy,  down  stellated:  radical  leaves  broad-ovate- 

spatulate;  the  rest   lanceolate,    sub-entire:  calyx  equal:  silicles   large,  inflated,  in 

pairs.     Rocky  Mts.  and  west. 
arctica,  Hk.  (  )  stellately  tomentose;  hoary:  radical  leaves  spatulate:  the  rest 

sub-linear,  very  entire:  calyx   equal;  silicles  globose,  longer  than   the  somewhat 

thickened  style.     A.     Canada. 
luduviciuna,  Dc.  (Ap.  J.  y.  H.)  canescent  with  a  stellate  pTabescence:  radical  leaves 

spatulate,  entire,  obtuse;  cauline    linear:   style  slender,  longer  than  the  ovary,  and 

nearly  as  long  as  the  obovale-globose  silicle.     Oregon,  N.  W.  Coast. 
alpiria,  N.  (     2i-)  dwarf  and  cespilose,  canescent  with    a  dense  stellate  pubescence: 

leaves  Imear-spatulate,   entire:  calyx  equal  at  the  base,   deciduous;  silicle  inflated 

below,  compressed  at  the  summit,  shorter  than  the  slender  style.     Rocky  Mts. 
didymocarpa,  H.  (     ZI.)  canescent  with   a  stellate  pubescence;  radical  leaves  broadly 

obovate-spatulate;  cauline   ones  spatulate-lanceolate,  mostly  entire:  silicles  large, 

inflated,  didymous:  seeds  not  margined.     Rocky  Mts. 

Southern. 

shortii,  T.  &.  G.  (y.  #.)  decumbent,  somewhat  pubescent  with  stellate  hairs:  leaves 
elliptical,  sessile,  entire,  or  slightly  repand:  silicle  globose  with  scarcely  any  stipe: 
style  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  silicle:  seeds  2  in  each  cell,  not  margined: 
petals  obovate:   filaments  dilated  at  the   base.     Kentucky. 

grandiflora,  H.  (  0.)  canescent  with  a  stellate  pubescence:  leaves  sessile,  cuneate- 
oblong,  sinuately  toothed;  silicle  globose,  glabrous:  style  about  two  thirds  the 
length  of  the  silicle:  petals  obcordate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ciilyx:  stamens  thickened 
at  the  base.     Texas. 

repanda,  N.  (  )  stem  minutely  and  sparingly  pubescent,  decumbent:  leaves  linear- 
oblong  or  nearly  linear,  almost  glabrous,  narrowed  at  the  base,  repand,  obtuse:  sili- 
cle obovate-globose,  on  a  short  stipe;  style  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  silicle: 
stigma  capitate:  petals  obovate,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  filaments  subulate. 
Arkansas. 

angustifolia,  N.  (Ap.  0.)  canescenlly  and  stellately  pubescent:  radical  leaves  lyrately 
pinnatifid  or  repandly  toothed,  oblong,  attenuated  at  the  base;  cauline-linear,  entiie 
or  jepand:  silicle  globose,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile:  style  fililorm,  rather  shorter  than 

Vesicaria.     Lat.  vesica,  a  bladder,  from  the  inflated  silicle. 
(1)  caroliniana.  Wr.     carnulosa,  Lk.         (2)  Alyssura,  L. 


VESICARIA,    VIBURNUM. 


473 


the  silicle:  petals  obovate-oblong,  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate  sepals:  filaments 
subulate,  dilated  at  the  base.     Arkansas. 

mdldlii,  T.  &  G.  (y.  O.)  somewhat  pubescent,  branched  from  the  base  and  procum- 
bent: leaves  lanceolate  oblon;^,  obtusely  repand-deiit-ile  or  almost  entire:  .silicle  pyri- 
form-sub-globose,  somewhat  stipitate,  glabrous:  style  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
silicle:  petals  obovate:  filaments  dilated  at  the  base.     12 — 18  i.     Arkansas. 

hretislijla,  T.  &  G.  (O.)  densely  and  stellately  pubescent:  radical  leaves  lyrately  pin- 
naiifid  or  toothed;  cauline  ones  oblong,  sessile,  denlate-serrate:  silicle  globose,  ses- 
sile, glabrous:  style  rather  thick,  one  third  the  length  of  the  silicle:  seeds  margin- 
ed, about  C  in  each  cell:  petals  broadly  obovate:  filaments  dilated  at  the  base. 
Texas. 

gracilis,  H?  (  %.)  somewhat  scabrous  with  sparse  stellate  hairs:  leaves  oblong  and 
linear-oblong,  entire  or  remotely  denticulate:  silicle  globose,  stipitate,  shorter  than 
the  style,  glabrous:  seeds  2 — 3  in  each  cell,  not  margined:  petals  obovate:  filaments 
subulate.     Texas. 

16—10.     Vexilla'ria.     Ea.  (1)    98.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g-h.  asc. 

tirginiana,  W.  (butterfly  weed.  W.  b.  Ju.  H.)  leaves  ternate,  ovate:  calyx  5-parted, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  bracts:  divisions  subulate,  diverging:  legumes  sub-ensi- 
form.     Climbing.     iS'.     P. 

mariana,  Lim.  (July.  Aug.  b.  21.)  glabrous  stem  somewhat  twining  or  trailing:  leaves 
3-fi)liolate,  ovate-oblongor  ovate-lanceolate:  peduncles  short,  1 — 3- flowered:  bracte- 
oles  lanceolate-subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  similar  to  and  scarcely  larger 
that  the  bracts:  legumes  linear-oblong,  about  4-seeded,  torulose  glabrous.  iS'.  Stem 
2  f.  or  more.     JXew  Jersey  to  Florida. 

Sovtiicrn. 
plumiera.  P.  (         )  leaves  ternate,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate:  calyx  bell-form,  shorter 
than  the  ovate  bracts:  corol  large,  silky.     Climbing. 

5 — 3.     Vibur'num.     .58.     Capr.  ast.  fra. 

jminifoUum,  W.  (black  haw,  sloe.  w.  J.  \ .)  leaves  round-obovato  and  oval,  acutely 
serrate,  glabrous;  petioles  margined.     8 — 15  i.     S.     N.   Y.   1'.     Peekskill,  Florida. 

pyrijoliiim,  Lk.  (w.  M.  h .)  glabrous:  leaves  ovate,  acutish,  sub-serrate;  petioles 
naked:  fruit  oblong-ovate:  cymes  sub-peduncled.  Berries  dark-colored.  5 — 10  f. 
W.  T.  N.  M. 

laiUi'co,  (sheep  berry.  O.  w.  J.  \ .)  glabrous:  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  hook- 
serrate;  petioles  margined,  undulate:  cymes  sessile:  branches  when  full  grown  often 
form  a  fastigiate  top.  Berries  black,  oval,  and  pleasant- tasted:  somewhat  mucila- 
ginous.    8 — 15  f     S.     Mch. 

nudum,  (w.  M.  ^.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  oval,  sub-entire,  margin  revolute;  petioles 
smooth:  cymes  peduncled,  and  without  bracts.  Berries  black.  8 — 10  f  .S'.  P. 
Y.  W.  B.  C.     Canada. 

cassinoides,  W.  (J.  f- .)  glabrous:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  crenate,  sub- 
revolute  at  the  margin;   petioles  keeled,  without  glands.     S. 

dmtatum,  (arrow-wood.  W.  w.  M.  ^.)  smoothish:  leaves  roundish  and  ovate,  acute, 
tooth-serrate,  furrow-plaited,  glabrous  both  sides:  cyme  peduncled:  fruit  sub-glo- 
bular.    Berries  blue.     4— 12  f.     S.     T.   V.  N.  Y.  B.  P.  C.  M. 

puhescens,I'h.  {2)  (W.  w.  J.  ^ .)  pubescent:  leaves  round-ovate,  acuminate,  tooth- 
serrate,  furrow-plaited,  villose  beneath:  stipules  two,  subulate:  cymes  peduncled: 
fruit  oblong.     G  f     S.     T.  Y.  O.  M.     Mch. 

laiUiinoi'des,  Mx.  (bobble-bush,  tangle-legs.  W.  w.  M.  >-.)  leaves  broad,  round-cor- 
date, abruptly  acuminate,  unequally  serrate:  petioles  and  nerves  furnished  with 
powdery,  rusty  down:  cymes  sessile:  fruit  ovate.  Stem  very  flexible  and  crooked. 
4—8  f.     S.  F.  N.     Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Vexillaria.     Lat.  vexillum,  a  banner,  alluding  to  the  size  of  that  part  of  the  flower. 
Viburnum.     Lat.  viburnum,   a  name  used  by  Virgil  fur  a  pliant,  tough   plant:     Seb. 

Vaillant  derives  this  word  from  Lat.  vierc,  to  bind. 

(1)  A  substitute  for  a  lidiculous  name.  See  Persoon,  p.  302,  genus  No.  1712. 
(2)  dentalum  pubescens,  A.  dentatum  tomentosum,  Mx.  tomentosum  and  villo- 
sum,  R.     rafinesquianum,  Rs. 

60 


474  VIBURNUM,    VICIA. 

aeerifolium,  (maple  guelder-rose,  dockmackie.  O.  w.  J.  T}.)  leaves  heait-ovate  or  3- 
lobed,  acuminate,  sharp-serrate,  pubescent  beneatli:  cymes  long-peduncled.  Stem 
very  flexililc:  leaves  broad  and  sub-membranaceous  4 — 6  f.  (S.  The  oldest 
Dutch  settlers  in  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  inlbnn  us  that  the  Indians  in  that  vicinity 
considered  the  external  application  of  the  leaves  of  the  dockmackie,  as  a  sovereign 
remidy  in  every  kind  of  inflammatory  tumour;  and  that  they  have  ever  since  adopted 
this  practice  with  success.     Mch. 

oxycoccus,  Fh.  (J )  (higli  cranberry.  W.  r-w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  3-lobed,  3-nerved.;  lobes  long- 
acuminate,  with  a  few  scattering  teeth;  petioles  glandular,  grooved  above:  cymes 
rayed.  Fruit  resembles  the  low  cranberry,  red,  and  very  acid.  5 — 8  f.  S.  W. 
C.  T.  V.  P.  O.  F.  N.  D.     Mch. 

ed'ule,  Ph.  (3)  (w.  Ju.  ^.)  leaves  3-lobed,  obtusish  at  the  base,  3-nerved;  lobes  very 
short,  tooth-serrate,  with  acuminate  serratures;  petioles  glandular:  cymes  radiate. 
Small  and  upright.     Resembles  the  oxycocus.     P.  C.     Canada. 

ellipiicum,  Ilk.  (  )  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse,  shortly  petioled,  parallel  veined  above, 

chiefly  coarsely,  serrate;  under  side  (nerves  cliiefly)  very  hirsute:  corymbs  dense, 
peduncled:  ovaria  very  hirsute:  berries  oval-globose,  black.  A  variety  has  the 
ovaria  glabrous.     2 — 4  f     Pi. 

Exultc. 
opu'lus,  (guelder  rose,   snowball,  w.  J.  ^.)  leaves  3-lobed,    sharp-toothed;  petioles 

glandular,  smooth:  flowers  in  compact  cymes,  surrounded  with  radiating  florets. 

Var.  roseum,  has  the   whole  cyme  made  up  of  radiating  florets. 
linus,  (laurestine.  r-w.  \- .)  leaves  ovate,  entire,  with  tufts  of  hair  in  the  axils  of  the 

veins  beneath:  flowers  in  smooti^, cymes. 

Soutlicr7i. 
ohovalum,   Wr.  (3)  (M.  ^..)  glabrous:  leaves  obovate,  crenate-dentate  or  very  entire, 

obtuse:    cymes  sessile:  fruit    roundish-ovate.      Var.  punicifoliiLvi,    leaves   obovate, 

entire  or  slightly  crenate  at  the  apex,   obtuse.     4 — 8  f. 
laevigatum,  (w.  J.  >>.)  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth,  remotely  serrate,  very  entire  at  the 

base:  branchlets  2-edged. 
nitidum,  (  T;. .)  very  glabrous;  leaves  'lance-linear,   shining  on  the  upper  surface, 

obsoletely  serrate  or  entire:  branches  4-angled. 
molie,  Mx.  (W.  J.  2_i:.)  leaves  roundish-cordate,  furrow-plaited,   toothed,   pubescent 

beneath;  petioles  sub-glandular:  cymes  with  rays:  fruit  oblong-ovate.     Berries  red. 

IG— 10.     Vi'ciA.     93.     Legu.  f,  nut.  g-h.  asc. 

sati'va,  (tare.  O.  b-p.  Ju.  0.)  flowers  in  pairs,  sub-sessile:  stipules  toothed,  marked 
with  dots:  leafeis  oblong-ovate,  retuse,  mucronate:  legumes  erect,  linear-terete, 
glabrous.     Perhaps  it  may  have  been  introduced.     S. 

amencana,  (p.  M.  It-)  sub-pubescent:  peduncles  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  'stipules  semi-sagittate,  toolhed:  leafets  numerous,  lance-oval,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronate, veined,  sub-alternate:  stem  angled.  U.  P.  Y.  R.  Niagara.  Genesee 
Falls.     Mch.  ^     . 

cracca,  (tufted  vetch,  b.  S.  Zf.)  spikes  many-flowered,  imbricate  backwards,  larger 
than  the  leaves:  stipules  semi-sagittate,  Imear-subulate,  entire:  leafets  numerous, 
lance-oblong,  pubescent.     .S'.     M.   P.   B.   O.  N.  C.     Canada.     Mch. 

caroUniana,  VVr.  (4)  (w.  M.  2S-)  peduncles  many-flowered:  flowers  distant:  stipules 
lance-ovate  entire:  leafets  8  to  10,  lance-oval,  snioothish.  The  banner  of  the 
flower  is  tipped  with  black.     S.     P.  Y.   D.     Mch. 

tridcntata  Sz.  &  Keating.  (VV.  b.  )  stem  sulcate,  sub-pubescent:  leafets  numerous, 
narrow'-oblong,  entire,  obtuse,  short-rnucronate,  sparingly  pilose  above,  densely 
pilose  beneath:  lower  stipules  wedge-form,  broadly  3-cleft,  with  3  prominent  nerves, 
pubescent;   upper  ones  lanceolate,  long,  acuminate,  villose:  calyx  and  peduncles 

p'Zatitea,  Hk.  (  p.  )  sub-pubescent:  stem  sulcate:  leaffets  20—26,  oblong,  petioled, 
obtuse,  mucronate:  stipules  large,   semi-sagittate,   deeply  dentate  at  the  base:  pe- 

Vicia.     Lat.  vincio,  to  bind,  because  it  twines  round  other  plants,  or  from  Celtic 

(l)'opuloides,  M.     opulus  pimina,  Ms.     amcricanum,  A.       (2)  opulu  sedule,  Mx. 
(3)  cassinoides,  Mx.         (4)  parviflora,  Mx. 


VICIA,  VILFA.  475 

Quncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  5— 10-flowered:  flowers  crowded:  style 
scarcely  bearded:  legumes  broad-oblong,  glabrous,  obscurely  reticulate.  Becomes 
black  on  drying.     P,. 

ezigiia,  y.  (  '  )  pubescent:  leafets  G — 8,  linear-oblong,  rather"  obtuse:  stipules  nar- 
row, si'iiii  sagittate,  entire  or  incisely  serrate:  peduncles  filiform,  1-flowered, 
sliorter  than  tiie  leaves:  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  broad  at  the  base,  shorter 
than  the  tube;  sinuses  obtuse:  legume  oblong,  glabrous,  4 — o-seeded.     )S.     Oregon. 

tctrasperma,  Loisel.  (b.  J.  0.)  peduncles  mostly  2'flowered:  legume  smooth,  4 — 
5-seeded:  leaves  oblong,  truncate.  C.  T.  Canada.  Ervum  tetraspervium,  7th 
edition. 

orcgana,  N.  (  21.)  pubescent:  stem  weak:  leafets  4— 8  pairs,  elliptical-oblong 

somewhat  serrated  at  the  summit,  cuspidate,  rarely  emarginate:  stipules  lunate, 
semi-sagittate,  incisely  serrate:  peduncles  3 — 5-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  2  upper  nearly  as  long 
as  the  lateral  ones:  style  slightly  pubescent:  legume  broadly  sabre-shaped,  gla- 
brous, about  5-seeded.     I — 2  f.     Oregon. 

truiicata,  N.  (J.  2X-)  somewhat  pubescent:  leafets  5 — 6  pairs,  oblong-linear,  usually 
truncate,  serrate  or  trideutate  at  tiie  apex:  stipules  lunate,  incisely  serrate:  peduncles 
4 — 7-liowered,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves:  lower  teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  the  upper  ones  very  short:  style  very  villous  at  the  apex.     Oregon. 

sparsifolia,  N.  (  )  slightly  pubescent:  leafets  o — 6  pairs,  narrowly  linear,  nearly 

acute,  mucionulate:  stipules  bifid,  entire,  or  sparingly  toothed:  peduncles  4 — 7- 
flovvered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves:  lower  teeth  of  the  calyx  acuminate;  upper 
ones  much  shorter:  style  very  villous  at  the  summit.     Oregon. 

Eiolic. 

Jaba,  Cgarden  bean,  Windsor  bean.  \v.  sfc  blk.  J.  0-)  st<-'ni  many-flowered,  erect, 
strong:  legumes  ascending,  tumid,  coriaceous:  leafets  oval,  acute,  entire:  stipules 
sagittate,  toothed  at  the  base.     From  Persia. 

Southern. 

acutifolia,  (w.  Ap.  21'?)  peduncles  few-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves:  stipules 
lanceolate,  entire:  leafets  (6)  linear,  acute  at  each  end:   stem  glabrous. 

ludociciana,  N.  (Zf.  b.  iVI.)  glabrous:  leafet$  10 — 12,  elliptical  or  obovate,  obtuse  or 
emarginate:  stipules  subulate,  simple  or  sagittate:  peduncles  2 — 6-flowered,  at 
length  longer  than  the  leaves:  flowers  closely  approximated:  teeth  of  the  calyx 
broad,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  legume  broadly  sabre-shaped,  glabrous, 
5 — 6-seeded:   seeds  compressed,  dark  brown.     Texas.     La.     2 — 3  f 

leaveraoortlui,  T.  &  G.  {  )  pubescent:  leafets  10 — 14,  oblong-linear,  obtuse  or  emargi- 
nate: stipules  minute,  semi-sagittate,  entire:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
2 — 4-flowered:  teeth  of  the  calyx  subulate,  somewhat  equal,  all  longer  than  the 
tube:  style  slightly  pubescent  at  the  summit:  legume  oblong,  6-seeded.  1 — 2  f. 
Arkansas. 

micrantha,  N.  (Ap.  M.)  glabrous:  leafets  4 — 7,  linear-obtuse  or  acute:  stipules  lance- 
olate, semi-sagittate:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 — 2-flowered:  teeth  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  shorter  than  tube:  legume  sabre-shaped,  7 — 10  seeded.  Texas 
Arkansas.     La. 

Vicia,  Eevum,  Lathyrus.  > 

3—2.     Vilfa.     10.     Gram.  far.  fod.  ton. 

Glumes  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled,  membranaceous:  paleas  nearly  equal, 
about  as  long  as  the  glumes,  lance-ovate,  acute,  pubescent:  stamens  mostly  want- 
ing in  lateral  panicles. 
[This  genus  is  not  described  in  the  genera;  it  is  considered  as  an  Agrostis  by  most 

botanists.] 

heterolepis,  Gray.  (21-  )  leaves  setaceous:  panicle  pyramidal,  few-flowered:  inferior 
glume  subulate;  superior  one  ovate,  cuspidate,  about  as  long  again  as  the  inferior- 
paleas  sub-equal,  unawned.     Mch.     Western  New  York. 

Vilfa. 


476  VILLARSIA,    VIOLA. 

5—1.     Villar'sia.     4G.     Gent.  bit.  ton. 
lacunosa,  V.  (1)  spur-stem,  floating-heart,  w.  Ju.  21-)  leaves^eart-reniform,  (or  short- 
ish heart-form,)  sub-peltate,  lacunose  beneath,  floating;  petioles  bearing  the  flowers: 
corol  glabrous.     <S'.     T.   B.  C.     I'lainfield,  Mass.     K. 

Soutliern. 
cordata,  E.  (Ju.  It.)  leaves  cordate,  very  entire;  petioles,  bearing  the  flowers.     S— C. 

5—1.     Vin'ca.     47.     Ascl.  dia.  exp. 

Ezutic. 

7raino»-,  (periwinkle,  b.   Ap.  ^.)  stems  procumbent;   leaves  lance-oval,  smooth  at  the 

edges:   flowers  peduncled;   teeth  of  the  calyx  lanceolate. 
major,  VV.  (b.  M.— S.    ^.)  stem   nearly  erect:   leaves  ovate,   ciliate,  flowers  stalked: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  setaceous,  elongated.     G  f. 

5-1.     Vi'oLA.     .%.     Viol.  f.  ton—,  cat — 

[•^  According  to  Le  Conte.] 
1.     Acaulesccnt,  or  icdii,  a  siiblcrranmu  stem. 

cucuUa'la,  VV.  (connnon  blue  violet.  O.  p.  b.  M.  Zf.)  glabrous:  leaves  cordate,  some- 
what acuminate,  crenate-dentate;  antunnial  ones  largest,  very  exactly  reniform: 
peduncle  somewhat  4-sided.  long(?I-  ihan  the  leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate 
acuminate,  emarginate  behind  or  very  entire:  petals  (as  m  many  American  species) 
oblique,  veiny,  very  entire,  white  at  the  base,  upper  one  generally  naked,  glabrous, 
lateral  ones  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  Var. 
vavilionacea,  Ph.  (-)  petioles  and  peduncles  longer:  leaves  sub-lance-ovate:  beards 
of  the  lateral  petals  often  yellow.  Var.  ietraguna,  (L.)  peduncles  strong,  exactly 
4-sided:  petals  azure  color,  veinless.  Var.  viliosa,  (3)  leaves,  petals  and  peduncles 
villose.     4—8  i.     -S.     Mch. 

pahiiata,  L.  (hand  leaved  violet.  W.  p-b.  Jj;.)  mostly  villose:  leaves  heart-reniform, 
palmate-5 — 7-lobed;  lobes  polymorphous,  often  narrow  and  gashed,  middle  one  al- 
ways larger;  sometimes  villose  both  sisie.  sometimes  only  beneath,  often  glabrous, 
all  of  them  very  often  purple  beneath;  the  first  spring  ones  are  ovate,  entire;  peti- 
oles sub-emarginate:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  larger  than  the  leaves:  divisions 
of  the  calyx  lance-ovate,  ciliate,  very  entire  behind:  petal.^  all  very  entire,  veiny, 
and  white  at  the  base;  upper  ones  narrower,  smaller,  sometimes  villose  at  the  base, 
yet  often  naked,  glabrous;  lateral  ones  densely  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one, 
marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  One  variety  has  white  flowers.  3—6  i.  8.  Le 
Conte.     P.  C.  W.  T.  V.  B.  F.  O.  N. 

sororia,  W.  (4)  (VV.  b-p.  M.  71.)  leaves  thickish,  flat,  appressed  to  ihe  earth,  orbicu- 
lar and  round-ovate,  cordate,  crenate;  sinus  at  the  base  often  closed,  villose  above, 
with  the  hairs  erect,  beneath  glabrous,  and  generally  becoming  purpl(3;  petioles 
short,  strong,  with  small  stipules  at  the  base:  peduncle  somewhat  4-sidcd,  of  the 
length  of  the  leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  short,  subulate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  very 
entire  behind:  petals  obovate,  short,  all  very  entire,  veins  white  at  the  base,  upper 
and  lateral  on^  bearded,  and  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  Dry  woods.  6'.  Le 
Conte.  W.  #  P. 
snnUiita  A.  (W.  b-p.  Ap.  Zf.)  glabrous  or  a  little  pubescent:  leaves  oblong,  acute, 
cordute-satrittate  and  incised  at  the  base:  stigma  depressed,  margined:  inferior 
petals  glabrous,  the  rest  bearded.  Var.  uvata,  villous:  leaves  ovate,  somewhat  cor- 
date  c?cnate,  often  lacerately  toothed  at  the  base;  petiole  margined.     V.  allegha- 

Villarsia.     In  honor  of  M.  Villars,  Prof  of  Botany  at  Strasburgh. 

Vinca.     Originally  pemnca,  in  Anglo-Saxon,  pcrtince,  said  to  be  derived  from  vincio, 

to  bind,  from  the  branches  being  used  to  make  bands. 
Viola.     Lat.  viola,  of  Gr.  ion,  the  name  of  this  beautiful  plant. 

(I)  tiachysperma,  E.     JVIenyanthes    tracbysperm.i,  Mx.  (2)  obliqua,  Sz.  &  T. 

(3)  species  ofPh.         4)  asarifolia,  Sz.     Selkirkii?     Goldie.  (5)  viilosa,  N.   var. 

cordata,  T.  corditblia,  Sz.  and  Dc. 

*  See  diagnoses  vialue  in  Addenda. 


VIOLA.  477 

niensis  and  V.  ovata  of  7th  edition.  Var.  cmarginatn,  glabrous;  leaves  almost 
triangular,  lacerately  toothed  near  the  base:  petals  emarginate  or  bidentate.  V. 
emarginala,  7th  edition.     P.   Y.   B.  C.  F.   N.     Hudson.     JMch. 

Uanda,  VV.  (smooth' violet.  W.  vv.  Ap.  2i-)  glabrous:  leaves  round,  sometimes  sub- 
ovate,  cordate,  crenate,  appressed  to  the  earth,  sometimes  with  a  few  scattering 
hairs  above;  petioles  pubescent:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the 
leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  obtuse:  petals  all  very  entire,  green  at  the 
base:  upper  and  lateral  ones  rarely  sub-viilose,  maiked  with  a  few  blue  lines. 
Flowers  odorous.  Wet.  2—4  i.  S.  Le  Conte.  C.  B.  V.  O.  F.  N.  Hudson's 
Bay.     Mch. 

primidifolia,  L.  (2)  (VV.  w.  J.  71-)  stoloniferous,  glabrous:  leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
ovate,  sub-cordate,  acutish,  crenate,  decurrent  into  the  petiole,  nerve  sometimes 
sub-villose  beneath:  peduncle  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  leaves:  divisions 
of  the  calyx  lanceolale,  obtuse:  petals  all  very  entire,  green  at  the  base:  upper  and 
lateral  ones  sometimes  a  little  villose,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines,  in  the  upper 
one  often  obsolete.  Var.  villosa,  leaves  very  green;  and  with  the  petioles  densely 
villose,  becoming  hoary.  Flowers  odorous.  Wet.  iS.  Le  Conte.  B.  C.  N. 
Georgia. 

lanrcolata,  L.  (W.  w.  Ap.  7^..)  glabrous:  leaves  (sometimes  with  a  few  scattering 
hairs)  lanceolate,  narrow,  elongated,  gradually  attenuated  into  the  petioles  at  the 
base,  obtusish,  crenate:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  reddish,  of  the  length  of  the 
leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute:  petals  all  very  entire,  green  at  the 
base;  lateral  ones  sometimes  a  little  villose  at  the  base,  and  with  the  upper  one 
marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  Flowers  odorous,  small.  Wet.  3 — 8  i.  jS'.  W. 
Y.'C.  P.  B.  D.  F.  N.     Florida. 

rotundifoUa,  Mx.  (O.  w.  M.  1[.)  glabrous:  leaves  thickish,  appressed  to  the  earth, 
broad  ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate,  crenate;  nerves  pubescent  beneath;  sinus  closed: 
peduncle  somewhat  4-sided,  as  long  as  the  leaves:  divisions  of  the  calyx  oblong, 
obtuse:  petals  sometimes  emarginate;  upper  one  small;  lateral  ones  somewhat 
tearded,  and  vvith  the  upper  one  marked  with  a  few  yellowish-brown  lines;  spur 
very  short.     Woods.     1 — 3  i. 

pedala,  L.  (W.  M.  p-b.  If.)  glabrous:  leaves  sometimes  ciliate,  variously  divided, 
very  often  pedately  9- parted;  divisions  linear  and  obtusely  lanceolate,  generally 
3  lobed  at  the  apex,  often  simply  lanceolate,  with  the  apes,  5  to  7-lobed:  peduncles 
somewhat  4-sided:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute-ciliate,  emarginate  be- 
hind: petals  all  white  at  the  base,  veinless,  very  entire,  very  glabrous,  naked; 
upper  ^ne  truncate  and  marked  with  a  few  very  blue  lines,  sometimes  obsolete. 
Var.  veluliiia,  has  the  two  lower  petals  of  a  very  deep  violet  color,  and  appears  like 
velvet.  Var.  alba;  has  white  flowers.  Dry.  3—4  i.  &'.  T.  Y.  C.  P.  B.  H  N. 
Florida.     Mch. 

palustris,  L.  (p.)  leaves  reniform-cordate:  stipules  broadly-ovate,  acuminate:  stigma 
margined:  sepals  ovate,  obtuse:  capsule  oblong,  triangular:  seeds  ovate,  dark  green. 
New  Hampsliire.     Oregon.     Rocky  Mts. 

lungsdorjfii,  Fischer.  (  )  leaves  roundish-cordate,  nearly  glabrous:  stipules  ovate, 

setaceously  acuminate,  the  lowest  ones  with  bristly  teeth:  stem  at  length  elongated, 
oblique  at  the  base:  inferior  petals  somewhat  rhomboidal:  spur  broadly  saccate, 
very  obtuse.     Unalaschka. 

longipes,   N.  (b.)  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent:  stem  short,  somewhat  decumbent: 

■  leaves  ovate-cordate,  obtuse,  more  or  less  decurrent  at  the  base,  repandly  crenate: 
stipules  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  spinulose-deiiticulate  or  lacerately  ciliate:  pe- 
duncles elongated:  stigma  slightly  rostrate,  slender,  papillose:  spur  produced, 
obtuse.     Oregon.     Rocky  Mts. 

adunca,  Smith,  (p-b.)  stem  ascending,  somewhat  simple:  leaves  ovate  and  cordate- 
ovate,  coriaceous,  crenate,  covered  with  distinct  brown  dots:  stipules  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  dentate-ciliate:  stigma  somewhat  reflexed,  glabrous:  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate:  petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  spur,  two  of  them  bearded:  peduncles 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.     N.  W.  Coast. 

linguaefolin,  N.  (y.)  pubescent:  stem  scarcely  any:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  some- 
what serrate,  on  very  long  petioles:  bracts  of  the  peduncles  minute:  stigma  thick 
and  clavate,  with  scarcely  any  beak:  sepals  long  and  narrow,  linear:  petals  linear- 
oblong,  somewhat  emarginate.     Oregon. 


i 


(1)  variety  of  ihe  lanceolata,  Ph.     acuta,  Bw. 


473  VIOLA. 

praemorsa,  Dougl.  (y.)  hirsute  or  very  pubescent.*  stems  erect,  si:ort:  leaves  ovate^ 
lanceolate,  repandly  denticulate  or  nearly  entire;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire:  stigma 
clavate-capitate,  conspicuously  pubescent  above,  minutely  beaked:  petals  obovate,' 
spur  very  short:  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     On^gon. 

sarmmtosa,  Dougl.  (j.)  stems  creeping,  filitbnn:  stolons  lioriferous:  leaves  cordate, 
with  the  sinus  open,  crenate,  soriieuhat  pubescent  above,  glabrous  and  punctate 
beneath:  style  rather  slender:  appendages  of  the  anthers  somewhat  produced: 
peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves:  spur  very  short.     Oregon.     N.W.  America. 

glabella,  N.  (Ap.  y.)  nearly  glabrous:  stem  erect,  naked  below:  leaves  renifonn- 
cordate,  with  a  short  acumination,  crenately  serrulate:  stipules  very  small,  mem- 
branaceous, nearly  entire:  sepals  linear-lanceolate:  spurvery  short,  slightly  saccate. 
Oregon. 

2.   Caulescent. 

canadensis,  A.  (W.  A.  r.  w.  y.  M.  21.)  glabrous:  stem  sub-simple,  terete:  stipules 
entire,  membranaceous,  oblong  sub-ovate  or  lance-ovate:  leaves  alternate,  ovate, 
cordate,  sub-acuminate,  dentate:  peduncle  somewhat  4-sided:  bracts  small,  subu- 
late: Howers  regular:  divisions  of  the  calyx  subulate,  acute,  very  entire  behind: 
petals  white,  all  very  entire,  veiny,  becoming  yellow  at  the  base;  lower  ones  pale- 
violet;  upper  one  broad,  expanding,  glabrous,  naked;  lateral  ones  bearded,  and  with 
the  upper  one  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines:  stigma  sliort,  pubescent,  scarcely 
beaked:  spur  very  short.  Flowers  odorous:  stem  often  2  feet  long,  flowering 
through  the  summer.     Moist  woods.     6  i. — 2  f.     S'.     T.  B.  C.  O.  V.     Mch. 

rostrata^M.  (beaked  violet.  O.  bp.  RI.  21.)  glabrous:  stems  many,  ascending,  teiete: 
leaves  orbicular  and  ovate,  cordate,  crenale-deutale,  sometimes  with  a  few  scatter- 
ing hairs;  younger  ones  cucullate;  petioles  much  longer  than  the  leaves:  stipules 
linear,  acuminate,  furnished  with  elongated  linear  teeth:  peduncles  filiform,  some- 
what 4-sided,  slender,  axillary,  very  long:  bracts  minute,  subulate:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  behind:  petals  all  very  entire,  veiniess,  naked, 
beardless;  upper  and  lateral  ones  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines;  spur  straight, 
elongated,  linear,  compressed,  obtuse,  double  the  length  of  the  petals.  Root 
woody,  perpendicular  and  fibrous.  Var.  barbaia,  lateral  petals  bearded.  Moist 
woods.     G— 10  i.     &'.     Mch. 

■muli'lenbcmia'tia,  Gengin.  (1)  (slender  violet.  W.  b-p.  M.  2X.)  glabrous:  stem  terete, 
weak,  sub-prostrate;  leaves  reniform,  roundish,  cordate;  upper  ones  ovate,  crenate, 
often  purplish  beneath;  younger  ones  cucullale;  petioles  longer  than  the  leaves: 
stipules  large,  lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate,  sub-pinnate:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided, 
axillary,  longer  than  the  leaves:  bracts  minute,  subulate:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
linear,  acute,  sub-ciliate:  petals  all  very  entire,  veinlesss;  upper  one  naked,  gla- 
brous; lateral  ones  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines; 
spur  porrected,  compressed,  very  obtuse:  stigma  ciliate  behind;  beak  ascending. 
3— 6i.     S.     T.  P.  C.  O.     Mch. 

striata,  A.  (2)  (striped  violet.  W.  y-w.  J.  TS-)  glabrous:  stem  oblique,  branching,  an- 
gular; leaves  roundish  and  ovate,  sub-acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  sometimes 
sub-pubescent;  petioles  long:  stipules  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  dentate-ciliate: 
peduncles  4-sided,  longer  that  the  leaves:  bracts  largish,  linear:  divisions  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  emarginale  behind:  petals  all  very  entire;  up- 
per one  marked  with  a  fev/  blue  lines,  naked,  glabrous,  rarely  a  little  villose;  lateral 
ones  bearded;  lower  one  sometimes  a  very  little  villose;  spur  sub-porrected;  stigma 
pubescent  behind.     6  i.  rarely  2  f.     Le  Conte.     W.  P.  C.  K.  N.     Catskill.      Mch. 

pubesceiis,  A.  (3)  (yellow  violet.  O.  y.  H)  villose-pubescent:  stem  simple,  erect,  terete, 
leafless  below:  leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  dentate;  petioles  short:  stipules  large, 
ovate,  dentate:  peduncles  4-sided,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  subulate,  minute: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  lanceolate:  petals  all  very  entire,  veiniess;  upper  one  naked, 
wlabrous:  lateral  ones  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one,  marked  with  a  few  blue 
lines;  lower  ones  often  becoming  reddish  outside;  spur  short,  gibbose,  acutish: 
stigma  pubescent,  scarcely  beaked.  Varies  in  pubescence:  leaves  are  even  found 
glalirous:  the  capsules  are  also  glabrous  or  woolly.  4 — 12  i.  rarely  4  f.  S. 
Mch. 

hastata,  Mx.  (halbert  violet,  y.  M.    Z{.)  glabrous:  stem  simple,  erect,  terete:  leaves 

(1)  uliginosa,  variety  asarifolia,  M.     debilis,  Sz.  Ph.  N.  &c.     canina,  Wr.     muh- 
lenbergii,  T.  (2)  ochroleuca,  Sz.  T.  &c.     repens,  Sz.  (3)  pennsylvanicum, 

Mx.     eriocarpa,  Sz. 


VIOLA.  479 

ovate,  dilated,  acuminate,  cordate,  dentate;  upper  ones  lance-ovate,  hastate  and 
deltoid;  petioles  short:  stipules  ovate,  dentate:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  shorter 
than  the  leaves:  bracts  very  small,  subulate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear, 
sub-dentate:  petals  all  very  entire,  veinless;  upper  ones  naked,  glabrous;  lateral 
ones  bearded,  and  willi  the  upper  ones,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines;  lower  one 
often  becoming  reddish  outside;  spur  short,  gibbose,  acutish:  stigma  pubescent, 
scarcely  beaked:  capsule  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  all  sides.  'Wa.T.  glhha,  (1)  has 
no  deltoid  or  liastate  leaves. 

selkirhii,  Ph.  (A.  )  leaves  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  a  little  pilose:  petals  beardless; 
spur  long,  thick,  very  obtuse.     Montreal. 

iri' color,  (2)  (garden  violet,  heartseape,  pansy.  W.  p.  y.  b-p  M.  2S.-)  stem  angular, 
diffuse,  divided;  leaves  oblong,  deeply  crenale;  stipules  lyrate-pinnatifid.     N. 

tlxotic. 

odorata,  (sweet  violet,  b.  M.  If-)  stemless:  scions  creeping;  leaves  cordate,  crenale, 
smoothish:  calyx  obtuse:  two  lateral  petals  with  a  bearded  or  hairy  line. 

ScutJicrn. 

sept'emlo'ha,  Le  Conte.  (3)  (p.  March.  If.)  stemless,  very  glabrous,  sliining:  leaves 
sub-succulent,  ovate,  cordate,  dentate;  lower  ones  entire,  the  rest  pedate,  7-lobed; 
intermediate  lobe  larger:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  tlian  the  leaves:  divi- 
sions of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  very  entire  behind:  corol  large;  petals  all  very  entire, 
veiny,  white  at  the  base;  upper  ones  large,  villose  at  the  base;  lateral  ones  densely 
bearded,  and  with  the  upper  ones,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  Flowers  often 
two  inches  in  diameter.     A  variety  has  white  flowers.     Often  8  i. 

villosa,  Wr.  (p-b.  March.  21.)  stemless,  pubescent  (not  villose:)  leaves  flat,  appressed 
to  the  eartli,  round-ovate  and  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  denlate-crenate,  livid-green; 
veins  darker,  sometimes  purplish,  often  purplish  beneath;  sinus  of  the  roundish 
ones  nearly  closed;  petioles  short:  peduncle  4-sided,  longer  than  the  leaves:  petals 
all  very  entire,  generally  villose;  (lower  one  sometimes  glabrous:)  lateral  ones 
bearded,  and  wilii  the  upper  ones,  marked  with  a  few  blue  lines.  After  flowering 
the  leaves  become  glabrous.     Florida. 

nuttallii,  Ph.  (W.  y.  i\1.  71.)  glabrous:  stem  simple,  erect,  terete,  leafy:  leaves  lance- 
ovate,  obscurely  dentate  or  very  entire,  attenuated  at  the  base:  stipules  long,  lance- 
linear,  entire:  peduncles  somewhat  4-sided,  shorter  than  the  leaves:  bracts  minute: 
divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear,  acuminate,  very  entire  behind:  petals  all  very 
entire,  veinless;  lateral  ones  bearded  and  with  the  upper  ones,  marked  with  a  few 
blue  lines;  spur  short:   stigma  pubescent,  scarcely  beaked.     4 — 6  i. 

radicans,  Dc.  (  2_f.)  rootlets  horizontal,  fibrous;  stigma  short-beaked,  margined: 
leaves  lance-ovate,  abruptly  attenuate  at  the  base,  or  sub-cordate,  serrate:  stipules 
linear,  setaceous-subulate,  setose-serrate:  divisions  of  the  calyx  linear,  acute: 
scarcely  spurred.     Flowers  minute;   middle  petals  obovate. 

dcf/ihinifotia,  N.  (b.  March.)  minutely  pubescent:  leaves  pedately  7 — 9-parted;  seg- 
ments linear,  2 — 3-cleft:  stigma  thick,  distinctly  rostrate:  the  2  superior  petals 
pubescent;   the  3  inferior  emarginate;   spur  saccate  short.     Missouri. 

chri/sanliia,  H.  (p.  y.)  somewhat  pubescent:  stems  cespitose,  short:  leaves  bi-pin- 
natifid;  segments  linear:   sepals  ciliate:   inferior  petals  without  a  spur.     California. 

ocMdtii,  T.  &  G.  (p.  y.)  pubescent:  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  cordate-triangular, 
crenately  toothed:  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  ciliate:  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  sepals  linear:  petals  oblong-obovate;  spur  very  siiort:  appendages  dorsal, 
winged,  not  produced  at  the  base.     California. 

pedunculala,  T.  &  G.  (y.)  somewhat  pubescent:  stem  short:  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  cre- 
nately toothed,  abruptly  narrrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole:  stipules  linear-lanceo 
late,  entire:  stigma  somewhat  triangular,  emarginate:  spur  very  short:  appendages 
of  the  inferior  stamens  wing-form,  a  little  produced  at  the  base.     California. 

tripartita,  E.  (  y.)  hirsute:  stem  simple,  leafy  only  at  the  sunnnit:  leaves  deeply  3- 
parted;  the  lobes  lanceolate,  toothed.  1  f.  Georgia.  T.  liuslata,  Var.  tripartita, 
7th  edition. 

Viol-a,  loKiDiuM. 


(1)  striata,  Sz.     gibba,  R.  (2)  Melanium,  Dc.  (3)  pahnata,  variety  vul- 

garis E.? 


480  VIRGILIA,    VITIS. 

10—1.     Virgil'ia.     93.     Legu.  asc.  emo. 
Sout/iern. 

lutea,  Mx.  (A.  y.  J.  T;.)  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  alternate,  ovate,  short  acuminate, 
glabrous:  racemes  elongated,  pendulous:  glumes  pelioled,  flat.  The  bark  affords  a 
yellow  dye. 

20 — 4.     Vis'cuM.     58.     Lora.  ast. 

»ertici^^aZMm,  (1)  (misletoe.  W.  g-w.  J.  ^.)  branches  opposite  and  whorled:  leaves 
wedge-obovate,  3-nerved:  spikes  axillary,  a  little  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Berries 
yellowish-white.  On  the  branches  of  old  trees.  This,  Smith  says,  is  the  golden 
bough  of  Virgil,  and  the  sacred  plant  of  the  Druids.     1 — 2  f.     S.     P. 

Southern. 

riibrum,\Y.  (      ^.     )  leaves  lance-obovate,  obtuse:  spikes  axillary  whorled. 
purpurcum,  W.  {     ^.)  leaves  obovate,   obtuse,  obsoletely  3-nerved:  spikes   axillary: 
flowers  opposite. 

5 — 1.     Vi'tis.     72.     Vite.  f.  ref.  vin.  sug. 

Remark.     All  the  North  American  species  of  grape  are  polj-gamous  or  dioscious. 

Itihrusca,  (2)  (plum  grape,  w-g.  J.  ^r)  leaves  broad-cordate,  lobe  angled,  white  downy 

beneath:  fertile  racemes  small:  berries  (blue,  flesh-color,  and  green)  large.     Var. 

lahmscoides,   (fox  grape.)  has  smaller  fruit,  approaching  a  tart  taste.     S.     T.  Y 

C.  P.  B.  F.  N.     Catskill.     Canada. 
vulpina,  {?>)   (frost  grape.    O.  w-g.  J.   ^.)   leaves   cordate,    acuminate,   gash-toothed, 

glabi'ous  both  sides;    nerves   and  veins   pubescent:    racemes   lax,   many-flovveied: 

berries  small.     Leaves  very  variable;  but  the  uppermost  mature  leaves  will  agree 

with  the  description.     S.     Canada. 
(BstivuUs,  Mx.    (4)  (summer  grape,  w-g.  J.  \ .)  leaves  broad-cordate,   3  to  5-lobed; 

in  the  young  state  rust-downy  beneath:  fertile  racemes  oblong:  berry  small.     Var. 

sinuata,  leaves  sinuate- palmate,  coarsely  toothed.     Sf.     N.  P.  F.  Y.   C.   B.     Mch. 
rip'aria,   Mx.    (.'))    (odorilerous  grape,   w-g.   M.   ^ .)  leaves   unequally  gash-toothed, 

shortly  3-cleft,  pubescent  on  the  petioles,  nerves  and  margins.    S.    P.  M.  O.  Y.  D. 

cordifoUa,  Mx.  (J.)  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat  equally  toothed,  glabrous 
on  both  sides:  racemes  loose,  many-flowered:  berries  small.    10 — 20  f    Canada.  Sf. 

Southern. 

bipinnata,  T.  &  G.  (g-w.  J.  Ju.)  leaves  bipinnate,  glabrous;    leafets  incisely  serrate! 

flowers   pentandrous:   berry  2-ceIled:   cells    I   to  2-s8eded.      Virginia  to  Georgia, 

west  to  Arkansas.     Ampelopsis  bipinnata  of  7th  edition. 
incisa,  N.  (Ju.  g.   V-)  leaves  trifoliolate,  tiiick  and  somewhat  fleshy;  leafets  incisely 

toothed  or  lobed'  cuneate  at  the   base:  flowers  tetrandrous  and  tetrapetalous:  berry 

globose-obovate,  1-celled,  1-seeded.     Texas  and  Arkansas. 
imlivisa,   H.  (W.    It.   J-)  leaves  simple,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  somewhat  3- 

nerved,    pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath:  flowers  pentandrous  and  pentapetalous: 

berry  l-celled,  1 — 2-seeded.     Swamps,  Southern   States   west   to  Louisiana   and 

Arkansas.     Ampelopsis  cordata,  7th  edition. 

Vitis,  Ampelopsis. 

Viro-ilia.     In   honor  of  the   great  Latin  poet  Virgil,  who  discoursed  on  plants  in  the 

eclogues. 
Viscum.     Lat.   viscuin,  from  the  Gr.   ixus,   Ael.  llscos,  birdli  me,  the  name  for  this 

plant. 
Vitis.     The  Lat.  name;   from  the  Celtic  gwyd,  (pronounced  wyd.) 

(1)  flavescens,  W.     album,  Wr.  (2)   taurina,  VVr.  (3)   cordifolia,  Mx. 

(4)  intermedia,  M.     labrusca,  Wr..        (5)  odoratissima,  Donn. 


VITTARIA,    WOODwAftDlA.  481 

21—1.     ViTTARiA.     5.  Fill,  sec-stim. 

Suuthcrn. 

lineata,  (1)  (If-)  frond  linear,  very  long,  pendulous:  fruit  dots  solitary  within  the  mar- 
gin.    The  leaves  are  grass-like.     Ph 

W. 

14 — 2.     Ware'a.     63.     Cruc.  asc.  dia. 
Soutliern, 

tuneifolia,  N.  (  vi^,)  leaves  nearly  sessile,  rather, thick,  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate  at 
the  base:  siliques  with  the  valves  somewhat  convex.     1 — 2  f     Georgia,  Florida. 

amplexifolia,  N.  (  p.  0.)  leaves  oblong-ovate,  half-clasping:  silique  two-edged, 
pendulous;     1  f. 

G—G.     VVenulan'dja.     77.     Meni.  ton.  diu. 

Southerns 

populifolia,  (w.  3.  fp.)  stem  climbing:  younger  branches  pubescent,  striate:  leaves 
alternate,  petioled,  cordate,  ovate,  mucronate,  entire,  veined,  glabrous  above,  pil 
be^cent  beneath.  ^  This  plant  has  hitherto  escaped  the  researches  of  all  our  bota 
nists.     E.      ' 

v»  3 — %     VVindso'ria.     10.     Gram.  tar.  ton. 

eeskrioides,  RJxV  (2)  (red-top.  W.  Au.  2i.)  panicle  spreading  and  flexuous:  epikelefS 
.ill  peduncled,  about  6-flowered,  lanceolate:  lower  palea  Ovate,  5-toothed.  3— 5  f 
S.     P.  C.  O.  M. 

Soulheni. 

«mbig'2ia,E.  (3)  (S.  2|.)  panicle  spiked,  spreading:  spikes  ovate,  thick,  sessile  5—6- 
flowered:  odter  palea  mucronate.    (2  f.  ' 

Jl'indsor.ia,  Poa. 

Wistaria,  Phaseolus. 

21—1.     Wood'sia.     Br.     5.     Fill,  sec-stim. 

hjperbo'rea,  (4)  (flower  cup  fern.  Ju.  7S.)  frond  pinnate;  leafets  3- parted,  or  gash- 
pinnatifid,  wedge-form,  obtu^e,  toothed,  rongh-haired  beneath:  fruit-dots  solitary 
at  length  confluent.     Small,  in  tufts.     P.     Canada.     T.  ' 

.  rloensis,  (.5)  (.Tu.  2i-)  frond  bipinnalifid;  divisions  oblong,  obtuse;  lower  ones  repand; 
upper  ones  entire,  rough-haired  benealh:  fruit-dots  sub-marginal,  at  lenfrth  con- 
fluent: stipe  viUose  above.     Small.     B.  T.     Canada.     Fairhaven,   Vt. 

21—1.     Woodward'ia.     5.     Fill,  sec-stim. 
angustifolia,  S,  (6)  (kidney  fern.  Au.  Zj!.)  barren  frond  pinnatifid;  divisions  lanceo- 

Vittaria.     Lat.  vilta,  a  fillet,  alluding  to  the  shape  of  the  frond. 

Warea.     In  honor  of  N.  A.  Ware,  Esq. 

Wendlandia.     In  honor  of  M.  Wendland,  royal  gardener  at  Ileirenhausen. 

Windsoria.     In  honor  of  John  Windsor,  an  English  botanist. 

Woodsia.     In  honor  of  Joseph  Woods,  an  excellent  Engish  botanist. 

Woodwardia.     In  honor  of  Thos.  J.  Woodward,  an  excellent  English  botanist. 

(1)  angustifrons,  Mx.     Pteris,  L.  (2)  poaeformis,  N.     Triscuspis,  Ph. '   Poa 

Mx.     quiriquefida,  Ph.     flava.  L.     subverticillata,  P.  (3)  Poa,  E.      '   (4)  Polv- 

podium,  W.     arvanicum,  S.     Acrostichum,  Bolton.         (.5)  Polypodium,  W.     Acros- 
tichum,  L.  (6)  onocleoides,  W.     Onoclean  oduloso,  Mx.     Acrostichum  areola 

turn,  L. 

61 


482  WOODWARDIA,  XKKOl'H  YLLUM. 

late,  repand,  slenderly  serrulate;  fruit-bearing  frond  pinnate;  lealets  entire,  acute, 
linear.     About  a  toot  high.     -S.     E.  T. 
virginica,  (1)  (Ju.  If.)  frond  very  glabrous,  pinnate;  leafets  sessile,  lanceolate,  pin- 
natifid;   divisions  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate;  fertile  ones  elongated:  stipe  glabrous, 
terete.     About  a  foot  high.     «.     Y.  B.  C.  O.  V.     Mch. 


Soutbcni. 
iheuplcroides,  Ph.  (Ju.  !(.)  frond  pinnate;   wing  leafets  sessile,  villose  at  the  base, 
lance-linear,  piniiatiSd;   sterile  ones    oblong,    dbtusish;  fertile  ones  short-triangu- 
lar, acute;  all  very  entire:  stipe  pubescent,  angled.     6  i. 

17 — *3.     Wye'thia.     55.     Ileii.  ole.  sto. 

hdianthnides,  N.  (y.  If.)  root  large  and  somewhat  tap-shaped:  stem  and  involucre 
shortly  pilose:  stem  terminated  by  one  large,  helianthoid  flower:  leaves  alternate, 
ratlier  narrow-lanceolate,  entire,  petioled,  acute,  somewhat  pubescent:  involucre 
divisions  numerous,  lance-linear,  acute  and  conspicuously  ciliate:  rays  large.     R. 

X. 

19 — 5.     Xanthium.     55.     Ambr.  erne. 

strumarium,  (2)  (clott-bur,  sea  burdock.  W.  Au.  0.)  stem  unarmed,  branching: 
leaves  cordate,  lobed,  serrate,  scabrous,  3-nerved  at  the  base:  fruit  oval,  pubescent, 
with  stiff  hooked  bristles.  Has  alittle  the  habit  of  a  burdock.  '2— 3f.  S.  T. 
Y.  C.  N.  V.  B.  P.  O.  F.     Mch. 

oricnta'la,  (3)  (  0.)  stem  unarmed:  leaves  wedge-ovate,  sub-3-lobed:  fruit  in  stro- 
biles.    Y.  • 

syinosum,  (prickly  clott-bur.  Ju.  0.)  having  spines  in  threes:  leaves  3-lobed.  Lower 
leaves  sinuate-lobed.     1—3  f.     S.     Newbmgh.     M.     S— C. 

20 — 5.     Xanthos'ylum.     94.     Xant.  aro — .  stim-|-.  stom.  rlicu. 

fraxineum,  W.    (4)  (prickly  ash,   tooth-ache  bush.  O.   g-w.  M'.  ^.)  prickly;  leaves 

pinnate;  leafets  lance-oval,  sub-entire,  sessile,   equal  at  the  base:  umbels  axillary. 

8—12  f     S.     Mcii.  '.  -  ^ 

irkarpum,   Mx.  (L.  J.  >?.)  leaves  pinnate,  very" glabrous;  leafets  petioled,  lance-jfal- 

cate,    crenate-serrate;  petioles    unJirmed:    flowers   with   coiois:  capsules  about  in 

threes.     Both  species  are  aromatic  and  purgent.    12 — 20  f.    S.    Canada.  Carolina. 

5 — 12.     Xanthorhi'za.     Ranu.  b.  Sc  w.  bit-ton.  stom.  dysp. 

apiifolia,  L.  Her.  (parsley  yellow-root.  Ap.  h.)  stem  simple:  leaves  3-ternate;  pe- 
tioles dilated  and  clasping  at  the  base:  racemes  below  tlie  leaves,  compound. 
1— 3f.     S.     P.    S— C. 

6 — 3.     Xerophyl'lum.     13.     Mela.  asc.  r.  acr. 

aspliochloi'des,  (5)  (w.  J.  If-)  filaments  dilated  towards  the  base  and  equalling  the 
corol:  racemes  oblong,  crowded:  bracts  setaceous:  scape  leafy:  leaves  setaceous- 
subulate.     3—5  f.     ;S'.     Y. 

Soul/w/u. 
tenar,  Ph.  (6)  (W.    w.  J.  2_(.)  scape  leafy:   racenie   sliovvy,  lax:  bracts  membranace- 

Wyethia.     In   honor  of  Mr.   Wyeth,    a  traveller  across  the  Rocky  Mis.  and  along 

Columbia  River,  &c. 
Xanthium.     Gr.  xanthos,  yellow,  because  it  was  used  to  die  the  hair  yellow. 
Xanthoxylum.     Gr.  xantkus,  yellow,  and  zaiun,  wood;   so  named  from  its  color. 
Xanthorhiza.  '  Gr.  xanthos,  yellow,  rha,  root;   in  allusion  to  the  color. 
Xerophyllum.     Gr.  xcros,  dry,  and  phuUon,  leaf,  its  leaves  appear  as  if  withered. 

(1)  bannisteriana,  Mx.  Blechnum,  L.  (2)  americanum,  Wr.  (3)  macula- 
turn,  R.  (4)  ramiflorum,  IVlx.  Clavaberculis,  L.  (5)  selifolium,  Mx.  Helo- 
nias,  L.        (C)  Helonias,  Ph. 


XF.fTOPHYLLUM,    XYRIS.  383 

Oils:  petals  oval:  filaments  filiform,  exceeding  the  corol:  leaves  pnbulatc-setaceous, 
very  long. 
graminaim,    (1)  (A.  An.   2S-)  scape  leafy,  panicled,  racemes  divaricate:  branchlets 
ovate,  longer  than   the   pedicels:  petals  oblong,  acnminate,  thrice  as  long  as  the 
stamens:  leaves  linear,  channelled,  glaucous  beneath.     2  i'. 

5 — 1.     Xylos'teum.     58.     Capr.  r.  cat — . 

ciliutam,  Ph.  (2)  (fly-honey-suckle,  twin-berry,  w-y.  M.  \  .)  berries  distinct:  leaves 
ovate,  and  sub-cordate,  margin  ciliate,  in  the  young  state  villose  beneath:  corol  a 
little  gibbous  or  calcarate  at  the  base;  tube  ventricose  above;  divisions  short,  acute: 
style  exsert.     3— 4  f.     T.  C.  O.  N.  V.     JVlch. 

solo'nis,  Ea.  (3)  swamp  twin-berry,  y.  M.  fp.)  berries  united  in  one,  biumbilicate 
(never  distinct:)  two  flowers  situated  on  one  germ:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  villose. 
Berries  dark-purple.     2  f.*     W.  O.     New  Hampshire.     Pttsfield,  Mass. 

viliosum,  Mx.  (  ^.)  (branches  villose:  leaves  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  sub-tomentose, 
very  villose:  peduncles  short:  (berries  distinct,  Ph.  sed  quere.)  Berries  blue. 
Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  foreign  vulgare      Ph.     W.N.     White  Mts. 

oblongifulium,  Goldie.  (4)  (  y-  )  stem  erect:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  beneath 
chiefly  velvety-pubescent:  peduncles  elongated,  erect,  also  fructiferous:  bracts  ob- 
solete: tube  of  the  hirsute  corol  gibbous  at  the  base  and  upwards;  limb  unequal, 
deeply  bilabiate;  upper  lip  4-toothed;  lower  lip  sub-entire:  berries  united  in  one, 
globose,  biumbilicate.     Montreal,  N.  York. 

invoUicrata,  Banks.  (  )  branches  acutely  4-angled:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  petioled, 

sub-membranaceous,  appressed  pilose  beneath:  peduncles  axillary  2 — 3-flowered: 
bracts  4,  2  exterior  ones  ovate,  interior  ones  broadly  obcordate,  at  length  enlarged, 
pubescent-glandulous:  corol  pubescent  without,  gibbous  at  the  base:  style  exsert. 
A.  R. 

3—1.     Xy'Kis.     13.     Xyri.  fod— .  far— . 

caroliniana,  W.  (5)  (yellow-eyed  grass,  yellow-flowering-rush.  W.  y.  Au.  H.)  leaves 
linear,  grass-like:  stem  or  scape  2-edged:  head-ovate-acute:  scales  obtuse.  9 — 18  i. 
■  S.     T.  Y.  B.  N.  G.  P.     Mch. 

brerifoUa.  Mx.  (y.  Au.  Zf.)  leaves  sword-subulate,  short:  calyx  longer  than  tlie  bracts 
Bomewiiat  gash-toothed.     J2  i.     S.     T.  Y.  P.     S— C. 

So7illier7i. 

fimbriala,  E.  (J.  If.)  heads  lax-imbricate:  calyx  much  longer  than  the  bracts,  fimbri- 
ate: leaves  long  ensiform.     2  f. 

junr.ea,  Bald.  (M.  21.)  leaves  terete,  hollow,  acute:  scape  terete,  sheathed  at  the 
base:  bracts  roundish:  head  oval.     6 — 12  j. 

indica,  W.?  (y.  J.  21.)  leaves  very  long,  grass-like,  tortuous:  scape  tortuous:  head 
globose:  scales  roundish,  obtuse. 


Xylosteum.  Gr.  xulon,  wood,  ancj  osteon,  bone,  alluding  to  the  hardness  of  the  wood. 
Xyris.     Gr.  xuros,  pointed  or  sharp,  from  the  termination  of  its  leaves. 

(1)  Helonias,  Ph.  (2)  tartaricum,  Mx.  Lonicera  ciliata,  M.  (3)  Hooker  calls 
this  the  coerulea  of  Europe.  Sed  quere?  Hk.  p.  283.  (4)  Hooker  says  this  is 
the  plant  from  the  wetern  part  of  N.  Y.;   not  my  X  solonis.  (5)  jupicai,  Mx. 

flexuosa,  M. 

*  This  plant  was  dicovered  in  New  Hampshire,  by  Dr.  Solon  Smith,  of  New  Haven, 
Ct.  in  the  year  1815.  I  published  it  in  1817.  Professor  Dewey  found  it  near  Wil- 
liams College  the  same  year.  I  found  it  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.  three  years  afterwards. 
It  has  smce  been  published  under  the  name  viliosum,  by  several  botanists;  but  I  know 
not  on  what  authority.  No  one  pretends  to  have  seen  Michaux's  plant;  and  his 
description  of  the  viliosum,  if  intended  for  this  plant,  is  defective  without  a  parallel 
in  his  work.  As  well  might  a  botanist  claim  all  future  discoveries  in  the  genus  Acer, 
if  he  had  once  said  that  tlie  maple  tree  had  a  woody  stem.  It  may  have  been  seen 
by  Michaux;  but  surely  it  will  be  in  season  to  deny  Dr.  Smith's  discovery,  and  my 
name,  after  we  receive  some  evidence  of  it. 


484  yuccA,  zigadenP^. 


6 — 1.     Yuc'cA.     14.     Lili.  deni — .  emo. 

Southern. 

Jilammtosa,  (silk-grass,    bear-grass,    w.  Au.  2i.)  stemless:  leaves  broad-lanceolafe, 

entire,  fiiamentfise  on  the  margin:  stigmas  lecurved-spreading.    2 — 5  f.    M.    S — C. 
an g^isti folia,   Pli.  (W.  w.    J.u.  2i..)  stemless:  leaves  long  linear,  glaujous,  mucronate, 

somewhat  filamento.se  on  the  maigin:  capsules  large,  oblong-obovate. 
recitrvifolia ,   Sy.    (I'-w.   Ju.    h.)  caulescent:    leaves   lance-linear,   recurve-deflected, 

rarely  filamentose  on  the  margin:  inner  petals  broadest.     3  f. 
gloriosa,    (pelre.    L.    w.   Au.    \.)   caulescent,    branching:    leaves  broad-lanceolate, 

plaited,  very  entire:  petals  lanceolate.     2—4  f. 
alnifolia,  (1)  (L.  w.  Au.  fp.)  caulescent,  branching:  leaves  lance-linear:  with  callous 

crenatures,  rigid.     10 — 12  f. 

Z. 

20—12.     Za'mia.     100.     Cyca.  amy.  dem. 
Smithcrti. 
integrJfoUa,  W.  (2)  (T-.)  frond  pinnate:  leafets  lanceolate,  roundish-obtuse,  attenuate 
at  the  base,  serrulate  on  the  outside  towards  the  apex:  stipe  glabrous,  somewhat 
4-cornered. 

19 — 1.     Zanichel  LiA.     7.     Fluv.  ton — . 

intermedia,  T.   (fal.se  pond-weed.)  anther  2-celled:   stigmas  dentate-crenate:   carpels 

smooth,  entire  on  the  back.     In  salt  marshes. 
palustris,  (Ju.  ^.)  anthers  1-celled:  stigmas  entire:  carpels  toothed  on  the  back.     C. 

Zantliorliiza,  Xanthorhiza. 

13—2.     Zapa'nia.     40.     Verb.  aro.  cata. 

nodiflora,  Mx.  (3)  (fog  fruit.  W.  w.  Ju.' Zf.)  leaves  wedge-obovate,  serrate  abovo: 
spikes  head-conic,  solitary,  long-peduncled:  stem  creeping.  S.  P.  H.  K.  D. 
Harper's  Ferry.     New  Orleans. 

lanceolatii,  (4)  (W.  w.  Ju.  Zf.)  leaves  lance-linear,  sharply  serrate:  spikes  head-conic, 
solitary,  long  peduncled:  stem  creeping.     ;S.     P. 

cuneifolia,  T.  ( VV.)  stem  herbaceous,  procumbent?  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  narrow 
wedge-form,  thick,  nearly  glabrous,  sharply  and  coarsely  toothed  towards  the  apex: 
bracts  wedge-obovate,  dilated  at  the  apex,  mucronate:  little  heads  solitary,  globe- 
ovate,  long-peduncled. 

19—3.     Zf.'a.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 
Souflicrn^ 
mays,  (Indian  corn.  y-g.  Ju.  0.)  leav£s  lance-linear,  entire,   keeled.     Var.  precox', 
(dwarf  corn)  stem  low:  kernel  mostly  8-rowed. 

5 — 3.     Zigade'nus.     13.     Mela.  asc.  ase. 

glaherrimus,  Mx.  (zigadene.  W.  w.  J.  11.)  scape  leafv:  bracts  ovate,  acuminate: 
petals  acuminate:  leaves  long,  recurved,  channelled.  P.  Near  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
2—4  f.     S. 

Yucca.     Yuca  or  yucca,  the  original  Indian  name. 

Zainia.     Gr.  zemia,  damage,  or  loss,  referring  to  the  staminate  anients  not  producing 

any  seed. 
Zanichellia.     In  honor  of  J.  J.  Zanichelli,  an  eminent  botanist  at  Venice. 
Zapania.     In  honor  of  Paul  Anthony  Zappa,  an  Italian  botanist. 
Zea.     Gr.  zea,  a  kind  of  grain,  said  to  be  from  zao,  to  live. 
Zigadenus.     Gr.  zugos,  a  yoke,  and  aden,  a  gland,  alluding  to  the  two  glandular 

depressions  in  each  petal. 

(1)  draconis,  E.     (2)  pumila,  L.      (3)  Lippia,  Mx.  Verbena,  L.      (4)  Lippia.  M. 


ZIGADENUS,  ZOSTERA.  •      485 

Southern, 
elegaits,  Pli.  (W.  w.  J.  21-)  scape  nearly  naked:  bracts  linear:  petals  ovate,  acute. 
Zigadenus,  Melasthium,  IIelonias. 

17 — 2.     Zin'kia.     5o.     Heli.  ole.  sto. 

Exotic. 

violacea,  (blood  marygold.  r.  Ju.)  leaves  ovate,  acute,  sessile  sub-crenate:  apex  of  the 

cliuti'or  scales  fimbriate-serrate. 
elegans,  W.   (p.  J.  0.)  heads  stalked:  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  ovate,  sessile,  clasp- 
ing: stem  hairy:  scaleg  serrate.    2  f.     Mexico. 

Southern. 
imiUiflora,  (W.  r.  S.  0.)  leaves  opposite,  lance-ovate,  sub-petioled:  flowers  pedun- 
cled.     Perhaps  not  a  native  of  North  America. 

19 — 6.     Ziza'nia.     10.     Gram.  far.  ton. 

aquatka,  Ph.  (1)  (water  oats,  wild  rice.  W.  Au.  Q.)  panicle  pyramid-form;  staminate 
flowers  below,  spreading;  pistillate  flowers  above,  spiked:  pedicels  clavate:  flowers 
long-awned:  kernel  long,  cylindric,  becoming  black.  Very  abundant  in  the  great 
western  lakes.  Schoolcraft.  4—8  f.  S.  P.  Y.  T.  B.  N.  C.  Lake  Erie,  and 
Ontario.     Oswego  River.     Mch. 

miliacea,  Mx.  (W.  Au.)  panicle  eff"use,  pyramidal:  glumes  'short-awned:  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  intermixed:  kernel  ovate,  smooth:  leaves  glaucous:  style  one. 
6f.     «.     P.  C.  • 

Zizania,  HroROCHLOA. 

5-2.     Zi'ziA.     De.  (2)    60.     Umbe.  poi. 

aurea,  (2)  (meadow  parsnip,  alexanders.  O.  y.  J.  2^.)  leaves  biternate;  leafets  lance- 
oval:  umbels  with  short  peduncles.  Some  of  the  leaves  are  often  quinate.  1 — 2  f. 
.S.     Mch. 

intcgerrima,  (2)  (O.  y.  J.  21.)  very  glabrous:  leaves  sub-glaucous:  lower  ones  thrice- 
ternate;  upper  ones  twice;  leafets  oblique  oval,  entire:  umbels  with  elongated 
peduncles.     12 — IS  i.     S.     Mcli. 

cordata,  (2)  (alexanders.  O.  y.  J.  21.)  radical  leaves  round-cordate,  crenate;  cauline 
ones  petioled,  ternate;  upper  ones  3-parted:  umbels  with  short  peduncles.     Mch. 

16—10.     Zor'nia.     93.     Legu.  f.  nut.  g.  asc. 
Southern, 
tetraphtjlla,  Mx.    (y.  Ju.  2X.')   leaves  digitate;    leafets  4,  lanceolate,   glabrous:  spikes 
axillary,  peduncled:  flowers  alternate,  2-braoted:  bracts  roundish.  2  f.     California. 

19 — 1.     Zoste'ra.     7.     Fluv.  ton — . 

marina,  (grass-wrack,  sea-eel  grass.  L.  Au.  2X.)  leaves  entire,  somewhat  8-nerved: 
stem  teretish.     Leaves  long:  flowers  minute.     In  bays  and  salt-marshes.     Y.  C.  B. 

Zinnia.     In  honor  of  M.  Zinn,  professor  of  botany  at  Gottingen. 

Zizania.     Gr.  ziznnion,  darnel,  which  has  been  badly  applied  to  the  present  genus. 

Zizia.     Gr.  zizanion,  (a  troublesome  weed.) 

Zornia.     In  honor  of  Joim  Zorn,  a  German  apothecary  and  botanist. 

Zostera.     Gr.  zoster,  a  girdle,  alluding  to  tl>e  ribbon-hke  appearance  of  its  long,  linear 

foliage. 

(1)  clavulosa,  Mx.         (2)  Smyrnium,  Sison. 


487 


SPECIES   OF   THE   FIVE   LOWER   ORDERS 


CRYPTOGAMIA. 


See  Generic  description,  pages  97 — 110. 


ABBREVIATIONS,    NAMES,    AND    GENERAL   PROPERTIES,    TO   BE    REFERRED    TO    FROM    THE 
FOLLOWING   DESCRIPTIONS. 

ISee  a  description  of  eadi  Order  in  an  ascending  series,  at  the  end  of  the  Natural  Orders.^ 

2.  Mus.  Musci.  (mosses  proper.)   Tonic,  astringent,  rarely  cathartic.    Mostly  feeble. 

3.  Hep.  Hepaticae.    (liverworts,    succulent  mosses.)     Tonic,   often  cooling  in 
external  applications,  some  are  amylaceous. 

4.  A!g.  Algae,  (sea- weed,  frog-spittle,  green-hair.)    Tonics,  cutliartics,  antiseptics. 

5.  Lie.  LicHENEs.  (lichens,  rhaptosious,  [in  patches,]  fibrous  or  dendritic.)  Tomc$ 
used  in  dying,  rope-manUfactory. 

6.  Fun.  Fungi,  (toadstools,  puff-balls,  mould,  smut.)    Feeble  tonics,  if  moderately 
dry;  acrid  a.nd  poison  if  juicy;  some  are  edible. 


Aci'nula.     Lat.  flcijiMS,  (little  berry.)     Ergot.     6.  Fun. 
clavus,  horn-form,  cylindrical,  powdery;  purple-black  outside,  white  inside.  In  glumes 

of  rye,  and  of  some  other  grasses. 

AcKEsio'Niusi.     Gr.  ahrenion^  (branch)  capsules  on  branches.     6.  Fun. 
fuscum,  filaments  spreading,  branched,  olive-brown..    On  dead  sticks. 

Acrosperm'um.     Gr.  aAros,  (summit)  sper?/ia,  (seed.)     6.   Fun. 
cornutum,  horn-form,  smooth,  when  dry  furiovved,  rufous,  becoming  paler  at  the  end. 

On  putrid  agarics.     1 — 4  i. 

Actynothy'rium.     Gr.  uktin,  (a  ray)  thuroo,  (to  enclose.)     G.  Fun. 
graminis,  scattered  or  gregarious,  half  a  line  broad,  dark,  a  little  ribbed  and  elevated 

in  the  ce.ntre. 

Aecid'ium.     The  old  name.     Red  gum,  &c.     6.  Fun. 

1 .    Cespitose:  receptacles  aggregated  in  a  tvft  making  a  crust-like  spot  on  leaves. 

cornutum,  becoming  yellow:  receptacles  very  long,  curved,  olive-grey.     Appears  like 

saffron  colored  spots,  on  the  upper  sides  of  leaves  of  mountain  ash,  &c.     1 — 6  i. 
cunccllalum,  tuberculate,  chesnut-brovvn:  receptacles  at  length  splitting  into  divisions 

cohering  at  the  apex.     Grows  on  the  under  side  of  withering  or  dying  pear  leaves. 
rluimni,  cespitose,  ros^e-colored:  receptacles  elongated,  somewhat  diverging,  at  length 

becoming  pale.     On  the  leaves  of  the  ihamniis. 
tussilaginis,  spots  purplish  yellow,  tufts  flat;   receptacles  immersed.     Occurs  on  the 

leaves  of  the  coil's  foot,  (Tussilago  farfara)  is  hardly  prominent  above  the  surface 

of  the  leaf. 


488  AECIDIU.M,    AGARICUS. 

9,     Simple:  receptacles  scattered :  crust,  ichich  is  distinct,  is  never  covjolned. 

euphorhiae,  simple,  crowded:  receptacles  cylindric,  pale;  mouth  reflexed,   yellow  witb 

dust.     On  the  leaves  of  Eupliorbia  maculata. 
anemones,  simple,  scattered:  receptacles  cylindric,   a  little  prominent,  pale,  mostly 

toothed:  wholly  filled  with  white  dust.     On  the  leaves  of  Anemone  neraorosa  in 

the  spring. 
punctatum,  simple,  scattered:  receptacle  sub-immersed:  mouth  somewhat  converging; 

dust  compact,  becoming  sooty-yellow.     Found  sometimes  on  leaves  of  Anemone. 

Agaricus.     From  Agaria,  a  city  in  Sarmatia.     Mushroom.     6.     Fun. 

1.     Lamellne  jiiiceless  or  hccoming  dry ;  not  imohc-dustij,  nor  sooty:  stipe  annulatcd. 

procerus,  large:  pileus  fleshy,  bossed,  scaly,  redish  ash-colored;  lamellae  very  remote, 
white:  bulbous,  stipe  very  long;  ring  moveable.  Var.  S(jiiatnosus,  pileus  convex,  and 
scaly  above;  lamellae  pressed  together  outwardly  from  the  stipe,  and  becoming  yel- 
low.    Var.  e.xcoriatus,  smaller,  whitish:  scales  obsolete.     Woods  and  fields.     13  i. 

squarrosus,  cespitose:  pileus  fleshy;  pileus  and  stipe  scaly  and  scurfy,  rusty  yellow: 
lamellae  crowded,  pale-olive.     Often  on  roots  and  trunks  of  trees  in  autumn.-    2  i. 

polymycus,  cespitose,  heaped  together:  pileus  boshed,  hairy-scaled,  sooty-yellow; 
lamellae  sub-decurrent,  white  becoming  pale:  stipe  annulated,  conic,  olive-ash- 
colored,  solid,  elastic.     Woods,  on  trunks  or  the  earth,  in  autumn. 

candidus,  cespitose:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy-glabrous,  cinnamon-color;  lemellae  sub- 
decurrent,  pale  rust-colored:  stipe  scaly,  cylindric,  rather  slender.  On  trunks  in 
autumn.  ' 

2.  Pileus  mostly  fleshy  ;  lamellae  emarginate,  ifiostly  one-colored,  and  at  length  cinna 
m.on:  stipes  mostly  bulbous,  having  a  ved-lUce  volva  dissolved  into  spider-web.-Uka 
filaments. 

decolorans,  pileus  viscid,  yellow;  lamellae  at  first  bluish-purple,  at  l&nglh  cinnamon: 

stipe  glabrous,  sub-tuberous,  white:   veil-like  v.olva  nist-color." 
flavidiis,  cespitose:   pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  yellow;  the  central  part  more  obscure;' 

lamellae  distinct,  ".one-colored,  becoming  yellow:  stipe  soft,  thickening  downward 

and  becoming  sooty-yellow.     On  trunks.  . 

decipiens,  growing  in  groups:  pileus  fleshy,  acutely  bossed  and  membranaceous  near 

the  centre,  depressed;  lamellae  brdadish,   obscurely  cinnamon-colored:  stipe  long;, 

from  white  becoming  reddish. 

3.     Pileus  fleshy,   entire,  convex:  lamellae  one-colored,  becoming  dry :  stipe  central, 
destilMte  of  a  ring  or  curtain-like  volvi(. 

(Color  of  the  pileus,  brownish  or  browHieh-yellow.) 

pratensis,  tawny-red,  hardish:  pileus  campanulate,  either  obtusely  bossed  or  flattish,. 
glabrous;  lamellae  thick,  distant,  decurrent:  stipe  short,  so^mewhat  slender,  taper- 
ing downwards.     Among  grass.  / 

reflexus,  growing  in  groupsi,  rusty  yellow:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,. acutely  bossed, 
scaly,  reddish-yellow;  lamellae  distinct,  light-cinnamon:  stipe  long,  slender,  fibrous- 
scaly,  scales  reflexed.     Woods. 

radicatus,  pileus  fleshy,  bossed,  viscous,  rugose,  sooty-purple  or  tawny;  lamellae  sub- 
decurrent,  white:  stipe  very  long,  having  a  long  fusi-form  root.     Woods.     1 — 2  i. 

velutipes,  cespitose:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  repand,  glabrous,  broWn;  lamellae  ven- 
tricose,  becoming  yellow:  stipe  tomentose  becoming  dark  liver-bro'wn.     Autumn. 

(Color  of  the  pileus  shining,  red  or  light  yellowish-green.) 

coccineus,  growing  in  groups,  scarlet  all  over:  pileus  sub-mernbranaceous,  convex, 
sub-viscous;  lamellae  distinct,  connected  by  teeth;  stipe  hollow,  sub-compressed. 
Autumn  in  grass.     2  i. 

conicus,  pileus  conic,  acute,  sub-viscous,  light  greenish-yellow;  lamellae  crowded, 
ascending,  becoming  yellow;  stipe  long,  yellow.  Var.  tristis,  solitary:  pileus 
acutely  campanulate,  from  yellowish-green  becoming  dark;    lamellae  free.     4.  i. 

ntssula,  large:  pileus  fleshy,  sub-convex,  with  rose-red  scales:  stipe  rose-red,  solid, 
short:  lamellae  unequal,  while.     2  i. 


ACiARICUS.  489 

(Color  of  the  pileus  white.) 

discoideus,  gub-cespitose:  pileus  fleshy,  viscid,  flattish,  white;  middle  part  yellow  or 
somewhat  rust-color;   lamellae  sub  decurrent:   lamellae  and  stipe  middlins;  white. 

pulrinatus,  pileus  fleshy  or  rather  corky,  cushion-like,  sub-repand,  glabrous,  white; 
middle  part  pale  flesh-colored;  lamellae  crowded,  decurrent,  white:  stipe  very  short, 
solid,  bard.     Woods. 

4.  Small,  tender  ;  ■pileiis  mostly  membranaceous,  striate,  pellucid,  convex,  permanent ; 

lamellae  becoming  dry,  one-colored  :  stipe  mostly  hollow,  elongated,  naked. 

galericulatus,  cespitose,  inodorus:  pileus  membranaceous,  bossed,  tawney  lead-color; 
lamellae  distinct,  vvhite:  stipe  smooth,  rooting,  strigose-haired  at  the  base.  On 
trunks  in  autumn. 

hyp)iorum,  small,  very  tender,  rusty-yellow  all  over:  pileus  beil-form,  furrowed; 
,  lamellae  distant,  broadish:  stipe  middling. 

clavus,  growing  in  groups,  extremely  minute:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  papillose, 
orange  or  red;   lamellae  broadish:   stipe  and  lamellae  white. 

lacleus,  white  all  over:  pileus  campanulate,  obtuse,  striate;  lamellae  distinct,  ascend- 
ing: stipe  ratlier  long,  hirsute  at  the  base. 

corticola,  minute,  scattered,  tawny:  pileus  hemispherical,  sub-plicate;  lamellae  unci- 
nate, linked  together,  white:  stipe  shortish,  incurved.  In  crevices  of  bark,  of 
wood,  &c. 

5.  Pileus  membranaceous,  fagarcons  or  soincu-hat  fleshy,   at  length  torn  ;  lamellae  at 

Icnglli  becoming  a  black  juice  or  dusty  smut:  stipe  white,  naked  or  annulatcd. 

(Membranaceous,  almost  wholly  becoming  a  black  juice;  lamellae  very  thin.) 

comatus,  growing   in  groups:    pileus  conic,    scaly,  vvhite;    scales   yellow;  lamellae 

crowded  or  heaped  together,  at  first  white-purple:  stipes  very  long;  ring  moveable. 
cinereus,  pileus  conic,  furrowed,  sub-tomentose,   cinerous,    smooth  and  bluish-purple 

at  the  apex,    the  margin  at  Ifngth  torn   and   inflexed;   lamellae  linear,    punctate, 

somewhat  zigzag:   stipe  long,  scaly.     Gardens  and  woods. 
disseminatns,  crovvded  or  heaped  together,   small,    fugaceous:   pileus  somewhat  oval, 

striate  plicate,  at  first  somewhat   reddish-yellow,    then  grey;  lamellae   distinct,  in 

some  measure  linked  together,  light  sooty-yellow:  stipe  mostly  incurved. 
domcsticus,  pileus  campanulate,   obtuse,    ungulate,  sulcate,  sooty;  scales  brand-like; 

lamellae   crowded,   linear;  at  first  bluish-red,   then  brown,  becoming  black.     On 

damp  walls,  &.c.  about  houses. 
narcoiicus,  pileus  convex,  cinereous,   plicate,  with  distinct,  bifid,  dense  folds;  vertex 

entire:  stipe  subulate:   lamellae  more  rare  and  distant,  entire  or  halved,  alternate. 

It  diffuses  a  very  narcotic  odor. 

(Somewhat  fleshy!  lamellae  at  legth  becoming  black-smut  or  soot-like,  in  nebulous  ot 
sooty  spots.) 

semiglobatus,  pileus  fleshy,  hemispherical,  sub-viscous,  becoming  yellow;  lamellae 
very  broad,  horizontal,  becoming  dark-cloudy:  stipe  long,  annulated. 

papilionaceus,  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  campanulate,  sooty,  becoming  almost  black; 
lamellae  all  attached,  dark-cinerous  and  various,  white  at  the  margin:  stipe  fur- 
rowed at  the  apex,  dark-pulverulent. 

6.  Pileus  fleshy  or  sub-membranaceous,  smooth,  permanent;  lamellae  somcichat  nebulous, 
at  length  dark-stained  or  one-colored,  sub-ramose  ;  finally  becoming  more  obscure  and 
dark  icith  seminal  dust :  stipe  annulatcd  or  naked. 

(Pileus  fleshy:  stipe  annulated.) 

edulis,  in  groups,  large:  pileus  white,  smooth,  or  obsoletely  scaly;  lamellae  red: 
stipe  long,  bulbous:  the  ring-volva  manifest.  This  is  an  eatable  mushroom,  but 
not  the  most  common. 

campestris,  pileus  fleshy,  flattish,  having  dark-yellow  scales;  lamellae  becoming  yel- 
lowish-red: stipe  short:  the  ring-volva  rather  incomplete.  This  is  the  common 
eatable  mushroom. 

62 


490  AGARICUS. 

precox,  somewhat  in  groups:  pileus  fleshy,  hemispheric,  tan-yelloWj  at  first  white; 
lamellae  flat,  thin,  watery  soot-yellow.:  stipe  solid,  somewhat  tenaceous:  ring-vo.lva 
fugaeeous. 

laiericiiis,  cespitose,  large:  pileus  fleshy,  sub-viscous,  brick-color;  margin  yellow; 
lamellae  distinct,  soinewiiat  nebulose,  becoming  greenish-cinereous:  stipe  long, 
sub-solid:    ring  fugaeeous  becoming  black. 

fasdcularts,  small,  cespitose:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  bossed,  reddish-yellow;  lamel- 
lae nebulose,  becoming  green:  stipe  hollow,  slender:  tlie  curtain-like  volva  becum- 
ing  black. 

(Pileus  mostly  fragile,  membranaceous,  sub-aquose:  stipe  naked.) 

denticidatus ,  slender:  pileus  hemispheric,  livid  purple;  lamellae  toothed  at  the  mar- 
gin: stipe  hollow,  sooty-yellow. 

gracilis,  wholly  fragile:  [)ileus  membranceous,  campanulate,  acute,  very  soft;  lamellae 
linear,  becoming  dark-cinerious:  stipe  very  long,  glabrous,  Pileus  varies  to  flesh- 
cqlor,  dark  reddish-yellow,  white,  &c. 

7.     Pileus  fleshy,  mostly  depressed ;  lamellae  becoming  milky. 

piperaius,    pileus  funnel-form,   expanded  at  the  margin,    glabrous,    white;    lamellae 

crowded,  forked,  white,  becoming  pale. 
snbdulcis,    pileus  funnel-form,   becoming  reddish-yellow;    lamellae  pale  flesh-color; 

juice  sweetish. 

8.  Pileus  fleshy,  mostly  depressed  ;  tamellae  of  equal  length,  ichite,  becoming  dry :  stipe 

naked,  ichite. 

rosaceus,  pileus  conve.v,  flat,  smoothish,  rose-colored  or  pale  red;  lamellae  and  stipe 
white. 

9.  Pileus  entire,  membranaceous,  mostly  striate,  funnel-form  or  umbilicnte;  lamellae  of 
equal  length,  not  becoming  milky,  mostly  decurrent:  stipe  naked,  central:     Small. 

rotula,  cespitose,  white:  pileus  deeply  furrowed;  lamellae  united  in  a  tube  surround- 
ing the  stipe:  stipe  becoming  black.. 

androsaccus,  in  groups  permanent:  pileus  flattish,  s"b-plicate,  white,  obsoletely  boss- 
ed; lamellae  simple,  all  attached:  stipe  becoming  dark-liver-brown. 

epiphyilus,  in  groups,  minute,  white:  pileys  membranaceous,  conve.x,  at  length-sub- 
umbilicate;   lamellae  few,  ramose:  stipe  becoming  black. 

campanella,  in  groups:  pileus  hemispheric,  umbilicate,  striate,  rust-colored;  lamellae 
decurrent:  stipe  hollow,  chesnut-brown. 

10.  Pileus  fleshy,    depressed,  oblique,   entire  or  halved:  stipe  naked,  7ioi  attached  to  the 

centre  of  the  pileus,  lateral,  or  none. 

(Pileus  entire;  stipe  not  in  the  centre.) 

inconstans,  largish:  pileus  sub-tenaceous,  depressed,  entire  or  halved,  lobed  zigzag, 
somewhat  reddish-yellow;  lamellae  sub-ramose,  crisped  at  the  base,  white  and 
somewhat  shining. 

(Pileus  halved:  stipe  marginal:  lamellae  decurrent,  diverging  from  the  side  of  the 
pileus.) 

flalelllformis,  sub-stiped:  pileus  flattish,  torn  in  various  forms,  margin  crenate;  lamel- 
lae three-cleft:  stipe  short  or  none. 

spathulalus,  erect,  spathe-form:  pileus  pale  tan  color;  the  middle  part  spongy  and 
scaly:   stipe  perpendicular,  channelled. 

mollis,  in  groups,  soft:  pileus  glabrous,  gibbose,  pale;  lamellae  watery-cinnamon 
color. 

sti/ptncus,  cespitose,  pileus  sub-coriaceous,  emarginate,  tan-color,  sub-farinaceous; 
lamellae  very  thin,  veiny,  connected,  cinnamon  color:  stipe  compressed,  ascending, 
dilated  at  the  apex. 

viitis,  in  groups,  all  over  white:  pileus  somewhat  fleshy,  glabrous,  smooth;  lamellae 
simple:  stipe  horizontal,  dilated  at  the  apex. 


AUARICUS,    R.^OMYCES.  491 

(Pileus  halved,  somewhat  corky.) 

alncus,  coriaceous,  tomentose,  whitish-grey:  lamallae  split  revolute  at  the  margin. 
Becoming  purple-ciiierious. 

abletinus,  sub-cespitose,  dark  sooty-yellow:  pileus  glabrous,  smooth;  lamellae  glaucous: 
branching  intlie  young  state. 

coriace.us,  coriaceous,  marked  with  zones,  tomentose,  pale:  lamellae  sub-ramose,  pale- 
woody. 

scpiarius,  coriaceous,  hard,  flat  bolli  sides:  pileus  slrigose-tonientose,  chesnut-brown; 
lamallae  crowded,  ramose,  becoming  yellow. 
Agy'rium.     Gr.  airMns,  (a  crowd.)     6.  Fun. 

caesium,  in  heaps,  nearly  separate,  convex,  whitish-grey.     On  dead  pines. 
Alcyonidium.     Gr.  idkaondon,  (foam  of  the  sea.)     4.  Alg. 

diaphanum,  branches  elongated.     6  i. 

Alectoria.     Gr.  utector,  {wiihoui  a.  bed.)     5.   Lie. 

jubuta,  thallus  rounded,  somewhat  shining,  livid-brown,  very  much  branclied;  branches 
filiform,  compressed  at  the  axils.  Apothecia  of  the  same  color,  at  length,  con- 
vex, entire  at  the  margin. 

sarmeiitosa,  thallus  roundish,  angular,  somewhat  pitted,  dichotomous,  pale  yellowish; 
the  extiemilies  much  branched,  lax  and  slender.  Apothecia  rather  concave,  livid, 
pruinose,  at  length  flattened. 

usneuiiles,  frond  flat,  compressed,   striate  longitudinally,  very  branching,   pale-white; 
branches  fibrous:   receptacles  flat,  of  the  same  color,  entire.     On  trees. 
Anoectan'gium.     Gr.  anciktus,  (open,)  «o-«c?(;7i,  (a  rose. )     2.     A'lus. 

Jiliformc,   Mx.  stem  slender-filiform:  leaves    closely   imbricate,   oval,   denticulate  in  a 
similar-colored  point:  capsule  ciliate  at  the  apex:  lid  sub-conic:  calyptre  sub-villose. 
On  rocks. 
Anthoce'uos.     Anthos,  (flower,)  keras,  (horn.)     3.  Hep. 

IcEiis,  (wax  liverwort)  frond  flat,  undivided,  scarcely  undulated  at  the  margin.  On 
the  earth  in  damp  shaded  situati<ms. 

punctatus,  frond  sinuate,  undivided,  crisped  at  the  margin.  On  the  earth  where  moist 
and  shaded.     1^  i. 

caroliniunus,    Mx.  fronds  with   sharp  roundish    lobes,    margin   sub-entire,    scarcely 
punctured  above:   the  horn-form  capsule  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
Arrhenop'teruai.     Gr.  am;H,  (strong.  )7iteris,  (wing. )     '2.  Mus. 

helerostrychum,  erectish:  leaves  lax,  imbricate,  oval,  obtuse,  serrulate. 

Arscy'ria.     Gr.  orAws,  (a  net,)  the  seeds  fastened  together  by  net-work.     6.   Fun. 

mdiins,  pale-yellow,  sub-stiped,  cylindrical,  long,  weak,  drooping.   On  rotten  wood.   J  i. 

jninica,  heaped  or  cespitose,    stiped,  dull  red:  seed  abundant,  crimson  red.     On  rot- 
ten wood.     3  i. 
Arthonia.     Gr.  arlhon,  ofarico,  (to  kill,  destroy.)     5.  Lie. 

swariziana,  crust  cartilagin.  membr.  white.  Apoth.  sess.  broad,  um.  round,  rep.  irreg. 
anff".  with  dark  elev.  dots. 

ohscara,  crust  membr.  somew.  olive-col.  Apoth.  min.  flat,  concave,  somew.  membr. 
oval-ellipt.  and  renif.  wrink.  dark. 

lynceii,  crust  thin,  sub-tartareous,  equal,  somewhat  cracked,  white.  Apoth.  cluster- 
ed, flat,  somewhat  immersed,  round,  oblong  and  curved,  black,  caesious,  (grey.) 

punctiformis,  crust  somewhat  determinate,  membranaceous  smooth,  dark  orange-yel- 
low: receptacles  minute,  roundish,  scattered,  sub-immersed,  flaltish  one  side  and 
sub-convex  the  other,  dark  colored.     On  the  tender  bark  of  branches  of  trees. 

pruinosa,  crust  thin,  of  a  tartar-like  appearance,  unequal,  smooth,  ramose,  white:  re- 
ceptacles flat,  immersed,  roundish  polygons  confluent  obscurely  dark  yellow,  mealy 
glaucous.     On  oak  bark,  &c. 
Aspergil'lus.     Lat.  sprinkling  brush.     Mould.     6.   Fun. 

pencUlatus,  filaments  scattered,  heaped,  a  line  high,  bearing  long  tufts  of  beaded  seeds. 
On  specimens  m  herbaria. 

glaucous,  in  minute  tufts  of  white  erect  filaments.     Blue  patches. 
Atracto'bolus.     G(.  atractos,  (spindle,)  IjuUo,  {io  ca.sU)     li.   Fun. 

ubiquilarius,  resembling  scattered  flower  to  the  naked  e^^e.     On  wood  and  stones. 

B. 
B^oMYCES.     Gr.  i«ios,  (small,)  tom/ics,  (fungus.)     5.  Lie. 
roseus,  crust  unif.   granulat.   greenish  white.     Fodelia  very  short,  cylind.     Apoth. 
sub-glob,  wrinkl.  pale  flesh-color. 


492  B^.OMYCES,    BOLETUS. 

microphyllus,  leaves  minute,  somewhat  imbricated,  rounded,  nearly  entire,     Podetia 

simple,  tubular,  smooth. 
caespititius,  thallus  clustered,  ascendinjr,  leafy,  pinnatif.  cut  and  crisped:  bright  green 

above,  white  benuatli.     Tubercles  from  tlie  disk  of  leaves  convex,  reddish  brown. 
Tufas,  Ach.  crust  uniform,  rugose  granulated  and  pulverulent  greenish-vvhile:  podetia 

very  short,  somewhat  compressed,  apothecia  flattish  at  the  top,  sometimes  conglp- 

merate,  reddish-brown.     ^  i. 

Ban'gia.     In  honor  of  C.  F.  Bang,  a  writer  on  scripture  Botany.     4.  Alg. 
laminariae,  filaments  tuRed,  fastigiate,  equal.     Bands  approximating  in  pairs,  many- 

dolted.     1— 12i. 

Barbu'la.     Lat.  iari^/Zfl,  (little  beard.)     2.  Mus. 
caesptiosa,  stem  very  short,   sub-simple;    leaves  densely  crowded  together,   oblong- 
linear,  mucronate,  convolute  at  the  apex  on  becoming  dry:  capsules  cylindric,  with 

a  straight-subulate  lid  of  nearly  its  own  lengtli. 
acuminata,   leaves  ovate-acuminate,  concave,  twisted  on  becoming  dry:  stems  erect, 

simple  and  divided,  becoming  renewed:  elongation^  of  the  renewed  parts  stand  out 

behind  the  capsules. 
fallax,   stem  ramose:  leaves  recurve-spreading:  pericheth  nerveless:  capsules  oblong; 

lid  obliquely  beaked.     On  walls  and  bye-lanes,  .fee. 
lanceolata,  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-apiculaie,  crisped  when  dry:  fascicle  of  ducts  strong: 

capsule  bottle-form,  straight;  lid  oblique. 
tortuosa,  caulescent,  rather  high,  ramose:  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  sub-denticulate, 

may  become  crisped:  capsule  straight,  slender  cylindric;  lid  subulate. 

Bartram'ia.     In  honor  of  J.  Bartram,  an  American  botanist.     2.   Mus. 
crispa,  pedicels  erect:  leaves  subulafe,  crisped,  serrate  at  the  maigin,  much  contorted 

when  dry.     In  tlie  mountains  about  Williams  College. 
cederi,   stem   elongated,    slender:    pedicels  erect:  leaves  lanceolate,  serrulate,  scarcely 

twisted  when  dry.     Among  damp  mountain  rocks,  ifec. 
longiscta,   stem   short,    lesser  sterns  somewhat  simple:   leaves  not  dense,  subulate, 

kneeled  and  scarcely  perceptibly  denticulate,  erect  when  dry:  peduncle  very  long. 

Batrachosper'mum.     Gr.  hatrachos.  {^vog,)  sperma,(seei\.)     3.   Hep. 
trioniliforme,    frond    moniliform,    much   branched;    branches    rather   acute:     cauline 

whorls  nearly  distinct,  globose. 

Bla'zia.     Gr.  blazo,  (useless.)     4.  Alg. 
pusiUa,  Sz.   capsule  marked,  immersed  in  the  frond,  ovate-oblique,  terminating  in  aq 

open  tube,  permanent:  frond  orbicular  or  heaped  together  in  abundance,  beautifully 

green,  net  veined,  dichotomous  or  trichotomous,  bearing  capsules  on  the  apex. 

Bole'tus.     Gr.  AoZos,  (a  field,)  touchwood.     6.  Fun. 

1.     Pileus  fleshy,  cushion-like,  easily  separated  from  the  elongated  tubes. 

annulatvs,  pileus  cushioned,  campanulato,  viscid,  becoming  yellow-livid;  v/ith  spots, 

from  brick-colored  .streaks,  becoming  red;  pores  yellow:    stipe  annulated.     Among 

pines,  &c.  in  autumn. 
corticatus,   sliped:    pileus   yellow,   sub-viscid,   orange  in  the   centre;   the  fleshy  part 

white,  firm  and  lidgy  or  crispedj   tubes  yellow:   curtain-like  volva  white:   stipe 

thick,  especially  towards  the  base. 
rvfus,  pileus  dilated,  plano-convex,  brick-red;  pores  white:  stipe  long,  torn- wrinkled; 

scales  becoming  black.     In  grassy  woods,  &c.  autumn.     This  is  a  variety  of  the 

aiirantius. 
scaber,   pileus  sub-rugose,   grey-sooty-yellow;  pores  becoming  pale  white,  depressed 

around   the  attenuated    stipe;   scales  becoming  black.     In   beech  woods,    <fec.    the 

beginning  of  autumn:  at  length  it  becomes  dry,  hard  and  dark  colored.     3  by  4  i. 
drcinans,  in  groups:  pileus  viscid,  sub-repand,  thick  straw-color  or  livid-yellow;  pores 

acute,  yellow:  stipe  somewhat  slender,  shortish,  yellowish,  rough  with  dark  specks. 

Among  pines,  &c.  early  in  autumn. 
sub-tomentosus,  middfe-size:  pileus  cushioned,  plano-convex,  sub-tomentose,  yellowish 

ash-color;  the  fleshy  part  not  very  changeable;  pores  large:  stipe  somewhat  slender 

reddish  in  the  middle  or  yellowish  and  one-colored.     Grows  in  woods  in  autumn. 
radicans,  pileus  cushioned,  yellow-cinereous;   margin  involute,  sub-tomentose;   pores 

citron  yellow:   stipe  smooth,  rooting,  tomentose,  one-colored.     In  oak  woods,  Slc. 

autumri. 
reticulalus,   pileus  cushioned,   dilated,  dirty  yellow,   mostly  tessellated  and  chinked; 

fleshy  part  becoming  bluish;  pores  middle  size:   becoming  yellow:  stipe  shortish, 


rtOLEtus.  493 

glabrous,  of  the  same  color  of  the  pileus,  red  within.     Pileus  often  5  or  6  inches 

broad. 
edulis,   pileus  cushioned,  very  broad,   dark  yellowish  purple,  the  fleshy  part  not 

cliangeable;  pores  at  first  filled  and  wliitisli,  afterwards  pule  yellow:  stipe  tuberous 

sub-venlricose,  reticulate,  reddish-grey.     In  woods,  &c.  autumn. 
luridus,  large:  pileus  cushioned,  dark  olive;  pores  equal,  at  first  red,  at  length  orange: 

stipe  elongated  red,  reticulate,  sub-bulbous.     In  July,  large.     6  by  2  i. 

2.     Pileus  Jleshij,  coriaceous,  Jiiostly  someichat  corlnj:  tubes  shorlii-h,  connected  icith  the 
substance  vf  the  pikus. 

(Pileus  entire:  stipe  central,  or  a  Utile  out  of  the  centre  and  perpendicular.) 

hrumalis,  pileus  convex,  sub-umbilicate,  of  a  darkish  shade  becoming  yellow,  margin 
ciliate:  pores  oblong,  white.     Late  in  autumn  on  decaying  trunks,  «fcc. 

permnis,  coriaceous,  tenaceousi  cinnamon  color:  pileus  thin,  with  zones,  mostly 
connate.     On  the  earth  about  decaying  trunks,  &.c. 

(Pileus  halved;  stipe  lateral.) 

Jrondosus,  very  branching:  pilei  many,  halved,  sooty-grey.  About  roots  of  oaks,  &c. 
in  autumn.     The  whole  group  or  mass  sometimes  a  foot  broad. 

lucidus,  pileus  very  tough,  coriaceous,  chesnut-color,  shining,  with  concentric  fur- 
rows; pores  minute,  white.  Stipe  variable.  On  trunks  of  trees,  very  large,  be- 
coming tawny. 

ladius,  sub-cespitose:  pileus  glabrous,  tough,  liver-brown,  paler  at  the  margin;  pores 
minute,  pale:  stipe  lateral,-  short,  thick,  dark  cinerous.  On  hollow  logs,  &c.  in 
autumn. 

varius,  sub-solitary:  pileus  tough,  reddish  yellow,  halved  or  entire:  stipe  sub-lateral, 
elongated,  black  from  the  middle  downward-     On  liunks,  1  to  2  inches  broad. 

(Pileus  halved;  without  a  stipe.) 

citrinus,  imbricate,   halved,   fleshy,   glabrous,  citron-yellow.     Roots  of  oaks,  &c.  in 

summer  and  autumn. 
odoratus,  halved,   odoriferous,  sub-deformed:    pileus  rugose,  witli  zones  or  parallel 

bands:   dark  shade  at  the  base,  margin  arched  and  cinnamon  color  beneath,  opake. 

On  trunks. 
marginatus,  simple  or  sub-imbricate:   pileus  thick,  hard  tuberculate,  becoming  red  or 

reddish-yellow,    margin   issuing  a  white  juice;    pores   pale  or  light  citron-yellow. 

Very  hard  and  hairy;   about  4  inches.     When  recent,    acid  drops  of  a  liquid   issue 

from  the  margin. 
igniarhis,  dilated,  smooth,  cuticle  in  ridges:  pileus  hard,  becoming  dark  at  the  base, 

at  the  margin  cinnamon-color,  beneath  yellowish- white.     Grows  on  trunks.     Ge 

neral  form  like  a  horse's  hoof.     It  is  called  touchwood.     6  to  18  i. 
betuUnus,  sub-stiped,  largish:  pileus  flesh-corky,  reniform,  dirty  reddish  yellow,  white 

beneath.      On  roots,  &;c. 
fomentarius,  halved,  hard:  pileus  sub-triquetrous,  with  obsolete  belts,  dirty  ash-color; 

pores  at  first  white  glaucous,  at  length  sub-ferruginous.     Used  for  tinder. 
vclidiiious,   corky,   simple,    pileus   convex,    thin,   hirsute,  white;    pores  minute,   dirty 

white.     About  Ih  inches  broad,  somewhat  zoned.     On  dry  trunks,  Ac. 
lutesccns.  sub-cespitose,  corky:   pileus  depressed,   thin,  tomentose,  pale;  with  hirsute 

zones  becoming  yellow.     On  trunks,  &.c.  witii  the  last,  which  it  resembles,  but  is 

rather  broader. 
versicolor,  cespitose,   coriaceous:    pileus  thin,  with  bluish  many-colored  zones;  pores 

white.     On  dry  trunks.     Autumn  and  winter. 
cinnabarinus,   in   groups,  uniformly  of  a  cinnabar  or  vermiJlion  color:  pileus  tiiickish, 

ridgy,  obsoletely  zoned,  sub-tomentose.     One  or  two  inches  diameter. 

3.     Open  or  effuse,  upside  doion  (that  is,  the  pores  or  tubes  on  the  upper  side) 
pileus  mostly  obsolete. 

destructor,  white:  pileus  unequal,  undulated,  rugose;  pores  roundish-obtuse.  Grows 
in  buildings,  &c.  which  it  tends  to  destroy.  Its  substance  is  fibrous  and  becomea 
dry. 

radula,  pale  white,  sub-tomentose:  pores  acute,  unequally  prominent,  rough. 


494  ROLETUS,  BRYUM. 

4.     Tnles  free  among  each  other. 

hepaticus,  fleshy,  blood-red,  halved;  tubes  free,  becoming  yellow.     Roots  of  oak,  &c. 

in  autumn. 

BoRRERA.     In  honor  of  Borrer,  a  British  botanist.     5.  Lie. 
leucomda,   thallus  palish;    segments   erect,  linear,    niultifid,  attenuated,  ciliated^  be- 

neatli  very  white,  powdery  and  channelled.     Apothecia  with  a  flat  black  caesious 

disk.     li  i. 
furfurucea,  thallus  greenish-gray,  farinaceous;  segments  linear,  attenuated,  branched, 

grooved,  naked,  rugose  and  blackish  beneath.    Apothecia  somewhat  marginal,  cup- 
shaped  with  their  margin  ihin  inflexed.     Ij  i. 
chrysojihlhaiinu,  thallus  yellow,  naked,  and  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides:  segments 

linear,  flattish,  pinnatifid,  branched,  fibrous  at  end.     Apothecia  somewhat  terminal 

with  an  orange-colored  disk.     1  i. 
cUiaris,  thallus  greenisli;    segments  linear,  branched,   attenuated,    ciliated  ^t  end, 

whitish   and  channelled   beneath.     Apotliecia  somewhat  terminal;  disk  concave, 

becoming  flat,  with  a  fringed  border.     1;|  i. 
exilis.   frond   pale  white;   divisions  very   branching,    entangled   a  little,  compressed, 

capillary,  attenuated:  receptacles  scattered;   disk  flattish,  saffron  color,  with  a  thin 

entire  fiond-like  margin. 
Columbiana,    jNutt.    thallus  cartilaginous,   cespitose,   sulphur-yellow,  somewhat  com- 
pressed,  sub-lacunose,  divaricate,   spread-branched;    divisions  erectish,   attenuate, 

slender:  sculeliae  sparingly  aggregated,  mostly  terminal,  fuscous;  hairy  rays  of  the 

margin  reflexed.     Grows  on  pine  trees,  Rocky  Mts. 

Bo'TRYTis.     Gr.  io//i/s,  (a  bunch  (Tr  grapes. )     6.   Fun. 
diffusa,  veiy  lax   tufts;    branches   fe^v,    white,    lonsr,    spread,  having  short  branchlets 

bearing  round  clusters  of  seeds.     On  decayed  herbs.     ^  i. 
parasitica,    somewhat  tufted,    lax,    white,    slightly   branched:    seeds   roundish.     On 

Shepherd's  purse. 

Bovis'ta.     Lat.  ioijis  (of  ios,  an  ox)  ox-buff"  ball.     C.   Fun. 
nin-resccns,  white,  becoming  blackish-brown:  plicate  beneath.     Largish;  in  pastures. 

giganlna,  almost  sessile,  very  large,  globular,  yellowish-white;  having  scattered  sub- 
obsolete  scales:  in  pastures,  often  from  6  to  12  inches  in  diameter. 
Bry'um.     Gr.  bruon,  (moss.)     2.  Mus. 

1.     Staminate  fioicers  pedunchd ,  leaf  ess. 

androgynum,  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  imbricate-spreading:  capsule  erect,  oblong; 
lid  conic.     In  damp  woods. 

2.     Staminate  flowers  sessile,  terminal,  bud-form:  capsules  peduncled. 

carneum,  stem  simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  reticulate,  remotish:  capsule 
pendulous,  ovate.     In  damp  shades. 

argenteum,  stem  ramose  at  the  base,  cespitose:  leaves  ovate,  concave,  mucronate, 
imbricate,  glaucous-silvery:  capsule  ovate-oblong,  pendulous.  On  walls,  houses, 
and  sandy  soils. 

ccespitilium,  stem  ramose  at  the  base:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  imbricate;  cap- 
sule oblong,  pendulous;  lid  convex.     On  walls,  houses,  &i,c. 

3.     Staminate  floicers  sessile,  terminal,  with  a  disk-like  tuft  of  leaves. 

roseum,  stem  erect:  leaves  crowded  together,  stellate,  oblong,  entire,  acute:  capsule 
oblong;  lid  conic.     In  woods  and  bushes. 

cuspidatum,  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate:  capsule  ovate,  pendulous;  lid  conic,  obtuse. 
In  moist  shades. 

punctatum,  stem  erect,  sub-simple:  leaves  obovate,  entire,  punctate-reticulate:  cap- 
sules ovate;  lid  subulate,  incurved.     In  damp  shady  lawns,  &c. 

4.     Floicers  perfect;  germs  nodding. 

nutans,  stem  sub-simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  keeled:  capsule  obovate,  nodding; 
lid  convex,  short-mucronate.     In  dry  barren  situations. 


BULGARIA,  CENOMYCE.  495 

Bulga'ri.v.     Lat.  hulgn,  (a  leather  bag)  false  peziza.     G.  Fun. 

inquinans,  turbinate,  firm,  scale  wrinkly  outside,  uniber-color:  disk  flattish  and  dark- 
coloted.     On  dead  oak.- 

sarcoides,  irregular,  cespitose,  subgelatinous,  somewhat  firm,  reddish-purple  and  some- 
what veiny  outside:   seed-bed  concave.     On  decaying  trees.     J  i. 
Buxbau'mia.     In  honor  of  Buxbaum,  a  German  botanist.     2.   Mus. 

aphijlla,  destitute  of  apparent  leaves,  fungus-like.     1  i. 


Cali'cium.     Gr.  kalukion,  {a.Y\\.\.\e  vwy.)     4.  Alg. 
stegoueUum,  crust  somewhat  contiguous,    unequal,    whitish  or  none.     Apothecia  ses- 
sile, sub-globose,  dark  smooth;  disk  dot-like,  becoming  flattish  with  a  thin  shining 

margin.     3  i. 
cunlliereUmn,   crust  thin,  whitish,  powdery,  apothecia   lentiform:    disk  flesh-colored, 

becoming  brown  powdered;  stalks  filiform,  naked,  pile,  becoming  brownish  or  black. 

I  i. 
turbinatum,  puifs    turbinate,   nearly  sessile,   black  rather  polished:   disk  dark,  opake, 

puncticulate,  within  a  thick  contracted  inargin.     On  trunks  of  trees,  &c. 

Calo'cera.     Gr.  kalos  (beautiful)  kcras  (horn)  horn-club.     6.   Fun. 
tuberosa,   yellowish,    tough,    sub-simple:   stem    tuberous  long-rooted.     Under  bark  of 

trees.     2  i. 
cornea,  tufled,  small  simple  and  branched,  viscid,  yellow,  connate   at  the  base.     On 

trees,     i  i. 

Calym'peres.     Gr. /cafe/Kwa,  (veil,)  peros,  (mutilated.)     2.  Mus. 
kobsoni,  stem  elongated:  leaves  linear,    serrate,  with  athick  line  below  the   margin: 

calyptre  smooth.     1  i. 

Campylo'pus.     Gr.  kampulos,  (curved.)     2.  Mus. 
pulrinatiis,  stem  ramose    fastigiate:  leaves    lanceolate,  hairy:  capsule  oval,  nodding; 

lid  subulate.     On  walls. 

Cantharel'lcs.     Fr.  cA(/?i<«7-c/ie,  (string  of  a  violin,)  eatable  fungi.     6.  Fun. 
ci6a'rJ!/s,  yellow,  cap  fleshy  irregular  smooth:  veins   tumid:  stipes  solid,   tapering  at 

the  base.     In  fields.     Hi. 
cornucnpioiiles,   cap  tube-furm  pervious  scaly  black-umber;   wrinkles,  obsolete.     Pur- 
plish, elastic.     2  i. 
lutcscens,  cap  sub-men'branaceous  funnel-form,    waved,  yellowish  or  brownish;  veins 

anastomose:  stipes  hollow,  yellow.     2  i. 

Carpobolos.     Lat.  carpns,  (fruit, )  ioios,  (sphere. )     3.  Hep. 
orbicularis,  fronds  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  often   confluent,  never  superincum- 
bent: capsule  yeJlow,  semi  transparent. 

Cathari'naea.      Gt.  kaihiirizo,   (to  purify.)     Or  perhaps  Catharine.     2.   Mus. 
unduluta,  leaves  lanceolate,   seriate,  undulated,  crisped  when  dry:   capsule  cylindric; 

lid  subulate.     Shady  woods. 

Cenangium.     Gr.  kcaos,  {hoWow, )  airginti,  (bag.)     6.  Fun. 
gucrcinum,   simple,   in   heaps,   long,    zigzag,   at  first  closed,  afterwards   open  with  a 

broad  pale  disk.     On  dead  plum-trees,     i  i.     I. 

Cexomyce.     Gr. /icnos,  (empty. )  7/??//;es,  (a  small  fungus.)     5.   Lie. 
alcicornis.  thallus  foliaceous.  very  pale,  glaucous  green;   the  segments  sub-palmated, 

ascending,    obtuse   and  incurved.     Podetia   elongated,    tuibinate   all    cup-bearing, 

smooth,  the  cups  regular  crenate,  with  the  margin  at  length  leafy  and  prohferous. 

Apothecia  brown. 
pyzidula,  thallus    foliaceous;  segments  crenulated   ascending:    podetia  all  turbinate, 

elongate  cup-shaped,   glabrous,    at  length   glanulat.  warty    rough,   greyish-green: 

cups  regular;  the  maigin  at  length  prolif.     Apothecia  brown. 
fimhrintii,   thallus   foliaceous;    the  segments  small,  crenate:  podetia  elongated,  cylin- 
drical,  cup-bearing,   sometimes  subulate,   slightly   pulverul.   white:   cups  regular, 
their  margins  cut  and  crenate,  at  length  prolif.  apoth.  brown. 
gonoregii,   thallus   floccous.     Segments   broadish,    crenulatc,   cut.     Podetia  longish, 
smooth,   somewhat  warted,    glaucous  or  whitish   green.     Apothecia  irregular,  torn 
into  rays,  proliferous  at  the  edge. 
ecmocyna,   thallus  foliaceous;   segments  small  crenate:    podetia  long  subulate,  sterile 
and  fertile,  smooth,  livid-brown,  apothecia  cup-shaped,  toothed  at  the  edge,  occa- 
sionally proliferous. 


496  CENOMVCE,    CLAVARIA. 

lac'dlaris,  tliallus  foliaceoiis  small;  segm.  inciso-lobate,  crenate:  podetia  cylindr.  sim- 
ple and  soniew.  brancli.  at  the  extremity,  greenisli-wliite,  granulated,  rarely  cup- 
bearing:   cups  narr.  at  the  radia.  apolhecia  minute,  scarlet. 

dt'formis,  thallus  foliaceous.  minute;  segments  broadish,  cut-crenate,  naked  beneath: 
podetia  long,  thick,  sub-ventricose,  sulphur-colored,  slightly  pulverulent,  cup-bear- 
ing: cups  narrow  crenate-dentate,  at  length  dilated  and  jagged,  apothecia  sessile 
and  pedunculate,  scarlet. 

cocci/era,  thallus  foliaceous  minute;  segm.  rounded  crenate  naked  beneath:  podetia 
elongated,  turbinate,  naked,  nearly  pale-yellow  or  greyish  green,  all  cup-bearing, 
cups  with  their  margins  spreading  fertile  apothecia  large,  at  length  stalked,  scarlet. 

spflrasa, jthallus  foliac.  with  minute  lobes  and crenated:  podetia  elongated,  branch,  sub- 
ventr.  granulat.  rough  with  leafy  scales,  cup  bearing:  cups  irregular,  pervious,  den- 
tato-radiate,  proliferous,  apothecia  stalked,  pale  brown. 

delicatn,  thallus  foliaceous  with  minute  granular  lobes:  podetia  smooth,  granular, 
pallid,  divided  at  end;  divisions  very  short:  apothecia  clustered,  brownish 
black. 
/areata,  podetia  elongated,  smooth,  livid-brown,  dichotomous,  axils  not  perforated; 
branches  narr.  subulate,  curved,  the  extremities  forked,  divergent:  fertile  ones  with 
brown  apothecia. 

uncialis,  podetia  elongated,  glabr.  pale  tiichotomous;  the  axils  perforated  open;  the 
extremities  of  the  branches  patent,  short,  acute  and  rigid;  apothecia  small,  terminal, 
brown. 

rangiferina,  podetia  elongated:  cylinder  erect,  roughish,  hoary,  branched;  axils  often 
perforated;  branches  scattered,  ^ery  much  divided,  spreading,  the  ultimate  ones 
sub-radiate  or  drooping:  apolhecia  sub-globose,  clustered,  brown.  Var.  pungens, 
podetia  cinereous, dichotomously  branched,  rigid,  forming  a  cushion-like  tuft;  axils 
not  bored  through;    end  of  branches  mucronate,  diverging,  brownish. 

vermimlaris,  podetia  subulate,  nearly  simple,  smooth,  very  white,  sub-fistulose,  flex- 
uose,  prostrate. 
Ckra'miom.     Gt.  heramasj  (a  small  measure.)     4.  Alg. 

diaphanum,  filam.  dichotom.  much  branched,  somewhat  membranous,  variegated  with 
purple  and  hyal.     Joints  elevated.     ,5  i. 

rubrum,  filam.  dichotom.  much  branched,  somewhat  cartilaginous,  branchlets  forked. 
Artie,  ovate,  opaque.     10  i. 

roseum.,  filam.  branciied;  branchlets  alternate,  rigid,  spreading,  subulate.  Artie.  3 
times  as  long  as  broad.     Hi. 

tetricum,  primary  filaments  downy.     Branches  straight,  decompound,  pinnate.     Artie. 
3  times  as  long  as  broad.     6  i. 
Ceea'tium.     Gr.  heras,  (horn.)     6.  Fun. 

hudnoides,  growing  in  small  tufts:   filaments  sub-confluent,    simple  or  branched  and 
fascicled.     On  dead  wood.     1 — 12  i. 
Cetra'ria.     Lat.  cetra,  (a  square  buckler.)     5.  Lie. 

junipcrina,  thallus  pale-yellow,  very  yellow  beneath;  the  segments  plane,  ascending, 
erose,  crenate  and  crisped.  Apothecia  elevated;  their  disk  brown,  the  margin  cre- 
nulated.     1^  i. 

glauca,  thallus  glaucous,  somewhat  shining,  sinuated  and  lobed,  brown  beneath;  the 
segments  cut  and  jagged,  curled,  ascending.  Apothecia  elevated,  chesnut-brown; 
their  margin  wrinkled.     2  i. 

islandica,  thallus  olive-brown,  paler  beneath;  the  segments  erect,  sub-linear,  multifid, 
channelled,    smooth,    dentate-ciliated;    fert.    branches    spreading.     Apothecia   ap- 
pressed,  plane,  of  the  same  color;   margins  elevated,  entire.     2  i. 
Chon'dria.     Gr.  chondros,  (cartilage.)     4.   Alg. 

pusilla,  frond  compress,  filif  somew.  contract,  here  and  there,  fructif.  either  min. 
tuberc.  or  scatter,  spor.  in  ramuli.     5  i. 

articulata,  frond  filiform,   chain-like,,  in  joints,  tubular.     Branches  fastigiate,    dicho- 
tomous and  whorled.     6  i. 
Chorda'ria,     Gr.  cAorrfc,  (a  cord.)     4.  Alg. 

fiagelliforniis.^    frond   much    branched.       Branchlets   virgate,    somewhat    distichous, 
spreading  at  the  base.     24  i. 
CLADOspo'niuai.     Gr.  hiados,  (branch,  bearing  the  fruit.)     6.   Fun. 

Jierbanun,    tufted,   minute,    olive-green,    becommg    blackish    and    rigid.      On   dead 
stems. 
Clava'kia.     Lat.  clava,  (club.)    6.  Fun. 


CLAVARIA,    COLLEMA.  497 

1.     Coral-like;  davate  pile.us  hranched. 
(Stems  or  stipes  very  thick.) 

coralloides,  white,  erect;  branches  elongated,  irregular,  mostly  acute,  unequal.  Coral 
club.     On  the  ground.     \i  i. 

fonnosa,  very  branching:  stem  sub-decumbent,  thick,  white;  branches  elongated, 
rose  orange;  branclilets  obtuse,  becoming  yellow.     In  groves. 

fiavd,  stem  thick,  white;  branches  and  branchlets  straight,  shortish,  yellow.  In  au- 
tumn it  grows  in  shady  woods,  about  3  inches  long. 

botnjtis,  sub^defo,rmed;  stem  very  thick,  decumbent,  becoming  palish-white;  branches 
shortish,  sub-iugose;  branchlets  obtuse,  red.     On  fallen  trees,  &c.     .'^  i. 

(Stem  slender,  or  not  so  thick  as  to  equal  all  the  branches  taken  together.) 

palinutu,  somewhat  winged  or  wing-like,  becoming  pale:  stem  slender;  branches 
sub-compressed,  palmate.  About  three  inches  long,  and  the  breadth  about  the 
same. 

cornicvlidn,  sub-ramose,  yellow:  stem  slendei,  elongated,  twice  ternately  divided  in 
forks;  branchlets  acute.  Branches  mostly  compressed;  branchlets  a  httle  woolly. 
In  woods,  IJ  inch  long.     ST.. 

byssisedti,  various,  sub  ramose,  small,  pale  reddish-yellowy  rootlets  bysus-like  or  flax- 
like, wliite,  sessile  or  sitting  down.     Springs  up  among  fallen  leaves,  «S:c. 

imidda,  in  groups,  minute,  simple  and  ramose,  wliite;  apex  ochre-color,  sitting  down 
with  a  tomentose  base.  On  decaying  trunks,  «Sic.  about  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long, 
substance  tough. 

cornea,  in  groups,  minute,  viscid,  becoming  yellow,  simple  and  ramose,  connate  at 
at  the  bases.  On  trunks  in  autumn,  scarcely  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long;  rarely  half 
an  inch. 

2.     Simple  ;  the  davate  pileus  not  hranched. 

ligula,  sub-cespitose,  pale  reddish-yellow,  opake,  various,  villose  and  slender  at  the 
base;  terete  or  sub-compressed  at  the  apex.  Adhering  to  branches,  &c.  About 
2  inches  long. 

pistiUaris,  solitary,  large,  thick,  from  yellow  becoming  a  little  reddish;  round  at  the 
apex.  Nearly  cylindric  at  first,  and  becoming  thick  and  .sub-iugose.  Has  a  bitter 
taste.     12  i. 

fusifunnis,  cespitose,  heaped  together,  orange:  clavate  pileus  attenuated,  sub-tena- 
cious, cohering  at  the  base.     In  woods.     3  i. 

flaripes,  cespitose,  fragile:  clavate  pileus  sub-falcate,  acuminate,  pale;  approximate 
at  the  base;  shining  yellow. 

ehurnca,  cespitose  crowded,  fragile,  snow  white.  In  shady  woods  on  the  earth. 
Very  variable;  but  distinguished  by  being  white  and  fragile. 

herbarum,  in  groups,  minute,  lanceolate,  sub-lenaceous,  becoming  dark-olive.  Hardly 
belongs  to  this  genus.  About  one-sixth  of  an  inch  long,  on  leaves  and  other 
herbage. 

musdcula,  very  minute,  white,  sub-incrassate,  curved,  all  glabrous;  sitting  down  with 
globose  tubercles. 

gyruns,  on  leaves,  wholly  white,  filiform:  stipe  with  long  pubescence.  In  autumn. 
Stipe  white,  weak. 

TUffosa,  (pond  3  miles  east  of  Troy.)     See  Loudon. 
Clima'cium.     Gr.  klimax,  (stairs.)     2.   Mus. 

dendroides,  (tree  moss,)  stem  branching,  tree-form:  leaves  crowded,  erect,  lanceolate, 
sub-3-nerved,  serrulate  above:  capsule  erect. 
Co'niUM.     Gr. /tO//('on,  (skin. )     4.   Alg. 

tomentosum,  frond  dichotomous,  fastigiate,  cylindrical.     6  i. 
CoLLEMA.     Gr.  koUe.  (glue.)     5.  Lie. 

nienum,  thallus  crustaceous,  roundish,  brown-black;  lobes  of  the  circumference  cut- 
crenate;  centre  granular,  a  little  branched:  apothecia  becoming  convex,  black- 
edged. 

crispuin,  sub-orbicular;  the  central  lobes  somewhat  erect,  granulated;  those  of  cir- 
cumference depressed,  larger,  obt.  crenulate:  fructification  scattered,  rather  con- 
cave, reddish,  with  a  granulated  margin. 

tenax,  sub-orbicular,  imbricated;  lobes  thickish,  flat,  incumbent,  roundish,   cut-lobed 

63 


498  COLLEMA,    CORNICULARIA. 

and  crenulate:  apothecja  scattered,  immersed  in  the  lobes  and  concave,  rufous  with 
an  entire  edge. 

palmatum,  thallus  sub-foliaceous,  green-brown-glaucous;  lobes  thick,  close  palmate, 
cut;  segments  somewhat  linear,  round;  apotliecia  ruibus-brown. 

burgessii,  thallus  foliaceous,  somewhat  imbricated,  glaucous,  greenish-brown,  pubes- 
cent and  somewhat  spongy  benealii;  lobes  rounded,  sinuated,  crenulate  and 
crisped:  apolhecia  depressed,  planish  brown;  their  margin  foliaceous  crisped. 

jiigrcsccns,  tiiallus  foliaceous,  membranous,  sub-monopliyllus,  orbicular,  depressed, 
plaited,  rounded  and  lobed,  black-green:  apothecia  central,  crowded,  at  length  con- 
vex, reddish  brown;  their  margin  entire. 
furvum,  thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  somewhat  wrinkled,  complicated,  black- 
ish-green, granulated  on  both  sides;  lobes  round,  unequal,  waved  and  crisped, 
entire:  apothecia  scattered,  plane,  dark-brown;  their  margin  entire. 

tremelloidcs,  thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  thin,  sub-diaphanous,  lead-color,  ob- 
soletely  rugose  and  dotted;  lobes  rounded,  somewhat  cut:  apothecia  scattered,  sub- 
pedicellate,  plane,  reddish-brown;   their  margin  pale. 

lacerum,  thallus  nearly  erect,  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  sub-diaphanous,  sub-ru- 
rugose,  with  obscure  reticulations,  glaucous;  lobes  small,  sub-imbricate,  lacinate  and 
somewhat  fringed;  apothecia  scattered,  rather  concave,  red;   iheir  margins  pale. 

pulposum,  frond  sub-orbicular,  formed  of  thick,  sub-imbricate,  repand-crenate,  plicate, 
naked  lobes:  receptacles  central,  crowded,  flaltish,  reddish-yellow,  with  elevated 
entire  margins. 

papulosum,  frond  orbicular;  central  lobes  thick,  entangled,  irregular;  those  of  the 
periphery  expanded,  dilated  outwardly,  gash-crenate,   warty  blistered  above. 

paUescens,  frond  yellowish-green,  "pale  beneath;  lobes  deformed,  densely  entangled, 
irregularly  crenate,    ascending:  receptacles  sub-marginal.     A  variety  of  the  ttiiax. 

viyriocccum,  frond  sub-orbicular,  imbricate,  black;  lobes  crowded,  entangled,  qrisped, 
granulate:  receptacles  minute,  globose-iurbinate,  heaped  together,  marginal  and 
scattered,  one-colored,  marked  with  punctures.  Among  and  on  mosses,  on  rocks, 
«fec. 

pulchellum,  frond  foliaceous,    membranaceous,    orbicular,    flat,    sub-laciniate,   round 
lobed  at  the  peripiiery,  plicate-papulose  above,  dark-green,  paler  beneath  and  deeply 
lacunose:  receptacles  scattered,  crowded,  elevated;   disk  urceolate,  pale  wax-color; 
margin  thin,  contracted,  entire,  at  length  sub-rugose. 
Confer'va.     Lat.  covfcrveo,  (to  knit  together.)     4.  Alg. 

fricetorum,  filaments  simple,  creeping,  entangled  in  a  brownish-purple  layer.  Joints 
half  as  long  again  as  broad.     ^  i. 

vesicata,  filaments  simple,  fine.  Articulations  half  as  long  again  as  broad,  with  glo- 
bular inflations  at  intervals.     6  i. 

rivularis,  filaments  simple,  capillary,  very  long,  straight,  equal.  Articulations  grain- 
bearing,  2  or  4  times  as  long  as  broad,  shining  when  dry. 

linum,  filaments  simple,  filiform,  rigid,  crisped,  loosely  entangled,  when  dry  variegat- 
ed.    Articulations  turgid,  dotted.     |  i. 

riparia,  filaments  branched,  remotely  capillary,  very  long.  Branches  short,  divari- 
cating.    Articulations  twice  as  long  as  broad.     3  i. 

glomerata,  filaments  branched,  capillary.  Branches  alternate;  those  at  the  end  clus- 
tered, one-sided,  erect.     Articulations  cylindric.     1  i. 

rupestris,  filaments  much  branched,  setaceous  when  dry,  dotted  with  black.  Branches 
erect.     Joints  pellucid.     Articulations  cylindric,  .3  times  as  long  as  broad.     4  i. 

catenata,  filaments  more  than  bristly,  trichotomous,  shining,    when  dry  dotted  with 
black  at  joints.     Articulations  3  times  as  long  as  broad.     1  i. 
CoRNicuLARiA.     Lat.  corniciUuriii,  (little  horns.)     5.  Lie. 

trisetis,  thallus  deep,  pitcher-brown,  rounded  or  sub-compressed,  smoothish,  distich- 
ously  dichotomous;  branches  fastigiate,  black  above:  apothecia  plano-convex, 
blackish-brown,  somewhat  inarginated,  entire  and  toothed. 

ochroleuca.  thallus  glabrous,  pale  yellowish-white,  roundish,  sub-erect,  branched; 
branches  short,  attenuated,  blackish  at  the  points:  apothecia  brownish  pale  in  the 
circumference. 

puhescens,  thallus  decumbent,  rounded,  roughish:  branches  intricate,  capillaceous; 
the  ultimate  ones  simple:  apothecia  of  the  same  color;  entire  in  the  circumference. 

fihrillosa,  frond  obscurely  soot-yellow,  terete,  smoothish,  slender,  entangled,  ramose, 
somewhat  rough-haiied;  from  the  branchlets  and  fibres  which  are  flexuose,  ramoso 
very  thick,  irregular,  sub-clavate.     On  rocks.     Variety  of  the  pubesccns. 


CRATERIUM,    DICRANUM.  499 

Crate  RiuM.     Gr.  kmtej-,  (a  cup.)     6.  Fun. 
ieucocc/ihalum,  cup-fonn,  reddish-brown,   with  a  very  tliin,    vanishing  white  convex 

lid:  filainenls  white:  seeds  dark:  wilii  mosses.      1 — (J  i. 

CiiiimA'RiA.     Lat.  crihnini,  (sieve)  pin-head.     6.  Fun. 
mlona/jus,  gregarious,  roundish:  stipes  short,  blackish.     On  pine  trunks.     1 — 12  i. 

Crvphae'a.     Gr.  A;/'///>/tttios,  (concealed.)     2.  Mus. 
heteromuUa,  stem  branching,   diffuse;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,   1-nerved:  capsules 

lateral,  sub-sessile.     On  trunks. 

Cystose'ira.     Gr. /ittiVts,  (a  bladder.)  seira^  (a  chain.)     4.  Alg. 
erlcoides,  leaves  densely  spiny  all  over.     Vesicles  elliptic,  somewhat  terminal,  crown- 
ed solitary.     Receptacle  warty  from  inflated  base  of  spines.     6  i. 

Cytispo'ba.     Gr. /cm^/s,  (little  chest,)  s/>om,  (seed.)     6.  Fun. 
chrijsosperiiia,  cells  impressed  on  the  receptacle:  disk  emerging,  blackish,  having  a 

yellow  tendril.     On  poplar  bark. 


Dacrymy'ces.     Gr.  dakru,  (tear,)  mukc,  (fungus.)     6.  Fun. 

moriformis,  conglobate,  sinuate,  dark,  opaque;  tleshy  and  purple  inside.  Mulberry- 
like.     On  dead  wood. 

stellutus,  gregarious,  entire,  round-depressed,  pulpy,  orange.     J  i. 
Daeda'lea.     Lat.  duedaliis,   (skillful  work.)     6.   Fun. 

qucrclna,  sessile,   pale,  woody:  cup-suberose,  rugose,  glabrous:  seed-bed  contorted; 
sinuose  aiiostomosing.     On  rotten  wood. 
Delesser'ia.     In  honor  of  Delessert,  of  Paris.     4.   Alg. 

alata,  frond  ribbed,  obsoletely  nerved,  linear,  dichotomous,  alternately  pinnatifid  to- 
wards the  end;  pinnas  rather  lingular.     6  i. 

punctata,  frond  very  thin,  veinless,  roundish,  irregularly  split  at  the  end.    Sori  on  the! 
disk  of  the  frond.     4  i. 
Diat'oma.     Gr.  diatoma^  (an  incision.)     4.  Alg. 

floccidosum,  filaments  striated.  Articulations  nearly  equal  in  diameter  with  parallel 
striae.     In  ditches.     J — 12  i. 

marimim,  articulations  half  as  long  again  as  wide,   granulated  transversely.     Ocean* 

Dichospo'rium.     Gr.  dicha,  (double,)  spora,  (seed.)     4.  Alg. 
aggregatum,  clustered  dots  on  the  bark  of  trees. 
DicRANDM,     Gr.  dicranos,  (forked.)    2.  Mus. 

I.     Capsule  with  apophyses. 

cerviculatum,  monoecious:  stem  simple:  leaves  capillary,  without  nerves,  spreading, 
lax:  capsule  ventricose,  erectish;  apophysis  gibbose. 

virens,  stems  divided;  branchlets  erect,  sub-divided:  leaves  clasping  at  the  base,  linear, 
flat,  spreading,  coiled:   capsules  nodding,  at  length  curved;   apophysis  wen-like. 

fragile,  stem  erect,  ramose,  yery  fragile:  leaves  erect,  densely  crowded  together,  some- 
what whorled,  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  sub-entire,  with  the  margin  undulated:  cap- 
sule nodding,  elongated;  apophysis  wen-like,  at  length  striate. 

2.     Capsules  without  apophyses  or  truncated  processes  on  the  foreside  of  the  basd 
(Leaves  turned  to  one  side.) 

scoparium,  stem  ramose:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  keeled^  falcate:  pedidels 
sheathed,  solitary:   lid  long-beaked. 

condensatum,  stem  short  simple:  leaves  lance-oblong,  mucronate  with  extended  fasci- 
cular points:  capsules  nodding;  lids  subulate.     On  the  earth. 

heteromallum,  stem  sub-simple:  leaves  capillary,  1-nerved,  dilated  at  the  base:  capsule 
ovate;   lid  long-beaked. 

othocarpon,  small;  stem  short,  simple:  leaves  setaceous,  dilated  at  the  base:  pedun- 
cle lateral,  longish:  capsule  sub-erect,  oblong-ovate;  lid  beaked. 

varium,  stem  sub-simple:  leaves  somewhat  one-sided,  lower  ones  lanceolate,  upper 
ones  subulate;  capsules  urceolate,  somewhat  noddmg;  lid  conic. 


500  DICRANUM,    ERINEUM. 

(Leave  not  one-sided.) 
zanthodon,  minute:    leaves  lanceolate,    long-acuminate:  capsules  ovate;  teeth  of  the 

peristome  yellow. 

poiycarpon,  s.em  ramose:  leaves  linear-subulate,  twisted  when  dry,  investing  the  stem 
on  all  sides:  capsule  obovate,  erectish,  furrowed.     On  rocks  in  mountains. 

glaucum,  small:  stem  ramose,  thick  with  a  dense  foliation:  leaves  glaucous,  convex- 
channelled:  capsule  sub-inclined,  oblong-ovate;  lid  slenderly  subulate,  sub-inflexed. 

3.      Capsules  with  truncated  jiroininences,  on  the  fureside  of  the  base. 

purpureum,  stem  dichotomous:  leaves  lanceolate,  twisted  when  dry,  furnished  with  a 

purple  nerve:  capsule  oval;   lid  conic. 

Dicty'deum.     Gr.  (^tc^w^//.,  (net,)  eirfos,  (similar.)    6.   Fun. 
cernuum,  gregarious   brown-purple,    nodding,    umbilicate:   membrane  of  the  pericarp 

deciduous:  flocculence  robust.     On  rotten  wood.      1 — 12  i. 

Didy'modon.     Gr.  didumos,  (double-,)  odous,  (tooth.)     2.   Mus. 
rigididum,  lea.\Gs  lanceolate,    cuspidate,   from   the  middle  nerve  somewhat  rigid:  lid 

subulate. 

DiPHYs'cfUM.     Gr.  dis,  (two,)  phtiskion,  (little  vessel,  or  capsule.)    2.  Mus. 
/o^ioswm,  stemless:  capsules  sub-sessile:  leaves  lance-linear. 

Diploco'mium.     Gr.  ^Z^/y/oos,  (double,) /iome,  (lock  or  hair. )     2.   Mus. 
longisetum,  caulescent:  leaves   gradually  narrow-acute;  upper   ones  subulate,  acute, 

base  broad, 

DiTi'oLA.     Gr.  r/is.  (double,)  ioios,  (down.)     6.  Fun. 
radicata,  disk  flattish,   yellow:  stfpe  thick  villous,   white,  long- rooted.     On   pines 

without  bark.     1  i. 

Dothide'a.     Gr.  dothion,  (tubercle,)  eidos,  (similar.)     6.  Fun. 
typhina,  long,   surrounding  the  culms',  whitish  becoming  dark,  yellow,  at  length  len- 

dered  granular  by  the  orifices.     On  grass  stems. 

Draparnal'dia.     In  hoTior  of  Draparnaud,  a  French  botanist.     4.  Alg. 
phirnosa,   pencils  of  branches  lanceolate,  acute,  erect.     6  i. 


Ectocar'pus.     Gr.  cktos,  {outs'\de, )  karpns,  (Cnut.)     4.  Alg. 
siliculosus,  filaments  nearly  separate.     Brandies  erect,  subulate.    Articulations  rather 

longer  than  broad.     Pods  linear  subulate.     6  i. 
granaUisus,  filaments   much   branched.      Branches    scattering,    spreading,   tapering, 

acute  at  tips  hyaloid.     Articulations  as  long  as  broad,  finally  tumid.     3  i. 

Endocarpon.     Gr.  endou,  {wiihin,)  kartjos,  {Cru'il.)     5.   Lie. 
sinopicum,  thailus  crustaceous,  cracked  into  areola,  figured,  somewhat  lobed,  greenish, 

rubiginous,  depressed  at  the  circumference;  orifices  depressed,  black.     1  i. 
tephruPdes,    thallus  cruslaceous,    suh-membranaceous   spreading   and    sub-foliaceous 

contio-uous.  wavy,  cracked,  glaucous,  ash-colored,    irregularly  lobed  and  crenate  at 

the  margin,  beneath    black  somewhat  spongy;  orifices  elevated-convex,  black,  per- 
forated.    1  i. 
hedwi'gii,   plant  sub-cartilaginous,  roundish  or  somewhat  angular-lobed,   of  an  olive- 

gree'n;   beneath  pale  at  margin;  the  rest  blackish  and  fibriUqse,  orifice  of  the  fructifi- 
cation sub-promioent,  darl<-brown.     |  i. 
miniatum,  tliallus  thick,  crustaceo-cartilaginous,  foliaceous  orbicular,  peltate,  greyish, 

spread  at  margin,   somewhat    lobed    and   waved;  beneath  smooth,  at  length  rugose 

and  tawny,  orifices  minute,  slightly  prominent,  brownish.     1  i. 
weberi,     thallus    cartilagino-coriaceous    lobed,    greenish-brown,     olivaceous;  beneath 

rather  tawney  or  blacKisli,  on  both  sides  smooth;  the  lobes  laciniated,  waved,  plaited 

and  crisped,   crowned;  orifices  rather  convex,  black. 
miMenhergd,  frond  thick,  crusty-cartilaginous,  foliaceous  orbicular,  peltate, -obscurely 

tawny-green,   thin,    rugose-plicate  and   somewhat   in    chinks;  dark   tawney   and 

tubercied  beneath:   little  mouths  convex. 

Eri'neum.     Lat.  ennaceus,  (prickly,  hedge-hog.)     6.   Fun. 
fiigineuin,  depressed,  broadish,  lawny  red:  at  first  thick  clothed  and  pale. 
acerlnum,   depressed,   pale,  becoming  reddish-brown:   fruit-covering  club-form,  upper 

half  often  inclined.     On  under  side  of  leaves. 
pyrincim,  reddish-brown:   fruit-covering,  compressed,   lid  somewhat  lax,  apex  chib- 

form,  often  truncate. 


ERYSIBE,    rUSIUIUM.  501 

Ery'sibe.     Gr.  enisihe,  (mildew.)     6.  Fun. 

arlemisuc,   minute:  filaments  forming  a  dense  whitish  web.     On  both  sides  of  the 
artaiiiisia  leaf. 

trifulii.,  globular,  black;  filaments  giving  both  sides  of  the  leaf  a  farinose  aspect. 

arctii,  filamei>ts  simple  granuliferous:   bodies  pear-form,  small,  thickly  covering  the 
whole  under  surface  of  the  burdock  leaf 
Euro'tium.     Gr.  eurog,  (mouldiness. )     6.  Fun. 

kerl/uTwrum,  gregarious,   puncliform,   yellow:  filaments  whitish  branched.     On  dried 
plants. 
EvERNiA.     Gr.  crer«c5,  (tall,  branched.)     5.  Lie. 

prunastri,  thallus  greenish-white;  segments  dicholomous.  multifid,  ascending,  linear- 
attenuate  plane,  pitted,  grooved  and  white  beneath,  apothecia  blight  brown,  con- 
cave. 
Exid'ia.-   Gr.  exeimi,  (to  go  forth,)  Jew's  ears.     6.  Fun. 

auricula,  sessile,  concave,  flexuose,  blackish,  plaited  on  each  side,  with  veins;  olive- 
grey  and  downy  beneath..    On  elder  trunks.     3  i. 

rccisa,   soft  flat-truncate,  sub-repand,  fuscous  beneath,  dotted,  scabrous:  stipes  very 
short,  oblique,  out  of  centre.     On  dead  willows.     |  i. 
Exosfo'rium.     Gr.  cr,  (out,)  spora,  (seed.)     6.  Fun. 

tiliae,   gregarious,   black,  minute,  convex:  seeds   elongated,   obtuse,    divided   trans- 
versely by  5.     On  basswood  limbs. 


Fiss'iDENs.     Lat.^ss?/s,  (split,)  (Ze«s,  (tooth.)     2.  Mus. 

bryoidcs,  stem  short:  leaves  facing  2-ways,  lanceolate:  pedicels  terminal:  capsules 
erect.     In  damp  shades. 

laxifolius,  stem  short:  leaves  facing  2  ways,  lanceolate,  slenderly  denticulate:  cap- 
sules erect.     In  damp  shades. 

adianthoidcs,  stem  elongated,  ramose:  leaves  lanceolate,  sheathed  at  the  base:  pedicels 
lateral:  capsules  sub-erect.     In  wet  woods  and  meadows. 
Fistui-i'na.     La.t.  fistula,  (pipe  or  tube,)  false  boletus.     6.  Fun. 

hepatica,   liver-lii<e  patches  on  oak  trees.     It  is  eatable,  and  intermediate  between 
Boletus  and  Hydnum.     6  i. 
Fontin'a'lis.     La.1.  fans,  (fountain.)     2.   Mus. 

caplllacia.  (water  moss.)  leaves  acute,  linear-awl- form,  spread,  longer  than  the  cap- 
sule: sheaths  and  peduncles  long  filiform. 

enlepyretica,   stem   branched,   three-sided;   leaves  facing  three  ways  lance-ovate,  cari- 
nate,  acute;  perlcheth  obtuse.     In  water,  both  stagnant  and  flowing. 
Fucus.     Gr. /j/n/Ays,  (a  seaweed,  red  color. )     4.  Alg. 

nodosus,  stem  compressed,  here  and  there  inHated  with  internal  vescicles.  Recepta- 
cles lateral,  distichous;  stalk  pynform.     36  i. 

tiesiculusns,  frond  flat-ribbed,  hnear,  dichotomous,  entire.  Vesicles  spherical  innate 
upon  frond  in  pairs.     Receptacle  terminal,  elliptical.     24  i. 

loreus,  cup  radical,  circular,  plano-convex,  emitting  from  its  centre  a  frond  terminat- 
ing in  a  very  long  dichotomous  receptacle.     36  i. 
Fu'ligo.     Lat. /«%o,  (soot.)     6.  Fun.> 

nifa,  reddish-yellow,  cushioned:  bark  sub-rugose,  fragile.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

fiava,  yellow,  opening  roundish,  with  a  cellular  fibrous  bark.  On  fallen  leaves  and 
trunks  in  autUmn. 

vaporaria,    cinnamon-yellow,    broad-cespitose,   thick,    cellular-fibrous   when   mature. 
On  pulverized  bark,  first  appearing  like  vapor. 
Funa'ria.     hdiX.  funis,  (a  rope. )     2.   Mus. 

kijgrom'Arica,  (hygrometer  moss.)  leaves -Ovate,  acute,  concave,  entire,  inflected: 
capsules  swelling,  drooping,  pear-form:  pedicels  very  long,  twisting  spirally  when 
dry,  untwisting  when  damp.     On  dry  bogs.     3  i. 

Jliivkans,  leaves  setaceous,  long-acuminate:  peduncle  capillary,  pale. 

muhlenbergii,   leaves  ojbovate,  awned,   concave,  serrulate,   spread:  capsule  obovate, 
oblique. 
FuRCEr.LA'RiA.     Lat./rtmWffi,  (a  little  fork. )     4.   Alg. 

fasliuiala,  the  only  species.     9  i. 

Fusi'dium.     La.t. fusus,  (spindle.)     6.   Fun. 

griseum,  mass  thin,  irregular,  of  a  whitish  or  grey  color.     On  dead  beech  leaves. 

fiavo-virens,  mass  bright  yellow  or  greenish. 


502  GEASTRUM,  GYROPHORA. 


Geas'trum.     Gr.  ge,  (earth,)  aster,  (star.)     Ground  star.     6.  Fun. 
colifornie,  volva  mullifid:   peduncles  and  mouths  of  the  fruit-covering  numerous.     lit 

pastures.     2  j. 
quudrijldum,   fruit-covering  globose  stalked:    orifice   hoary:    the   radiating    divisions 

mostly  in  fours,  arched.     In  pine  woods.     2  i. 
sieUuium,   volva  niultiiid  spreading,  divisions  equal:   head  depressed  spherical  ses- 
sile; orifice  acuminate.     Damp  ground. 
rufescens,  volva  many-cleft,  reddish:   fruit. covering  sessile,  glabrous  pale.     In  pine 

woods. 
hygrometricum,   volva  many-cleft,    inflexed,   liver-brown;    fruit-covering  reticulate, 

sessile,  nearly  imiform-colored."    On  gravelly  soil. 

Geoglos'sum.     Gr.  j^e,  (the  earth,)  o-'/oss^,  (tongue.)     False  club.     6.  Fun. 
hirsutum,  stipe  hirsute,  black:  seed-bed  sub-plicate.     In  bogs.     2  i. 
viride,  green,  sub-fascicled;  seed-bed  distinct;  stipe  with  minute  scabo.     In  meadows. 

2-i. 

Gr  APHIS.     Gr.  grapJio,  (to  write.)     5.  Lie. 
scripla,   crust  membranaceous,  smooth,    somewhat  shining,  white  or  greyish-brown, 

bordered  with  black:  apothecia  half  inmiersed,  naked  Hexuose,  simple  or  branched: 

disk  very  nanow,  margin  formed  of  the  thallus,  raised,  membranaceous. 
serpentina,   crust  cartilaginous,  membranous,  unequal,  rugulose  of  a  regular  figure, 

white  and  cinerious:  apothecia  immersed,  long,  clustered,  flexuose,  nearly  simple 

and  branched. 
hjelli,   crust  membranous,  polished,   pale  olive:  apothecia.  clustered,  nearly  simple, 

curved,   turgid,    obtuse;    disk   broad,    convex  cinerious,    pruinose,  with   a   thick, 

powdery-white  margin. 

Grim'mia.     In  honor  of  Grirr.m,  a  German  botanist.     2.  Mus. 

1.     Capsules  sub-sessile,  immersed. 

alpicola,   stem  ramose:   leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish:  capsule  ovate-qrceolate,  smooth, 

sub-sessile;  calyptre  torn  at  the  base;  lid  obliquely  beaked. 
apocarpa,  stem  ramose:  leaves  ovate-acuminate,  carinate,  naked  at  the  apex:  capsule 

oblong,  striate,  sub-sessile.     On  moist  trunks. 
michauzii,  Torrey.  slenderly  caulescent:  leaves  lanceolate,  terminating  in  a  capillary^ 

white  pellucid  and  roughish  point:  pedicel  terminal:  capsule  short-ovate,  smooth. 

Michaux  describes  this  species  under  tlie  name  gracilis;  but  this  name  having  been 

applied  to  another  species.   Dr.  Torrey  substituted  the  name  of  its  discoverer. 

Herb.   Tor. 
pilifera,  stem  erect,  branching:  leaves  densely  imbricate,  lanceolate,  erect  spreading 

and  incurved;  hairy  pericheth  large:  capsules  ovate,  sub-sessile;  lid  conic,  cuspi^ 

date. 

2.     Capsules  peduncled,  exsert,  short. 

ovata,  stem  very  branching,  fastigiate:  leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish,  erect,  spreading^ 
somewhat  inflexed,  hairy:  capsules  oblong-ovate;  lid  convex-conic. 

Remark.     Many  species  of  the  genus  Grimmia  are  referred  to  the  genus  VVeissia. 
Gymnostomum.     Gr.  guinnos,  (naked,)  stoma,  (mouth.)     2.  Mus. 

1.     Stem,  simple,  erect. 

pyri/orme,  stem  very  short:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  flat;  dioecious;  capsules  erect,  pear- 
form;  lid  obtusely  conic;  calyptre  split  laterally. 

turbinatum,  stem  short,  simple,  leaves  lanceolate,  apiculate,  serrulate:  capsules  some- 
what obJong'turbinate;  lid  convex,  obtuse,  acuminate. 

splachnoideum,  capsule  contracted  in  the  middle:  leaves  deeply  serrate  at  the  margin. 

2.     Stem  divided,  prociimbcnt  or  flouting. 

prorepens,  stipe  creeping;  stem  erect,  short,  obtuse;  leaves  closely  imbricate,  lance- 
oval,  acimilnate:  capsules  globose;  lids  subulate 
Gyrophora.     Gr.  gurus,  {a.  circle,)  pitero,  (sjiherical.)     5.  Lie. 

glabra,  thallus  smooth,  blackish-green;  beneath  s:nooth,  black  and  naked:  apothecia 
at  length  conve.\  rough  and  plait.     2  i. 


GYROPHORA,  HYPNUM.  503 

eyRndrica,  thallus  somewhat  naked,  dark,  greenish-grey,  folded  and  lobed,  strongly 
ciliated  beneath,  smooth,  pale,  with  brandling  fibres:  apothecia  elevated,  nearly 

P^  plane,  with  concentric  and  plaited  lines.     2  i. 

pustuliita,  irond  papulose,  becoming  cinereous-green;  deeply  pitted  or  lacunose  be- 
neath, smooth,  naked,  pale  tawny:  leccptacles  distant,  flat,  marginated:  disk  sub- 
equal,  papillose  and  plicate.     On  locks,  cVic.     2  i. 

papulosa,  frond  rugose,  papulose,  obscurely  cinereous;  under  side  lacunose,  pale 
tawny:  receptacles  very  thick  together,  minute,  urceolate:  disk  uniform  and  plicate, 
in  some  places  Jieaped  and  conglomerate.     On  rocks. 

pennsijlvanica,  frond  papulose,  tawny  olive;  under  side  pitted  or  lacunose,  rough- 
granulate,  dark-colored:  receptacles  marginated;  disk  tiattish,  uniform  and  plicate. 
On  rocks  and  mountains. 

vuihlcnhcrgii,  frond  somewhat  glabrous,  lacunose  reticulate,  tawny  olive;  under  side 
papulose,  with  ridges  lacerated  and  joining  ends:  scales  of  one  color:  receptacles  in 
pits,  depressed,  tiattisli,  round-plicale.     On  mountains. 

viamviulata,  frond  smooth,  pale  olive,  at  lengtii  dark  tawny;  under  side  very  dark, 
scabrous  and  fibrous:  receptacles  conve.x,  rugose  chinked,  nearly  destitute  of  any 
margin:  disk  sometimes  concave  and  papillose.     On  rocks. 

vellea,  frond  smoothish,  becoming  cinereous;  under  side  fibrous,  hirsute,  nearly  of  an 
uniform  color,  dark  tawny:  receptacles  sessile,  flat,  marginated;  folds  or  wrinkles 
concentric.     On  rocks  in  mountains. 
Remark.     I  have  localities  of  some  of  these  species.     But  as  I  cannot  give  many 

under  most  genera,  I  have  preferred  the  general  hubkatio  of  Lin.  to  a  limited  number 

of  localities. 

H. 

Halyme'.sia.     Gr.  als  (sea)  umeii  (a  membrane.)     4.  Alg. 
palmata,   frond  coriaceous,  flat,  palmate,  entire.     Segments  cuneate  oblong,   nearly 

simple.     8  i. 

Helicospo'rium.     Gr.  cfe  (a  coil)  5;;om  (seed.)     6.  Fun. 
vegetum,  cloud-like.     At  the  foot  of  trees. 

Hel^kl'la.     Lat. //c/rfiW«  (a  fungus,  Cicero.)     6.   Fun. 
crispa,   cap  irregularly  detlexed,   free,   often  variously  lobed,  yellowish-white:   stipe 

furrowed  and  lacunose-white.     Field  borders. 
esculentii,   cap  inflated,   deformed,  wavy-wrinkled,  in  circles,  brown:   margin  villous 

adhering  to  the  smooth  stipe.     Pine  woods — eatable. 

Hyd'num.     Gr.  udiion  (mushroom,  puff-ball.)     (5.  Fun. 

1.     Stem  perpendicular,  cap  distinct,  round,  sub-entire. 

imhricatum,  cap  fleshy,  flat,  tessellated,  scaly,  not  banded,  umber:  processes  yellow- 
ash-color:  stipe  short.     Pine  woods.     1  i. 

refiandum,  cap  fleshy,  smooth,   sub-repand,  yellowish;  subulate  processes,  the  seed- 

.     bed  unequal,   pale;  stipes  unequal  thick.      Woods,     li  i. 

rufescens,  cap  fleshy,  orbicular,  sub-toinentose,  flesh-brown:  processes  sub-equal: 
stipes  thin,  equal.     Beech  wood.     3  i. 

2.     Cap  halved,  sessile,  or  not  distinct. 

gelatinosum,  cap  gelatinous,  papillose:  process  's  mostly  pyramidal,  glaucous:  stipe 
short  lateral.     Pine  woods.     ^  i.  \ 

coraUoidcs,  much  branched,  white,  becoming  yellow,  and  branches  entangled;  pro- 
cesses one-sided,  subulate.     Trunks  of  trees.     1  i. 

ochraccum.  efFuse-reflexed;  cap  leathery,  tliin,  banded,  ochre;  processes  minute,  nume- 
rous, flesh-yellow.     Pine  woods.     Has  a  shaggy  appearance.     2  i. 
Hymenel'la.     Gr.  mueii  (a  membrane.)     Seeds  are  a  membrane.     6.  Fun. 

vulgaris,   long,   various,    smooth,   whitish,   when    dry   becoming  brown,    periphery 
adhering.     On  nettle  stems.     |  i. 
Hyp 'num.     Gr.  vpnoii  (moss.)     2.  Mus. 

1.     Leaves  two-ranked 

rijlvaiicum,  branches  divided:  leaves  imbricate,  compressed,  spread  at  the  apex,  lance- 
ovate,  entire,  nerveless;  lid  subulate.     Woods. 


504  nypNUM. 

denticulatum,  stem  simple:  leaves  imbricate,  compressed,  spreading  at  the  apes,  lance- 
ovate,  entire,  nerveless:  lid  conic.     On  trunks  and  ground  in  woods. 

sei-nilatum,  shoots  creeping;  branches  simple,  bearing  fruit  at  the  base  and  middle ; 
lid  beaked. 

praloni/um,  stem  pinnate,  creeping:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  1-nerved, 
spreading:  lid  subi'late,  incurved.     (1) 

ripariiim,  stem  ramose,  spreading:  leaves  lax,  lance-ovate,  entire,  one-nerved:  lid 
convex,  slightly  mucronate.     On  stones,  &c.  in  tiowing. streams. 

2,     Leaves  imbricate,  close-pressed — sometimes  a  little  spreading,  part  of  their  length, 

euspidatum,  stem  pinnate,  sub-erect:  branches  cuspidate:  leaves  lance-oblong,  nerve- 
less, smooth:  lid  conic.     In  ditclies  and  brooks. 

illecebrum,  stem  witli  scattered  obtuse  branches:  leaves  ovate,  ventricose,  obtuse, 
n)ucronate;   obsoletely  one-nerved.     Woods  and  meadows. 

ahietinum,  stem  pinnate,  villose:  leaves  lance-ovate,  entire,  one-nerved,  2-furrowed: 
lid  conic.     In  dry  places  and  among  pines,  &c. 

splendens,  slpm  bipintiate:  leaves  lance  ovale,  almost  nerveless,  shining,  close-pres- 
sed:  lid  subulate,  recurved,      in  woods. 

delicatulum,  stem  decumbent,  bipinnate:  leaves  cordate,  with  ruptured  nerves  and  2 
grooves,  scabrous:  lid  beaked. ' 

minutidum,  very  slender,  decumbent,  pinnately  branched:  leaves  very  minute,  oval, 
acute:  margins  and  keel  somewhat  scabrous,  separately  incurved  when  dry:  cap- 
sule recurved;   lid  long  beaked. 

adnatum,   small;  branchlets  simple',  leaves  cordate-acuminate,  destitute  of  fascicles: 

5^capsules  nodding;   lids  conic. 

3,     Leaves  imbricate,  spreading. 

graminicolor,  stem  creeping;  branches  sub-simple,  erectish:  leaves  lax,  sub-alternate, 
heart-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  with  a  nerve  somewhat  continued: 
capsules  ascending,  oblong,  unequal;   lid  round  conic. 

hians,  stem    decumbent:  branches   short,  simple:    leaves  somewhat  lax,  heart-ovate, 

^  acute,  serrulate:  peduncles  a  little  scabrous:  capsules  oblong,  slightly  inclined;  lid 
conic. 

asprellum,  stem  decumbent,    sub-pinnate,   leaves  remotish,  somewhat  bifariously  im- 

^  bricate,  acuminate,  setrulate  with  sub-continued  nerves:  capsules  oblong,  a  little 
curved;  lid  conic,  sub-mucronate. 

lutescens,  stem  procumbent,  ramose:  leaves  imbricate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-striate: 
peduncles  a  little  scabrous:  lid  conic,  acute.     On  dry  earth,  walls  and  rocks. 

rutabulum,  stem  procumbent:  branches  erect,  sub-simple:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, one-nerved:   peduncles  scabrous:   lid  conic.     On  the  earth  and  trunks. 

cooleyanum,  Si.  stem  prostrate,  bipinnate,  with  the  divisions  alternate  and  opposite: 
peduncles  long,  slender,  twisted  when  dry:  capsules  shortish  striate,  recurve  arch- 
ed becoming  fulvous:  leaves  recurved,  nerveless,  teretely,  sub-semi-cylindricai, 
broad  at  the  base,  long  subulate   towards  the  apex.     On  decaying  logs  in  swamps. 

chrysnslomum,  procumbent;  inordinately  branciied:  leaves  laxisii,  spreading,  lance- 
oval,  acuminate,  entire,  sub-linear:  peduncles  smoothisli:  capsules  oblong,  recurved; 
lid  perfectly  conic  with  a  very  acute  spinose  tip;   peristome  yellow. 

triquetrum,  stem  sub-erect,  ramose:  leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  striate,  somewhat 
nerveless,  spreading  every  way:  capsule  ovate;  lid  conic,  obtuse. 

4.     Leaves  imbricate,  sul-rejlcxcd  or  recurved. 

jragih,  outer  peristome  has  the  teeth  lanceolate,  remotely  tubercled,  yellow:  inner 
one  is  a  membrane,  extended  into  an  equal  number  of  solid,  lance-acuminate,  very 
acute  teeth,  with  ciliae  a  little  less  tiian  the  teeth,  capiilaiy,  ver}'  acute. 

steUatum,  stem  weak,  procumbent:  leaves  ovale,  long-acuminate,  nerveless,  entire, 
spreading:  capsule  oblong;   lid  with  an  obtuse  apex. 

squarrosum,  stem  ascending:  leaves  keeled,  nerveless,  ovate  at  the  base,  close-pressed, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  recurved-spreading:   capsule  ovate;  lid  short-conic. 

(I)  This  description,  taken  from  Lk.  and  Dc.  is  similar  to  that  given  in  Turton's 
Linneiis  of  the  seirulatum. 


HYPNUM,    JUNGERMANNIA.  505 

5.     Leaves  turned  to  one  side,  and  circinal-falcate. 

crista-castrensis,  stem  elongated,  somewhat  simple,  recurvedly  and  elegantly  wing- 
branciied:  leaves  recurv-curled  one-way,  subulate  with  slender  lineale  nerves:  cap- 
sules very  lori^peduiicled,  oblong,  arched;   lid  conic. 

«tf>»//i«<rt/M/;j.,  stem  procumbent,  lainose;  branches  sub-ramose:  capsule  large,  becom- 
ing wJiite,  striate;   peduncles  pretty  large.     In  water  or  mud. 

atprcssiforme,  steni  prostrate,  sub-ramose:  leaves  lance-ovate,  falcate,  nerveless:  lid 
conic. 

imponens,  very  short,  somewhat  feather-branched,  recurved,  leaves  uncinate,  one 
way  nerveless:  capsule  erect,  cylindric,  oblong;  lid  conic,  obtusely  beaked. 

6.     Leaves  turiied  to  one  side,  and  not  circinal-falcate. 

fiuviatile,  branches  rather  long,  simple:  leaves  lance-ovate,  laxish,  somewhat  spread- 
ing: capsules  oblong,  erect-nodding.     On  rocks  under  water  in  rivers,  &c. 
orthocladon.  decumbent,   bulbiferous:    branches    simple:    leaves   ovate;  nerves  solid, 
very  entire;  lid  conic.     Flowers  monoecious.     Calyptre  subulate,^ white.     Bulbs  in 
the'axils  of  the  leaves,  or  at  the  apexes  of  the  branches. 

7.     Leaves  remote,  lax-spreading. 

ierpens,  stem  crepping:  leaves  laxish,  small,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  one-nerved  at  the 

base:  capsule  elongated,  obconic;   lid  convex,  mucroiiate.     Shades. 

Hvste'kium.     Gr.  usteresis,  (poverty,  want,  niakmgpoor. )     1. 
pulcicore,  gregarious,  oblong  or  oval,  striate.     On  oaks. 
^tiercinum,    bursting,    llexuosc,    sub-ventricose,    soft,    dark-ash-colored.     On  young 

branches  of  oaks. 
fraxinum,  convex,  tumid,   oblong-oval,   black,   sub-concentric:  seeds  large,   oblong, 

yellow.     On  dead  ash. 
lineare,  sub-immersed,   crowded,    parallel,    linear,    black:  lips  of  the  oiificte   tumid* 

smooth;  disk  linear.     Dead  w6od. 


I. 

Isa'ria.     Gr.  isos,  (equal,  filaments  equal.)    6.  Fun. 
microscopica,  extremely  minute,  scattered,    simple,  club-form,  white:  filaments  and 

seeds  not  distinct. 
miicida,  cespitose,  effuse;  branchlets  sub-depressed,  forked,   nearly  soft.     On  decay- 
ing wood.     On  stalks  of  grass,  t&c. 

Iridium.     Gr.  isos,  (equal  in  its  parts,  foot  and  frond. )     5.  Lie. 
coraUumm,    Ach.  crust  tarlarous,  greyish-white:   podetia  at  length  elongated,  rouud, 

simple   or  branched:  apolhecia  brown-grey,    corol-like.     In  crowded  patches  on 

rocks. 

Jukgerman'nia.     In  honor  of  Jungermann,  a  German  botanist.     3.  Hep.     Succu- 
lent mosses. 

I.     Caulescent. 

A.     Having  stipules. 

1 .     Stipules  in  three  rows. 

platvphylla,  L.  stem  procumbent,  bipinnate:  leaves  two-ranked,  imbricate,  roundish, 
obtuse:  stipules  entire,  in  threes.     On  bark  of  living  trees.     2  i. 

platyphylloidea,  Sz.  stem  procumbent,  bi  or  tri-pinnate:  leaves  imbricate,  vaulted, 
roundish  4-sided:  stipules  in  threes,  sub-equal,  entire.  Yellowish-green,  tinged 
with  brown.     On  rocks. 

distans,  Sz.  stem  diffused,  branching,  simply  pinnate;  wings  lax:  leaves  not  imbri- 
cate, sub-distant,  alternate:  stipules  minute,  round,  entire,  distant.  3  i.  In  dense 
tufts  on  roots  of  trees,  and  on  wet  rocks.     Dark  green. 

vorella,  Dicks,  stem  floating,  irregularly  branched  and  pinnate:  leaves  sub-imbricate, 
lareish.  oval,  obtuse:  stipules  entire  :  broad  leaves  blackish  blue.     In  brooks, 
64 


506  JUNOERMANNIA. 

2.     Stipules  in  a  simple  scries. 
a.     Leaves  eared  below. 

tamanscifoha,  Schm.  (1)  stem  creeping,  pinnate:  leaves  two-ranged,  obtuse,  very 
entire;  ears  vaulted:  stipules  minute,  very  entire,  two-cleft:  calyx  3-cornered,  3-cleft, 
papillose.     On  trees  and  rocks.:   often  dark  brown-purple. 

dilatata,  Weber.  (2)  stems  entwined,  creeping,  sub-])innate:  leaves  2-ranked,  obtuse, 
entire;  lobes  of  the  ears  alternately  clavate,  and  alternately  very  small  or  none: 
stipules  large,  2-cleft,  serrate,  especially  that  of  the  calyx:  calyx  S-cornered,  3- 
cleft,  smooth.  On  trees.  A  green  variety  occurs  in  , large  tufts  on  rocks.  Color 
varies,  often  blackish.     J  i. 

serpyllifulia,  Dicks,  stems  creeping,  filiform,  irregularly" pinnate,  shortish:  leaves  im- 
bricate, eared;  lobes  unequal;  upper  ones  largest,  ventricose  beneath  at  the  base; 
lower  one  minute:  stipules  round,  acutely  and  deeply  bifid:  green.  Among  mosses 
on  wet  rocks.     J  i. 

b.     Leaves  not  cared. 

■*  Leaves  entire. 

t  Stipules  two-cleft  or  tioo-lobed. 

pallescens,  Eh.  stem  ascending,  somewhat  branched:  leaves  roundish,  very  entire, 
obtuse:    stipules  obtuse,   2-cleft;    segments  acute,   evanescent.      Wet  or    water. 

tricho manes,  Dicks,  leaves  imbricate,  roundish,  very  entire:  stipules  roundish,  with 
2  obtuse  lobes.     In  woods,  on  moist  earth.     1^  i. 

■    tt  Stipules  entire. 

transversalis,  Sw.  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose:  leaves  imbricate,  obliquely  ovate,  ob- 
•  tuse,  complicate  beneath  at  the  base:  stipules  sub-orbicular-reniform,  inflexed  at 
the  margin,  very  entile.     Yellow.     On  rocks;   rarely  on  trees. 

clypeata,  Sz.  stem  creeping,  sub-pinnat'e,  many  interwoven:  leaves  imbricate,  vaulted, 
(so  that  the  semi-cylindric  sprouts  pass  out)  2-ranked,  obliquely  ovate,  round,  in- 
terwoven beneath  at  the  base:  stipules  orbicular,  atfixed  in  the  middle  like  a  shield. 
Whitish  yellow.     Growing  downwards  on  trees  and  rocks. 

**  Leaves  divided. 

t  Leaves  emarginate  or  two-toothed. 

hidentata,  L.  stem  decumbent,  ascending  and  sub-ramose  at  the  apex:  leaves  with 
two  acuminate  teeth:  stipules  ovate,  4-cleft.     Earth.     Ij  i. 

tt  Leaves  with  three  or  four  small  teeth. 

trilobala,  Web.  leaves  obliquely  ovate,  retuse,  unequally  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  and 
entire' in  the  other  parts:  stipules-2 — 4-cleft;  shoots  from  the  axils  of  the  stipules. 

trideriticulata,  Mx.  stem  procumbent-creeping,  many  aggregated:  leaves  flat,  two- 
ranked,  largish,  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  sub-oval:  stipule  broad,  roundish,  denticu- 
late on' all  sides?  shoots  from  the  axils.  Yellow.  A  vslriety  growing  on  trees,  is 
dichotomous,  dark  brown,  and  smaller.     In  bogs. 

reptans,  L.  leaves  remotish,  sub-4-sided,  nearly  equally  3— -4-cleft  at  the  apex:  sti- 
pules similar  to  the  leaves,  4-cleft.     Stem  pinnate.     1  i. 

sertultirioidcs,  Mx.  creeping,  capi.llary:  leaves  bristle-form,  2-parted;  bristles  jointed: 
teeth  of  the  calyx  bristle-bearing. 

laciniosa,  Mx.  creeping,  very  branching:  leaves  2-cleft,  with  fringed  divisions: 
calyxes  lateral,  oblong,  a  httle .glabrous:  bristles  short:    stipules   like  the  leaves. 

pulcherrima,  L.  ('Labrador. )  stem  erect,  bi-pinnate;  blanches  vaulted  at  the  apex, 
incrassate:   leaves  3-cleft:  stipules  2-cleft,  very  long  ciliate.     Earth. 

ciliaris  L.  stem  sub-pinnate,  decumbent;  branches  slender:  stipules  and  leaves  split, 
having  ciliae  rather  long.  Smaller  and  lighter  colored  than  the  preceding.  Rotten 
logs.     2  i. 


(1)  dilatata,  of  many-authors.  (2)  tamariscifolia,  of  many  authors. 


JUNGERMANNIA.  507 

tomcntcita,  Eh.  stem  nscending[,   bipinnate,  tomentose  above:  leaves  and  stipules  4- 

parted,  liaving  ciliae  very  long,  becoming  white.     3  i. 
pauciflora,  Dicks.  (Labrador.)   stem  branclied,  creeping:  leaves  and  stipules  similar, 

erectly  spreading,  3-parted,  even  to  the  base:  divisions  hooked. 

B.     Wilhout  stijndcs. 
1.     Leaves  eared. 

C07nplanafa,  L.  stem  branched,  creeping:  leaves  roundish,  very  entire:  ears  sub-ovate, 
flatlish.     On  smooth  bark:  very  rarely  on  rocks. 

2.     Leaves  not  cared. 

a.     Leaves  not  divided. 

*  Leaves  very  entire. 

tiliculosa,  L.  stem   naked  (excepting  the  radicled)  ascending:   leaves  distant,  sub- 

verticillate,  a  little  convex,  roundish,  beautifully  green.     Rotton  logs.     1^  i. 
polyantkos,  L.  stem  creeping,  rooting  on  the  back:  leaves  sub-imbricate,  sub-verticillate, 

little  convex,  roundish,  pale:  calyx  shorter  tlian  the  bristle,  divided.   Moist  ground. 
lanceolata,  L.  stem  cref^ping,  rooting  on  the  back:  leaves  imbricate,  semi-verticillate, 

sub-convex,    roundish-ovate.     Reddish.     On  rocks  and  earth  in  woods,  or  other 

,damp,  cooling  shades. 
scoliiris,  Schni.  stem  creeping,  rooting:  leaves  sub-imbricate,  semi-verticillate,  con 

vex,  roundish,    somewhat   converging   forward.     Old   logs:    handsomely   twisted: 

light-green  and  purplish. 
spluitrni,  Dicks,  stem  creeping,  with  radicles  on  the  back:  leaves  imbricate,  sub-verti- 
cal, concave,  roundish,  converging  forward.     3  i. 
orbicularis,  Mx.  small,  with  a. creeping  stem:  leaves  orbicular,  entire,  rising  vertically 

in  a  double   series. ,  Reddish.     On  dry  side-hills:  and  perhaps  in  woods  among 

mosses. 
junipcritm,  leaves   quadrifarious   falcato-secund,  linear-lanceolate  biparted;  segments 

straight  ajuminate.     Frond  terminal,  calyx  ovate  leafy.     3  i. 
cordifolia,  leaves   erect,    concave   cordate  circumvol.     Frond  terminal  and  axillary. 

Calyx  oblong  ovate,  sub-plicate:  mouth  minute  toothed.     2  i. 

**  Leaves  toothed. 

asplenioides,  L.  leaves  sub-imbricate,  semi-verticillate,  oblique,  ovate,  roundish,  hav- 
ing small  teeth.     Among  rocks,  on  the  ground.     3  i. 

b.     Leaves  divided. 

*  Leaves  emarginatc,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft. 

t  Margin,  of  the  leaves  very  entire. 

emarginala,  Eh.  stem  erect,  sub-ramose:  leaves  approximate,  spread-diverging,  obcor- 

date,  obtusely  emarginate,  angles  obtuse.     Moist  rocks.     |  i. 
funclcii,   Web.  stem  ascending,  sub-simple:   leaves  sub-imbricate,  spreading,  sub-hori  ■ 
zonlal,  emarginate,  angles  obtusish.     Deep  red.     Among  lichens,  in  dry  woods. 

inflala.  Huds.  stem  procumbent,  sub-simple:  leaves  remotish,  spread  diverging,  sub- 
horizontal,  concave,  acutely  emarginate,  angles  acute.     With  the  last. 

curvifoLia,  Dicks,  stem  procuuibent,  branching:  leaves  sub-imbricate,  erectish,  2-cleft, 
divisions  alternated,  incurved.     Rotten  logs. 

michauzii,  Web?  shoots  erectish:  leaves  2-cleft,  approximate,  sub-imbricate,  spread- 
diverging,  very  entire,  acutely  emarginate,  angles  acute:  fructification  terminal: 
calyx  tubular,  plaited  at  tiie  apex. 

hicoriiis,  Mueller,  stem  creeping,  sub-ramose:  leaves  remote,  spreading,  semi-verticil- 
late, concave,  emarginate  2-toothed;  teeth  acuminate,  very  acute,  converging. 

bicuspidata,  L.  stem  tlexuous,  sub-ramose,  creeping:  leaves  remote,  spread-diverging, 
semi-vertical,  flattish,  acutely  emarginate  2-toothed;  teeth  diverging. 


508  JUNGERMANNIA. 

connwens,  Dk.  shoots  creeping;  branches  simply  pinnate:  leaves  ovate,  emarginate, 

2-cieft;  teeth  acute  converging. 
ehrharticma,  Web.    stem  short,    decumbent,    rooting  on  the  back:  leaves   imbricate, 

somewhat  spreading,  concave,  obtusely  emarginate,  angles  acutish. 

ft  Margin  of  the  leaves  toothed,  serrate  or  crenate, 

undiilatn,  L.  stem  erect,  simple:  leaves  roundish  obtuse,  sub-denticulate,  nndulate; 

lobes  obtuse,  a  little  concave  in  front,   convex  beliind.     Bogs.     Smaller  than  the 

next:  leaves  less  ciliate. 
nemorosii,    L.    stem   erect,    sub-ramose:    leaves   with   roundish   lobes,    tooth-ciliale. 

Whitish  green.     Large.     A  variety  almost  white,  more  ciliate:  fructification  nearly 

segsile.     Possibly  a  distinct  species. 
resupinata,  L.  stem  erectish,  sub-bianched:  leaves  resupinate;  lobes  sub-ovate,  scarcely 

acute,  denticulate.     Reddish.     Dry  earth;   leaves  obtuse. 
umhrosa,  Schrader.  lobes  of  the  leaves  sub-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate.     Red- 
dish.    Dry  earth;  leaves  acute. 
albicans,  L.  stem  erect,  sub-divided:  lobes  of  the  leaf  oblong,  acutish,  furnished  with 

a  nerve,  serrate  at  the  apex.     Whitish  yellow:  in  tufts  on  the  earth. 

**  Leaves  unequally  ^-toothed,  or  ZA-o-deft  at  the  apex.  '• 

pusilla,  L.  small,  creeping:  leaves  sub-4-sided,  plaited,  margin  in  front  fobtuse,  cre- 
nate, very  entire  on  the  other  parj,^.     Light  green.     On  loamy  ground.     |  i. 

quinquedentata,  L.  stem  erectish,  rooting  on  the  back:  leaves  plaited,  4-sided,  querci- 
form  below;  apex  with  3  or  5  acute,  very  entire  teeth. 

exsecta,  Schm.  stem  creeping:  leaves  concnve,  unequally  3-toothed;  teeth  acutish, 
very  entire.     On  earth,  in  moist  woods.     ^  i. 

incisa,  Sz.  stem  rooting,  sub-siijiple:  leaves  unequally  3-cleft;  divisions  channelled  on 
the  back,  tootiied.     Moist  rocks.  ■  |  i. 

decipiens,  Hk.  stem  erect,  flexuous,  sub  simple;  lower  leaves  smaller,  very  entire; 
upper  ones  sub-4-sided,  with  one  or  more  spinose,  scattered  teeth.     1  i. 

IL     Stem  LESS. 

sinuala,  Sw.  nearly  stemless,  frond  sub-dicliotomous,  flat,  nerved,  margin  undivided 

or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  very  entire,  glabrous.     A  large  species.     Bogs. 
epiphylia,    L.    frond  obovate,  lobed,  nearly  nerveless;  lobes  sinuate,  margin  undulate, 

fruit-bearing  above.     Banks  of  broolcs.     3  i. 
pinsruis,  L.   frond  obovate,  lobed,   nerveless,  glabrous,  fleshy:   lobes  sinuate,  fruit- 

b'earing  below.     Wet  and  water. 
mulufida,  L.  frond  creeping,  bi-pinnatifid,  nerveless;  divisions  narrow,  broader  at  the 

apex.     Wet. 
palmata,  H.    frond  short,   somewhat  ascendmg,   digilate-palmate,    nerveless.     Dark 

green.     Rotten  wood,' in  wet  places. 
lipinnata,  Sw.   frond  procumbent,  bipinnate,  nerveless;  segments,  towards  the  apex, 

attenuated.     Sliady  rocks,  among  mosses.     Small. 
/areata,  frond  linear,  decumbent,  ramose,  forked  at  the  extremity,  nerved,  the  margin 

at  the  bottom  and  on  the  back  of  the  nerve  pubescent,  yellowish-green.     On  rocks 

and  stones.     J  i- 
puhescens,   Schr."  frond  linear,   branching,   forked  at  the  extremity,  nerved,  all  over 

pubescent.     Yellow.     On  mountains.     1  i. 
cilifera,   Sz.  frond  linear,  very  narrow,  branching,  not  forked  at  the  extremity,  but 

sub-bifid;   divisions  attenuated,  nearly  nerveless;  leafy  at  the  margin;  lobes  spatu- 

late    clavale  and  irregular,  sometimes  shooting,  with  intermixed  ciliae.     Elegant. 

Green  or  yellov/.     In  dense  tufts  on  rocks  and  earth. 
oblonira,  Sz.  frond  simple,  broad,  not  lobed,  oblong,  "sub-acuminate;  margin  undulate, 
'    or  thick  towards  the  nerves,  plaited;  on  other  parts  very  entire:  the  apex  is  some- 
times produced  into  a  long  linear  point.     Frond  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

In  water. 

Remark.     Most  of  the  Jungermannie  are  in  fruit  late  in  the  spring:  some,  however^ 
in  the  winter;  a  number  are  rarely  found  in  fructification. 


LAMINARIA,    LECANORA.  509 


Lamika'ria.     Lat.  Zrt7?rma,  (thin  plates.)    4.  Al^. 

tsmletita,  stalked,  winged  with  pinnae,  and  running  through  the  ensiform  lamina. 
60  i. 

sacfiAarirta,,  stalk  compressed,  expanded  into  entire  linear-oblong  lamlpae.     48  i. 
La'sia.     Gr. /asios  (hairy. )     2.   Mus. 

trichomilrion,  branch  compressed:  leaves  oval,  acuminate,  striate  longitudinally: 
■peduncles  of  the  length  of  the  calyx:  capsule  ovate:  calyptre  profusely  hairy.  In 
mountains. 

martrinata,   in  very  branching  fascicles:  branchl'ets  erect,   tapering,  filiform:  leaves 
oval,  acuminate,  revohite  both  sides  so  as  to  appear  as  if  margined:  nerves  promi- 
nent: capsule  oblong;  lid  subulate.  » 
Lean'jil'm.     Gr.  Zt/'o.«,  (smooth.)  ff.o-o-io5,  (a.  capsule  orbag.)     G.  Fun. 

Jiorifurme,  yellow,  globose,  stiped:  fruit-covering  splitting  into  beautifully  expanded 
parts.     Decaying  trunks.     1 — 1^  i. 
Lecanora.     Gr.  kranc,  (a  dish  or  bowl.)     5.  Lie. 

atra,  crust  with  a  somewhat  decided  edge,  granulated  and  cracked,  greyish-white: 
disk  of  the  apothecia  plane,  at  length  swelimg  and  black;  the  margin  free,  raised  at 
length  waved  and  crenulate.-     1|  i..  ^ 

peridm,  crust  thin,  somewhat  leprous  and  dispersed,  whitish:  disk  of  apothe.  plano- 
convex, dark,  dotted  rougli;  border  obscure,  powdery.  J  i.  Var.  cxigua,  crust 
unequal,  obscurely  cinerous,  idack.  Apothecia  minute,  aggregate,  flat,  with  a 
w'liite  crenular  border,  and  brownish  edge.     |  i. 

sophodcs,  verrucose-granular,  form  cinereous,  brownish-green.  Apothecia  heaped 
with  a  flat,  coarse,  dark,  disk;  brown  when  moistened,  border  tumid,  inflexed, 
entire.     1|  i. 

svbfiisca,  cru"st  cartilaginous,  smooth,  at  length  granulated,  unequal,  white  or  greyish: 
disk  of  the  apothecia  plano-convex,  brown  or  almost  black;  niargin  tumid,  entire, 
at  length  waved  and  crenate.     2  i. '  .       ' 

re?i<osff,  crust  tessellated,  with  tumid  warts,  yellow,  green  or'Igrey:  apothecia  ap- 
pressed,  at  length  irregular,  with  the  disk  plane  or  swelling,  red-brown,  at  length 
rising  above  the  entire  margin.     2  i. 

varia,  crust  unequal,  grandular,  somewhat  warted,  pale  green:  apothecia  clustered; 
disk   flat,  pale  brown  and  variegated,  border  raised,  inflexed,  finely  cienulate.     |  i. 

tuberculosa,  crust  greenish,  ashcolor,  with  roundish  warts,  circumference  fibrous: 
apothecia  mixed;  disk  concave,  becoming  flat,  blackish-glaucous,  border  elevated, 
thick.     3  i. 

glaucoma,  crust  tartareous,  tessellated,  even,  greyish-white:  apothecia  immersed  in 
the  crust;  the  disk  plane,  at  length  convex,  sub-globose  glaucous  and  powdery; 
margin  entire,  afterwards  obliterated.     2  i. 

alheUa,  crust  thin,  leprous  continues,  cream-colored,  somewhat  .polished:  apothecia 
sessile,  whitish-buft'  uneven  with  a  thin  white  wavy  border.     IJ  i. 

pardla,  crust  granulated  or  somewhat  warted,  white:  apothecia  thick,  crowded  by 
l>ressure,  angular:  the  disk  concave,  and  as  well  as  the  tumid,  entire  margin  of  the 
saine  color  as  the  crust.     2  i. 

tartarea,  crust  tartareous,  witji  clustered  granules,  greyish-white:  apothecia  scat- 
tered; disk  planoconvex,  a  little  wrinkled,  flesh-color;  the  margin  indexed,  at 
length  waved.     2  i.  , 

salicina,  crust  granular,  unequal,  dirty  yellow:  disk  of  npolhecia  flat,  becoming  con- 
vex, somewhat  orange-colored;  border  thin,  erenulated,  becoming  entire  and 
flexuose.     1|  i. 

lentigera,  crust  somewhat  imbricated,  white;  lobes  somewhat  concave,  flexuose  cut- 
crenate:  disk  of  apothecia  flat,  yellowish  brown;  border  elevated,  tumid.     IJ  i. 

elegans,  crust  somewhat  imbricated,  plaited  and  rugose-tawny,  oiange,  naked:  lobes 
linear-lanceoldte,  waved,  convex,  somewhat  distant  radiating:  disk  of  the  apothecia 
concave,  of  the  same  color  with  the  crust;  margin  somewhat  inflexed,  entire. 
1  i.  ^     ■ 

galiictina,  crust  sub-imbricated,  rngulose,  whitish,  lobed  and  crenulate  at  the  circum- 
ference: fructification  crowded  angular;  the  disk  plane,  brownish,  flesh-color,  prui- 
nose  with  a  raised  and  at  length  crenate,  flexuose  border.      IJ  i. 

candeluria,  crust  scaly  yellow,  lobes  very  much  crowded,  cut  and  laciniated,  imbri- 
cated, their  margins  minutely  granular:  apothecia  nearly  of  the  same  color  as  the 
crust;  margin  elevated,  entire.     1  i. 


610  LECANORA,    LPCIDEA. 

brunnea,  crust  imbricated,  greyish,  lobed  and  granulated,  ash-colored  brown:  apothecia 
imbedded  in  the  crust,   crovcded  irregular;   disk  rather  convex,  red  brown,  the 
margin  elevated,  crenulated,  persistent.     ]  i. 
Lecide'a.     Gr.  Iccco,  (lo  crack. )     5.  Lie. 

atro-cdba,  crust  spreading,  very  Uiin,  cracked,  black,  witli  swelling  whitish  scattered' 
areolae:  apothecia  plane  or  slightly  convex,  often  in  the  interstices  black;  of  the 
same  color  within.     3  i. 

lapicida,  crust  tartareous,  cracked,  whitish  ash-color:  apothecia  within  the  spaces  of  the 
crust  depressed,  flat,  finally  convex,  somewhat  confluent,  dark,  with  a  thin  edge.  3  i. 

pretrae'a,  crust  thin,  roundish,  very  finely  cracked,  somewhat  powdery,  white:  apo- 
thecia grown  into  the  crust,  thick>  protuberant,  somewhat  concentrical,  dark  color- 
ed,   with  a  tumid,  elevated  contracted  margin.     1^  i. 

parasema,  crust  thin,  sub-membranaceous,  greyish  white,  horded  with  black,  at 
length  spreading,  somewhat  granulated:  apothecia  nearly  plane,  sessile,  margined, 
black;  blackish  within.     3  i. 

sabuletorum,  crust  scattered,  granular,  irregularly  lobed,  cinereous  whitish:  apothecia 
clustered,  convex,  sessile,  plano-convex,  hemispherical,  somewhat  confluent;  dark 
powdery  inside     ]|  i. 

silaccae,  crust  tartareous,  tessellated,  yello'wish  red:  apothecia  sessile,  plane,  at  length 
convex,  irregular,  conlluent,  black;  internally  cinereous  and  black,     2  i. 

immersa,  crust  thin,  whitish;  apothecia  plano-convex,  immersed  in  the  stone,  mar- 
gined, dark;  disk  pruinose:  when  moistened  crimson;  white  inside.     4  i. 

nlbo-caenilescens,  crust  tartareous,  contiguous,  even  at  length,  somewhat  tassellated 
and  wiiitish:  apothecia  sessile  and  elevated,  plane,  black,  with  a  grey  bloom  and  a 
a  black  smooth  border.  Van  iunfida,  crust  of  a  regular  figure,  contiguous,  whit- 
ish caesious:   apothecia  immersed;  disk  depressed,  hollowish.     3  i. 

atrata,  crust  thin,  in  liitle  cracks,  punctate,  very  black:  receptacles  in  the  crust, 
wart-form,  one-colored;  disk  urceolate.     Dry  rocks. 

^merolcuca,  crust  sub-cartilagjnous,  becoming  cinerous:  receptacles  close-pressed, 
flattish,  somewhat  margined,  dark;  white- within.  On  bark  of  trees  and  decaying 
woods. 

alba,  crust  sub-determinate,  membranaceous,  somewhat  cracked,  .white,  with  con- 
glomerated, cinereous,  or  greenish  milky  dustatlength  scattered  ovfer  it:  receptacles 
minute,  close-pressed,  flat,  dark.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

asserculoriim,  crust  effuse,  thin,  unequal,  dark  sooty:  receptacles  sessile,  a  little  pla- 
no-concave, dark;   one-colored  witliin.     On  timber  and  dead  wood., 

urceofata,  crust  cartilaginous,  membranaceous,  determinate,  rugose,  cracked,  glabrous, 
very  white:  receptacles  sessile,  urceolate,  white  hoary;  corneous  and  livid  within, 
under  the  disk;  margin  inflexed,  sub-coarcate.    -On  bark  of  trees- 

.coriicola,  crust  sub-tarlareous,  grandular-areolate,  unequal,  very  white:  receptacles 
minute,  sub-immersed,  grey  hoary;  at  length  sub-globose,  emarginate,  naked,  dark; 
becoming  cinereous  within.     On  the  bark  and  trunks  of  trees. 

Receptacles  dark  fuscous,  or  becoming  fuscous,  blended  with  some  other  color. 

spadicea,  crust  cartilaginous,  unequal,  sub-granulated,  becoming  white  cinereous:  re- 
ceptacles thick,  flat,  fuscous-liver-brovvn,  at  length  becoming  dark;  margin  very 
thin,  and  a  little  wrinkled;  at  length  a  little  convex,  with  the  margin  evanescent; 
color  uniform  within.     On  bark  of  trees. 

varians,  crust  sub-membranaceous,  cracked,  afterwards  granulated,  becoming  green 
cinereous,  with  dark  limits:  receptacles  small,  crowded,  yellowish,  fuscous  and 
dark,  impressed  in  the  middle,  sub-emarginate.     On  the  bark  of  ash  trees,  »V:c. 

russela,  crust  sub-eartilaginous,  rugose,  areolate-rimose,  becoming  pale  green,  with 
dark  limits:  receptacles  sessile,  glabrous,  a  little  tumid,  red-fuscous;  the  disk 
higher  than  the  pale,  thin,  entire  margin.     On  bark  of  trees. 

plneli,  crust  very  thin,  dirty  pale  oineieous:  receptacles  sessile,  minute,  aggregated, 
urceolate,  yellowish  flesh-color,  entire.     In  pine  woods,  on  roots,  &c. 

sanguinenatra,  crust  thin,  membranaceous,  eft'use,  light  green  cinereous;  at  length 
sprinkled  over  with  granulated  dust:  receptacles  hemispheric,  sub-emarginate, 
somewhat  glabrous,  dark  purple,  and  at  length  black. 

Receptacles  red,  or  light  flesh  colored, 
icmadophylla,  crust  leprous-like,  unequal,  sub-granulated,  whitish  green:  receptacles 


LECIDEA,    LESKIA.  511 

sub-sessile,   flat,  flesh-colored,  at  length   flexuoiis;  the  disk  a  little  wrinkled;  the 
margin  thin,  or  none.     On  the  earth,  on  trunks  and  decaying  wood. 
cupularis,  crust  sub-tar/tarous,  whitish  green:  receptacles  superficial,  urceolate,  white; 
disk  liglit  brick-color,  scattered  pulverulent  spots  on  the  outside.     This  is  a  variety 
of  inannorea,  of  Acharius.     On  lime  and  slate  rocks. 

Receptacles  pah,  becoming  yellow,  wax-colored  and  orange. 

lutea-alba,  crust  thin,  smooth,  white:  receptacles  crowded,  at  length  convex,  hemis- 
pheric, margined,  yellowisii  red;  white  within.  Var.  Iiolocarpa,  has  a  dirty  cine- 
reous yellow  crust,  and  minute,  flattish,  yellowish  orange,  sub-obliterated  recep- 
tacles.    On  the  bark  of  trees;  rarely  on  rocks. 

Crust  deform<:d  or  foUaceous, 

glohifera,  crust  imbricate,  fuscous;  lobes  round,  entire,  or  sub-lobed,  flexuose,  sub- 
rugose;  white  beneath:  receptacles  at  length  sub-emarginate,  sub-globose,  obscurely 
reddish-yellow.     On  rocks. 

decipicns,  crust  sub-imbricate;  lobes  somewhat  separated,  sub-peltate,  roundish, 
flesh-colored,  and  becoming  fuscous;  white  bene.ath:  receptacles  marginal,  convex 
and  sub-globose,  sub-emarginate,  black.'  On  the  earth,  particularly  lime-stone 
mountains. 

sorcdi.iilin,  crust  orbicular,  rugose-plicate,  imbricate,  cinereous;  margins  of  the  lobes 
elevated,  and  bearing  the  fruit-dots;  dark  beneath,  with  spongy  fibres:  receptacles 
scattered,  close  pressed,  flat,  dark.' 

dewissa,  Ach.  crust  warty,  sub-imbricated;  lobed  at  the  margin:  receptacle  reddish, 
depressed.     On  e>arth  and  rocks. 

suhulatnniw.,  crust  etiuse,  granulated;  in  some  parts  lobe-branched,  white-cinereous: 
receptacles  crowded,  sessile,  plano-covex,  hemispheric,  sub-conlluent,  somewhat 
margined,  dark;  somewhat  dusty  within,  one-colored.  Var.  geochroa,  is  fuscous- 
cinereous:  receptacles  sub-globose,  often  crowded  into  conglomerate  masses,  and 
shining.     On  earth  and  decayed  moss. 

Lema'nea.     In  honor  of  Leman,  a  French  botanist.     4.  Alg. 
JluciidiUs,   filaments  simple,  papillose.     Papillae  usually  ternate.     Articulations  five 
times  as  long  as  broad.     6  i. 
Leo'tia..     Gr.  Uiotes,  {smooth.)     6.  Fun. 

infundibiUformis,  cap  depressed,  cinereous,  livid,  smooth  on  each  side:  stipe  solid, 
smooth.     On  the  ground.     3  i. 

««««,  small,  cap  rugose,  white  beneath,'  smooth  brown:  stipe  solid  cylindrical,  white. 

On  trees.     ^  i. 
,  Lbpuakia.     Gr.  fc^^ra,  (leprosy,  scaly.)     5.  Lie. 

cUorina.  crust  thick,  pulvinaceoUs,  bright  sulphur-color,  composed  of  a  dyst-like  sub- 
stance, collected  into  somewhat  hairy  glob. 

fiuta,  crust  spreading,  equal,  thin,  somewhat  cracked,  bright-yellow,  composed  of 
sub-globose  granules. 

viresccns,  crustaceous,    granulated,    continuous,   somewhat  gelatinous;  greyish,  dull- 
green  when  dry;  bright-green  wiien  wet. 
farinosa,  crust  very  thin,  membranaceous,  becoming  white;  suffused  with  white  con- 
globated dust.     On  bark  of  old  trees. 
Lehtostro'hia.     Gr.  Iqdos,  (thin,)  stroma,  (layer.)     6.  Fijn. 

scirpinuni,  orbicular,    opake,  bossed  in  the  centre,  at  length  entirely  separating:  disk 
whitish.     On  the  scirpu^,  &c. 
LpsK'iA.     In  honor  of'l,eske,  a  German  botanist.     2.  Mus. 

coiii/jressa,  decumbent:  branches  2ranked,  facing  two  ways,  compressed:  leaves  lance- 
olate, tlattish,  somewhat  extended:  capsule  oblong,  straight;  lid  conic.  On  trunks 
of  trees. 

acuminujia,  creeping:  branches  short,  sub-simple:  leaves  lance-acuminate,  e.^tended, 
facicled:  capsule  erect;  lid  oblique,  conic.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

imbrkata,  creeping:  branches  shortish,  simple,  erect  bearing  flowers:  leaves  extended, 
ovate,  acutisii,  imbricate:   capsule  oblong,  erect:   lid  conic. 

gracilescens,  creeping:  brandies  somewhat  simple:  loaves  acute,  lanceolate,  extended, 
imbricate-spreading:  capsule  straight;  lid  conic.     On  the  earili. 

rvpincola,  creeping:  branches  somewhat  simple,  rising:  leaves  cordate-acuminate 
imbricate,  spreading:  capsule  cylindric,  erect.     On  rocks. 


itT.. 


612  LESKIA,    AlARCHANTIA. 

fasciculosa,  Creeping:  branches  often  crowded  together  in  fasciclesj  short,  simple; 
leaves  cordate,  extended,  imbricate:  calyx  extended,  long-acuminate:  capsule  nod- 
ding.    In  damp  places. 

»flri«,  creeping:  branchlels  simple,  ereclish,  varying  in  length:  leaves  concave,,  spread- 
ing, lance-acummate:  calyx  a-nd  leaves  oblong,  extended,  fascicled:  capsule  nod- 
ding. .... 

squarrusa,  creeping:  the  foliation  somewhat  2-ranked,   depressed,  lax-imbricatej  with 
squarrose  hooks  beTiind;  leaver;  lanceolate,  slenderly  acuminate:  calyx  rather  long) 
linear  subulate:   capsule  nodding  in  an  arch.     Damp  places. 
Leucodo.v.     Gr.  leukos,  (, white,)  o'lous,  (tooth.)     2.  Alg. 

marlinicmsis,  leaves  entire;   whorjs  muny-flowered,  capitate. 
Li'cEA.     Gr.  Liknnn,  (corn- fan.)     C.    Fun. 

circumscissu,  gregarious,  sessile,  yeiic^wish  or  brownish,   sub-globose:  the  upper  half 
of  the  fruit-covering   lid-like:  seeds  rarely  mixed  with  a  filament  or  two.     Under 
bark. 
Lichi'na.     From  its  resemblance  to  lichens.     4.  Alg. 

pygriieii,  frond  flat  with  spherical  tubercles,     l  i. 
Lo'PHiUM.     Gr.  lophos,  (eminence.)     6.   Fun. 

myteiinii III,  somewhat  stalked,  dilated  upwards,  striated  across,  shining.     Pine  bark. 
Lycoga'la.     Gr.  lukos,  {wolf,)  trala,  {tnilk.)     6.  Fun. 

punctata.,  cespitose,  round  punctate,  sub-cinereous. 

miniatu,  globular,  gregarious,  red  changing  to  brown:  seed  orange-red,  at  length  pur- 
ple-gray.    Rotten  wood. 
Lycoi'Eii'DON.     Gr. /«/t«s,  (wolf,)  perrfo,  (explosion.)     Wolf  puff-ball.     6.  Fun. 

bovisla,  large,  obconic,  soft,  whiijfsh,  plicate  beneath:  scales  broad,  often  indistinct: 
at  length  blackish  and  spherical.     3  i. 

pratense,  while,  soft,  hemispheric,  sub-sessile,  smoothish,  with  scattered  warts.  Pas- 
tures.    2  i. 

ujnbrinum,  turbinate,  a  little  bossed,  cinereous,  at  length  brown;  rough  with  slender 
warts;   gregarious.     Pine  woods.  "    '  , 

pyriforme,  dirty-grey,  base  tapering;  top  pointed;  scales  Ihin;  roots  long  fibrous. 
Moist  ground,     iji. 

excipulifurme,  large,  white,  variable,  fruit-converging  sub-globose,  covered  with  spine- 
like warts;  stipes  smoothish,  long  plicate.     Pastuies. 
Lyng'bya.     \n  honor  of  Lyngbye,  a  Danish  botanist.     4.  Alg. 

muralis,  filaments  stiffish,  curved,  wavy,  thickish,  with  lax  rings.     1 — 12  i. 

M. 

Marchan'tia.     In  honor  of  Marchant,  a  French  botanist.     3.  Hep. 

poly  mor pita-  L.  (brook  liverwort.  O.  g-y.  Ju.  If. )  pistillate  receptacles  radiated; 
staininate  ones  peduncled,  peltate:  fronds  crowded  together,  lobed,  neived  and 
covered  with  small  decussate  veins.  2  i.  Pistillate  peduncles  very  long:  nerves  of 
the  frond  generally  brown.     On  earth  and  stones,  in  wet  or  damp  places. 

hirsuta,  Sw.  (Nov.)  pistillate  receptacles  heLuispherical,  sub-entire,  margin  hirsute; 
staminate  ones  sessile,  roundish,  plano-convex:  fronds  very  broad,  brittle,  simple, 
or  dichotomous  at  the  apex;  margin  undulate.  Dark  green:  fronds  generally  dicho- 
tomous,  and  lobed;  lobes  rounded,  undulate,  and  often  crenate:  2 — 3  inches  long, 
and  one  wide;   pistillate,  peduncles  short. 

/temispAcriffl,  L.  pistillate  r 'ceptacles  sub-hemispherical,  nearly  entire,  sub-4-sided: 
divisions  of  the  proper  calyx  obtuse:  fronds  smaller,  crenate;  beneath  dark  red; 
above  beautifully  green.     On  rocKy  ground.     IJ  i. 

conica,  L.  pistillate  receptacles  conic-ovate,  somewhat  angular;  staminate  ones  ses- 
sile: frond  long,  creeping,  verrucose,  sinuate.  On  moist  banks,  wall,  stones,  &c. 
2i. 

crinita.  Mx.  (Summer,)  small  margin  of  the  frond  colored,  ernse-crenate:  lobes  round- 
ish: pistillate  receptacles  sub-globose,  5-lobed;  with  long  filaments  proceeding  from 
between  them:   margin  and  lower  surface  of  the  frond  purple.     On  flat  rocks. 

androgyna,  recept.  of  tiie  thecae  hemispherical,  half  4-cleft,  of  4  cells. 

tenella,  L.  small:  frond  fork-dichotomous,  narrow:  pistillate  receptacle  sub-conic, with 
a  many-cleft  membrane  below;  divisions  ligulate-linear:  peduncles  longish,  delicate. 
Receptacles  3-cleft;  divisions  rounded.     Frond  green;  beneath  purple. 


MEESIA,    NECKERA.        '  513 

Mef.s'ia.     In  honor  of  David  Meese.     2.  Mus. 
t/^'-mosw,  stem  simple,  shorl:  leaves  linear,   obtuse:  capsule  pear-form;   lid  obtuse. 

in  marshes. 

Mkru'i,ius.     Lat.  merulius  (morel,  fungus.)     0.  Fun. 
ttichrijiuans,  effused,  large,  yellow  rusty  or  orange:   margin  white  and  cottony:  veins 

large,  forming  irregular  sinuosities.     Decaying  wood.     Dry  rot. 

MksogloI'a.     Gr. '//lesos  (middle)  i;/o/os  (viscid.)     4.  AJg. 
vermicutaris,  frond  yellowish-brown.     Branches  divaricating.     5  i. 

AliTRATA.     Lat.  mitro,  (turban.)     6.  Fun. 
paludosa,  yellow,  sub-gregarious:  cap  orange-yellow,  obtuse,  hollow:  margin  connatej 

with  stipe.     In  wet  places.     1  i. 
abktis,  gregarious,  solid:  seed-bed  ovate,  yellow:  stipe  slender,  dark  brown,  flexuose 

at  the  base.     Spruce  and  fir  woods.     ^  i. 

Mnium.     Gr.  mnion  (moss.)     2.  Mus. 
honium,  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate:  peduncles  curved:  capsule  ovate,  pendulous;  lid 

obtuse. 
paiustrc,  stqm  erect,  elongated,  branching:   leaves  lanceolate,   keeled,   acUte;   upper 

ones  bent  over  to  one  side:  capsule  oblong,  sub-erect;  lid  conic,  acute.     In  damp 

woods  and  fens. 

Moni'lia.     l^at.  monile,  (ornament,  necklace.)     G.  Fun. 
aurea,  in  beautiful  tufted  heads,  golden  yellow,  stiped.     On  rotten  wood. 
fntdgcna.   stemless,   cespltose,  roundish,  white-cinereous:    thread,   mould-like,  with 

ovate  articulations. 

Morchel'la.     German,  morchel,  (latticed  mushroom.)     6.  Fun. 
esculenta,  cap   round   or  oval;    margin   contracted  round  the  stipe:  areoles  much  hol- 
lowed: stipe  white,  dilated  towards  the  base.     3  i. 
■patida,  cap  obtuse  separate  as  far  as  the  middle:  areoles  rhomboid:  stipes  smooth. 

Earth,  damp  and  middling.     3  i. 
scniilibern,   cap  short,  conic,   spread  at  the  base:  areole^  slialiow,  partly  formed  of 

parallel  ribs;  stipes  long-equal:  thick  white.     Woods.     4  i. 

Mougeo'tia.     In  honor  of  Mougeot,  a  botanist.     4.  Alg. 
gemiflexa,  filaments  kneejointed.     Articulations  six  times  as  long  as  broad.     1 — 12  i. 

Mu'coR.     Gr.  rnukes,  (a  sinall  mushroom.)     Mouldiness.     6.  Fun. 
siercorea,   byssus-like,    or  hair-like,  white  becoming  yellowish:   stipes  erect  or  lax, 

simple,  bearing  a  small  globule  at  the  end.     On  manure.     2  i. 

MvRiococ'cuM.     Gr.  7/n//-?'os,  (a  thousand,) /:oA:A;ti«,  (seed.)     6.   Fun. 
precox,   tubercles   superficial,    deformed,    conflueni,    resembling  spherias.      On  dead 


leaves.     ^  i. 


N. 


Naemate'lta.     Gr.  naima,  (gelatine,}  ci?eo,  (to  enwrap  or  roll  up. )     C.  Fun. 
incepliala,  sub^sessile,  powdery,  plait-wrinkled,  pale  flesh-coJor,  becoming  dry.     OH 
dead  pine  and  ficsh.     4  i. 
Neckeka.     In  honor  of  Necker,  a  German  botanist.     2.  Mus. 

1 .     Leaves  2-rankcd. 

peimata,  fofiage  2-ranked,  compressed;  leaves  lance-oval,  acuminate,  nerveless;  disk 
undulated:  capsule  immersed  in  tire  calyx  (pericheth,)  lid  sub-conic  and  somewhat 
cuspidate.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

macTopodia,  decumbent,  sub-ramose:  leaves  flattish,  lanceolate,  facing  two  ways: 
capsule  cylindric,  strait,  terminating  in  a  long  bristle. 

2.     Leaves  imbricate  ecery  way. 

cladorhizans,  creeping:  branchlets  spreading  and  somewhat  2- tanked:  summit  rooting 
in  some:  leaves  somewhat  depressed-imbricale,  oval,  acute,  nerveless:  capsule 
cylindric:  lid  somewhat  conic,  oblong,  obtuse;  columella  exsert.     On  trees. 

seductrix,  creeping:  somewhat  ascending:  branchlets  erect,  in  some  places  fascicled: 
leaves  closely  imbricate  in  a  cylinder,  oval,  acuminate  nerveless:  capsule  cylindric; 
lid  from  the  base  conic,  shortish,  cuspidate. 

viticulosa,  stem  ascending,  simple  or  with  iew  branches:  leaves  lax,  from  the  side  of 
the  base  ligulate-obtuse:  capsule  oblong;  lid  conic,  long-cuspidate,  small.  On 
trunks  of  trees. 

6.5 


514  NEPHROMA,    PARMELIA. 

Nephro'ma.     Gr.  nephros  (a  kidney. )     5    Lie. 
resupinata,  thallus.   grejish-brown,  pale,  pubescent,  and  granulated   beneath:  fertile 

lobules  very  short:  apothecia,  large,  niiinerous  reddish. 

Nidltla'ria.      L;U.  nidus,  ()iesl.)     (i.   Fun.  . 

striata,  obconic,  liirsute,  brown,  striate  inside.     On  rotten  leaves,  &c.     i  i. 
crucibulu/n,   bell-cylindric,    truncate   at  e*ch   end,   somewhat  downy,   ochre   brown, 

smooth  and  pale,  yellow  inside.     Pine  bark.      J  i. 
campaimlata,  cainpanulate,  villose,  ash-brown,  lead-color  and  shining  within,     i  i. 

Nosroc.     Gr.  ?tos<os,  (turning,  god  of  mills. )     4.   Alg. 
commune,  frond  expanded,  deformed,  plaited,  wavy.     2  i.  , 

pruniformc,  frond  globose,  watery  inside.     Integument  coriaceous,  very  smooth.     I  i. 

O. 

OsYGE'ffA.     Gr.  nnvx,  (a  hoof,')  geinomai,  (to  bear  or  produce.)    6.  Fun. 
equina,  stipes  short,   sub-fibrous:   fruit-covering  scabrous,  closed;  sejeds  ovate.     On 

decaying  hoofs,     i  i- 

Opegrapha.     Gr.  ope,  {cra.ck,)  grapko,  (to  write.)     5.  Lie. 
macutaris,  crust  very  thin,  brownish-black:  apothecia  minute,  much  crowded,  roundish, 

elliptical,  at  length  rugose,  irregular;  disk  very  narrow. 
kerpetica,    crust  somewhat  membranous,  very  finel}-  cracked,  rugose  roughish,  cine- 

rious-brown:    apothecia    minute,    innate,    clustered,    convex,    elliptical,    oblong, 

straight,  with  a  crack-like  disk. 
qnpast(i,.CTastveTy  thin,  of  a  regular  figure,  ipolished  cinereous:  apothecia,  innate, 

minute  convex,  rugulose,   opake^  various;   smaller  dot-like;  longer,  very  sender, 

flexuose,  somewhat  branched. 
abnormis,  crust  thin,  softish,  white:  receptacles  immersed,  very  thin,  short  and  long, 

flexuous,    confluent,    rugose-crisped:  scarcely  any  distinct,  margin  and  disk.     On 

the  hard  bark  of  trees. 
rimalis,  crust  effuse,   becoming    cinereous^  receptacles  sessile,  oblorig,    straightish, 

simple,  tumid:  disk  channelled,  concave;  margins   elevated,  subrintiexed,  parallel. 

On  bark  of  trees. 
vulvcUa,  Ach.  receptacles  elliptic,  gaping  in  the  middle. 
vultrata,  crust  between  cartilaginous  and  membranaceous,  somewhat  scaly,  smoothish, 

greyish-white:  apothecia  Sessile,  long  or  roundish,  waved,  somewhat  shining,  with 

the  disk  very  narrow. 
notha,  crust  cartilaginous,  lep  white,:  apothecia  scattered,  sessile,  round  and  oval,  de- 
formed;  disk  flat,  becoming  convex. 

Or'thotri'chum.     Gr.  or</«o5,  (straight,)  <ric/to.f,  (hair.)     2.  Mus. 
cupuiatum,  peristome  simple;  teeth  witii  pits,  capsule  immersed,  sub-sulcate;  calyptre 

globe-bell-form.  glabrous,:   stem  ramose:   leaves  Iqnce-ovate. 
strangulatum,  peristome    simple;  teeth    16,    entire;   capsule   immersed,  sulcate,  con- 
tracted in  the  middle:  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-entire,  obtusish:  stem  cespitose,  erect, 

.sub-ramose:  calyptre  campanulate,   with  S  furrows. 
coarctalum.  inner  peristome  8-toolhed:  germ  ejsert  at  the  extremities:  plaited. 
striatum,  teeth  of  the  inner  peristome  16,  lanceolate,  erose:  germ  immersed,  smooth: 

leaves  lanceolate. 

Ozo'nium.     Gr.  oxos,  (a  branch.)     6.  Fun. 
auricomum,  irregular,  rigid,  diverging  from  a  common  centre  when  young;  afterwards 

straggling:    filaments    tawny-yellow,  compressed;    sizes  various'.      On  decaying 

wood.     3i. 

P. 

Palmelia.     Lat.  /w/ma,  (palm.)     4.  Alg. 
protuherans,  frond  thick,  angular-lobed.     Granules  elliptical,     i  i. 
botrioidcs,  fronds  aggregate,  minute,  globose.     Granules  globose. 
cnicnta,  frond  crust-like,  crimson.      > 

Parmelia.     Gr.  ;)rtr//i6,  (shield.)  ei/eo,  (to  enroll.)     5.  Lie. 
scortea,  thallus  roundish,   sub-coriaceous,    whitish,   smooth,  finely  dotted  with  black, 

hispid  beneath:  lobes  longish  sinuate-crenate  cut;  apothecia  rulous-biovvn.     li  i. 
perforata,    thallus   orbicular,  glaucous,  green,  naked,    with  black  fibres  on  the  under 

side;  lobes  rounded,  cut,  flat,  somewhat  plaited  at  the  edge:  apothecia  rufous.     ?>  i. 


PARMELIA.  515 

herbacea,  llvallus  orbicular,  membranaceous,  brlglit  green  above,  beneath  pale  brown, 
almost  white  and  downy;  lobes  waved  and  cut,  the  segments  rounded,  sub-crenate, 
apothecia  red,  the  margin  intlexed,  rugose  and  crcnate.     IJ  i. 

olivacea,  thallus  orbicular,  olive-brown,  rugged,  with  elevated  points,  paler  beneath 
and  fibrous;  lobes  radiating,  appressed,  plane,  dilated,  rounded  and  crenate;  apothe- 
cia dark-brown:   the  margin  crenulated.     2  i. 

parielina,  thallus  orbicular,  bright-yellow;  beneath  paler  and  fibrillose;  the  lobes  radi- 
ating, appressed,  plane,  dilated,  round,  crenate  and  crisped  at  the  extremity: 
apothecia  of  the  same  color  as  the  crust,  th^ir  margin  entire,  rounded,  crenate  and 
crisped  at  the  estrenutics.     2  i. 

tiliacea,  tiiallus  orbicular,  membranous,  glaucous,  ash-colored,  blackish  brown  be- 
neath; lobes  sinuate  cut,  the  end  ones  roundish  crenated.  Apothecia  brownish 
with  an  entire  edge.     6  i.  _ 

saxatiUs,  thallus  orbicular,  greyish,  rough  and  pitted,  beneath  black  and  fibrillose;  the 
segments  imbricated,  sinuated,  plane,  subretuse.  Apothecia  bright  chesnut  brown, 
iheir  margin  sub-crenulated.     2i  i. 

aqidla,  thallus  orbicular,  tawny  brown,  palerbeneath  with  blackish  fibres;  the  segment 
multipartite,  nearly  linear,  convex,  those  of  the  circumference  dilated,  nearly  plane 
and  crenate:  apotliecia  dark  brown,  tiieir  margin  crenated.     4  i. 

conspcrsa,  thallus  orbicular,  greenish  yellow,  smooth  with  blackish  dots,  brown  and 
fibrillose  beneath;  segments  sinuate-lobate  rounded  crenate,  nearly  plane:  apothecia 
central,  chesnul-brown,  with  tiie  margin  nearly  entire.     ]|  i. 

speciosa,  thallus  stellated,  glabrous,  greenish-white,  beneath  snowy-white,  with  grey- 
ish fibres:  the  segments  imbricated  linear  plane,  cut  and  branched  crenate,  their 
extremities  ascending  and  powdery:  apothecia  central  brown  with  a  tumid  singular- 
ly rough  and  crenated  border.     2  i. 

pulvenikiila,  thallus  stellated,  deep,  glaucous-green,  caesious  and  pruinose  when  dry, 
beneath  black,  downy  and  hispid;  the  segments  linear,  multifid  in  the  circumference, 
plane  appressed,  waved  retuse  at  the  extremities:  apothecia  glaucous  black,  the 
margin  entire  and -waved,  at  length  leafy. 

stclldris,  thallus  stellate  at  lengtli  rugged  and  granulated,  greyish-green,  beneath  with 
grey  fibres;  the  segments  sublinear,  rather  convex  cut-multifid;  apothecia  glaucous 
black,  their  margin  entire,  at  length  waved  and  crenate.      "l 

caesia,  stellate,  greyish-while  and  glaucous  sorediferous,  ash-colored  beneath  with 
black  fibres:  segments  linear,  cut-nuillifid  convex  but  plane  at  extremities:  fructifi- 
cation sub-corjcave  black  with  a  sub-inflexed  border. 

phijsodes,  thallus  sub-slell.ited  glaucous  white,  beneath  brownish  black;  the  segments 
sinuate,  multifid,  convex,  glabrous,  inflated  and  ascending  at  the  extremity: 
apothecia  red-biown,  tlieir margins  entire. 

capcrata,  (shield  lichen.  O.)  frond  orbicular,  pale  yellow,  becoming  green,  rugose  at 
length  granulated,  dark  and  hispid  beneath;  lobes  plicate,  sinuate-lacinate,  round- 
ish, somewhat  entire:  receptacles  scattered,  sub-frescuous:  margin  incurved,  entire, 
at  length  pulverulent.  Var.  cylisphora,  smoothisii,  naked;  lobes  gash-crenate:  re- 
ceptacles of  the  central  lobes  margined,  elevated,  small.     On  old  timber,  &c. 

gallnna,  frond  orbicular,  smooth,  becoming  cinereous,  the  outer  margin  leaden-blue, 
with  dark  punctures,  dark  beneath,  hispid  with  spongy  fibres;'  lobes  imbricate,  flat, 
sinuate-lacinate,  crenate:  central  receptacles  concave,  dark-purple,  shining;  mar- 
gin entire.     On  old  wood. 

placarodia,  frond  orbicular,  smooth,  pale-livid,  sprinkled  witli  black  elevated  specks, 
glabrous  rugose,  milky  beneath,  with  dark  cinereous  impressions;  divisions  plicate, 
concrete,  round  crisped  crenate  at  the  apex:  receptacles  scattered,  elevated,  light 
fuscous,  somewhat  concealed  by  the  inflexed,  rugose,  crenate  margin.  On  decay- 
ing wood. 

crinita,  frond  orbicular,  from  white  becoming  pale  glaucous,  scabrous,  with  scattered 
grains  and  corol-like  branchlets;  dark  glabrous,  a  little  rugose  beneath;  rarely 
fibrous;  divisions  ratlier  long,  sinuate-lobed  at  the  margin,  and  erose-crenate, 
ciliate,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

rudintii,  frond  orbicular,  pale  cinereous,  becoming  green;  t|iickly  bent  with  corol-like 
opophyses  of  an  unitbrin  color;  dirty  white,  wrinkled,  fibrous  beneath;  divisions 
concrete,  undulate-plicate,  roundish  at  the  margins,  torn-crenate:  receptacles 
scattered,  small,  obscurely  fuscous;  margin  thin,  at  length  rugose-crenate.  On 
old  wood. "  ■ 

sub-mar giiialis,  frond  membranaceous,   smoothish,   becoming  cinereous;  very  dark 


616  I'ARMELIA,  PELTIDEA. 

beneatli,  becoming  fuscous  at  the  periphery:  receptacles  somewhat  margined,  con- 
cave, fuscous,  wrinkled  outside;   margin  simple.     On  trunks  of  trees. 
setosa,   frond  stellate,    beconiing  while  glaucous;   becoming  ragged  beneath,   with  tlio 
dark  hispid,  ranjose,  interwoven  fibres;  divisions-many-cleft,  linear,  separated,  flat; 
magins  here  and  there  bearing  fruit-dots;  ciliae  very  dense  and  long. 
mickauxii,  frond   somewhat  olive-color,   a  little   shining:   divisions  convex,   sinuate- 

lobed,  dilated  at  the  apex:   receptacles  chesnut-fuscous.     On  rocks. 
congruens,  frond  stellate,  becoming  pale   white' and   fuscous-cinereous    beneath;   tlie 
fibres  and   impressions  uniform  colored;  divisions   manj'-cleft,   lax,  flexuose:   mar- 
gins recurved,  flattish  and  crenate  at  the  ajjcx:  receptacles  elevated,  concave,  liver- 
like; margin  entire.     On  trunks  of  trees. 
centrifii<ra,  frond  orbicular,  with  greenish  white  zones  receding  from  the  centre;  white 
beneath,  witli  fuscous-cinereous  fibres;  divisions  concrete,    convex,  rugose,  parted 
dichotomously,    oblusish:    receptacles   with   reddish-fuscous  peripheries;    margins 
f5ub-entire.     On  mountains  and  rocks. 
fliverskolor .  frond  sub  orbicular,    golden  yellow,   concrete  with  the    rugose,   narrow, 
torn-ramose  divisions,  white  with  age;   becoming  wliite  cinereous  beneath^  and  the 
impressions  uniform  colored:  receptacles  crowded,  concave,  dark  red;  margin  thick, 
at  length  white.  ' 

hypoleuca,  frond  stellate,  white,  glabrous,  naked,  very  white,  soft,  sub-tomentose 
beneath,  with  hispid  dark  marginal  fibres:,  divisions  linear,  niahy-cleft,  flat:  recep- 
tacles scattered,  sub  fuscous,  at  length  black;  margin  inflexed,  at  length  crenulate. 
On  trunks  of  trees,  on  and  among  mosses. 
lopliyrea,  frond  stellate,  white,  dark,  smooth,  naked,  excava'ted-punctate  beneath: 
divisions  linear,  flat,  flexuose,  sinuate,  -many-cleft:  receptacles  reddish;  margins 
sub-crenale.  .       ,    ■ 

granuli/ura,  frond  orbicular,  white,  hoa^y,  and  granular,  sprinkled  over  with  snow- 
white  heaps  of  globules,"  glabrous,  ode  colored  beneath,  fibres  and  impressions 
dark;  divisions  flat,  inany-c.eft,'  toothcrenate;  margins  naked:  receptacles  dark 
fuscous;  margin  inflexed,  granulated.  Ainpng  mosses  on  trunks  of  trees. 
conoptm,  frond  orl)icular,  becoming  glauscotis  green,  h6re  and  there  covered  with  granu- 
lated dust,  becoming  blue;  dark,  with  spongy  fibres  beneath;  divisions  with  flattish, 
round-lobed,  crenate,  naked  outer  edges;  maVgins  elevate,  pulverulent:  receptacles 
reddish  yellow.-  On  mosses  and  trunks  of  trees. 
ohscssa,  frond  orbicular,  white,  beset  with  a  corol-like  excrescence;  apex  fuscous; 
dark,  fibrous  beneath;  divisions  with  a  separate,  solitary  periphery,  erose,  many- 
cleft,  flat:  receptacles  central,  flat,  dark  fuscous;  margin  granulate-toothed.  On 
the  bark  of  tiees.  '         - 

aipolin,  frond  stellate,  becoming  white  cinereous,   grey  and  naked;  white  beneath, 
with  dark  fuscous  fibres;   divisions  all  sub-connate,  flattish,  many-cleft  and^obed: 
receptacles  dark  grej -hoary.     On  the  bark  of  trees. 
vlothrix,  frond  stellate,  cinereous-glaucous,  sub-livid:  dark  fibrous  beneath;  divisions 
separated,  linear,  dicholomous,  -many-cleft,   flat^  sub-ciliate:   receptacles  dark  fus- 
cous;  margin  entire,  ciliate-fibrous  beneath.     On  bark,  and  trunks  of  trees. 
msluLaia,  frond    orbicular,    becoming  green   glaucous;  divisions  very  smooth,   flat, 
periphery  round,    incumbent,    gash-crenate;   all  spongy,  and  dark  beneath;  sub-in- 
flated at  the  apex:  receptacles  red;   margin  entire.     On  the  roots  of  trees. 
colpodes,  frond  sub-stellate,  becoming  pale  green;  divisions  many-cleft,  smooth,  naked, 
flattish;   sub-inflated  at  the  apex;  dark,   ragged  beneath;  receptacles  sub-fuscous; 
margin  sub-rugose.     On  bark  of  trees. 
enteronwrplia,  frond  sub-stellate,   becoming  whitish  green;  divisions  elongated,  sub- 
divided, eff'use,  lax,  sub-rugose,  inflated;   dark,  rugose-plicate' beneath:  receptacles 
liver-brown;   margin  entire.    "On  trunks  of  pines,  &C. 
Pkltide'a.     Gr. /;t'^/c,  (target  or  shield.)     b.  Lie. 
venosa,  thallus   greenish,   ash-color;  white  beneath,    having  dark  brown   prominent 
branched  veins;  lobes  rounded,   cut,  somewhat  entire:  apothecia  marginal,  plane, 
rounded,  swelling,  brown,  scarcely  crenulate  at  the  margin. 
Qcutala,  thallus  ash-colored;  whitish  and  veiny  beneatli;   tlie   lobes  rounded,  sinuated 
and  cut,  crenate  and  crisped;  fertile  lobules  very  short:  apothecia  orbicular,  ascend- 
ing, nearly  plane  brown,  somewhat  entire. 
horizoutalis,  thallus  glaucous  and  brownish  green,   lobed,  crenulate  and  shining;   pale 
beneath,  with  numerous  brown,  branching,  reticulated  veins;   fertile  lobules  abbre- 
viated: apothecia  terminal,  plane,  horizontal,  transversely  oblong,  reddish  brown^ 
^ith  a  nearly  entire  margin. 


PELTIDEA,    PF.ZIZA.  517 

fiphthosa,  thallus  green,  smooth,  roundjy  lobed,  sprinkled  with  brown  warts;  whitish 
bonralii,  with  brown  branching  veins;  fertile  lobules  very, long,  contracted  in  the 
middle;  their  sides  reflexed:  apothecia  terminal,  large,  ascending,  red-brown,  with 
a  lacerated  margin. 

caninii,  thallus  greyish  green,  with  broad,  rounded  lobes;  white  beneath,  with  brown- 
ish branching  veins:  lerlile  lobules  rather  long,  with  their  sides  rellexed:  apothecia 
terminal,  nearly  erect,  revolute,-  reddish  brown,  with  a  sub-crenulated  border. 

jwlydacliila,  thallus  glaucous,  green,  naked,  glabrous,  with   brown    reticulated  veins 
beneath;  fertile  lobules  very  numerous,  elongated,   and  as  well  as  the  brown,  ter- 
minal: apothecia  cucullato-revolule. 
Pori'na.     Gr.  poriniis,  (crumbling.')     5.   Lie. 

perttign,  crust  equal,  polished,  whitish  ash-colored.  Warts  of  apothecia  sub-globose. 
Orifices  several,  depressed,  black. 

/«■«///««(,  ciust  smooth,  equal,  becoming  white-cinereous:  \yarts  of  the  receptacles 
snb-globose;  mouths  many,  depressed,  black.  On  the  bark  of  trunks  of  trees. 
Very  common,  ' 

falltir,  crust  sub-effuse,  glabrous,  plicate-rugose,  olive-cinereous:  warts  of  the  recep- 
tacle crowded,  irregular,  depresssd  above,  sub-margined  with  a  sub-gibbose,  ile.\- 
irose,  tumid  peripliery,  mouths  solitary  and  numerous,'  sub-confluent,  deformed, 
black.     On  bark  of  trees. 

paj)iU(ifii,  crust  smooth,  broken-rimose,  becoming  white:  warts  of  the  receptacle 
convex:  mouth  elevated,  solitary,  papjlla-like;  pore,  reddish-yellow,  pertuse.  On 
bark  of  trees. 

glohiihtris,  crust  thin,  granulated,  becoming  white  cinereous,  granulations  crowded, 
white,  sub-globose  and  branching:  warts  of  the  receptacles  thinly  scattered,  globose, 
glabrous;  mouth  solitary,  impressed,  punctate,  black. 
Penicil'lum.     Lat.  ;^e«ic(7/i/m,  (sponge  )     G.  Fun. 

glaucian,  -densely  tufted,  spreading;  h'eads  of  seeas  at  length  glaucous.     On  rotten 
vpgetables.     1 — 12  i. 
Peri'ola.     Gr.  peri,  (about,)  iolos,  (hairiness.)     6.  Fun. 

tonievtdsa,  round,  deformed,' downy-white.     On  potatoes. 
Pezi'za.,    hciV pezica,  (mushroom.)     0.  Fun. 

1.     Treinelloideae.     Substance  more  or  less  tremulous. 

inquinnns,  in  groups,   large,  dark-slained,^  at  length  convex,  obrconic:   rugose  and 

brownish   outside.     Often   grows  in  long  series  in'  autumn,   along  hewn   or  cut 

timber. 
farcoides,  cespitose.  fleshy-tremulous,  soqiewhat  firm  in  texture,  fiesh-red,  somewhat 

veiny  outside.     In  auiuinn,  on  cut  decaying  trunks,  &c. 
cinerea,  in  groups,  small,  cinereous  or  pale,  sub-treniuloUs;  margin  whiter,  sub-erect. 

On  decaying  trunks  and  branches,  in  spring  and  autumn. 

2.     Helvelloideae.     Larger,  fcslnj  mcmhranaceous,  fragile,  £xternally  sal-farinaceous. 

nurantiti,   stemless,    cespitose,   halved-flexuose,   golden  yellow,  white  externally.     P. 

coccmea.  Bull.     In  autumn,  on  roots  and  decaying  trunks,  &c.     |  i. 
nmhrina,  large,  cespitose,  contorted,  brown.     On  sandy  grass-ground,  &c. 
badia,   almost   stemless,   entire,   margin   sub-involute,   obscurely  fuscous,   externally 

somewhat  olive-colored.     An  inch  and  sl  half  broad.     In  autumn  on  the  earth,  on 

trunks,  &c.  in  woods.     1  i. 
depressa,  sub-orbicular,  sessile,  depressed,  reddish-yellow.     Var.  appla.natn,  cinnamon 

color,  expanded;  flat  and  rugose  above,  paler  beneath.     In  fields  on  the  margin  of 

rivers.  &c. 
ace.lalniliim,   wineglass-form,    stiped:    pileus    angled   oiitside:  veins  branching:   color 

earth-brown-f^scous.     Stipe  thick,  lacunose  as  in  some  species/of  Helvella.     In 

shades.     ^  i. 

3.     Mostly  small.      Whole  pileus  slrigosehirsute,  pilose,  toinentose,  or  pubescent. 

fiemispherica,  in  groups,  pretty  large,  hemispheric;  white  glaucous  within,  brown 
outside.     Half  an  inch  broad.     In  autuVnn  on  the  earth,  rarely  on  trunks. 

scutellata,  largish,  spread  flattened,  reddish  yellow  outside;  hispid  with  dark  diverging 
bristles.     On  wood  in  damp  places. 


518  PEZIZA,    PHYSARUM. 

cocctnca,  stiped,  largish,  turbinate  or  funnel-form:  scarlet  within,  white  without  and 
somewhat  downy:  margin  mostly  crenate.  In  the  spring  on  the  earth  and  dead 
limbs,     g  i. 

anomalu,  sli])ed,  crusty-crowded,  turbinate:  dry  crisped,  ferruginous  or  fawn-color: 
inouth  converging,  paler.     In  spring  and  autumn  on  dr}'  fallen  branches.     J  i. 

4.     Mostly  small.     Jfliolbj  glabrous  .(or  at  Icagt  not  vianifestbj  tomcntose)  fcshy.  or 
wax-like. 

(Pileus  stiped.) 

bolaris,  largish,  sub-solitary:  pileus  orbicular  funnel-form:  outside  often  rngose-veiny 

and  a  little  fibrous:   stipe  thick,  becoming  dark  at  the  base,  shortish.     In  autumn 

on  dry  stipes,  &c. 
eyoihoidca,   in  groups,  small,  white  or  pale:  pileus  wineglass-form,  unarmed,  rather 

thin:   stipe  long,  a  little  thicker,  downwtirds.     On  the  dry  stetns  of  large  herbs: 

stipes  about  the  fourth  of  an  inch  long.     1-G  i. 
lutescens,  small,  somewhat  in  groups,  becoming  3'ellow:  pileus  orbicular:  stipe  thin. 

cylindric.     On  the  decaying  wood  of  firs,  »X:c. 
pallescens,  crowded,    glabrous,    white;   at    length  becoming   pale:   pileus  somewhat 

funnel-form:  stipe  rather  thick.     On  trunks  of  beech,  &c.     ^  i. 

(Pileus  sessile.) 

leucoloma,  narrow,  depressed,  spread,  minute;  margin  white,  finely  torn.  On  walls 
and  moss  in  the  spring. 

5.     31ore  or  less  coriaccovs,  dry,  glabrous  or  pidvcruhnt,  viostly  sessile. 

leucomela.,  bursting,  sessile:   pileus  concave;  dark  outside  and  while  within.     Some- 
times on  hazel  brahclies.  1 
patellaria,  in  groups,  daik,  spread  flattened,  sub-coriaceous,  distinctly  margined.     On 

dry  branches  of  bass  wood  and  sometimes  on  trunks  of  oak. 
pinastri,  scattered,  sub-stiped,  dark-shining;  margin  acute.     On  the  bark  of  pines  and 

firs,  &c. 

Phacid'ium.     Gt.  p}wI;os,  (lentil.)  eidns,  (appearance.)     6.  Fun. 
coronatum,  orbicular,  sub-hemispheric,  depressed,  black,  dehiscent,  in  numerous  acute 

segments;  disk  pale  green  or  yellowish.     On  dead  oak  leaves. 

Phallus.     Gr. /^//rt/fo^,  (a  badge  worn  at  the  festivals  of  Bacchus.)     6.  Fun. 
impudicus,  volva  large:   stipe  cellular  wliite:  cells  of  the  pileus  contain  a  greenish, 

fetid  seed,  bearing  slime.     Fences.     8  i. 
preputiosus,    stipe  sieve-like,  sub-incurved:   involucrum' indusium-like,    fetid.     Near 

fences,  and  on  rotten  trunks.  , 

caninus,  head  closed  on  the  stipe,  ovate,   impervious,   pink-color.     On  rotten  trunks. 

4  i. 

Phas'ccm.     Gr. /;^«s/ion,  (moss.)     2.  Mus. 
j}atens,  caulescent,  erect;  capsule  about  sessile:  leaves  lance-ovate,  serrate  at  the  top, 

spreading. 
muticum,  stemless:  capsule  sessile:  leaves  ovate,  without  points,  concave,  converg- 
ing. 
cervicollum,  sub-caulescent:  the  leaves  of  the  pericheth  strait:  peduncle  incurved: 

•capsule  ovate.     On  dry,  gravelly  earlii. 
subuiatum,  caulescent,  erect:  leaves  lance-linear,  spreading;  the  summits,   fiom  the 

broadish  base,  subulate,  rigid:  capsule  «ub  sessile. 
coherens,  sub-caulescent,   simple:  leaves  ovate,  acute,   nerves  solid,   serrulate,  erect: 

capsules  with  short  bristles. 

Phle'bia.     Gt.  pidcps,  (a  vein.)     6.  Fun. 
vaga,  efi'used,   soft,   sulphur-color,  circumference  expanded  and  byssus-like;  plaits 

distant,  irregular.     On  trees. 

Pho'ma.     Gt.  phuma,  (pustule.)     G.  Fun. 
populi,  mostly  many-celled,  roundish,  flat,  brown-opalline;  orifices  obsolete.     On  dead 

poplar  leaves. 

Phy'sarum.     Gr.  pfiusa,  (bladder.)     6.  Fun. 
cinerium,  sessile,  globe-ovate,  cinereous;  reticulate   within  with  white  threads.     On 

trunks  in  autumn.  / 


PHV.SAHUM,    PTERICO-PIiyLLUM.  519 

fariiuuevm,  stiped:  hark   of  the  fruit  very  tliin,  mealy-villose,   cinereous.     On  pine 

branches,  on  moss,  &!C.  ^ 

rmlang,  liead  <rhjb()se,  Hutlish  beneath,  biuisli  grey,  nodding:  stipes  thin,  \veak,-white, 

not  furrowed:  seeds  and  filaments  dark  brown.     On  rotten  wood.       i. 
auicuin,  seed-covering  sub-globose,  yellow;  stipes  slender,  longish,  brown-grey:  seeds 

globose.     On  decaying  trunks.     1 — 12  i. 

Pilo'bolus.     Gt.  ji'dun,  (a  cap,)  ia/Zo,  (to  throw.)     (5.  Fun. 
cnjslaliiniis,  stem-like  receptacle  inflated  upward  (rarely  filiform)  a  pointed  capitular 

vesicle,  round  depressed,  l)lack.     Var.  ruridiis,  has  a  globose  receptacle  with  oblong 

filiform  stipes;  capitular  vesicle  dot-like  black.     In  horse  niaiuire.     J  i. 

Pilo'tuichum.     Gt.  pdoo,  {to  press  together)  «/tc/tos,  (hair. )     2.  Mus. 
pilotiichiim,  elem  2-pinnate;  branches  2-ranked,  pinnate:  peduncles  arched:  calyplre 

sub-pilose. 

Pistilla'ria.     Lat.  pistilhnn,  (pestile.)     6.  Fun. 
qiusquiliaris,  thickened  towards  the  extremity,  white,  confluent  with  the  stipes.     On 

dead  fern  leaves.     ^  i.  ^  ,       . 

PoLYAN'oiuivi.     Gr.  polus,  {many,)  aggion,  (capsule.)     G.  Fun. 
vitcUinum,  size  of  a  grain  of  sand:  concreted  granulated  seeds.     On  damp  trunks. 

Polvpo'rcs.     Gr.   polus,  (many,)  poros,  (hole  or  pore.)     False  boletus.     6.  Fun. 
hctcroditus,  sessile,  orange;  cap  imbricate,  lobed,   villose;  pores  large  deformed.     On 

the  earth. 
pcrennis,  cap  leathery,  velvety   zoned;  pores  minute  and  at  length   lacerated;  plant 

cinnamon  color;  stipe  central.     On  trunks  of  trees.     3  i. 
versicolor,  cap  mostly  reflexed,  leathery  villose,  variegated  by  zones  of  different  colors; 

))ores  round,   white,  short.     On  trees.     1  i. 
reticularis,  fine,    resembling  byssus.    fugaceous  white;  pores  distant,   cup-form,  pow- 
dery.    On  pine  wood.     2  i. 

Polysipho'nia.     Gr. /jo/tts,  (many)  s/p/tort,  (siphon.)     A.  Alg. 
coccinea,  filaments  very  much   branched.     Primary,    not  jointed.     Branches    decom- 
pound, pinnatifid.     Pinnules  heterogenous,  multifid  fascicled.     4  i. 
nigTcscens,  filaments   much  branched,  at  the  end  diffuse.     Lower  articulations  very 

short,  when  dry  nodulose;   upper  about  as  long  as  broad,  with  3  veins.     6  i. 

PolVthrin'cium.     Gi.  polus,  (many)  thrigkos,  (little  partitions.)     G.  Fun. 
trifoin,  appears   to   the   eye   as  numerous   black  dots,  of  unequal  size;  but  each  is  a 

tuft  of  filaments;   the  filaments  are  moniliform,   clavate.     On  clover  leaves. 

PoLYTRi'cHUM.      Gr. /^o^MS,  (many )  Zrjc/tos,  (hair. )    2.     Mus. 

1.     Capsules  2ci.(h  apophyses. 

juniperinum,  (hair-cap  moss.  O.  M.  Zf.)   stem  generally  simple:  leaves  lance-linear, 

entire,  flattish,  somewhat  spreading:   the  apophyses  depressed.     In  dry  woods,  Sic. 
piliferum,  stem  simple:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  bearing  hairs  at  the  apex:  apophysis 

depressed.     In  dry,  sunny  places. 
perigonale,  simple,  largish:  leaves  seirate;  those  of  the  pericheth  differing,  elongated, 

membranaceous,    ending  in  a  capillary  form:  capsule  4-sided;  lid  orbicular,  with  a 

short  apex  in  the  centre;  apophysis  under  the  capsule. 

2.     Capsules  without  apophyses. 

capiUare,  stem  short,  simple:  leaves  few,  laxish,  linear,  aculeate-serrate:  peduncles 
longish,  capillary:  capsule  erect,  sub-ovate;  lid  convex,  abruptly  mucronate,  slen- 
der, longish. 

braclujphyilum,  stemless:  leaves  conglobate  at  the  root,  very  shortj  oblong  o^al,  apex 
obtuse  and  thickish:  capsules  sub-dorneojis,    ol)ovate,  sub-oblqng;,  lid  with  a  short 
•  upex.  ri» 

brevicanlc,  stemless:  leaves  very  few,  lowey  ones  close-pressed,  dilated  into  an  oblong 
form,  upper  ones  mucronate-subulale,  obs.curely  denticulate:  capsule  erect,  oblong- 
cylindric:  lid  convex,  long-mucronate,  inclined. 
PoRiMiYRA.     Gt.  purphuros,  {\mr^\e.)     4.   Alg. 

laciuiatii,  frond  flat  witii  numerous  dilated  segments. 

Pte'rioophyi-'lum.     Gr.  7>/ens,  (wing,) /y/d/Z/o/t  (leaf )     2.  Mus. 

rigidum,  stem  erect,  pinnate  above;  leaves  sub-2-ranked,  obovate,  mucronate,  serrate, 
2-nerved. 


520  PTERIGYNANDRUM.    RAMALINA. 

Pte'rigynan'duum.     Gr. /i^em,  (wing)  «7/ne,  (pistil.)     2.  Mus. 

intricalum,  creejjing  and  rooting  entangled:  brandies  simple,  sliort:  leaves  concave^' 
acuminate,  lanceolate,  leng;thened  out:  cspsule  oblong-ovate;  lid  sub-oblique.  Oil 
trunks  of  trees. 

julaccum,  stem  erect,  terete:  leaves  tliick-inibricate,  oval,  acuminate,  smooth:  pe- 
duncles scarcely  ])r(ijtcling  out  of  thn  long  pericheth:  capsules  short-ovate;  lid 
conic:   calyplre  ghibrous.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

brachycluduii,  stem  creeping;  branches  very  short,  crowded,  erect,  simple,  terete^ 
acutish:  leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  nerveless:  capsules  erect,  sub-cylindric, 
with  a  long,  conic,  'sub-oblique  lid. 

hhtdlum,  branchlets  slender-tiliform,  simple,  short:  leaves  imbricated  in  a  cylinder, 
sub-cordate,  a  little  hirsute,  fringed:  capsule  oblong;  lid  long-conic.     On  trees. 

suh-capillatum,  creeping,  rarely  rising,  simple,  Hower-bearing:  leaves  ovate-acuminate 
with  a  halved  prolongation,  imbricate:  capsule  oblong;  lid  beaked:  calyptre  sub- 
pilose. 
Ptilo'ta.     Gr. /j^i^M^os,  (pinnate  or  pinnatifid.)     4.  Alg. 

pliimosa,  jugament  filiform  compressed.     Pinnules  opposite  pectinate-cut.     4  i. 
Puccin'ia.     Gf.  piika,  (close-packed.)     Bligiit.     6.   Fun.  i 

Tubi,  deep-black  tufled:  seeds  4-celled  obtuse-niucronate:  'stipes  slender  condensed  at 
the  base.     Under  bramble  leaves.  ..       ' 

avkultir,  punctiform,  minutely  tufted,  roundish,  black-brown;  seeds  crowded,  ob- 
tusely ovale  with  a  long  flexuose,  filiform  pedicel.     On  kn.ot-gfass. 

polygonl,  minule,  round,  crowded,  brovvnish-ied:  upper  cell  of  the  seed  thick  globose, 
the  lower  one  long  <ind  narrow:  stipes  short.  On  the  P.  amphibium,  under  the 
leaves. 

variabilis,  in  minute  tufts,  black,  nearly  circular,  bordered  by  the  remains  of  the  old 
cuticle;  seeds  variable;  stipes  sliort. 

graminis,  tufts  dense,  oblong,  often  confluent,  forming  long  parallel  lines  in  the 
direction  of  grassy  fibres;  color  yellowi.sh  brown,  becoming  black:  seeds  elongated 
with  the  upper  cell  shortest,  containing  dust:  stipes  filiform.  On  wheat  and  other 
grasses.     Called  rust  or  blight. 

globosa,  minute,  scfitteied,  blackish:  seeds  globose  with  filiform  slender  stipes.     On 
bean  leaves. 
Pyke'nula.     G-r.  pwrrm,  (kernel. )     5.  Lie. 

nitida,  crust  cartilaginous,  membranous  polished,  pale,  brownish  cinereous.  Warts 
of  apothecia  closed,  closely  surrounding  the  upper  projecting  part  of  the  thalamium. 
H  i- 

umbonota,  crust  tartareous,  regular,  finely  cracked,  cinereous,  rufous.  Warts  of  apo- 
thecia smooth,  reddish,  depressed  above,  forming  a  margin  to  the  papilla-like 
prominent  orifice.     1^  i. 


Raco'dium.     Gr.  rrt/cos,  (a  rag. )     6.  Fun. 

celtare,  soft,  lax,  interwoven,  of  a  greenish  black,  filaments  intermixed  with  irregular 
granules.     In  sooty  cellars. 

rupeslre,  compact,  black,  adnate  to  rocks. 

xylostroma,  veiy  broad,  soft,  ochre-yellow,  spreading  among  the  cleavages  of  decay- 
ing wood.     Oak-leather,  spunk,  tinder. 

papyraccHin,   v/hile  thin  paper-like.     Paper-spunk.     Spreading  among  the  cleavages 
of  decaying  wood. 
RiMALi'NA.     Lat.  ramoZiwa,  (a  little  branch.)     Many  branches.     5.  Lie. 

fraxinea,  thallus  plane,  linear-laciniated,  greyish  white,  glabrous,  but  rugose  and 
pitted,  sub-reticulated:  the  ultimate  branches  attenuated:  apothecia  mostly  mar- 
ginal, plane,  pale,  Hesh-colored. 

fustigiaiu,  thallus  comproesed,  glabrous,  pitted,  branched,  glaucous,  white,  branches 
thickened  and  fasligiated  upwards:  apothecia  numerous,  terminal  peltate,  sub- 
s.essile,  white. 

farinacea,  thallus  compressed,  glabrous,  somewhat  pitted,  bearing  powdery  warts, 
rigid  branched,  greyish  or  greenish  white.  Branches  linear  attenuated:  apothecia 
scattered  on  short  stalks,  plane,  somewhat  margined,  whitish. 

poUinaria,  thallus  flat,  somewhat  membranous,  smooth,  a  little  pitted,  while,  torn, 
occasionally  powdery,  with  dilated,  fiat  soredia:  apothecia  nearly  terminal,  very 
large. 


RAMALFNA,    SCLEROTIUM.  521 

homolea,  frond  compressed,  2-edged,  smooth,  naked,  ramose,  becomin<T  pale-white, 
sub-ramose  crosswise;  brandies  dicholomous  attenuated:  receptacles  scattered, 
affixed  at  the  centre,  a  little  concave,  somewhat  margined,  uniform  colored. 

polijiiioiplid,   frond   riat-coniprcssed   or  teietish,    torn-branched,    pale,    longitudinally 
lucunose:    fruit-dots    scattered,   sub-elhplic    and   terminal,    head-form:    receptacles 
sub-marginal,   a  little  concave;   disk   fleshy,    sonievvhat  hoary.      On   rocks   and 
stones. 
Riiizjpo'GnN.     Gr.  r/zrt,  (root, ) /WiT"",  (beard.)     6.  Fun. 

albii^.  round,  sub-rugose,  whilisli-bruwn,  hl)ruus  at  the  base.     Roadsides.     J  i. 
Rhodi.mk'la.     (jr.  rodos,  (red.)  7ndo.<,  (a  limb.)     4.   Alg. 

dcntalii,  frond  Hat,  obsoletely  ribbed,  alternately  bipinnatifid.  Pinnae  linear  cuneate. 
Pinnules  cut.     Thecae  urceolate.     4  i. 

hjco/jodiuidcs,  .stem  filiform,   covered  with  setaceous,   densely  imbricated  scale-like 
processes.     6  i. 
Rhytis'ma.     Gr.  rutis,  (wrinkle.)     G.  Fun. 

corrusrutum,  minute,  innate   on   the   surface,   rugose   plaited,  open  with  many  zigzag 
cracks.     On  lichens. 
RicciA.     In  honor  of  Ricci,  a  botanist  of  Florence.     4.  Alg. 

nutans,  (floating  hverwnrt.  O.  Ju. )  fronds  obcordate,  with  apexes  meeting  so  as  to 
form  the  sectors  of  circles,  flat:  radicles  beneath  flat.  It  floats  on  the  water,  with 
its  short  flat  rools  extending  a  little  distance  into  it.  Color  sea-green.  Each 
congeries  of  floating  fronds  hardly  an  inch  in  diameter.  Channels  run  on  their 
backs,  like  midribs  in  leaves.     4  i.  by  j. 

fidtaas,  (forkstems.  O.  .T. )  fronds  repeatedly  forked,  linear,  convex  or  sub-cylindric, 
smooth,  reticulate,  obtuse  and  cloven  at  the  tips.  Very  plenty  from  Lake  Superior 
to  Boston,  in  water,  among  lemna.  It  is  pellucid  and  cellular,  2  or  3  inches  long. 
It  has  nothing  resembling  a  root;  but  the  whole  plant  appears  rather  like  the  stems 
of  some  plants. 

glauca,  frond  radiating  from  a  centre,  dichotomous,  flat,  reticulate.     J  to  1  i. 

lutescens,  Sz.  frond  dichotomous  or  tiichotomous,  tliick  at  tiie  apex,  inflexed  and  bifid 
at  the  margin;  lobes  at  the  margin  free;  the  middle  nerve  with  radicles  impressed 
above,  convex  beneath,  substance  porous,  standing  out  from  tubercles  filled  within 
with  ininute  granulations.  In  dried  swamps,  forming  yellow  patches  two  inches 
in  diametei.  On  the  earth,  largish,  orbicular  and  confluent.  Is  this  an  American 
species? 
Rivula'ria..     Lat.  ricw/Ms,  (a  brook. )     4.  Alg. 

atra,   frond  hemispherical   hard.     Filaments   very   dense,    branched   by   apposition. 

angvlusa,  frond  globose,  hollow.     Filaments  simple.     \  i. 

Roccel'la.     Portuguese  roccha,  (a  little  rock,  its  place  of  growth.)     5.  Lie. 
tinctoriu,   tiiallus  rounded,  glaucous,   green,   somewhat  branched,    nearly  erect:  apo- 

thecia  scattered,  elevated;  disk  flat,  caesious,  pruinose,  as  broad  as  the  border. 

Rubi'go.     h?Lt.^ubigo,  (rust,  blight,  mildew.)     6.  Fun. 
alnca,   irregulaily  tufted,  confluent,  whitish,  at  length  reddish  brown.     Under  alder 

leaves,  &c. 


ScHisTin'iuM.     Gr.  schisios,  (split.)     2.   Mus. 
cilktum,  stem  ramose:  leaves  lance-ovate,  concave,  denticulate:  calyptre  very  long. 

Schizophyl'lum.     Gr.  sc//i:o,  (to  cut,) /^/(m//ow,  (a  leaf  )     6.  Fun. 
commune,  cut  or  torn  in  appearance,  gregareous.     On  trunks  of  living  trees.     2  i. 

Sclf.roder'ma.     Gr.  skleron,  (hard.)  derma,  (skin.)     Bark  |)uff-ball.     0.   Fun. 
citrinum,   middle-sized,   roundish,   long-rooted,   pale  lemon,    obsoletely  scaly;   scales 

thickish.     On  oak  roots.     2  i. 
cepa,   globose,   sub-depres.«ed,   firm,   smooth   or  warty,    sessile;    stipe    short,   thick; 

scarcely  any  root,     In  cultivated  fields.     2  i. 
spadke.iim,   gregarious,   somewhat  spotted,   smooth,   brown:   root  hard  fibrous.     On 

beech  trunks,  &.c.     )  i. 

Sci.KROTiUM.     Gr.  skleins,  (hard.)     Dwarf  puff-ball.     G.   Fun, 
semen,  separate,  spherical,  whitish  yellow„becoming  black  and  wrinkled,  white  inside; 

sometimes  clustered.     On  dead  leaves.     J  i. 
senteiiainm,  orbicular,  flattened,  at  length  somewhat  concave  in  the  middle,   fixed 

beneath  by  a  central  filamentous  point.     On  leaves  of  trees,  underside. 
66 


522  SCLERGTIUM,    SPHAERlA. 

durum,  deep  black,  oval  or  elongated,  at  length  sub-striate  or  rugose,  white  within. 

On  dead  herbaceous  stems. 

Scytone'ma.     Gr.  5/iM^<s,  (leather,)  ncTna,  (thread.)     4.  Alg. 
byssoidcum,  filaments  simple,  erect,  very  short,  flexuose-crisped,  entangled  in  a  black 

layer.     1  i. 

ScYTosi'pHON.     Gr.  .sfcHtos,  (leather.)  s//;/(on,  (siphon.)     4.  Alg. 
filum.  frond  quite  simple.     240  i. 

Sepedo'nium.     Gr.  sepedon,  (putrescence.)     6.  Fun. 
mycophilum,   spreading   widely    within    putrefying   agaries  and    boletuses:   filaments 

white:  seeds  profiise,  orange-yellow.     On  dying  fungi. 

Septa'ria.     Lat.  septum,  (partition.)     6.  Fun. 
vlmi,  spherules  aggregated:  seeds  3  or  4  times  divided:  tendril  often  becoming  effused. 

On  elm  leaves. 

Sistotrf.'ma.     Gr.  svnestemi,  (to  compound,)  Ircma,  (pore.)     G.  Fun. 
covflums,  pores  in  regular  series,  gregarious  becoming  concrete,  fragile,  scentless, 

white  becoming  yellow.     On  road  sides.     1  i. 
anereiim,  imbricate,  suberose;  pileus  halved,  hirsute,  cinereous  beneath.     On  trunks 

of  trees. 
violaceum,  halved,  imbricate,  tomentose,  white  becoming  violet  beneath.     On  trees. 
querdnum,   giabrouS;   pale,  reddish  yellow:  teeth  thick,  deformed,  gashed,  sub-close 

pressed.     On  oak  branches. 
cerasi,  small,  orbicular,   gibbose,   pale,   downy  at  the  margin;    teeth  variops,  thick, 

close  pressed.     On  branches  and  roots. 

Sole'nia.     Gr.  5o/c7i  (a  tube.)     4.   Alg. 
inUMinnlis ,  frond  tubular  inflated  sTmple.     24  i. 

Solori'na.     Gr.  so/os,  (solid,) /7'«os,  (rind,  skin.)     5.   Lie. 
crocca,  thallus  green,  (brown  and  dry,)  lobed,  beneath  vein}',  and  of  a  fine  saffron- 
color:  apothecia  somewhat  tomentose  brown,     li  i. 

Spatula'ria.     Lat.  spatula,  (plaster-knife.)     C.  Fun. 
fiavida,  pileus  pale  becoming  yellowish:  stipe  pale.     On  dead  leaves.     1|  i- 

Sphacella'ria.     Gr.  spliukdos,  (mortification.)     4.   Alg. 
racemosa,  filaments  twice  or  thrice  dichotom.    Articulations  as  long  as  broad.  Tuber- 
cles ovate,  racemose,  on  branched  peduncles.     1  i. 
radicans,   filaments   branched,   rooting,    straight.     Branches   scattered,    simple  erect 

obtuse,  tapering  at  the  base.     Articulations  twice  as  broad  as  long.     |  i. 
clrrhosa,   filaments  much  branched,  five  striated.     Branches  alternate,  somewhat  pin- 
nated.    Articulations  as  long  as  broad.     1  i. 

Sphae'ria.     Gr.  5/;/i«(V«,  (globe. )     6.  Fun. 

) ,   Caulescent,  or  the  receptacle  elongated,  clavate,  corky,  furnished  with  a  trunk. 

hulhosa,  (globule  fungus.  S.)  on  the  earth,  sub-ramose,  glabrous,  dark-cinereous:  root 

tuberocfs.     On  the  earth  in  autumn  in  pine  woods. 
hypoxylon,  gregarious,  ramose,  compressed,  hirsute  at  the  base.     On  decaying  trupks 

of  trees. 
di^itata,  cespitose,  black:   stipes  glabrous,  connate  at  the  base,  clavate,  terete;  ape.x 

'acuminate,  sterile.     In  woods. 
polymorpha,  gregarious,  forms  various:  clavules  (little  clubs)  ventricose,  surrounded 

every  where  with  spherules.     In  beech  woods.     On  trunks  of  trees. 

2.     Receptacle  without  a  stem,  roundish  and  opening:  tubercle  icith  bordering  spherules., 

concentrica,  obovate  and  somewhat  roundish,  large;  interrupted  with  concentric  layers 

within.     On  trunks  of  the  ash  and  willow. 
ruliiformis,  large,  wholly  black:  spherules  globose,  a  little  prominent.    On  dry  trunks. 
fragiformis,  gregarious,   sub-confluent,   rust-colored,   dark-shining  within:    spherules 

papillose.     On  beech  trunks. 
arorillacea,    scattered,    sub-globose,    clay-colored,    or   yellow-cinereous:    spherules    a 

little  prominent,   papillose;  substance  softish,  becoming  sooty-yellow.     On  trunks 

of  ash  trees. 
rubiorinasaf  opening  widely,  rugose,  yellow,  becoming  rust-colored:  spherules  some- 

w1iat  concealed.     On  branches  in  shady  places. 
(ohncrcns,   gregarious,   confluent,  flatlish;   at  fiist  Jirly  yellow,  smooth;   at  length 


dark  colored  and  somewhat  blistered.     Adhering  to  the  trunks  of  trees,  particularly 

the  beech. 
melo (Tram inn,  somewhat  in  rows,  bursting,  ob-conic,  dark-sooty:  spherules  somewhat 

prominent.     Bursting  from  under  the  cuticle  of  branches  or  trees,  particularly  the 

beech. 
ribesia,   bursting,    softj    oval,    sub-depressed;    spherules    dissected,    growing   white. 

Bursting  from  under  the  cutijle  of  the  branches  of  the  Ribes  rubrum  in  the  winter. 

3.  Form  various,  opening,  orbicular  or  round:  spherules  scnitered,  horizontal,  immersed 
in  fleshy  coverings;  little  mouths  scattered,  mostlij  somewhat  prominent,  papillose  or 
aculeate.     Compound. 

deusta,  opening  widely,  thick,  undulate-rugose,  blistered;  at  first  fleshy,  white-cine- 
reous, pulverulent,  at  length  black,  rigid.     On  trunks  in  woods;  frequent. 

lenta,  aggregated,  sub-orbicular,  black:  disk  gibbose;  margin  repand.  On  the  trunks 
and  roots  of  fallen  beech  trees;   found  in  autumn. 

insitiva,  compound,  cortical,  ilat,  linear-acuminate,  white,  single-headed;  a  veil  con- 
nate, with  the  substance  of  tiie  fungus;  spherules  papillose,  black.  In  the  fissures 
of  the  cuticle  on  decaying  grape  vines. 

macula,  compound,  of  various  torms,  very  flat,  black,  single-headed:  spherules  globose 
acuminate,  covered  with  a  fugaceous  veil.  On  dry  oaken  branches,  after  long 
storms. 

serpens,  open,  unequal,  naked,  becoming  dark-colored:  spherules  somewhat  promi- 
nent.    On  oak  and  beech  wood;   sometimes  on  willow. 

stigma,  opening  around,  su)oolli,  ramose;  little  mouths  immersed,  flattish.  In  the 
fissures  of  thorn  trees. 

podoideSj  crowded  together,  hard,  unequal:  little  mouths  spinose,  mostly  bursting  at 
the  sides.     On  trurjks  of  oak. 

ceratosperma,  roundish,  convex,  scattered:  little  mouths  spinose,  bursting  from  the 
middle.     In  the  bark  of  the  Rosa  canina,  in  July. 

disciformis,  scattered,  orbicular,  Hattish,  smooth:  little  mouths  immersed,  resembling 
punctures.  In  the  dry  cracks  of  beech,  resembling  pimples  of  a  dark  shining  color, 
white-cinereous  within. 

4.  Opening,  sphendes  horizontal,  at  first  solitary  at  the  margin,  afterwards  confluent,  not 
joined  with  a  fleshy  substance  or  manifest  layers  ;  some  are  distant,  but  in  some  way 
connected  by  the  crust. 

nebidosa,  grey:  spherules  very  minute,  scattered,  forming  unequally  linear,  interrupt- 
ed dark  grey  spots;  little  mcfuths  prominent,  sub-acute.  On  the  stems  of  large 
herbaceous  plants. 

relata,  covering  very  broad:  spherules  scattered,  immersed,  covered  with  a  sub-mem 
branous  crust;   little  mouths  sub-prominent.     Under  the  cuticle  of  the  Tilia. 

spiculosa,  somewhat  opening,  dark-stained:  little  mouths  long,  terete,  very  slender. 
Immersed  in  dark  colored  brandies. 

5.  Spherules  heaped  together  on  the  receptacle,  lohirh  is  crust-like,  conic,  in  Utile  cespitose 
bunches  ;  little  mouths  converging  towards  the  middle. 

ciliata,  roundish:   spherules    nested    in    the    prominent    substance  of  the  bark;   little 

mouths  very  long,  divaricate,  sub-flaccid.     On  the  branches  of  elms. 
Jimhriata,  upon    leaves,    sub-circinal;   little   mouths   spinose,    clavate,    surrounded  at 

the  base  by  a  white  fringe.     Frequent  on  the  leaves  of  the  Carpinus. 
niven,  conic,  with  a  white,  farinaceous  disk:   little  mouths  prominent,  papillose.     On 

the  dry  branches  of  poplars. 
leucastoma,  disk  truncate,    white,    perforated  with   blackening  pores.     On  the  stems 

and  dry  branches  of  pluui  trees  and  cherry  trees  of  our  orchards. 
pustuLata,  sub-lenticular,  with  short,   contracted  necks:  disk  sooty,   perforated  with 

one  pore.     On  willow  branches. 

6.  Spherules  arranged  in  a  circle,  decnmhent,  naked,  nesting  under  the  epidermis;  little 

mouths  approximate,  vioslly  bursting. 

pulchella,  compassed  about,  naked:  little  mouths  very  long,  flexuose.  Under  the 
cuticle  of  the  branches  of  the  common  garden  cherry  tree. 


524  SPHAERIA,    SPHAEROBOLUS. 

coronata,  compassed   about;  little  mouths  thick,   obtuse,  smooth.     On  the  branches 

of  the  thorn  tree;  rare. 
faginea,  compassed  about:    little  mouths  hooked  and  luorged.     On  the  branches  of  the 

beech. 
converitens^  compassed    about,    concealed,    naked:    splienilcs    ovate,    erectish;    little 

mouths  strait,   somewhat  bursting.     Nesting  in  the  sub.stance  of  the  bark  of  some 

branches. 
iesseUfi,  compassed  about,  bound  with    a  black  line:   little  mouths  distant,  or  with  4 

or  5  black  punctures.     On  willow  branches. 

7.     Bursting  in  a  roundish,   cespitose  bunch  :  spherules  free  among  themselves,  papilla- 
like, selling  on  the  receptacle. 

decolorans,  cespitose,  reddish  cinnabar  color,  becoming  pale:  spherules  globose,  ru- 
gose tubercled.     On  the  branches  of  maple  and  elder. 

coccinea,  cespitose,  pale  red:  spherules  ovate,  smooth.  In  the  dry  bark  of  beech  and 
elder. 

8.     Spherules  solitary.  Jree,  destitute  of  receptacles. 

(Little  mouths  very  large,  mostly  compressed,  nearly  equalling  the  breadth  of  the 

spherules.) 
cpisphaeria,  simple,  gregarious  parasitic,  red:  spherules  very  minute,  sub-compressed, 
crested,  flaccid.     On  the  sphaeria  stigma. 

(Little  mouths  terete,  spinose,  equai-to  the  length  of  the  spherules  or  exceeding  them.) 

rostrata,  simple,  naked:  spherules  granulated;  little  mouths  very  long,  spinose.     On 

decaying  branches  in  July. 
acuta,  gregarious,  naked:  spherules  black,  shining,  sub-globose;  little  mouths  spinose, 

thickish,  cylindric.     On  the  stem  of  the  common  nettle  jn  the  spring. 

(Little  mouths  shorter  than  the  spherules,  conic  or  cylindric,  mostly  papillose.) 

porphyrogona,  simple,  aggregated,  black,  phial-form,  imbedded  in  a  thin,  violet-color- 
ed crust.     Persoon  considers  this  species  of  Tode,  as  a  variety  of  rubella.     On  the 

Atropa  belladonna. 
araneosu,  simple,   opake,   black:  spherules   papillose,  smooth,   covered  with  a  thin 

while  veil.     On  dry  branches. 
hyssiseda,  largish:    spiiernles   globe-papillose,    surrounded   with   thick  sooty    yellow 

down.     On  dry  branches  and  bark. 
spermoides,  heaped  together,  opake,   rigid:   spherules  globose,  sub-terete  downwards; 

little  mouths  papillose,  obsolete.     On  dry  trunks  of  trees. 
lombarda,  simple,  fasci<  led,  becoming  sooty-yellow:  spherules  elongated,  sub-ventri- 

cosp;  little  mouths  are  acute  papillae.     Grow  in  heaps  on  decaying  trunks  of  trees. 
lingum,  simple  scattered,  sub-oval,  depressed-concave,  rugose  with  folds:  little  mouths 

irregular,  decumbent,   or   almost  wanting.     Grow  densely   on  the  dry  stems  of  red 

cabbage. 
herbarum,  simple:  spherules    scattered,   smooth,  mostly  sub-depressed;  little  mouths 

papillose.     On  dry  stems  of  herbaceous  plants. 
pertusa,  scattered:     spherules   immersed,  ovale,    hardish,    sub-rugose;    perforated   at 

length  with  little  caducous  obsolete  moutlis.     In  hard  dry  wood. 
inquinans,  simple,  scattered,  daik-slained:  spherules  somewhat  prominent,  with  wood, 

perforated.     On  the  Acer,  Lonicera  and  Xylosleuni. 

(Spherules  not  furnished  with  visible  mouths.) 

pulvis-pyrivs,  simple,  headed  together:  spherules  ovate  and  roundish,  tubercled, 
rugose,  furrowed  in  the  middle.     On  trunks  and  dry  wood. 

moriformis,  gregarious,  simple:  spherules  tuberculate,  obovate.  On  dry  trunks,  par- 
ticularly of  pines. 

maculiformis,  on  leaves,  simple:  spherules  sub-immersed,  minute,  roundish,  conglo- 
merate in  unequal  black  spots.  On  the  dry  loaves  of  beech,  hazel,  maple  and  elm. 
Sphaero'bolus.     Gr.  spharia  {globe)  ballo,  {lo  throw.)     ?>.   Hep. 

stellalus,  globose,  pale-yellow:  orifice  regular  stellate,  toothed.     On  wood.  &c. 


SniAEROCARPUS,  STEREOCADLOX.  525 

Sphaerocar'pus.     Gr.  spharia,  (a  sphere)  liur/ws,  (frmt.)  s.     3.  Hep. 
terrestrcs,  frond  simple  ovate.  '  Thecae   pyriforin,   clustered  at  the  base  of  the  frond. 

Ji. 

tSpHAERococ'cus.     Gr.  s^/irttVo  (a  sphere)  kohkos  {s^ced.)     4.  Alg. 
ruber,  stem  scarcely  any.     Laminae  cliained,   obsolctely   ribbed,   cuneate  2-forked  or 

lanceolate.     Tliecae  rugose  ses.-ile  in  the  disk  of  the  frntid.     4  i. 
inembrawfulius,  stem    filiform    dicholoni.     Branches  expanded  in  cuneifbrm  multifid 

laminae,     'i  he:cae  stalked  ovale  couline.     (5  i. 
lucinmlus,    frond    catilagitious,  nieinbrunaceous,  dicliotomous  or  palmate.     Segments 

obtuse,  somewhat  proliferous.     Thecae  immersed  in  minute  unequal  processes.  3  i. 

Sphaeron'ak  MA.     Gr.    s/j/iairu,  (globe)  iiaima  [gun].)     G.   Fun. 
subultila,    fruit-covering   conic  subulate   acute   yellowish    sub-pellucid:  globule  pale. 

On  toadstools.  &.c.     1 — 2  i. 

Sphaerophokon.     Gr.  s/>/(ar«a  (sphere) />/(eJO  (to  bear. )     .5.   Lie. 
coraUuidcs,  Ihallus  palish-brown;  brunches  lateral,  elongate,  la.\,  divaricate  and  forked, 

acuminate.     Apolhecia  sub-globose,  smooth. 
compressuin,  thallus  white,    branched;    branches    compressed  ramulose,  sub-fibrillose, 

naked.     Apothecia  sub-globose,  depressed  and  smooth  above. 

Sphag'nijim.     Pliny's  name  for  moss.     4.   Mus. 
lulij'iiiaim,  (peel  moss.  O.)  leaves  ovate,  sub-obtuse,  concave,  imbricate,  converging  at 

the  apex:    capsules  spi'Crical. 
uciitifuluun,  stem  sub  ramose;  branches  filiform:  leaves  lance-ovate,  revolute,  erose  at 

the  truncate  apex;   imbricated  .")-ways. 
cnspidiUum,  stem   flaccid:  branchlels   lax,   bristle-form:    leaves   lanceolate   involute, 

truncaieerose,  lax. 

Spilo  ma.     Gr.  sp'do'ma  (spot,  stain.)     5.   Lie. 
versicolor,  crust  somewhat  cartilaginous,  powdery,  cracked,  variegated  with  cinereous 

andyellovv.     Apolhecia  innnersed.  superficial,   roundish,  finally  contluenl.     3  i. 
meluleuai,  (etflorescenl  lichen)  crust  thin,  sub-membranaceous,  unequal,  sub-pulverul- 
ent, while:  receptacles  deformed,  a  little  convex,  scabrous,  dark.     On  bark  of  trees. 

Splach'num.     Gr.  splMnr.knon  (moss. )     2.   Mus. 
ampuUuceu III,  (umbrella  moss;)  leaves  lance-ovate,    acute:   apophysis  purplish-green, 

broad,  inversely  bladder-form. 
setaceum,  stem  cohering:   leaves  lanceolate,  gradually  becoming  setaceous-acuminate: 

apophysis  clavate-turbinate.     Marshes,  &c. 

Sporider  MiuM.     Gr.  sporos,  (seed)  derma,  sk'm.)     6.  Fun. 
atrum,  black,  crowded:  filaments  linear-oblong,  4  or  5  times  divided.     On  herbs. 

Spokoch'nus.     Gr.  5/y(^m  (seed)  rZ/z/oo*- (down,  lock  of  hair.)     4.   Alg. 
peduncubilus,  receptacle  elliptical,  lateral,  as  long  as  peduncle.     6  i. 

Sporo'tkichum.     Gr.  s/jom  (seed)  <AWx  (hair. )     6.   Fun. 
macrosponiiii,  a  dusty    hoariness    interspersed    with    minute  tufts:   filaments  (ew  and 

branched.     On  apple  leaves. 
svlpliureum,  yellow  irregular  tufts:    filaments  entangled:  seed  nflinierous  sub-globose. 

On  casks  in  cellers. 

Spuma'ria.     Lat.  s/;tfma  (froth.)     6.   Fun. 
alba,  effused,  frothy:   fruit  covering  furnished    internally  with  grey-horn-like  proces- 
ses inclosing  brown  seeds.     On  rotten  grass  and  wood.     1  i. 

SrACHYLiD'iuM.     Gr.  s^tft/ios  ( a  Spike)  e?^/os  (a ppearance. )     6.  Fun. 
candidun,  filaments  branched,  erect,  remotely  jointed,  scattered,  white:  seed  globular. 

On  dead  wood. 

Stemoni'tis.     Gr.  ste^non  (stamen.)     6.   Fun. 
typhiiKi,  scattered,  small,  fibrous,  cylindric,  obtuse,  sub-incUrved,  sub-evanescent.  On 

truriks. 
Lencoslijld,  gregarious,  creeping:  fruit  ovate,  violet:  stipe  white.     All  white  at  first: 

in  autumn  on  leaves  and  branches. 
fasciculaU.  crowded,    cylindric:  stipes  black  arising  from  a  shining  underlaying  mem- 
brane: fruit-covering  tugaceous  dark-brown:  stipes  continued  to  the  summit  of  the 

fruit  covering.     On  rotten  wood,     if  i. 
jjapiiLrUa,  dark-brown  globose,  with  stipes  peiforating  the  pileus   to  the  summit.     On 

rotten  wood.        i. 

Stereocau'lon'.     Gr.  s/crws  (hard)  A7/)//ort  (stern  )     5.   Lie. 
pasckale,  thallus  greyish  branches  and  rough,   with  granulated  excrescences;  branches 

crowded  and  very  much  divided:  apothecia  scattered  and  terminal  at  length,  con- 
vex, conglomerate,  blackish-brown. 


526  STEREOCAULON,  THELOTREMA. 

ramulosum,  becoming  pale-white  ramose,  scabrous,  fibrous  branches  scattered,  eloTf • 
gated,  sub-simple:  receptacles  terzninal,  at  length  sub-globose,  dark-fuscous.  On 
mountains. 

Stic'ta.  Gr.  sticltos  {doiied.)  5.  Lie. 
crocata,  thallus  dark,  glaucous,  brown,  pitted,  with  broad,  rounded,  spreading  entire 
lobes,  having  bright  lonion  colored  powdery  spots  upon  the  margin  and  on  the  ele- 
vated parls  between  tiie  \n\.s;  downy  and  tawny. 
aurala,  is.  frond  pinnate,  round-lobed,  nearly  even,  light  brown  rust-color,  scarcely 
glaucous;  margin  wavy,  with  gold-colored  powder;  brown  beneath,  with  a  few 
small  yellow  pits.  Found  in  Western,  Massachusetts,  by  Dr.  Porter.  Circular, 
4  i.  diameter. 

pulmonacea,  thallus  pitted  and  reticulated;  olivaceous  downy  beneath,  smooth,  with 
prominences;  the  segments  sinualelobate,  truncated:  apothecia  sub-marginal, 
plane,  reddish;   their  margin  rugose. 

syhalica,  thallus  wide,  rusty  brown,  naked  and  pitted;  brown  and  downy  beneath,  with 
small,  pale,  excavations;  segments  lobed  and  obtusely  cut,  unequal:  apothecia 
marginal,  dark  brown. 

anihnipsis,  frond  pale-cinereous  fuscous,  lacunose-reticulate,  very  broad,   sub-crenate 
in  the  round-lobed  peripheiy;   rugose,  sub-villose  beneath:   fruit  dots  white:  recep- 
tacles scattered;  disk  black,  at  length  convex,  and  excluding  the  entire  frond-like 
margin. 
Stilbospo'ra.     Gt.  Et'dlho,  {io  sh'mc)  sporos,  {sGed.)    6.     Fun. 

asterosperma,  capsule  stellate. 

macrosperma,  capsules  elongated,  cylindric.     On  the  limbs  of  beech  and  birch. 

profusa,  in  heaps:  seeds  very  minute,  equally  2-celled.     On  branches  of  maple,   but- 
ton wood,  &c. 
Stil'bum.     Gr.  stilbos,  (shining.)     6.  Fun. 

vulgure,  head  roundish,  whitish,  watery  or  gelatinous,  becoming  firm  and  yellowish' 
stipes  thickish-cylindric.     On  decayed  stems. 
Stic'tis.     Gr.  sticlos,  (a  dot.)     G.  Fun. 

radiata,  immersed,   orbicular,  radiated:  limb  snow  white,   ragged,  pulverulent.     On 
bark  of  trees,  in  circular  spots. 
Stachyli'dium.     Gr.  s///t7/os,  (a  spike)  cirfos,  (appearance.)     6.  Fun. 

candmm,  filaments  branched  erect,  remotely  jointed,  scattered,  white  seed  globules. 
On  dead  wood. 
Syntri'chia.     Gr.  sun,  (together) /ricAos,  (hair.)    2.   Mus. 

rurarlist  stem  ramose:  leaves  obtuse,  recurved,  with  hairs  at  the  apex.     On  walls. 


Targio'nia.     In  honor  of  Targioni,  a  botanist  of  Florence.     3.  Hep. 
hypophylla,  frond  flat,  imbricated,  lobed;  lobes  rounded,  retuse.     |  i. 

Tet'raphis.     Gr.  UUa,  (four.)     2  Mus. 
pellvcida,  stem  elongated:  leaves  ovate-acuminate;  those  of  the  pericheth  lanceolate; 

capsules  cylindric. 

Tham.md'ium.     Gr.  thnmnos,  (rod  or  twig.)     G.  Fun. 
elegfins,  filaments  branched,  whorled:  seed-covering  elevated.     On  manure.     1 — 12  i. 

Thele'rolus.     Gr.  titde,  (nipple)  ballo,  (to  throw.)     G.  Fun. 
stercorevs,  sub-globose,  saflron-color,  gregarious,  sessile.     On  manure.     1 — 12  i. 

Thele'phora.     Gr.  i/te/c,  (a  nipple) ;;/tero,  (to  bear.)     G.  Fun. 

1.     Plleus  entire,  funnel-form. 

aryophyllea,  various:  pileus  funnel-form,  thin,  becoming  fuscous-purple,  strigose- 
hirsute;  margin  mostly  gashed,  or  somewhat  crisped.  Among  pines,  &c.  on  the 
earth,     li  i. 

2.     Pileus  Indeed,  at  length  horizontal. 

ruhiginosa,  imbricate,    rigid,   reddish   chesnut-brown,    glabrous  both  sides:  papillae 

large,  scatleied.     On  trunks  of  oaks,  mossy  beeches,  &c.     2  i. 

Thelotre'ma.     Gr.  Me/e,  (nipple, )  ^ortff,  (an  orifice. )     5.   Lie. 
hymeniuw,  crust  cartilaginous,  uneven,   somewliat  polished,  greenish-grey,  at  length 

extremely  tumid  and  uneven:  apothecia  elevated,   crowded,  hollow  very  irregular. 

4  i. 


TIMMIA,    TRICHOSTOMUM.  52T 

Tim'mia.     In  honor  of  Timm  of  Malchin.    2.  Mue. 
cucullnta,  leaves  linear,  narrow-acute,  serrulate  :  capsule  nodding. 

'J'oKULA.     Lat.  torus  {hei\.)     6.  Fun. 
hcrhanna,  filaments  densely  crowded  so  as  to  form  a   thick  black  bed  or  crust.     On 

dead  stems. 

Tremat'odon.     Gr.  /rcmo,  (to  tremble,)  o<Zon<ff,  (tooth.)     2.  Mns. 
lonrricolUs,  Stem  short,  simple:  peduncles  very  long,  twisted. 

Tremel'la.     Lat.  <re»«j<tos  (trembling:. )     6.  Fun. 
mcgentcricn,  roundish:  sub-compact,  undulate,  plicate,  orange-color.     On  fallen  limbs, 

A:c.     2  i. 
fra^iformis,  roundish:  sub-compact,   round,    red,    plicate,  thick-set,  sub-lobate.     On 

pine  bark,  A:c. 
spindosa,  ilattened,  effuse,  thickish,  black,  having  conic  papillae.     2  or  3  inches,  on 

trunks. 
folincea,  large,  cespitose,  glabrous  both  sides,  thin  undulate-pilicate,  concave,  ciisped 

at  the  base,  flesh-cinnamon  color.     On  decaying  trunks  in  autunni. 
undulata,  ascending,  membranaceous,  lobed,  sinuate-undulate,   purple.      On   putrid 

wood. 
abulinci,  in  groups,  roundish,  orange  color,  sub-plicate.     On  wood. 
duliia,  cespilose,  viscous,  fastigiate,  soft,  fleshy.    On  decaying  trunks  late  in  autumn. 
tiUuinesccns,  sessile,  clustered,  tumid,  plaited,   a  shining  brown:  lobes  twisted,     On 

trunks  of  trees.     2  i. 
sarcpides,  sessile,  gelatinous,  red-purple,  at  first  club-form,  then  round-lobed,  plaited 

or  curled,   finally  blackish.     On  rotten  wood.     |  i. 

Trentehoh'lia.     Named  after  an  obscure  German  botanist.     4.  Alg. 
piirjnirrAi,   filaments    dicJiotomous,    cespitose,    entangled^    very  minute:  articulations 

about  twice  as  long  as  broad.     1 — 12  i. 
mirca,  filaments    flexuose,    collected   in   a   dense,    soft,    cushion-like  tuft.     1 — 12  i. 

J?ranc]i  long,  spreading,  rig:  articulations  about  twice  as  long  ,as  broad. 

Tri'chia.     Gr.  trkhos,  oithrix,  (hair.)     Pin-heads.     (J.  Fun, 

1.     Fruit  turbinate,  or  pear-form. 

bolnjtis,  stiped,  fascicled,  opake,  becoming  dark  red:  stipes  elongated,  connate,  sub» 
racemed.     On  decaying  trunks  in  auiumn. 

mbiformis,  stiped,  fascicled,  steel-color,  shining:  stipes  connate,  sub-pedate,  short. 
On  trunks  in  woods  at  the  close  of  summer. 

fullnx,  simple,  stiped,  at  first  red,  then  slate-color:  fruit  plicate  beneath,  with  a  stipe. 
On  trunks  and  soft  decaying  wood  in  autunm. 

vulgaris,  scattered,  fruit  from  terete,  becoming  subUurbinate:  hardly  any  stipe,  be- 
coming black.  On  beech  trunks  after  a  summer  storm.  A  variety  of  nigripes. 
See  Persoon's  Fungi,  p.  179,  and  Muhlenberg's  Catalogue. 

otuta,  crowded,  obovate,  ochre  yellow,  bursting  at  the  summit.     On  rotten  wood. 

2.     Flint  round,  or  reniform. 

nitcns,  crowded  together,  sessile,  round,  shining  yellow,  or  cinnamon-color.     Among 

decaying  beech  and  pine  trunks  in  autumn. 
varia,  scattered,  becoming  yellow:  fruit  decumbent  and  reniform,  sometimes  round. 

On  trunks. 

3    Fruit  fdiform  and  net-veined. 

reticulata,   diffused,    reticulate,    ramose,    yellow.      On    trunks   and   mossy  bark    in 

autumn. 

Trichouer'jia.     Gr.  </-ic/tos,  (hair)  rfcrjflTi,  (skin.)     6.  Fun. 
viride,    in    roundish  tufts  of  white,  interwoven   filaments:  seed  profuse,  green,   at 

length  giving  tlie  whole  a  green  culor.     On  rotten  wood. 
niirrcscens,  somewhat  opening,   flattish:   seed-dust  becoming  black  and  sooty.     On 

maple  trunks,  cut  down  in  winter  or  spring. 

Trichos'tomum.     Gr.  trichos,  oithrix,  (hair)  s^n?w,  (mouth.)     2.   Mus. 
pallidum,  (hair-mouth  moss.)  stem  simple,   very  short:  leaves  capillary,  sheathing: 

capsule  ovate,  with  a  slight  apophysis,  cylindric;  lid  conic;  calyptre  halved. 


528  TRICHOTHECIUM,    UREDO. 

Trichothe'cium.     Gr.  frif/(os,  (hair) ///ecffl,  (shealli.')     6.  Fun. 

rosetim,  with  tufts  at  first  distinct,   and  at  length  confluent  in  some  cases:  filaments 
white:  seeds  pink,  oval,  numerous.     On  rotten  wood. 
Tu'bf.r.     Lat.   if«^e/-,  (puff  ball,  truffle.)     G.   Kun. 

cibariuni,  very  rough,  with  blackish  warts.     Under  ground.     Eatable.     Ij  i. 

albidutn,  very  rough,  with  whitish  warts.     Under  ground,     f  i. 
Tulos'toma.     Gr.  0//m.<,  (a  wart)  stowrt,  (moutii.)     6.    Fun. 

brumuLe,  stipe  smoothisli:  fiuit-covering  globose;  orifice  flat.     In  pastures,  meadows, 
and  on  walls.     I  i. 
Ty'pHULA.     Lat.  tijplin,  (cat-tail  plant.)     G.   Fun. 

placorhiza,  filiform,  elongated,  white,  siib-villose  at  the  base,  with  a  dark  fu.scous  len- 
ticular tuberous  knob.     In  woods.     2  i. 

erythropus,  gregarious:  fruit-bed  smooth,  white,  shorter  than  other  species,  terminat- 
ing in  an  elongated,  filiform,  dark-red  stipe.     On  slicks  and  leaves.     J  i. 


Ulo'ta.     Gr.  vbtomos,  (wood-like.)     2.  J\Ius. 

crispa,   stem   ramose:  leaves  lance-linear,   recurved-coiled  when  dry:  pedicels  elon- 
gated.    On  trunks  of  trees. 
Ulva.     Gr.  idiai  (parings  of  hides.)     4.  Alg. 

bullosa,  frond  obovate,  slippery,  sinuous,  blistered,  finally  expanded.     6  i. 

spiidicea,  imbricate,  sub-rigid,  zoned,  sub-tomentose,  fuscous  glabrous  beneath,  pale- 
fuscous. 
ferrvtrinen,  effuse-reflexed,  ferruginous:  pileus  thin,  sub-tomentose,  smoothish,  pilose 
beneath.     On  fallen  limbs  of  trees,  Ac. 

hirsutii,  cespitose,  coriaceous,  yellowish,  strigose-hirsute;  glabrous  beneath.  On 
trunks,  rails,  &c.     3  i. 

lilacina.  sub-imbricate,  soft  not  zoned,  tomentose  pale;  at  the  margin  and  on  the  un- 
der side  pale-purple.     On  trunks  of  evergreens.     1 J  i. 

3,     Resiipinate,  effuse,  papillose,  substcmcc  various. 
(Pale  or  flesh-colored.) 

pannosa,  corky,  pale:  cap  depressed,  scaly  beneath,  smooth,  sub-pilose.  On  the 
ground.     2  i. 

quercina,  resupinate,  longitudinal;  coriaceous,  rugose,  somewhat  fleshy;  almost  des- 
titute of  a  margin,  and  brown  undernealii.     On  oak  branches,  &c.     6  i. 

polygonia,  fleshy  papillae  largish,  many-sided.     On  dry  branches  of  poplar. 

laevis,  white-fleshy,  broadly  effuse,  very  smooth;  margin  byssus-like.  On  branches  of 
poplar,  &c. 

rosea,  somewhat  wrinkled,  rose-red;  margin  tomentose.  On  poplars,  one  or  two 
inches  long. 

(Corol  yellow  or  tan-color.) 

palmata,  erect,  brown-purple:  branches  compressed,  palmate  folded,  paler  at  the  sum- 
mit.    2i. 

fnistulata,  very  hard,  smooth,  rimose-parted,  pale. 

Urceola'ria.     Lat.  ?//cco/'/.,  (a  little  pitcher.)     5.  Lie. 

gagii,  crust  continued,  calcareou.s,  smnolh.  brownish-white,  irregularly  cracked  when 
dry:  apolhecia  very  minute,  blackish,  sunk  in  the  crust,     l^i. 

calcurea,  ciust  determined,  finely  cracked,  somewhat  powdery,  very  white,  becoming 
cinereous:  disk  minute,  concave,  black,  powdered  with  white  border  prominent 
discoid,   thin.     IJ  i. 

pamirga,  (pitcher-shield  lichen.  P.)  effuse,  granular-warty,  pure  white. 
Ure'do,     Lat.  urcdo,  (blasting.)     Rust  fungus.     G.   Fun. 

1.     Seminal  dust  rusty-yelloio. 

rosae-centifuliac,  (rose-rust,)  crowded,  yellow,  flat  opening;  little  heaps  orbicular.    On 

rose  leaves. 
linearis,  (yellow  grain-rust.  J.    0.)  linear,  very  long;  stained  yellow,  at  length  but 

obscurely  colored.     On  the  culms  and  leaves  of  barley,  oats,  rye,  wheat,  &c. 


UREDO,    VERRUCARIA.  539 

2.     Seminal  dust  while. 

Candida,  (white  rust,)  white,  opening.     0n shepherds  purse,  &c. 

3.     Seminal  dust  hlachisU-ycllow.     On  the  fructification. 

segetum,  (smut  J.)  dust  black,  copious;  on  spikes  and  glumes  of  grain. 
raricis,  dust  black,  naked,  surrounding  the  capsules.     On  carexes.     Grass  smut. 

Us'nea.     Lat.  ustionis,  of  uro,  (burning  or  combustible.)     5.  Lie. 
florida,  thallus  nearly  erect,  roughish,   greenish-grey,  with  very  numerous   fine  hori- 
zontal fibres.     Branches  patent,  sub-simple;  apothecia  plane,  very  broad,  whitish, 

ciliated:   the  cilae  radiating  long. 
harhata,    thallus    pendulous,    smoothish,    rounded,    thickish,    pale   greenish   grey. 

Eranclves  divergent,  here  and  there  fibrjllose,  capillary  at  their  extremity,  articu- 
lated below. 
jiliciUa,  thallus  pendulous,  smooth,  pale.     Branches  lax,  much  divided,  sub-fibrillose; 

the  ultimate  ories  capillaceous:   apothecia  plane,  broad,   ciliated,  ciliae  slender, 

very  long. 
striifosa,  frond  effuse,  .ramose,  dirty-cinereous,  scabrous:  branches  longish,  flexuose, 

dichotomous.  laK,  evei-y  where  bearing  strigose  fibres:  receptacles  Ifeshy,    broad, 

sub-lobate,  tooth-radiate.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  florida. 
unguUita,    frond    pendulous,    flexmose,    sub-simple,    angled,     pale-cinereons;    angles 

acute,   scabrous:    fibres  horizontal,  approximate,   simple,  short,  slenderly  terete. 

On  trees.  , 

trichodea,  frond  prostrate,   smooth,   pale  white,   filiform,  tender,  sub-ramose:  fibres 

horizontal,  somewhat  1-sided,  scattered:  receptacles  uniform-colored,  the  periphery 

elevated,  thin,  naked,  entire. 


Variola'ria.     Lat.  rrarioirt,  (small-pox  spots. )     5.  Lie. 

velata,  crust  determined,  somewhat  cartilaginous,  smooth,  very  white,  plaited  in  rays. 
Warts  of  apothecia  polished,  compressed,  tumid:  kernel  covered  with  a  thin- 
powdery  skin.     14  i. 

gloliiilifera,  crust  sub-cartilaginous,  greyish,  uneven,  with  granules  and  soredia  scat- 
tered in  an  irregular  manner.  Warts  of  fructification  sub-globose,  smooth  at 
length  depressed  above,  soredifer.  and  contain  a  concave  nucleus.     1*  i. 

commMHW,  crust  cartilaginous,  polished,  whitish,  becoming  unequal  and  ash-colored 
scattered  with  white  soredia,  leaving  no  margin.  Warts  of  apothecia  spheroidal' 
powdery.     IJ  i. 

amara,  crust  rugose,  cracked,  uneven,  sub-pulverulent,  white  or  greyish.  Warts  of 
apothecia  appressed,  plano-concave,  rnarginfed,  bearing  soredia  of  the  same  color  as 
the  crust.     2  i. 

delahafa,  crust  lartareous,  thickish,  greyish-white,  cracked  tumid,  papillary  and  rug- 
ged, obscurely  zoned  at  the  circumference:  apothecia  orbicular,  prominent  white 
3  i.  . ■■  '  ' 

Vauche'ria.     In  honor  of  Vaucher,  a  botanist  of  Geneva.     4.  Alg. 

dichotoma,  filaments  setaceous,  dichotomous,  fastigiate:  ihecae  globose  sessile  soli- 
tary.    12  i.  , 

dilwynii,  filaments  flexuous:  Ihecae  sessile,  lateral  globose.     1  i. 

'  geminata,   filaments  dichotomous:   thecae  obovate  stalked,   opposite,  on  a  commori 
cornute  pedicel.     6  i. 
Verpa.     La.i.  verpa,  {same  as  phallus  circnmsisns.  J     6.   Fun. 

conica,  cap  bpll-form,  snioo.h,  fuscous  sub-sinuate:  stipe  and  under  side  yellow.  3i. 
Verruca'kia.  ■  Lat.  tcmca    (a  wart.)     5.   Lie. 

maura,  crust  very  thin,  smooth,  much  cracked,  very  black:  apothecia  very  rnihute 
snbglobose,  immersed;  the  extremity  jtroniinent,  unibilicated:  nucleus  blackish. 

punctifnrmis,  crust  Very  thin,  delerniined,  polished  brown:  apothecia  minute,  hemis- 
pheric  globules,  without  orifices;  kernel  white. 

stigmntella,  crust  thin,  cartilaginous  membranous,  polished,  becoming  cracked 
whitish.  Apothecia  minute,  hemispherical,  clustered,  sub-Confluent,  with  scarcely 
any  orifice. 

ceuthocarpa,  crust  somewhat  gelatinous,  roundish,  broken,  dark,  crenate  cut,  radiated 
in  the  cisCumference:  apothecia  sub-globose,  immersed,  papillose  at  the  eiid. 
67 


530  VERRUCARIA,    ZYGNEMA. 

schraderi,  crust  tartareous,  contiguous,  wliitish:  apothecia  minute,  clustered,  immers- 
ed, sub-globose,  dirty,  transparent  inside. 

pulla,  crust  thin,  contiguous,  membranaceous,  smooth,  dark-fuscous:  receptacles 
minute,  hemispheric,  glabrous,  sub-papillate,  black  within.  On  the  bark  of  leather- 
wood,  &c. 

W. 

Weis'sia.     In  honor  of  AVeiss,  a  German  botanist.     2.  Mus. 
mkrodonta,  small:  leaves  lanceolate,  long  acuminate,  crisped  and  twisted  when  dry, 

having  a  fascicle  of  ducts  or  tubes:  peduncle  pale:  capsule  oblong-ovate;  lid  beaked; 

teeth  of  the  peristome  narrow. 
curmrosUa,  leaves   lanceolate  twisted,  imbricate,  spreading:  capsules  slender,  ovate- 

cylindric;  lid  beaked,  recurved. 
capillacea,  leaves  lance-subulate,  serrulate,  somewhat  rigid,  nerves  thick:  stem  simple, 

slender:   germs  oblong-ovate,  erect,  smooth;   lid  subulate-beaked,  obtusish  at  the 

apex. 

.  Z. 

Zona'ria.     Lat.  zona,  (a  belt.)    4.  Alg. 
pavonia,   fronds    reniform,    flabelliform,'   smooth,    membranous.     Zones   concentric. 

3  i. 

Zygne'ma.     Gr.  zjio'os,  (a  yoke,)  nema,  (a  thread.)     4.  Alg. 
cruciatum,  articulations  twice  as  long  as  broad;   stellae  roundish.     Fruit  spherical. 

i  i. 
nilidum,  articulations  about  as  long  as  broad.    Spire  cruciate,  thin  contracted.    Fruit 

elliptical.     2  i. 


■^^ 
¥ 


531 


PHYSIOLOGY 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT 


PHYSIOLOGY,  THE  SCIENCE  OF  ORGANIZATION  OF  YEGETABLES  AND  ANIMALS, 

1.  Elkmentary  Constituents.     Ultimate  ATdMs  of  vegetables  are  essentially 

carbon,  (the  basis  of  charcoal)  hydrogen,  (the  basis  of  water)  and  oxijircn,  (a  consti- 
tuent of  atmosplieric  air  and  water.)  Nitro iren  (^one  of  tlie  constituents  of  atmos-. 
plieric  air,  and  saltpetre.)  is  also  a  constituent  of  cruciform  plants.  Ultimate  atoms 
of  animals  are  essentially  carbon,  In/drogeii  oxygen',.a.XiA  nitrogen.  Pkosjjitorus,  and 
sulphur  are  often  present;  ar»t]  rarely  some  other  principles. 

Ultimate  organic  elements  are  cclkdar  tissue,  vascular  tissue,  and  Jibi-e.  These 
elements  seem  to  be  the  prinmrij  product  of  the  living  principle,  whenever  it  exerts 
any  influence  upon  matter.  Its  secondary  act  arranges  these  ultimate  elements,  so  as 
to  constitute  species  of  organized  beings. 

2.  Specific  dijfef-enccs  exist,  primarily,  in  the  living  principle  only.  About  ninety 
thousand  ascertained  species  of  vegetables,  consist  essentially  of  carbon,  hydrogen, 
oxygen;  rarely  with  the  addition  of  nitrogen.  When  a  species  decays,  (for  example 
the  oak  tree,)  and  the  seed  ot  a  totally  ditferent  species  falls  among  its  ruins,  (for  ex- 
ample the  lily,)  some  of  the  same  individual  atoms  which  constituted  the  oak,  will 
now  constitute  the  lily.  A  successive  series  of  individuals  of  the  same  species  of 
living  principle  which  gave  form  to  the  hyacinth,  cultivated  by  Eve,  in  Eden,  may  have 
bt'en  employed  in  changing  into  its  own  form  the  decaying  constituents  of  the  helebore, 
the  poison  hemlock,  the  palm  tree,  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  the  pulse  of  Daniel, 
until  the  present  year.  VVe  are  therefore  constrained  to  believe,  that  we  have  about 
eighty  or  ninety  thousand  species  of  living  principles  passing  from  plant  to  plant,  in 
a  multiplied  ratio,  through  tiie  organic  vehicle,  the  seed  or  sporule. 

3.  The  living  principle — the  essence  of  specific  differences — is  endowed  with  irri^a- 
hitity  and  appetency.  But  it  is  never  endowed  with  provident  care,  nor  a  disposition  to 
contend  for  rights.  Plants,  Radiated  animals,  (as  the  inhabitants  of  corols,  sponges, 
&.C.)  and  Molluscous  animals,  (as  oysters,  snails,  &c.)  are  thus  furnished  with  irrita- 
bility and  appetency.  Their  remains  are  found  in  the  oldest  rocks  above  the  prima- 
tive;  while  none  of  the  higher  orders  of  organized  beings  are  found  below  upper 
secondary  rocks.* 

4.  Instinct,  supervenes  upon  the  living  principle  in  Articulated  animals,  (as  bees, 
lobsters,  spiders,  &c.,)  and  Vertebrated  animals,  (as  lizards,  snakes,  fish,  birds,  and 
land  quadrupeds.)  Many  of  their  remains  are  found  in  the  most  recent  rocks,  and  stra- 
tified banks  of  clay  and  sand.  Such  animals  are  endowed  with  provident  care,  and  a 
disposition  to  contend  for  rights.  But  no  such  species  can  desire,  or  conceive  of  a 
future  state  of  being  after  death. 

*  I  do  not  intend  to  give  any  opinion  on  the  controversy  respecting  trilobites  be- 
tween Brunguiart  and  Latreille.  The  former  ranks  the  trilobites  among  articulated 
animals,  and  the  latter  among  multivalve  mollusci.  But  Cuvier  gives  Molluscous 
animals  a  higher  place  in  the  animal  creation,  than  the  Articulated. 


532  PHYSIOLOGY. 

5.  Intellect  supervenes  upon  instinct  and  the  living  principle,  in  the  single  species, 
Man.  His  remains  liave  never  been  found  in  any  stratifirJ  deposit;  therefore  he  was 
created  after  .such  depositions  were  fiiiii'lied.  As  he  is  the  only  species  of  organized 
being  on  this  earth,  which  is  endowed  willi  intfllect  to  desire  or  conceive  of  a  future 
life;  so  it  appears  from  the  sacred  Scriptures  lliut  his  intellect  aluke,  will  survive 
death. 

VEGETABLE   PHYSIOLOGY. 

If  soap  suds  be  put  into  a  clearly  transparent  glass  vessel,  (a  plain  decanter  is  very 
suitable,)  and  tlie  breath  be  forced  into  it  through  a  pipe  or  quill,  bubbles  will  be 
formed,  which  lesenible  the  elementary  cellular  structure  of  plants.  If  the  vessel  be 
porked  closely  about  the  pipe,  and  the  liquid  be  clear  and  in  a  small  quantity,  the 
bubbles  may  be  compressed  by  sufficient  force  of  tlie  breath,  into  polyhedral  figures 
of  various  sizes.  Though  the  adjoitiing  flattened  sides  are  double,  they  appear  to  be 
single.  Such  is  also  the  figure,  appearance,  and  structure  of  the  cellular  tissue  of 
plants.  The  chief  volume  of  the  thick,  fieshy  parts  of  plants,  is  thus  constituted; 
particularly  the  ])arenchymous  parts  of  leaves,  &c. 

If  bubbles  are  elementarily,  elongated  spheroides,  they  will  become  hollow  parallel- 
epipeds by  compression.  Thus  hubbies  may  be  compressed  and  so  collated  as  to 
resemble  the  ariangement  of  bricks  in  a  Wall.  If  extensively  elongated  and  greatly 
compressed,  they  will  form  compact  elongated  parallelepipeds.  These  may  be  so 
arranged  as  to  give  the  firm  texture  of  the  oak  iree,  or  even  of  the  liguvm  rilae. 

These  bubbles  or  cellules  may  be  separated  in  some  vegetables,  and  will  become 
spheres,  or  spheroides,  by  the  recovery  of  their  elasticity.  This  result  may  be  well 
illustrated  by  heaping  intialed  soap  bubbles  (l)lown  from  the  bowl  of  a  tobacco  pipe) 
upon  baize  with  a  very  long  nap.  Their  compressed  adjoining  sides  (which  appear  to 
be  single  walls)  will  recover  their  spherical  lorms,  on  blowing  the  bubbles  asunder. 

Cellular  tissue  is  a  connected  or  interwoven  series  of  cellules,  adhering  by  com- 
pressed faces.  No  visible  perforations  have  been  observed  in  the  cellules,  though  we 
have  pretty  good  evidence  of  the  transmission  of  liquids  through  them  in  all  direc- 
tions. This  is  the  only  tissue  which  is  an  unuersid  conslitiientm  all  plants.  It  con- 
stitutes the  whole  of  Cryptogamous  plants,  at  least  of  the  lower  orders,  the  parenchy- 
mous  parts  of  leaves,  pulpy  li-uits,  »V:c. 

Spiral  Vessels  consist  of  a  tissue  produced  by  the  adhesion  of*  cellules  in  more  or 
less  of  a  fibrous  form,  and  coiled  or  twisted  spirally  so  as  to  form  cylinders.  They 
are  found  in  medullary  sheaths;  (that  is,  the  thin,  hollow  cylinder  surrounding  the 
pith;)  also  around  the  centre  in  all  branches,  and  in  veins  of  leaves.  But  they  are 
never  found  in  parts  which  are  produced  by  the  descent  of  deposited  matter;  conse- 
quently are  npt  fbuiid  in  bark,  or  outer  layers  of  wowd  or  roots. 

Spiral  vessels  are  never  found  in  the  lower  orders  ofCryptogamia.  Therefore  cryy- 
(ogamous  plants  are  called  Ce/Z«Zores,  and  phenognmovs  phnis  are  called  Vusculurcs. 
Spiral  vessels  jnay  be  seen  by  breaking  the  stem  of  stellaria  media,  and  pulling  the 
parts  asunder;  also  strawberry  petioles,  young  sprouts  of  numerous  shrubs,  &c. 

Fibre,  or  Woouy  fikbe,  consists  of  a  tissue  of  elongated  tubes,  or  of  dense  fibre, 
perhaps  always  tapering  to  each  end.  Always  imperforate  to  the  eye.  It  is  found 
among  parenchyma;   and  gives  strength  to  vegetable  fabric. 

Ducts  or  air  vessels,  are  transparent  tubes,  marked  with  dots,  bars,  or  transverse 
streaks.  Sometimes  they  ajjpear  like  spiral  vesssels:  but  they  have  rings  instead  of 
spires. 

Intercellular  passages,  are  small  spaces  between  cellules.  Siomata  are  little  oval 
mouths  between  the  sides  of  cells,  opening  into  intercellular  passages.    , 

SEED. 

The  specific  characteristics  of  the  living  principle  seem  first  to  exert  their  energies 
in  the  seed.  And  as  it  is  the  organ  upon  whose  structure  are  Ibunded  the  most  im- 
portant distinctions  in  Natural  Clasification,  it  demands  the  student's  first  attention, 
when  entering  upon  the  study  of  Vegetable  Physiology  or  Natural  Orders. 

The  seed  consists  of  integument,  albumen  and  embryo.  Sometimes  the  albumen  is 
wanting;  as  in  the  bean.  In  such  cases  the  thick  cotyledons  are  parts  of  the  embryo, 
and  expand  into  what  are  called  cotyledonous  leaves.  Integument  is  always  present; 
pjLcepting  that  the  seeds  of  Conifeiae  (as  pines,  junipers  or  cedars,   cypresses,  &c.) 


I'HYSIOLOGY.  533 

iiidof  Cycadeae.  (as  the  eago  plants,  are  totally  destitute  of  any  covering,  but  the 

"uticle.     Tiiese  are  the  Achitospermae.* 
The  KMBRY  ois  divided  into  radicle,  tiie  part  becoming  the  root,  cotyledons,  the  parts 
ecoiniiig   peculiar  succulent   leaves,   jjumula  the  ascending  part  (often    shooting  up 
i-oni  between  the  cotyledons)  which  become  developed  into  stem,  leaves  fructiticalion, 
cc.     Albumen  often  embraces  the  embryo,  or  holds  it  in  a  depression  on  one  side;  as 

the  Indian  corn.     In  most  graminious  plants,  albumen  forms  a  large  proportion  of  the 

seed. 
The  student  cannot  be  made  to  understand  seeds  without  producing  germination, 

and  then  watching  its  progress  through  all  the  early  stages  of  growth.  See  figures  and 

descriptions,  back  of  p.  33. 

ROOT. 

The  radical  of  the  seed  extends  downwards  and  becomes  a  root.  It  divides  into 
branches  and  firbes;  at  the  extremities  of  which  are  bundles  of  ducts,  adapted  to  the 
absorption  of  nutiiment.  These  ducts  seem  to  be  endowed  with  the  power  of  decom- 
pq|ition;  as  carbon  is  certaiidy  obtained  from  carbonic  acid  gas.  Students  should 
watc|i  tli^progress  of  germination  and  growth  of  seeds  planted  in  pure  pounded 
~  *  ^ass,  so  placed  in  a  suitable  vessel,  that  nothing  but  puie  water  and  atmos- 
Jiave  access  to  them.  They  will  then  see  that  the  chief  volume  of 
Ts^carbon,  which  must  have  been  obtained  from  a  decomposition  of  tjie  car- 
raoidgas,  which  floats  in  the  atmosphere.  Spiral  vessels,  pith,  slomata,  and 
,'not  in  roots.  The  bulbs  of  lilies,  onions.  &c.,  are  not  roots;  but  their  fibrils 
are  the  roo%. 

STEM. 

Leaf-buds  elongate  upwards  into  stems,  after  tiie  plant  is  so  far  advanced  as  to  pro- 
duce buds.  In  truth,  buds  of  a  tree  may  be  considered  as  distinct  individuals,  in- 
habiting, and  drawing  support  from  the  samegenernl  substratum  or  reservoir  of  food. 

The  depositions  of  matter,  causing  the  increase  of  volume  in  vegetables,  are  made 
■on  two  general  principles;  depending  on  the  distinctions  peculiar  to  Monocotyledon- 
ous  and  Dicotyledonous  plants.  In  ftlonocotyledonous  sleii|s,  (for  example  the  stalk 
of  Indian  corn)  the  matter  of  increase  is  added  at  the  centre.  Hence  such  plants  are 
called  Endogynous.  In  Dicotyledpnous  stenis,  (for  example  the  bole  of  the  poplar 
tree,)  the  matter  of  increase  is  added  to  the  outside  of  the  wood  or  other  solid  part, 
inside  of  the  bark.  Hence  siicll^ants  are  cijled  Exogenous.  In  the  latter  case  the 
addition  or  deposited  matter  appears  just  under  the  bark  in  the  form  of  mucilage, 
called  camb,  (catnlnm)  which  at  the  decline  of  the  year  becomes  indurated  and  divides 
into  two  concentric  hollow  cylinders;  inner  one  thick,  forming  a  new  outer  circle  of 
wood;   the  outer  one  thin,  forming  a  new  inner  circle  of  the  bark.. 

Exogenous  plants,  as  elder,  oak,  &c.,  have  their  stems  made  up  of  Pith,  Medullary 
sheath.  Medullary  rays.  Wood,  Cambium,  Bark,  Cellular  integument,  and  Cuticle. 

Pith,  the  well  known  central  spongy  column. 

Medullary  sheath,  is  the  immediate  cylindrical  sheath  Surrounding  the  pith;  it  con- 
sists of  spiral  vessels  and  ducts  for  carrying  up  the  sap  or  other  fluids.  From  this 
sheath,  rays  issue,  which  are  called: 

Medullary  rays,  or  silver  grain.  They  are  vertical  sheets,  plates,  or  radiating  lamel- 
lar organs,  whose  innei-  edges  are  connected  with  the  Medullary  sheath,  and  whose 
outer  edges  extend  annually  through  the  last  woody  deposit  (indurated  cambium.) 
The  stump  of  an  oak  tree,  after  the  tree  has  been  cut  off  about  a  year,  exhibits  the 
silver  grain  in  a  beautifully  radiated  manner.  They,  being  less  subject  to  the  action 
of  air  and  rain  than  the  common  wood,  exhibit  themselves  distinctly  marked  by  their 
silvery  lustre. 

Wooo  consists  of  concentric  hollow  cylinders,  outside  of  the  medullary  sheath,  and 
inside  of  the  bark.  The  annual  deposits  of  cambium,  become  woody  fibres,  which 
constitute  the  continuous  descending  axis  of  buds;  therefore  the  number  of  concen- 
tric layers  indicates  the  age  of  a  tree,  Alc.  The  outer  and  most  irrilible  layers  are 
called  S(y/^-?t'oo^/,  or  alburnum:  the  inner  and  more  matured  layers  are  called /(ea/■^^ooorf. 

Camb,  cambium,  is  deposited  by  the  return  of  sap  downwards.  This  may  be  de- 
monstrated bj  inspection.     Therefore  we  say,  the  sap  goes  up  near  the  pith,  and  goes 

*  a,  without,  chiton,  tunic,  sperma,  seed. 


534  PHYSIOLOGY. 

down  between  the  cuticle  and  heart-wood.  It  is  supposed  that  the  sap  must  be  ex- 
posed to  the  atmosphere  in  leaves  or  other  delicate  herbage  fas  the  stems  of  dodder) 
before  it  is  in  a  situation  for  vegatable  deposits.  In  this  respect  it  is  analagous  to 
animal  blood  becoming  modified  in  the  lungs,  by  alternate  inhalations  of  aii. 

Bark  consists  of  a  strong  inner  lajer,  or  hark  proper;  an  outer  thin  almost  lifeless 
membrane,  called  cuticle;  and  a  loose  green  (generally)  envelope  between  the  cuticle 
and  bark,  called  cellular  integument. 

Woody  layers  being  annually  deposited  under  the  bark,  the  early  wood  becomes 
widely  separated  from  the  bark  after  several  years. 

It  is  on  ti)is  account  that  those  trees  which  long  retain  their  expanding  cuticles, 
present  to  our  land  surveyors  those  paradoxical  magic-like  marks.  A  beech  tree,'  for 
example,  if  lettered  or  figured  vjii\\  a  board-marker,  will  present  these  marks  twenty 
or  thirty  years  afterwards,  both  on  the  cuticle,  and  on  the  wood,  of  the  year  when 
marked;  while  the  intervening  layers  are  sound  and  without  a  scar.  These  inter- 
posed woody  layers,  originating  in  mucilage  annually  deposited  between  the  bark  and 
wood,  gradually  separate  the  marked  bark  and  cuticle  from  the  marked  wood,  while 
they  grow  between  these  marks  and  become  continuous. 

BUDS. 

The  same  buds  may  become  leaves,  stems,  and  branches:  or 
fitamens  and  pistils.  Experienced  gardeners  can  readily  distinguish  leaf-biil 
flower  buds;  and  these  buds  will  not  interchange  under  ordinary  circumstances, 
from  most  careful  and  profound  investigations,  ujade  by  learned  and  paUent 
ralists,  it  seems  to  be  demonstrated,  tliat  the  elements  of  flowers  and  frint,  may  be 
traced  to  a  leaf-bud.  A  bud  (truly  a  leaf-bud.  and  so  pronounced  by  the  eye  of 
experience,)  may  become  developed  into  a  branch  bearing  leaves  in  whorls,  alterna- 
tions, or  scattered.  Or  the  lower  whorls  of  leaves  may  have  become  sejjals  (distinct 
or  united;)  the  next  petals;  the  next  slainens;  and  the  end  of  the  branch  may  have 
become  the  germ,  style  and  stigma  of  tJie  pistd.  In  most  calyxes,  corols,  and 
stamens,  we  can  discover  alternations  in  their  divisions.  The  great  difference  in  the 
course  of  developement  seems  to  be,  in  the  elongation  of  the  axis.  When  the  axis 
is  a  branch,  it  may  be  elongated  to  the  measure  of  several  feet.  When  the  axis  is 
merely  the  receptacle  of<Si  ilower,  and  the  pistil,  its  elongation  may  be  limited  to  the 
fourth,  or  even  sixteenth  of  an  inch. 

Some  buds  are  formed  under  ground,  as  of  tulips;  but  regular  ones  are  produced  in 
tiie  axils  of  leaves.  ^ 

Stinted  buds  •often  become  thorns.  %Some  plamB  are  remarkably  subject  to  the 
process  of  stinting  buds,  as  most  species  of  Crataegus,  some  species  of  Prunus,  and  a 
few  of  the  Pyrus. 

LEAVES. 

Regular  leaves  never  grow  out,  side  by  side.  The  alternate  position  along  oppo- 
site sides,  seems  to  be  the  real  nornial,  ])rinciple  of  arrangement,  towards  which  all 
other  positions  tend.  Thongli  we  find  them  o])posite  and  in  v.diorls,  our  best  physio- 
logists ascribe  this  to  the  unequal  developement  (to  which  some  plants  are  habitually 
subject)  of  the  inlernodes  of  tlie  axis. 

The  leaves  of  exogenous  (dicotyledonous)  plants  derive  their  spiral  vessels  from  the 
medullary  sheath,  which  the  structure  of  the  ribs  and  veins  greatly  resemble.  The 
cellular  integument  and  cuticle  of  the  leaf  is  derived  from  that  of  the  stem;  and 
becomes  more  or  less  expanded  and  attenuated.  The  veins  of  exogenous  leaves 
branch  off  in  various  directions  among  the  substance  of  the  disk  (made  up  of  cellular- 
integument  and  cuticle)  called  parenchyma.  '  : 

The  leaves  of  endogynous  plants  (monocotyledonous) /.derive  their  spiral  vessels 
from  bundles,  diverging  off  as  a  subdivision  of  the  general  quantity  of  bundles  con- 
stituting the  whole  culm,  which  the  structure  of  the  veins  greatly  resembles.  Their 
veins  mostly  extend  from  the  base  of  the  petiole  to  the  apex,  or  to  a  kind  of  cord  or 
edging  which  carries  them  on,  in  an  united  state,  to  the  apex. 

The  petioles  of  some  leaves  become  spiral  climbers,  as  of  the  Clematis.  In  many 
cases  the  leaf  does  not  expand  into  a  disk:  but  becomes  two  or  more  (rarely  one) 
branches  of  a  climber,  called  a  tendril,  as  grapes  and  peas.  Sometimes  the  petiole 
spreads  into  an  enornious  cup,  as  that  of  the  Sarracenia,  (side-saddle.)  This  cup  is 
called  an  ascidium,  (bottle-leaf.)  (Greek,  ashus,  the  leathern  bottle  ol"  the  ancients, 
idios,  peculiar  or  particular  kind.) 


PHYSIOLOGY.  535 

APPENDAGES   TO   DEFINITE    ORGANS. 

Stipules  are  rudimentary  leaves  and  sometimes  are  transformed  into  real  leaves, 
with  buds  in  tlieir  axils.  They  are  gen'erally  appendages  attached  to  the  bases  of 
leaves;  as  of  rose-leaves. 

Bracts  (often  called  floral  leaves)  are  generally  near  the  origin  of  a  flower  and  at 
lirst  surrounding  or  adjoining  it.  Bracts  are  at  a  small  distance  below  the  calyx, 
when  present-  The  cliaffs  or  husks  of  grass  and  corn,  are  strictly  bracts;  but  in 
tlescri[)tions  they  are  treated  as  equivalent  to  calyxes  and  corols. 

Thorn,  an'abortive  indurated  bud  fixed  on  tiie  wood. 

Prickle,  arises  from  tlie  bark  by  expansions  in  minute  spots. 

Hairs,  arise  in  the  same  manner;  sometimes  they  yield  an  acrid  liquid  by  compres- 
sion; as  of  the  nettle. ^ 

Gland,  a  roundish  (generally  minute)  appendage  on  various  organs  of  some  plants. 

Tendril,  a  filiform  appendage  by  which  some  climbing  plants  support  their  position. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

The  form  of  any  one  kind  of  inflorescence  depends  on  the  developement  of  the 
flower-bud  from  which  it  is  produced.  The  form  of  developement  commences  in  the 
very  axil  from  whence  tiie  flower-buds  originate.  Numerous  latent  budlets  are  sub- 
jected to  the  developing  energies  of  tiie  plant  at  the  same  time.  If  the  general  axis 
is  duly  elongated  with  lateral  pedicels,  a  ruccJiie  is  produced;  as  of  the  currant.  If  no 
pedicels  are  developed  it  becomes  a  spike.'  If  lateral  peduncles  are  considerably  elon- 
gated and  sub-divided,  il  becomes  a  panicle.  If  branches  are  slightly  developed  in  a 
radiated  form,  a  head  is  produced.  But  if  these  radiated  branches  are  more  exten- 
sively developed,  an  vnihel  appears.  If  the  branches  of  the  un)bel  are  unequally  sub- 
divided, a  ajmc  is  made;  or  a  corymb,  if  the  branches  are  at  different  distances  along 
tlie  axis. 

CALYXES  AND  COROLS. 

These  organs,  called  floral  envelopes,  are  modifications  of  whorls  of  leaves,  as 
mentioned  under  buds.  There  is  generally  a  calyx  and  corol  to  a  flower;  and  by 
careful  examination  we  find  them  to  be  made  up  of  segments  (united  or  separated)  so 
arranged  that  those  of  the  calyx  and  corol  alternate  with  each  other. 

In  descriptions  the  cabjx  is  said  to  be  monopbyllus  (one-leaved)  or  polyphyllous 
(many-leaved) — more  recent  authors  say  monnsepulovs  a.nd  pultjscpalous. 

The  corol  in  descriptions  is  said  to  be  monopetalous  (one-petalled)  polypetalous 
(many  i)etalled.)  Particular  names  are  used  also.  All  of  which  are  defined  in  the  an- 
nexed dictionary. 

STAMENS. 

We  will  proceed  on  the  hypothesis  (perhaps  it  may  be  called  an  established  phy- 
siological principle)  that  the  receptacle,  terminated  by  the  pistil,  is  but  a  different 
developement  of  a  branch  as  an  axis  issuing  from  a  leaf-bud;  and  the  calyx  and  corol 
are  but  different  developements  of  leaves  along  said  axis.  We  shall  thus  be  led  to 
consider  the  stamens  as  an  analagous,  but  different,  developement  of  a  whorl  of  leaves 
next  above  those  forming  the  petals.  The  language  of  Lindley  is  most  appropriate. 
'•There  are  many  instances,  (as  the  pond-lily,  Nyjnphaea,)  in  which  no  limits  can  be 
traced  between  the  petals  and  stamens.  In  such  cases  it  is  found  that  the  limb  of 
the  petal  contracts  and  becomes  an  anther,  while  the  claw  (unguis)  assumes  the  state 
of  a  filament.  Now  as  there  are  no  fixed  limits  between  the  petals  and  sepals, 
(calyx  leaves,)  nor  between  sepals  and  bracts,  nor  between  bracts  and  leaves,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  stamens  are  also  modifications  of  leaves.  And  as  the  limb  of  a  petal  is 
analagous  to  the  lamina  (or  broad  disk)  of  a  leaf,  and  the  claw  is  analagous  to  the 
petiole,  it  also  follows  that  the  anther  is  a  modification  of  the  lamina  of  a  leaf,  and 
the  filament  is  a  modification  of  the  petiole. 

''  Stamens  follow  the  same  laws  of  successive  development  as  leaves,  and  conse- 
quently, if  their  arrangement  bo  normal,  (in  exact  accordance  with  the  governing 
elementary  law  of  arrangement  in  that  particular  species,)  they  will  be  either  equal 
in  number  to  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them;  or,  if  not  the  same,  some  regular 
multiple  or  divisoi  of  the  petals.  If  they  are  twice  the  number  of  petals,  two  whorls 
are  supposed  to  be  developed  into  stamens,"  with  a  very  small  elongation  of  the  axis. 
If  they  are  but  half  the  number,  two  whorls  are  supposed  to  be  developed  into  petals. 


536  PHYSIOLOGV. 

"  All  deviations  from  these  laws  are  ascribed  to  the  abortion  of  some  part  of  the 
organs.  When  the  stamens  do  not  contract  any  union  with  the  sides  of  the  calyx, 
they  are  hypogynoiis ;  when  they  do  contract  such  adhpsion,  tiiey  are  perigynous.  If 
they  are  united  both  witii  the  surface  of  the  calyx  and  the  germ,  they  are  epigynous." 

Parts  of  Stamens. 

Stamen  is  divided  inio  filament,  (often  wanting,)  which  supports  the  anther.  The 
anther  is  a  kind  of  capsular  knob,  mostly  at  the  end  of  the  filament-*''''»/ays  present 
in  a  species.     It  contains  a  mealy  or  glutinous  substance,  called  polU.f., 

PISTIL. 

The  pistil  is  a  metamorphosis  or  modificatign  of  a  single  leaf,  or  one  or  more' 
whorls  of  leaves.  The  germ  or  ovarim  is  the  base  of  the  enfoled  lamina  of  a  leaf  or 
leaves;  Ihe  style  is  an  elongated  midrib  of  a  leaf;  the  stigma  is  the  naked,  secreting, 
humid  apex  of  the  midrib.  The  germ  (ovarium)  includes  the  c«rpc//«  with  inclosed 
ovula,  when  all  are  present.  An  ovula  is  a  rudiment  of  the  smallest  subdivision  of 
the  fruit,  embracing  an  unperfecled  seed,  oi  more  than  one.  Carpella  are,  formed  of 
folded  edges  of  leaves,  wiiose  margins  develope  by  the  melamorphosis  of  cellular 
tissue  into  granulations,  becoming  a  substance  called  jilucenta,  more  or  less  fleshy; 
from  which  the  carpella,  including  the  ovul^,  (seedling  germs,)  always  grow,  fastened 
by  a  funicule. 

Note.  A  few  principles  relating  K)  fruit  are  made  here,  as  required  by  order  of  suc- 
cession; but  this  subject  must  be  studied,  with  figures,  in  the  first  part  of  this  book. 

Fruit  is  the  ripened  germ  (ovarium.. )  It  consists  of  a  pericarp,  perisperm  or  tegu- 
ment, and  seed,  in  most  cases,  as  the  apple.  Many  are  destitute  of  what  is  generally 
called  pericarp,  as  Indian  corn  and  mint.  Some  few  are  destitute  of  the  perisperm 
also;  having  no  covering  but  the  cuticle,  as  the  pines,  junipers,  and  yews. 

Illustrations  of  the  germ,  (ovarium)  in  its  progress  to  the  state  of  ripened  fruit. 

1.  Take  two  ripened  apples,  which  have  not  approached  decay,  or  a  tender,  mealy 
state.  Consider  them  as  enlarged  germs.  Split  one  of  them  vertical!}-.  Observe, 
that  from  the  stem  up  to  the  place  of  the  seeds,  there  is  a  kind  of  so. id  axis,  which  is 
an  elongation  of  the  receptacle,  now  enveloped  by  the  thickened  parenchyma  of  the 
germ. 

2.  Observe,  that  from  the  permanent  calyx  at  the  top  of  the  split  apple,  to  the  place 
of  the  seeds,  there  is  also  a  kind  of  solid  axis.  This  is  the  base  of  the  style,  also  en- 
veloped by  the  thickened  parenchyma. 

3.  Now  cut  the  other  apple  transversely  (crosswise)  about  one  third  of  the  distance 
from  the  top  towards  the  base.  Here  will  be  seen  5  cells  containing  seeds,  each  cell 
lined  with  valves.  The  cells  will  exhibit  seeds  of  a  wedge-ovate  compressed  form, 
■with  thick  ends  pointing  obliquely  upwards:  and  taper  ends  below  attached  by  a 
long  raphe  to  placenta,  (one  to  each  cell.)  These  cells  are  five  carpellae:  the  2- 
valvelike  sides  of  each,  being  the  condu  plicate  sides  of  a  leaf;  with  dehiscent  neutral 
edges  where  the  seeds  are  attached  to  thin  placenta. 

4.  Now  cut  a  seed  tra-nsverselj'.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  real  seed  is  while,  and 
now  covered  with  its  brown  leathery  covering.  This  i^  truly  ihe  perisperm.  While 
the  petals  still  remained,  and  while  the  apple  was  called  a  germ,  the  rudiment  of 
both  this  brown  perisperm  and  white  seed  was  called  ovula,  and  this  white  seed,  con>- 
sidered  separately,  was  the  milky  nucleus  with  its  tunic. 

After  thoroughly  examining  several  apples  in  this  manner,  all  kinds  of  fruit  may  be 
investigated  with  facility.  For  example:  the  common  pea  has  its  pericarp  (pod) 
which  was  a  germ  with  all  its  rudimentary  contents.  The  seed  with  its  present  testa, 
were  its  ovula.  Considerable  aid  may  be  received  from  accurately  figuied  examples, 
while  we  are  axamising  specimens.  But  figures  alone  will  never  convey  very  ac- 
curate instruction,  without  frequent  comparisons. 

This  brings  us  to  the  seed,  with  which  we  commenced;  and  thus  completes  the  circle. 
Though  the  descriptions  are  short,  and  embrace  nothing  in  datail;  sufficient  is  given 
for  starting  the  student  in  the  right  course.  Those  who  wish  to  pursue  the  subject  of 
vegetable  physiology  extensively,  are  referred  to  the  writings  of  Lindley — particularly 


PHVSIOLOGV.  537 

his  introduction  to  the  Natural  Method,  and  his  introduction  to  Botany.     His  Ladies' 
Botany  would  be  well  enough  for  an  ordinary  writer;  but  it  is  quite  beneath /timsc^'. 

REPRODUCTIOx>r  OF  CRYPTOGAMOUS  PLANTS. 

The  student  should  give  some  attention  to  the  reproduction  of  plants,  wherein  the 
stamens  and  pistils  have  no  agency:  or  where  their  agency  has  not  hitherto  been  de- 
tected. These  are  tlie  natural  Families  denominated  F'dices  (ferns^  as  brakes,  poly- 
pods,  maidf-uliair.)  They  grow  cliieHy^,  on  the  earth,  in  places  highly  elevated  or 
cool  and  damp.'-^'lVIt'sci  (mosses,  an^ejialic  mosses  called  liverworts.)  These  grow 
cliiedy  on  tre^snh  ancient  forests,  or, hi  damp  shady  places  on  the  earth.  Lichenes 
(lichens.)  They  are  wholly  confined  to  dry  situations  in  free  air;  but  in  such  situa- 
tions they  are  tisund  from  the  equator  to  the  polar  regions.  They  are  in  the  form  of 
crusty,  leathery,  woody  patches,  (sometimes  fibrous  and  branching)  on  stones  and 
trees,  old  fences,  «S;c.,  in  almost  all  places.  Ai.gae,  (seaweeds,  frogspittle,  green- 
Wiair. )  They  are  found  in  wet  situations,  also  in  clear  water.  Fungi,  (mushrooms, 
puff-balls,  mould,  mildew,  smut.)  These  abound  in  all  parts  of  the  habitable  world. 
They  are  found  on  the  earth,  rotten  wood,  decaying  vegetables  of  every  kind;  on 
hread  and  other  domestic  food;  on  leather,  cloth,  and  almost  every  thing  capable  of 
becoming  moderately  moistened,  after  it  has  been  thus  exposed  for  a  short  period. 

The  following  extract  from  Lindley's  articJe  on  their  reproduction  and  increase^ 
will  be  sufficient  for  our  present  purpose.  The  description  of  the  Natural  Orders, 
which  succeeds  this  article,  will  give  a  mome  enlarged  view  of  the  systematic  position 
of  these  much  neglected  productions  of  nature. 

[Extracts  from  Llndley's  outline  of  the  First  Principles  of  Botany.] 

Ferns  are  increased  by  little  bodies  called  sporules,  inclosed  within  cases,  named 
tliecae,  whkh  often  grow  in  clusters  or  sori,  from  the  veins  of  the  under  sides  of  the 
leaves,  or'from  beneath  the  fcuticle.  Tiie  latter,  when  it  incloses  the  tlirxae,  is  termed 
iwiusiuin.  The  iiidusium  separates  from  the  leaf  in  various  ways,  in  consequence  of 
the  growth  of  the  ihecac  beneath  it.  The  thsciic  have  frequently  a  stalk  which  passes 
up  one  side,  and  finally,  curving  with  their  curvature,  disappears  on  the  opposite 
side.  Tlie  part,  where  the  stalk  of  the  thecnc  is  united  With  its  side,  is  called  the 
annu/us.  These  lliecae  may  be  considered  minute  leaves,  having  the  same  gyrate 
mode  of  developement  as  the  ordinary  leaves  of  the  tribe.  Their  stalk,  the  petiolej 
tiie  aiinulus,  the  midrib,  and  the  t/iecac  itself,  the  lamina,  have  their  edges  united. 
They  would  therefore,  be  analogous  to  carpella,  if  it  appeared  that  they  were 
infiuenced  by  the  action  of  any  vivifying  matter,  equivalent  to  the  pollen. 

Mosses,  are  increased  by  sporules,  contained  within  an  tirn  or  iJiecae,  placed  at  the 
apex  of  a  stalk  or  seta,  bearing  on  its  summit  a  kind  of  loose  hood,  called  a  calypire, 
and  closed  by  a  lid  or  operailiun.  The  inside  of  the  thcca  has  a  central  axis  or  colu- 
iifella,  and  the  orifice  beneath  the  operculum  is  closed  by  teeth-like  process,  or  a 
membrane,  called  the  peristomium.  The  number  of  the  teeth  of  the  peristomium,  is 
always  some  multiple  of  four.  The  aili/ptra  originally  grew  from  the  bases  of  the 
^taik;  but  when  the  stalk  elongated,  the  calqplra  was  torn  away  from  its  base,  and 
carried  up,  surrounding  the  tliecae.  The  calyptra.  may  be  understood  to  be  a  convo- 
lute leaf;  the  npcrrulum  another;  peristomium,  the  one  or  more  whorls  of  minute,  Hat 
leaves;  and  the  tliecae  itself  to  be  the  excavated  distended  apex  of  the  stalk,  tlfe  eel; 
lular  substance  of  wbich  separates  in  the  form  o? sporules.  There  are  also  in  mosses' 
organs,  called  anthers  \)y,  some,  which  do  not  apear  analagous  to  the  stamina  of* 
llovvering  plants;   and  the  nature  of  which  has  not  bepn  demonstrated. 

Lichens  are  propigated  by  sporules,  included  within  little  membranous  cases,  which 
lie  within  a  denuded  portion  ©f  Iheir  own  central  substance,  called  the  scutetlum^ 
apothecinm,  or  shield. 

Algae  increase  by  sporules,  which  are  usually  formed  by  a  separation  of  cellular 
tissue,  within  the  substance  of  the  plants  themselves. 

FcNGi  have  a  similar  mode  of  propagation.  In  some  of  the  most  highly  developed 
of  the  tribe,  the  part  in  which  the  sporules  lie,  is  distinct  in  appearance  from  the  rest, 
and  called  the  hjmenium.. 


68 


539 


NATURAL  METHOD  OF  ARRANGEMENT. 


Preceding  the  33d  pa^e,  where  the  descriptions  of  Genera  and  Species  of  plants 
commence,  the  genera  will  be  found  arranged  under  the  Natural  Orders,  which  are 
classified  in  the  following  system.  But  these  orders  are  there  inserted,  as  sub-divi- 
sions of  the  Old  Centigrade  of  Jussieu.  They  are  referred  to  by  Jussieu's  numbers, 
and  Lindley's  names.  From  that  arrangement  they  will  be  referred  to  the  fallowing 
arrangement;  which  is  according  to  Lindley's  improvements  of  1835 — received  since 
the  seventh  edition  of  the  Alanual  of  Botany  was  published.  Jussieu's  mnnhers  are 
prefixed  to  Lindley's  orders,  throughout  the  following  arrangement.  I  adopt  Lind- 
ley's plan  almost  servilely;  partly  because  it  is  approved  by  a  most  competent  bota- 
nist, who  has  faithfully  studied  American  plants  by  it. 

By  this  method,  plants  are  distributed  into — 1.  Cr.ASSF.s,  (or  Grand  Divisions;) 
2.  Sub-classes;  3.  Groups;  4.  Alliances;  5.  Orders;  6.  Genera;  7.  Species.  In 
this  condensed  view,  the  arrangement  is  continued  no  lower  than  the  Orders.* 

At  the  very  outset  of  his  system,  Lindley  says:  "  There  is  no  such  thing  as  an 
arrangement  which  shall  express  the  natural  relations  of  plants  in  a.  consecutive  series." 
But  it  appears  to  me,  that  he  has  done  much  towards  effecting  that  very  desirable 
object. 

CLASSES  ARE  THREE. 

CLASS  L  DICOTYLEDONOUS  or  EXOGENOUS.  Seeds  with  two  lobes 
(cotyledons)  to  each,  as  the  pea,  apple-seed,  peach-meat,  walnut.  The  stalks, 
trunks,  vines,  branches,  &c.,  encrease  their  growth  outside;  but  inside  of  the  bark. 
This  is  effected  by  the  induration  of  the  mucilage  or  cambium,  which  is  secreted  and 
deposited  b 'tween  the  wood  and  bark.  Their  tissue  (or  ultimate  organic  spherules) 
is  vascular  and  spiial.  The  leaves  are  net-veined.  The  floral  oigans  manifest  a 
tendency  to  the  number  five,  or  some  multiple  of  five;  as  the  five  petals  of  cherry 
flowers,  the  five  cells  of  apples,  the  ten  divisions  of  the  calyx  of  a  strawberry 
flower,   the  twenty  stamens  of  a  peach  (lower. 

This  class  embraces  much  the  largest  proportion  of  flowering  species;  and  their 
organization  is  the  most  complicated.  It  may  be  well  to  carrj'our  views,  in  this  par- 
ticular, to  these  vertebralcd  animals  which  are  the  most  complicated,  as  quadrupeds 
and  man;  whose  hands  and  feet  terminate  in  five  phalanges.  We  may  observe  the 
same  tendency  in  polij/ji,  which  inhabit  coral  rocks,  star-fish,  &c. 

Plants  of  this  class  are  reproduced  from  dicotyledonous  seeds.  Their  seeds  have 
a  kind  of  tegument,  or  double  tunic,  outside  of  their  cuticles;  with  but  few  excep- 
tions. The  exceptions  are  pines,  yew  trees,  cedars,  and  sago  plants,  (Cijcas.) 
These  may  be  called  Achiluspcrmous. 

Remark.  It  is  very  absurd  to  call  them  Chjmnospermae,  according  to  some;  for  this 
term  has  been  applied  for  a  century  to  the  absence  of  a  pericarp;  whether  the  seed 
had  Wildenow's  tunic  or  not.  Ackitospcnnac  is  more  appropriate,  and  does  not  in- 
volve the  absurdity  of  changing  the  meaning  of  a  long  established  and  necessary 
term.  The  letter  a,  (in  composition)  without,  achilon,  tunic  or  shirt,  sperma,  seed. 
Gr. 

*  See  the  enumeration  of  the  genera,  under  each  order,  which  precedes  p.  33. 


540  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

CLASS  II.  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS,  or  ENDOGENOUS.  Seeds  with  one 
lobe  to  each;  as  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  barley,  meadow  grass,  Hly  seed,  asparagus 
seed,  plantain  seed,  orchis  seed,  »&c.  The  stalk  or  culm  increases  its  growth  by 
additions  at  its  centre,  which  stretch  its  bark,  or  outside  envelope.  Tlie  tissue  is 
vascular  and  spiral.  Leaves  parallel  veined,  or  rather  lateral  veined,  not  netted;  as 
the  plantain  leaf,  corn  leaf,  onion  leaf,  wild  turnip  leaf,  tulip  leaf,  cat-tail  leaf,  «&c. 
The  floral  organs  exhibit  a  tendency  to  the  number  three,  or  some  multiple  of  three; 
as  the  three  stamens  of  all  proper  grasses,  the  .six  stamens  of  the  onion,  the  three 
stamens  and  three  stigmas  of  the  iris,  the  six  petals  and  stamens  of  lilies,  tulips,  and 
hyacinths. 

Seeds  are  necessary  to  the  reproduction  of  the  species.  But  there  are  a  few  strange 
plants  of  torrid  or  southern  districts,  which  are  semi-cryptogamous.  They  are 
propagated  by  a  grumous  fungioidal  seed  or  sporule.  They  are  arranged  under  the 
name  Rhizantheae  (Gr.  riza,  root,  uiithos,  flower.) 

CLASS  in.  ACOTYLEDONOUS,  or  ACROGENOUS.  They  have  no  coty- 
ledons; but  are  reproduced  from  sporules.  They  increase  their  growth,  mostly,  from 
their  tops  or  ends.  Their  tissue  is  cellular.  Leaves  with  forked  veins,  or  none. 
Floral  organs  none,  or  scarcely  analagous  to  those  of  flowering  plants.  Such  as 
mushrooms,  sea-weeds,  mould,  lichens,  mosses,  and  puff-balls. 

CLASS  FIRST. 

DICOTYLEDONOUS,  OR  EXOGENOUS, 

IS   DIVIDED   INTO   THREE    SCB-CLASSES.  * 

S.  C.  1st.  PoLYPET^vLAE.  Having  distinct  petals,  as  the  rose,  pink,  strawberry, 
locust  tree,  violet.  Some  have  the  edges  of  their  petals  cohering;  but,  in  such  cases, 
they  are  scarcely  joined  at  their  bases. 

S.  C.  2d.  Incomfletae.  Without  petals,  or  whose  floral  envelopes  are  herbaceous, 
and  imperfectly  developed.  The  calyx  is  generally  but  little  developed,  or  is  wanting. 
As  nettles,  walnut  trees,  oak,  elm,  willow,  sassafras,  pigrweed,  wild  ginger,  buck- 
wheat. 

S.  C.  3d.  MoNOPF.TAi.AE.  Having  but  one  petal,  or  rather  having  their  incipient 
petals  united  into  a  tube  or  ring  at  tiie  base:  as  mullein,  currant,  morning  glrfry, 
florets  of  sunflowers,  catnip,  potatoe.  The  style  of  a  monopetalous  flower  is  scarcely 
ever  divided. 

I.     POLYPETALOUS  SUB-CLASS. 

First.  Albuminous  Group  ok  Alliances.  Embryo  of  the  seed  shorter  and  smaller 
than  the  albumen. 

1st  Alliance.  Ranales.  Herbaceous:  carpels  single,  or  if  several  they  are  separable. 
If  united,  they  have  partitions  (parietal)  arising  from  the  placenta,  or  the  substance 
on  which  they  are  based. 

Q\.  Ranunculaccae.  Floral  envelopes  in  threes  or  fives.  Sap  transparent.  Anthers 
bursting  wilii  longitudinal  slits:  carpella  simple  distinct:  ]eaves  sheathing:  seeds 
without  arils,  embryo  minute,  albumen  solid,  hard,     (crow-foot,  virgin  bower,  colum- 

62.  Podtiphyllca.  Polypetalous:  anthers  bursting  by  longitudinal  slits;  carpella 
simple  solitary:  leaves  without  stipules:  seed  without  arils,  indefinite,  attached  to  a 
lateral  placenta:  embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen,     (mandrake.) 

62.  Fapaveraceob.  Floial  envelopes  in  threes  or  fours.  Sap  usually  milky.  Car- 
pella" concrete;  germ  1-celled:  placenta  narrow  parietal;  calyx  in  2  parts;  corol 
reo-ular.  Seed's  numerous;  albumen  fleshy  or  oily;  embryo  minute,  straight  at  the 
base  of'the  albumen,  plano-convex  cotyledons,     (poppy,  blood-root.) 

93.  Fitmariactic.  Stamens  diadelphous,  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  oner 
celled,  narrow  parietal  placentae:  con.l  irregular,     (fumitory.) 

62.  Nipnplnmrea.  Embryo  enclosed  in  a  vitellus.  Floaters.  Carpella  concrete: 
germ   many-celled.     Seeds  very  numerous,   attached  to   spongy  dissepiments,   and 

*The  second  and  third  classes  are  not  divided  into  sub-classes. 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  541 

enveloped  in  a  gelatinous  arillus.  Albumen  farinaceous;  embryo  small,  on  the  outside 
of  the  base  of  the  albumen,  enclosed  in  a  membranaceous  bag:  cotyledons  foliaceous. 
(pond  l.ly.) 

62.  Ndmahonea.  Ovaries  concealed  in  a  flesiiy  receptacle.  Floaters.  Polypeta- 
lous;  carpella  simple,  distinct,  immersed  in  a  tlesliy  seed-bed:  seeds  solitary  or  rarely 
2:  albumen  none;  embryo  large  with  two  flesliy  cotyledons  and  a  iiighly  developed 
plumula,  enclosed  in  its  proper  jnembrane;  leaves  lloating.     (sacred  bean.) 

2d  Alliance.     Anonnlcs.     Apocarpous,  woody  plants. 

75.  MagnoUaccoi.  Leaves  with  stipules,  without  dots.  Polypetalous:  stamens  with 
anthers  bursting  by  longitudinal  slils:  carpellae  numerous,  distinct,  simple:  leaves 
stipuled,  not  doited,     (wiiile  wood,  swamp  laurel/) 

75.  W'iiilcrca.  Leaves  with  stipules  arid  transparent  dots.  Polypetalous:  stamens 
with  anthers  bursting  by  longitudinal  slits:  carpella  distinct,  simple:  leaves  stipuled 
with  transparent  dots. 

76.  AnunacetE.  Flowers  perfect,  three-parted;  stamens  usually  distinct.  Polype- 
talous: anthers  bursting  by  longitudinal  slits:  carpellae  numerous,  simple,  distinct, 
(custard  apple.) 

3d  Alliance.     Umbellales.     Flowers  epigynous,  in  umbels:  stamens  usually  hollow. 

60.  UmbelUferea.  Carpellae  two,  concrete;  germ  didymous,  inferior:  ovula  pendu- 
lous: leaves  siieatliing  at  the  base:  fruit  consists  of  two  carpella  (little  fruit)  separable 
at  their  joining  sides  (called  commissure;)  each  is  traversed  by  elevated  ridges,  (often 
appear  ratlier  to  be  wings;)  ihe  ridges  are  separated  by  cliannels;  below  these  are 
tillets  consisting  of  colored  oily  matter,  a  linear  form,  in  tlie  very  substance  of  the 
fruit.  Seeds  pendulous,  usually  adhering  firmly  to  their  covering  tegument;  embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  abundant  horny  albumen;  radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum. 
(fennel,  carrot,  parsnip,  aiigehca,  poison  hemlock.) 

59.  Aridiucem.  Polypetalous;  carpellae  more  than  two,  concrete:  germ  inferior, 
with  several  cells;  ovula  solitary,  pendulous;  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base:  dowers 
umbellate;  embryo  in  the  base  of  a  fleshy  albumen,     (spikenard,  ginseng.)  ■ 

4th  Alliance.     Grossales.     Flowers  epigynous,  in  racemes.     Stems  solid. 

85.  Grossularia.  Placentae  parietal.  Polypetalous:  stamens  5:  carpellae  concrete: 
ge»m  inferior,  1-celled,  parietal  placentae:  fruit  berry;  petals  distinct,  (gooseberry, 
currant.) 

oth  Alliance.     Bcrhcralcs.     Apocarpons:  valves  of  the  anthers  curved  backwards. 
78.  BcrberidccB.     Polypetalous:    stamens   opposite  to   petals  with  anthers  opening 
with  lecurved  valves:  carpella  simple,  single:  dye  yellow,    (barberry,  poppoose-root.) 

6lh  Alliance.  Pittosporales.  Syncocarpous,  with  hypogenous  stamens,  and  the 
placenta  in  the  centre  of  the  fruit.    . 

72.  l^itcs.  Fruit  •2-celled,  seeds  few.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella 
concrete:  germ  1-celled,  entire;  flowers  regular:  ovules  definite  erect;  stem  with  ten- 
drils opposite  the  leaves:  sugary,     (grflpe,  creeper.) 

62.  Sarractnicce.  Stigma  leafy,  peltate.  Polypetalous:  stamens  indefinite,  distinct; 
carpella  concrete;  germ  of  several  cells  withi{)lacenta  in  the  axis;  calyx  regular  with 
imbricate  aestivation,  and  a  peltate  petaloid  permanent  stigma,     (side-saddle  lily.) 

Second.  Epigynose  Group  of  Alliances.  Ovary  infeiior,  usually  having  an 
epigynous  disk. 

1st  Alliance.  Onngrales.  Estivation  not  valvate:  placenta  central;  every  part  of 
the  flower  some  multiple  of  two. 

88.  OnusTtiriiB.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete;  germ  inferior, 
many-celled:  ovula  indefinite:  calyx  of  4  divisions,  anthers  roundish,  erect,  (willow- 
herb,  gaura.) 

88.  Circace(B.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  concrete  carpella:  germ  inferior, 
2-celled:  ovules  definite  erect,     (enchanter's  night-shade.) 

88.  Hnlnriinece.  Polypetalous:  stain  ms  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  inferior 
with  definite  pendulous  ovula:  embrj'o  in  tlie  midst  of  fleshy  albumen,  (mermaid- 
weed,  water-milfoil,  hippuris.) 


542  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT, 

2d  Alliance.  Mijrtahs.  Estivation  not  ^valvate.  Placenta  central.  Number  o 
parts  of  the  flower  uncertain. 

91.  Rhizophorca.  Stipules  between  the  leaves.  Stamens  double  the  number  of 
petals,  carpella  concrete:  germ  inferior,  2-celled;  ovules  pendulous,    (mangrove  tree.) 

90.  Mduslomac.cae..  Stamens  bent  downwards:  leaves  three,  or  more,  ribbed. 
Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete;  g-erm  inferior,  many-celled:  anther 
■  long,  indexed:  seeds  indefinite:  leaves  ribbed,  oppositei     (deer-grass,  rhexia.) 

b9.  Mijrtnce.cz.  Leaves  dotted,  with  an  inlra-marginal  vein.  Polypetalous:  sta- 
mens indefinite;  carpella  conciete:  germ  inferior,  concrete,  many-celled:  leaves  oppo- 
site, pellucid  dots,     (myrtle.) 

89.  Phlladelphc(B.  Leaves  not  dotted,  stamens  straight.  Polypetalous;  stamens 
indefinite;  carpella  concrete:  germ  inferior,  many-celled:  anthers  lound:  ovula  inde- 
finite,    (mock-orange.) 

3d  Alliance.     Cornalcs.     Estivations  of  flowers  valvate. 

78.  HumamelidecE.  Leaves  with  stipules.,  Polypetalous:  stamens  twice  the  number 
of  tlie  petals:  carpella  concrete:  germ  inferior,  '2-celled,  with  solitary  pendulous 
ovules:  leaves  alternate;  calyx  valve-like:  petals  litiear-involute.     (witch-hazel.) 

58.  Lortmlheot.  Paiasitical  plants,  bearing  the  stamens  on  the  petals.  Germ  in- 
ferior 1-celled:  ovulum  single,  pendulous;  stigma  naked:  stamens  opposite  to  lobes  of 
corol:  seeds  solitary,  pendulous;  testa  membranaceous;  embryo  cylindrical,  longer 
than  the  fleshy  albumen;  radical  naked,  clavale,  superior,     (misletoe. ) 

4th  Alliance.     Cucurbitahs.     Placentae  p.arictel. 

97.      Cuairhilacect.      Flowers   diclinous.      Monopetalous:   germ   inferior,    parietal 
placentse:  fruit  succulent:  seeds  flat  ovate,  enveloped  in  a  close  arilJus,  which  may  be 
juicy  or  dry;   testa  coriaceons,   with  a  thickened  margin  (see  pumpion  seed)  embryo 
flat;  albumen  none;   cotyledons  foliaceous,  veined;  radicle  next  the  hilum.     (cucum- ' 
ber,  gourd,  muekmelon,  watermelon,  punipkin,  squash.) 

Luaseae.     Flowers  with  a  ring  ot  abortive  stamens. 

85.  Vdctca.  Petals  extremely  numerous.  Polyptalous,  succulent:  fertile  stamens 
indefinite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  inferior,  1-celled,  parietal  placentse,  fruit-berried: 
calyx  and  corol  imbricate,     (prickly  pear.) 

5th  Alliance.     Ficoidalcs.     Petals  extremely  narrow  and  numerous. 

87.  FicoidccR.  Succulent:  polypetalous:  stamens  definite;  carpella  concrete:  germ 
inferior,  many-celled:  seeds  indefinite,  with  embryo  lying  on  the  outside  of  albumen, 
{fig,  ice-plant.)  * 

Third.     Parietose  Group  of  Alliances.     Placenta  parietal. 

1st  Alliance.     Crudalcs.     Embryo  curved.     Albumen  absent. 

63.  CrunifercB.  Polypetalous:  stamens  tetradynamous:  leaves  alternate;  root  mostly 
pungent:  loot  and  herbage  uvtisrorbniic  niidnidritiuus.  Seed  attached  in  a  single  row 
by  alunicule,  to  each  of  the  placentae  (seed-bases,)  arranged  along  within  the  silique 
or  silicle;  albumen  none;  embryo  with  the  ladicle  Iblded  upon  the  cotyledons.  Her- 
bage antiscorbutic,  seed  stomachic,  pungent,  (radish,  caubage,  mus.ard,  shepherd- 
purse,  water-cress.) 

64.  Cuppuridece.  Stamens  indefinite.  Polypetalous:  carpella  concrete:  germ  1- 
eelled,  pedicelled:  with  simple  parietal  placenta,  and  continuous  enlarged  disk;  seeds 
reniform.     (cleome,  fetid  mustard.) 

64.  Resedar.ece.  Fruit  composed  of  three  carpels.  Ovules  indefinite:  germ  1-cel- 
led, with  a  parietal  placenta,  dehiscent  fruit:  flowers  irregular,  partly  sterile;  embryo 
reniform.     Tonic,  used  in  dyeing,     (mignonette,  dyers  weed.) 

2d  Alliance.     Violalcs.     Stamens  few,  with  no  crown  to  the  flower. 

80.  Vlolaceai.  Leaves  with  stipules.  Polypetalous:-stamens  definite  (5):  carpella 
concrete:   germ  one-celled,  with   nairow   parietal  placentfe:   embryo  erect,     (violet.) 

68.  Dronerdccx.  Leaves  circinate  when  young.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite: 
carpella  concrete;  germ  1-celled,  with  narrow  parietal  ])lacent8B:  divisions  of  calyx 
5:  embryo  erect:  vernation  circinate.     (veniis' fly-trap,  sun-dew. ) 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  543 

3d  Alliance.  Passionales.  Flowers  with  a  ring  or  crown  of  sterile  stamens.  Peti- 
oles generally  glanilular. 

97.  Fussijiorae.  Leaves  with  stipules.  Polypetalous:  stamens  de'finite:  filamentous 
or  membranaceous  processes  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx:  carpr  Ha  concrete:  germ  superior, 
1-celled,  with  parietal^^placenlte:  leaves  glandular:  seeds  arilled:  seeds  attached  in 
rows  to  placentae,  with  a  bristle-sculptured  tcs^ta  .«;urrounded  by  an  arillus:  embryo 
straight  in  flesiiy  albumen;  ladicle  turned  towards  tiie  hilum;  cotyledons  liat,  leafy, 
(the  jassion-flower.) 

97.  Pajinyaccie.  Flowers  not  having  both  islamens  and  pistils.  Monopetalous; 
fiowers  regular,  diclinous:  germ  superior,  1-celled,  wilii  5  parietal  placentae:  seed 
enveloped  in  a  loose  mucous  coat  with  a  brittle  pitted  testas  embryo  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen:  cotyledons  flat;  radicle  terete,  turned  towaids  the  hilum.  (pawpaw 
tree.) 

88.  Tunieraccce.  Stipules  absent:  ovary  sessile;  crown  0.  Polypetalous:  stamens 
o  or  10:  carpella  concrete:  germ  superior,  1-celIed,  with  3  parietal  placenlae:  corol 
with  a  twisted  aestivation,     (false  rock-rose.)  ^ 

Fourth.  Calycose  Group  of  Aeliances.  Calyx  incompletely  whorled;  two  of  the 
sepals  being  exterior. 

1st  Alliance.  Guttales.  Polyandrous.  Albumen  absent.  Petals  equal  in  num- 
her  to  the  sepals. 

68.  Hijpericinea.  Styles  several.  Seeds  numerous.  Polypetalous:  stamens  in- 
definite, regular,  polyadelphous:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-celled  with  placentCB 
in  the  axis:  calyx  irregular  with  imbricate  cestivation:  seeds  imbricate;  yellow  resin- 
ous juice.     (John's-wort,  Peter' s"-wort.) 

2d  Alliance.  Theales.  Polyandrous.  Albumen  absent.  Petals  unequal  to  the 
sepals  in  number. 

70.  Ternstromiacece.  Stamens  adelphous,  indefinite,  carpella  concrete:  germ  many- 
celled  with  the  placentfB  in  the  axis:  calyx  imbricated,  many  leaved,  (tea,  holly- 
bay.) 

3d  Alliance.     Acerales.     Stamens  definite.     Flowers  unsymmetrical. 

C6.  AcerinecE.  Petals  without  appendages.  Fruit  indehiscent,  winged,  consisting 
of  two  carpels.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite;  calyx  imbricatft*  carpella  concrete: 
germ  of  several  cells  with  placentce  in  the  axis:  an  imbricated  axis:  flowers  irregular: 
ovules  erect,  definite:  petals  without  appendages:  fruit  winged,  (maple  tree,  box- 
elder.) 

65.  SapindiacfiCE.  Petals  having  scales  in  front.  Fruit  indehiscent,  consisting  of 
3  carpels.  A  disk.  Polypetalous:  stamens  irregularly  arranged  on  a  disk:  carpella 
concrete:  germ  many-celled  with  placenta?  in  the  axis:  calyx  imbricate:  flowers  irregu- 
lar: with  some  interior  appendages,     (heart-seed,  Indian  soap.) 

66.  HippocastaneccE,  or  Aescidacccc.  Petals  without  appendages:  fruit  dehiscent: 
Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-c  lied  with  the  pla- 
centae in  the  axis:  calyx  imbricate:  flowers  irregular:  leaves  palmate,    (horse-chesnut.) 

93.  PohjgalecB.  Flowers  papilionaceous.  Stamens  definite,  in  one  parcel:  carpella 
concrete:  germ  2-ceIled,  with  placentae  in  the  axis:  flowers  irregular:  ovules  definite, 
pendulous:  fruit  dehiscent,     (seneca  snake-root,  mountain  flax. ) 

4th  Alliance.     Cistales.     Flowers  regular,  albumen  present. 

86.  EtatinecE.  Stamens  equal  to  the  number  of  petals.  Polypetalous:  stamens 
distinct,  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-celled,  with  placentas  in  axis:  calyx 
imbricated:  flowers  regular:  seed  with  straight  embryo:  stigmas  capitate,  (mud 
purslane.) 

S"2.  Lineal.  Decandrous,  without  stipules.  Polypetalous;  stamens  definite:  car- 
pella concrete:  germ  entire,  many-celled,  with  placentce  in  the  axis:  calyx  regular, 
imbricate:  flowers  regular:  ovules  definite,  pendulous:  stigmas  capitate:  seeds  in 
each  cell  single,  compressed,  inverted:  albumen  usually  absent;  inner  lining  of  the 
testa  tumid:  embryo  straight,  fleshy,  with  the  radicle  pointing  towards  the  hilum; 
cotyledons  flat,     (flax.) 

80.  CislinecE.  Polyandrous:  style  simple:  radical,  remote  from  the  hilum.  Polype- 
talous: stamens  indefinite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  1-celled,  with  narrow  parietal 
placentse:  embryo  inverted,     (rock  rose,  plnweed,  false  heath. 


544  NATURAL    ARRANGEMEiVT. 

Fiftli.  Syncarpous  Group  of  Alliances.  Carpels  compactly  united,  and  disagree- 
ing with  the  four  preceding  groups,  in  their  essential  characters. 

1st  Alliance.     Malvalcs.     Estivation  of  calyx  valvate:  carpels  4  or  more. 

74.  Malvaceic.  Polypetalous:  stamens  monodelpliou.'!,  with  1 -celled  anthers:  car- 
pella  concrete:  germ  many-celled:  the  placentiE  in  the  axis:  caiy.x  wilh  valvate  aesti- 
vation: anthers  1-celled, 'bursting  longitudinally;  no  disk:  6eeds  sometimes  hairy; 
albumen  none,  oi  in  exceedingly  small  quantity;  embryo  curved,  with  twisted  and 
doubled  cotyledons,     (mallows,  "holly hoc'-,  tlower-of-an-hour.) 

79.  Tdiamc.  Polypetalous:  staniens  distinct:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-cell- 
ed, with  placentas  in  the  axis:  caly.T  vvilh  valvate  restivalion:  anthers  bursting  longi- 
tudinally:  glands  between  the  petals  and  germ,     (bassvvood,  lime-tree.) 

91.  Salicarur,  or  Lythrace.(Z.  Polypetalous:  carpeUa  concrete:  germ  superior, 
many-celled:  calyx  tubular,  with  short  teeth,  covering  the  capsule,  (swamp  willow- 
herb,  wax  bush.)     Stamens  on  a  tubular  calyx. 

2d  Alliance.     McUnks.     Estivation  of  calyx  imbricated:  carpels  four  or  more. 

71.  McliacecB.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite,  combined  in  a  long  tube:  carpella 
concrete:  germ  many-celled,  with  placentae  in  thfe  axis:  calyx  imbricate:  flowers 
symmetrical:  embryo  of  the  seed  straight,  wingless:  anthers  sub-sessile,  (bead- 
tree.) 

71.  Cedrelea.  Somewhat  monadelphous.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite,  com- 
bined in  a  tube:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-celled,  with  placentae  in  the  axis: 
calyx  imbricated:  flowers  symmetrical:  seeds  winged:  embryo  strait:  anthers  sub- 
sessile,     (mahogany.) 

70.  Auranddcca:.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many- 
celled,  entire:  flowers  symmetrical:  ovules  definite,  pendulous:  style  single:  fruit 
pulpy  without:  woody  axis  (core:)  seed  without  albumen:  leaves  doited,  (orange, 
lemon.) 

3d  Alliance.     Rhamnales.     Estivation  of  calyx  valvate:  carpels  fewer  than  four. 

95.  RhamnecE.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals.  Petals  cucullate:  germ  superior, 
(buckthorn,  new  jersey  tea.) 

4th  Alliance.  Eiiphorbiales.  Estivation  of  the  [calyx  imbricated;  carpels  fewer 
than  four. 

9G.  Eupkorhiacecc.  Apetalons:  ovules  definite,  suspended:  fruit  3-cel!ed,  3-seeded: 
flowers  diclinous:  embryo  in  the  midst  of  oily  albumen:  cotyledons  Hat;  radicle' 
superior,     (spurge,  caper,  castor-oil  plant,  box.) 

9.0.  Celtisiritiece.  Flowers  perfect:  petals  distinct.  Carpella  concrete:  germ  supe- 
rior, disk  fleshy:  leaves  without  stipules,     (false  bitter-sweet,  burning-bush.) 

95.  St.uphyUacecc.  Leaves  compound,  with  common  and  'jarlial  stipules.  Germ 
.superior,  many-celled,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk,     (bladder-nut.) 

5th  Alliance.  Silmahs.  Embryo  rolled  round  mealy  albumen;  or  herbs  wilh 
leaves  having  turned  joints. 

86.  Portulaccccc.  Sepals  two.  Polypetalous;  stamens  not  symmetrical:  carpella 
concrete:  germ  1-celled:  stamens  double  the  petals  in  number:  seeds  without  peri- 
carp; embryo  curved  around  the  albumen,     (purslane,  spring  beauty.) 

62.  Curynjiliyllece.  Scltnacccc,  or  Alsinacae.  Sepals  united  or  distinct,  4  or  5  in 
number.  Stamens  definite:  carpellae  concrete:  germ  with  placentae  in  the  axis:  calyx 
imbricated:  flowers  regular:  embryo  of  the  seed  coiled  round  mealy  albumen:  leaves 
with  herbaceous  stems,     (pink,  soap-wort,  sand- wort,  catch H}',  carpet- weed. ) 

30.  Illeccbrccc.  Leaves  with  stipules.  Polypetalous:  stamens  opposite  the' divi- 
sions of  the  calyx;  petals  minute,  or  wanting:  carpella  concrete;  germ  1-celled: 
leaves  with  scarious  stipules,     (forked  duckweed.) 

Sixth.  Gynobaseose  Group  of  Alliances.  Carpels  not  excefeding  five,  diverge 
ing  at  the  base,  arranged  in  a  single  row  around  an  elevated  axis  or  gynobase.  Sta- 
mens usually  separate  from  the  calyx  (or  hypogynous.) 

1st  Alliance.     Ruiales.     Style  single:  leaves  dotted. 

81.  Riitacerc.  Stipules  none.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete: 
germ  entire,  rnany-celled:  calyx  imbricated:  flowers  monoclinous,  regular:  fruit  cap- 
sular,    (rue.) 


NATURAL    ARRANGKMENt.  545 

81.  ZygophjLLiue.  Leaves  opposite.  Stipules.  Polypetaloiis:  stamens  definite: 
carpella. concrete:  germ  entire,  many  celleil:  calyx  imbricate:  flowers  re<rular:  ovules 
pendulous:  stamens  arisinjj  from  scales. 

94.  Zant/ioj-ijlnc.  Diclinous.  Stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete:  caly.>c  imbricate: 
ovules  pendulous:  fruit  a  drupe,  or  capsule,     (prickly  ash,  toothache  bush.) 

2d  Alliance.  Geruiual.es.  Styles  distinct— at  least  near  the  top:  carpels  com- 
bined. 

73.  Gcraniacca.  Folypetalous:  stamens  monadelphous:  carpella  concrete:  germ 
entire,  man3'-celled:  caly.x  imbricate:  flowers  symmetrical:  ovules  pendulou.*,  soli- 
tary: carpella  adhering  to  a  woody  axis.  Fruit  beaked,  formed  of  5  pieces  cohering 
around  a  lengthened,  indurated  axis,  each  piece  consisting  of  one  cell,  containing  one 
seed,  having  an  arillate  covering.  Seed  solitary,  pendulous,  without  albumen;  em- 
bryo curved;  radicle  pointing  to  the  base  of  the  cell;  cotyledons,  foliaceous,  convo- 
lute and  plaited,     (geranium,  herb  robert,  crane-bill.) 

73.  Baba/necB.  Fruit  not  beaked.  Folypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  con- 
crete: germ  5-celled,  with  placentse  in  the  axis:  calyx  imbricated:  flowers  irregular, 
spurred:  ovules  indefinite;  seetw  numerous,  suspended;  albumen  none;  embryo 
straight;  radicle  superior;  cotyledons  plano-convex.  (balsam-weed,  jewel-weed, 
touch-me-not.) 

73.  TropaolecE.  Folypetalous:  stamens  definite,  distinct:  carpella  concrete:  germ 
3-celled,  with  placenttB  in  the  axis;  calyx  imbricate,  with  one  of  the  divisions  spur- 
red: flowers  irregular:  "ovules  pendulous: '  seeds  large,  without  albumen;  embryo 
large;  cotyledonsslraiglit,  thick,  germ  single,  styles  J :  capsule  covered  by  the  calyx: 
seeds  numerous,      (nasturtion. ) 

73.  Oxalidm.  Fruit  not  beaked.  Folypetalous:  starnen.s  definite,  spread  or  at- 
.taclied  at  the  base:  carpella  concrete:  germ  many-celled,  placentjB  in  the  axis:  calyx 
imbricate:  seeds  few,  fixed  to  the  axis,  enclosed  within  a  fleshy  integument,  which 
curls  back  when  ripe,  and  scatters  the  seed;  albumen  fleshy-cartilaginous;  embryo  of 
the  length  of  the  albumen;  radicle  long,  pointing  to  the  hilum  and  foliaceous  coty- 
ledons,    (wood  sorrel.) 

Seventh.  Apocarpose  Group  of  Alliances.  Carpels  distinct,  separable  by  their 
faces,  01  solitary. 

1st  Alliance.     Rosalcs.     Albumen  wholly  absent. 

92.  Rosacea.  Flowers  quite  regular.  Styles  lateral:  germs  numerous,  simple: 
stamens  regular:  seeds  definite,  with  albumen;  embryo  straight,  with  a  terete,  short 
radicle,  pointing  to  the  hilum;  cotyledons  flat;  albumen  becoming  obliterated  in 
ripening,  or  remaining  fleshy:  leaves  alternate,  stipuled.  (rose,  strawberry,  rasp- 
berry, avchs  root,  steeple  bush.) 

92.  Paiitaceic.  Stamens  indefinite:  germs  adhering  to  the  calyx:  leaves  stipuled, 
alternate:  seeds  ascending,  solitary,  (becoming  double  arid  triple  by  culture;)  albu- 
men none;  embryo  erect;  'cotyledons  flattish;  radicle  short,  conical,  (apple,  thorn, 
quitice,  shad-hush,  thorn-bush,  mountain  ash.) 

92.  Ainyi^dulcB.     Germ  superior,  simple,  solitary,   with  a  terminal  style:  stamens 

regular,    indefinite:  fruit   drupaceous:    seed   suspended,    without   albumen;    embryd 

straight;   radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum;   cotyledons  thick:   leaves  stipuled,  alternate, 

'  simple.     Ahctiys  contain  pmssic  acid.     Astringent,  febrifuge;    seed  and  leaves  ofleti 

narcotic,     (peach,  plumb,  cherry,  almond.) 

92.  Sungiiisorbne.  Fetals  may  be  called  calyx  leaves:  germs  definite,  suspended: 
calyx  tubular,  indurated:  fruit  dehiscent:  leaves  stipuled,  alternate:  nut  solitary,  in- 
closed in  the  tube  of  the  calyx:  seed  solitary;  embryo  without  albumen;  radicle 
superior;  cotyledons  large,   plano-convex,     (burnet,  burnt  saxifrage,  lady's  mantle. ) 

93.  Lesuniinosecp..  I^egume-bearing,  with  the  radicle  next  the  Jiilum.  Germs  su- 
perior, solitary,  simple,  with  a  terminal  style:  stamens  definite:  fruit  leguminous: 
seeds  attached  to  the  upper  suture;  embryo  either  straight,  or  with  the  radicle  bent 
on  the  cotyledons;  albumen  none;  cotyledons  expanding  below,  or  above  ground: 
leaves   stiped,  alternate,     (pea,  indigo,  locust  tree,  peanut,  clover.) 

92.  Cknjsohuhineic,  or  Mimoseae.  Germ  superior,  solitary;  style  from  its  base: 
petals  and  stamens  irregular:  fruit' drupaceous:  leaves  stipuled,  simple,  okernate: 
seed  mostly  solitary,  erect;  embryo  with  fleshy  cotyledons,  and  no  albumen,  (sensa- 
tive  plant.) 

69 


546  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

92.  Cahjcanfhem.  Petals  very  numerous.  Stamens  definite:  divisions  of  the  calyx 
numerous,  imbricated:  germs  inclosed  in  a  fleshy  tube:  seeds  suspended,  rarely  as- 
cending; embryo  straight:  radicle  short,  terete,  pointing  to  the  hilum:  cotyledons 
flat;  albumen  becomes  almost  obliterated  in  ripening:  anthers  turned  outwards; 
leaves  opposite,  without  stipules.     (Carolina  iiispice.) 

2d  Alliance.  Suxal.cs.  Carpels  two,  diverging:  seeds  very  numerous,  with  albu- 
men. 

84.  Saxifragem.  Leaves  alternate.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  ovaria  adher- 
ing more  or  less  to  the  calyx,  and  to  each  other:  seeds  indefinite:  stipules,  (saxi- 
frage, mitrewort,  alum  root,  grass  of  parnassus. ) 

3d.  Alliance.     Crasziiles.     Carpels  several:  seeds  very  numerous,  with  albumen. 
83.   Crassulaceie..     Polypetalous,  succulent:   stamens  definite:   germs  superior,  dis- 
tinct, surrounded,  at  the  base  by  scales.     (Virginia  orpine,  house  leek,  liveforever.) 

4th     Alliance.     BaLsamns.     Abounding  in  balsamic  juice. 

94.  Anajridca.  Stamens  definite;  anthers  bursting  by  longitudinal  slits:  carpella, 
distinct,  simple:  leaves  dotted,  without  stipules:  seeds  without  albumen;  cotyledons 
fleshy;  radicle  superior,  very  short. 

94.  Anacardiacea:.  Germ  superior,  simple:  leaves  without  dots  or  stipules,  (su- 
mach, poison  ivy,  poison  ash.) 

II.     INCOMPLETE  SUB-CLASS. 

First.  Rectembrose  Group  of  Alliances.  Calyx  very  imperfect:  embryo  straight. 
1st  Alliance.     Amentales.     Flowers  in  catkins.     Carpels  several. 

99.  Ciqndiferecv.  Pifitillate  flowers  surrounded  by  a  cupnlea.  Apetalous:  ovules 
definite,  pendulous,  2  or  more  in  each  ceil:  flowers  in  aments:  ovaria  inferior,  single, 
inclosed  in  a  cup:  leaves  alternate,  stiped,  with  veins  straiglit  from  the  mid-rib'to  the 
margin:  fruit  a  bony,  coriaceous  i-celled,  nut  more  or  less  inclosed  in  the  cup-like  in- 
volucre or  perianth:  seed  solitary;  'embryo  large,  with  plano-convex,  fleshy  cotyle- 
dons;  radicle  minute,  superior.     Trees,     (oak,  iiazle  nut,  chesnut,  beech.) 

99.  BehiUnca.  Pistilla^flowers  in  scaly  catkins.  Aclilamideous:  germ  2-celled: 
seeds  definite,  penduloasWlowers  in  aments:  seed  pendulous,  naked;  albumen  none; 
embryo  straight;  radicle  superior,     (alder,  hop-hound  beam,  birch,  blue  beech.) 

2d  Alliance.  Urticales.  Carpels  solitary,  or  several:  stems  continuous  without 
sheaths. 

98.  UriicecB.  Leaves  rough:  anthers  bursting  longitudinally.  Apetalous:  ovula 
definite:  calyx  inferior:  stipules  distinct:  fruit  a  simple  indehiscent  nut,  surrounded 
either  by  a  membranous  or  fleshy  calyx:  embryo  straight  curved,  or  spiral,  with  or 
without  albumen;  radicle  superior,  remote  from  the  hilum;  cotyledons  face  to  face. 
Bark  tough,     (nettle,  hop,  hemp.) 

98.  Artocarpecp.  or  Moreae.  Apetalous,  lactescent:  flowers  in  fleshy  heads:  ovula 
definite,  suspended:  leaves  alternate,  stiped:  seed  suspended,  solitary;  embryo  in- 
verted; radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum,  straight;  inside  or  outside  of  the  albumen.  The 
poison  Upas  and  Caoutohoue  tree,  are  here,     (mulberry  tree.) 

88.  CeratophyllecB.  Ovula  definite,  pendulous:  flowers  solitary:  germ  1-celled: 
calyx  many-parted,     (horn-wort. ") 

96.  Ew/ietrecc.  Flowers  hypogynous.  Apetalous:  ovules  definite,  ascending:  calyx 
leaves  inferior,  distinct, -imbricated:  stamens  distinct:  seeds  solitary,  ascending; 
embryo  terete,  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy,  watery,  albumen;  radicle  inferior,  (black 
crow-berry.) 

99.  MijricecB.  Aromatic,  with  hypogynous  flowers.  Achlamydeous:  germ  1-celled: 
ovules  erect:  embryo  naked:  flowers  amentaceous:  seeds  solitary,  erect;  embryo  with- 
out albumen;  cotyledons  plano-convex;  radicle  short,  superior,  (sweet-fern,  bay- 
berry.) 

94.  Jwrlandecc.  Semi-balsamic,  with  epigynous  flowers.  Trees.  Ovules  ascend- 
ing: flowers  in  aments:  calyx  superior:  fruit  dry-drupaceous,  1-celled:  seeds  4-lobed; 
embryo  of  the  form  of  the  .seed;  no  albumen;  cotyledons  fleshy,  2-!obed,  wrinkled; 
r?  :icle  superior,     (butter-nut,  walnut.) 


NATURAL    ARRANOEME^fT.  547 

3d  Alliance.    Ulmalcs.     Leaves  rough,  carpels  two. 

99.  Ulmacea.  Apetalous:  ovula  definite,  suspended:  dowers  solitary  or  loosely 
clustered:  fruit  2-celled,  dehiscent:  leaves  scabrous,  alternate,  stipuled:  seeds  solitary 
pendulous;  albumen  none,  or  scarcely  any;  embryo  with  foliaceous  cotyledons;  radicle 
superior,     (elm,  nettle  tree.) 

4th  Alliance.     Dallscnies.     Seeds  numerous.     Leaves  alternate. 

9S.  Datiscccc.  Flowers  epigynous.  Apetalous:  ovules  indefinite:  germ  1 -celled, 
with  ])arielal  placentae:  fruit  dehiscent:  flowers  dioecious:  seeds  in  membranous 
reticulated  integument;  embryo  straight;  albumen  none;  radicle  turned  towards  the 
hilum.     (false  hemp,  paper  mulberry.) 

Second.     Achlamydose  Group  of  Alliances.     Calyx  and  corol  altogether  absent. 

]st  Alliance.     Pijieralcs.     Flowers  in  spikes.     Apocarpous. 

98.  SaururecB.  Leaves  alternate:  carpels  several.  Achlamydeous:  (no  calyx  nor 
corol:)  carpellse  4:  ovules  ascending:  seeds  with  a  membranaceous  integument; 
embryo  minute,  in  a  fleshy  lentiform  seed,  outside  of  a  hard  albumen,  remote  from 
the  hilum.     (lizard  tail. ) 

98.  Piperaceie.  Leaves  alternate:  carpelssolitary.  Achlamydeous:  germ  1-celled: 
ovules  erect:  embryo  enclosed  in  a  sack  at  the  end  of  the  seed  opposite  the  hilum, 
outside  of  the  albumen,     (pepper.) 

2d  Alliance.     Salicalcs.     Flowers  in  catkins.     Apocarpous. 

99.  Salicivea.  Many-seeded.  Acldamydeous:  1  or  2-celied  ovarium:  seeds  inde- 
finite comose:  flowers  amentaceous:  seeds  adhering  below,  comose;  albumen  none; 
embryo  erect;  radicle  inferior,     (willow,  poplar.) 

99.  Plutanea.  One-seeded.  Achlamydeous:  germ  1-celled:  ovules  pendulous: 
leaves  alternate:  flowers  amentaceous:  seeds  solitary,  (rarely  in  pairs,)  pendulous, 
elongated;  testa  thick;  embryo  long,  terete,  lying  m  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albumen; 
radicle  turned  to  the  extremity,  (or  opposite,)  the  hilum.  (button-wood  tree,  sweet 
gum.) 

100.  Coniferea  or  Balsamacr.ai.  Many-seeded:  seeds  purely  naked:  resinous  trees, 
with  branched  trunks;  leaves  simple  with  parallel  veins:  seeds  witli  hard  crustaceous 
integuments;  embryo  in  flesh}',  oily,  albumen,  with  opposite  cotyledons;  radicle  next 
the  apex  of  the  seed,     (pine  tree,  juniper,  yew  tree,  cypress,  tree  of  life.) 

3d  Alliance.     Podnstemnles.     Carpels  two,  united:  seeds  indefinite. 
7.  Fluvialcs,   or  Podostciriiue.ic.     Caulescent,  floating,  no  albumen:  embryo  with  a 
slit:  stamens  definite:  dry  superior  fruit,  with  pendulous  seeds.     Water. 

5th  Alliance.      Callitric/ialcs.     Carpels  several. 

88.  CaUiliichinea.  Sub-achlamydeous,  herbaceous:  germ  4-celled:  seed  peltate, 
solitarj'.     (water  chickweed.) 

Third.  Tubiferous  Group  of  Alliances.  Calyx  tubular,  often  resembling  a  corol; 
and  not  agreejng  in  character  with  other  groups. 

1st  Alliance.     Daphnales.     Calyx  with  imbricated  estivation.     Carpels  solitary. 

24.  Elaeagneae.  Stamen^  distinct:  leaves  scurfy.  Apetalous,  with  definite  erect 
ovules:  a  tubular  inferior  calyx,  with  alternating  stamens:  leaves  leprous:  mostly 
dioecious:  calyx  rather  inferior.  Trees  or  shrubs  covered  with  leprous  scales;  leaves 
alternate  or  opposite,  entire,  stipuled. 

25.  Thymeleiie.  Stamens  distinct:  leaves  smooth.  Apetalous,  with  definite  pen- 
dulous ovules;  germ  superior,  1-celled:  leaves  without  stipules.  Shrubby.  Flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes,     (leather-wood,  moose- wood.) 

2d  Alliance.     Laureates.     Valves  of  the  anthers  curved  backwards. 

27.  Lnuriaeae.  Leafy,  arborescent,  aromatic  plants,  with  fleshy  cotyledons.  Aro- 
matic, with  definite  suspended  ovules,  and  bursting  by  recurved  valves.  Trees  and 
shrubs:  flowers  panicled  or  umbelled.     (sassafras,  spice-bush,  camphor.) 


548  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

Fourth.  Coli;mnose  Group  of  Alliances.  Stamens  delphous:  ovary  about  six- 
celled — especially  if  the  flower  is  epigynous. 

1st  Alliance.     Arislolocludcs.     Flowers  epioyndus. 

23.  Aristolochiac.  Ovules  indefinite:  germ  many-celled:  calyx  valve-like:  sub- 
monoecious:  calyx  superior,  tubular:  style  axillaiy,  dull,  solitary.  J[\^'lld  ginger- 
root,  birth- wort.) 

Fifth.  CuRVEMBROSE  Group  of  Alliances.  Embryo  curved  around  the  albumen, 
or  having  the  form  of  a  horseshoe  or  spiral:  calyx  rarely  tubular. 

1st  Alliance.     Chenopodaks.     Albumen  presents  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

30.  Amarantaccfie.  Apetalous:  flowers  dry  with  numerous  bracts:  seeds  erectj 
embryo  curved  round  a  mealy  albumen:  radicle  next  the  hilum:  stamens  hypogynous: 
calyx  scarious  bracteolate.     (batchelor  button,  amaranth,  coxcomb.) 

29.  Chcnnpndeiie.  Apetalous:  flowers  herbaceous:  carpels  solitary:  seeds  erect, 
with  a  curved  embryo;  radicle  next  the  hilum:  herbaceous:  calyx  not  bracted.  (beet 
pig-weed,  oak-of-jerusalem,  spinage,  salt-wort.) 

29.  Phytulacceac.  Apetalous:  flowers  colored:  carpelsseveral:  ovula  erect,  definite: 
calyx  inferior,  many-leaved:  stamens  perigynous,  distinct:  germ  many-celled,  embryo 
rolled  in  a  mealy  albumen;  radicle  next  the  hilum:  stigmas  terminal,     (poke-weed.) 

2d  Alliance.     Polygonales.     AlbuiilBn  present:  radicle  ovary,  from  the  hilum. 

28.  Pohjgoncae.  Calyx  and  corol  in  One:  ovula  erect,  definite:  stipules  ochreous: 
radicle  distant  from  the  hilum:  leaves  alternate,  stipuled.  (buckwheat,  dock  rhu- 
barb.) 

3d  Alliance.     Sclsrales.     Tube  of  the  calyx  hardended. 

30.  Sclernntkeae.  Apetalous:  border  of  the  calyx  herbaceous:  a  single  seed  attach- 
ed to  a  cord  arising  from  the  base  of  the  cell:  calyx  inferior  tubular  indurated:  stamens 
perigynous:  an  embryo  curved  round  me%]y  albumen;  radicle  next  the  hilum.  (gravel 
chick-weed.)  4 

32.  Ntjctaginean.  Apetalous:  ovula  ascending:  calyx  with  a  petaloid  border,  inferi- 
or, tubular,  hardening  at  the  base:  stamens  hypogynous:  embryo  surrounding  floury 
albumen,     (four-o'clock.) 

4lh  Alliance.  Cocadares.  Albumen  present.  Flowers  of  ternary  structure,  dich- 
lamydeous. 

77.  3Jmisperme(B.  Polypetalous:  carpella  simple,  distinct:  flowers  diclinous, 
minute:  stem  shrubby,   twining,     (moonseed.) 

III.     MONOPETALOUS  SUB-CLASS. 

First.  PoLYCARPOus  Group  OF  Alliances.  Flowers  hypogynous  (rarely  epigynous,) 
ovary  composed  of  many  carpels. 

1st  Alliance.     Ericales.     Anthers  opening  by  pores:  carpels  4,  .5,  or  more. 

51.  Pi/rolacccc  or  Monotropacea.  Flowers  regular:  germ  superior,  many-seeded:  style 
single  declined:  author  2  celled:  dry,  appendaged:  seeds  winged  minute;  embryo 
minute,  inverted,  at  the  extremity  of  a  fleshy  albumen,  (pririce's  pine,  pear-leaf,  bird- 
nest,  albany  beechdrops.) 

51.  Ericea.  Shrubby  without  stipules:  flowers  regular:  ovary  superior,  many- 
seeded:  style  single:  anthers  2-celled,  dry,  appendaged:  seeds  without  wings,  minute 
with  the  embryo  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen;  testa  firmly  adhering  to  the  nucleus; 
radicle  opposite  the  hilum.  Leaves  of  some  evergreen,  (honeysuckle,  wintergreen, 
laurel.) 

51.  Vaccinrm.  Ovary  inferior:  corol  regular:  fruit  succulent:  ovules  indefinite; 
anthers  spurred:  leaves  alternate:  seeds  minute:  embryo  slraiglit,  in  the  axis  of  a 
fleshy  albumen:  cotyledons  very  short;  radicle  long,  inferior,  (whortleberry,  cran- 
berry.) 

2d  Alliance.     Primulales.     Anthers  bursting  longitudinally:  carpels  4  or  5. 

35.  Prirmdacea.  Herbaceous:  flowers  regular,  stamens  opposite  to  divisions  of 
petals:  germ  entire,  superior,  1-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta:  fruit  capsular, 
Herbaceous,     (primrose,  chick  wintergreen,  loosestrife. ) 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  549 

48.  Sapoteae.  Milky  plants.  Calyx  and  corol  double.  Germ  with  several  cells: 
flowers  regular,  ovules  erect  definite:  corol  imbricate:  seeds  with  a  bony  coat. 

49.  Ebeiiaccit.  Watery  plants,  with  twice  as  many  stamens  as  i)etals.  Germ 
superior,  many-celled:  tlowers  regular,  diclinous:  ovules  collateral  definite,  pendu- 
ous:  corol  3— 6-lobed,  with  stems  a  multiple  of  the  lubes:  seeds  albuminous,  (ebony 
,vood.) 

71.  Slijraceae.  Monopetalous:  germ  inferior,  many-celled;  ovula  definite:  leaves 
alternate,     (benzoin.) 

9').  liicintiE  or  AciiifoliacetB.  Watery  plants.  Stamens  and  sepals  same  number. 
Germ  superior,  2  or  6-celled:  flowers  regular:  corol  4  toG  lobed.  (holly  winter  berry.) 

3d  Alliance.     Volvales.     Carpels  from  2  to  4. 

44.  Convolvulaccac.  Twining  plants;  some  are  leafless  with  spiral  embryo.  Germ 
2  to  4-celled:  flowers  regular;  ovules  definite  erect:  corol  plaited:  cotyledons  shrivel- 
led,    (morning  glory,  sweet  potatoe,  dodder.) 

45.  Poknioniuccfic.  Erect  plants,  with  imbricated  corol,  and  3  carpels.  Flowers 
regular:  germ  superior,  3-ceIled,  peltate  or  ascending  ovules,  and  a  pentandrous  5- 
parted  corol:  estivation  imbricated,     (greek  valerian,  lichnidia,  phlox.) 

44.  HijdioLeaceac.  Qerrn  superior,  2  or  3-celled:  styles  numerous:  seeds  indefinite; 
corol  plaited  or  imbricated,     (bind-vveed,  morning  glory,  dodder.) 

Second.  Epigynose  Group  of  Alliances.  '  Flowers  epigynose.  Ovary  composed 
of  two  or  many  carpe's. 

1st  Alliance.     Campunales.     Stipules  absent.     Seeds  indefinite. 

52.  Lohelinctot.  Milky:  germ  inferior:  corol  irregular:  stamens  syngenesious 
(united  anthers)  ovula  indefinite^  leaves  alternate:  pollen  oval.  Acrid  when  they 
contain  milk,  mosiXy  poi  so  turns .     (wild  tobacco,  cardinal  Hovver.) 

52.  CainpanulucecB.  Milky:  germ  inferior:  corol  regular:  fruit  capsular;  ovules 
indefinite:  leaves  alternfite:  pollen  romi'd.  (venus'  looking-glass,  bell-flower,  hair-bell.) 

2d  Alliance.     Cinchonales.     Stipules  between  the  leaves. 

57.  CinrJioncx.  Albumen  present.  Germ  inferior:  leaves  entire  opposite,  with, 
intermediate  stipules,     (peruvian  bark,  button  bush,  partridge  berry.) 

3d  Alliance.     Caprealcs.     Stipules  none.     Seeds  definite  in  number. 

58.  Caprifoliacca.  Germ  inferior,  many-celled;  ovula  pendulous:  leaves  opposite 
without  stipules:  seeds  either  solitary,  pendulous,  or  numerous  and  attached  to  the 
axis;  testa  often  bony;  embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen;  radicle  superior,  (horse- 
ginseng,  dy  honey-S\ickle,  elder,  dog-wood,  linnea. ) 

4th  Alliance.     St.ellales.     Fruit  double:  leaves  whorled,  with  no  stipules. 
57.   SleUalae.  Leaves  scabrous,  stellate,  or  whorled:  fruit  didymous;  ovules  solitary, 
erect:  stems  angular:  stipules  none,     (bed-straw,  goose-grass,  madder.) 

Third.  Aggregose  Group  of  Alliances.  Ovary  consisting  of  but  one  perfect 
carpel. 

1st  Alliance.     Astrules.     Anthers  syngenesious. 

53.  Cichoraceae.  Sap  generally  milky,  bitter:  florets  all  ligulate  and  perfect:  corols 
mostly  yellow,  rarely  blue.  They  are  hawkweed-like  ( Hieraceae)  (succory,  endive, 
hawkweed)  or  dandelion-like  ( Taroxaccac )  (dandelion,  vegetable  oyster,  lettuce.) 

54.  Cincroce/jliiilae.  Corols  tubular:  receptacles  fleshy  and  chafty:  stigma  above 
the  style  articulated;  egret  somewliat  rigid:  leaves  alternate,  sometimes  spinose; 
flowers  capitate.  They  are  mostly  \.bisi\e-li\ie  ( Carduaceae J  (thistle,  burdock,  mary- 
gold.) 

55.  Corymhifcrne.  Florets  tubular-ligulate,  mostly  radiate:  receptacle  scarcely 
fleshy:  stigma  above  the  style  not  articulated:  inflorescence  often  corymbed.  They 
are  elicampane-like  ( //(«/«e^  (life-everlasting,  elecampane,  marygold;)  slar-flower-like 
( Astiretic )  (fiea-batie,  golden  rod,  daisy;)  boneset-like  ( F.tiputorinc/ic )  (coltfoot, 
boneset,  ragwort;)  sunflovver-Iike  ( Hidiitutheuc)  (sunflower,  beirgar-tick,  ox-pyed 
daisy; )  mayweed-hke  ( Aathciaidenc )  (tansoy,  yarrow; )  hogweed-like  (  Amhrosinceae. ) 
Note.  The  Ambrosia  is  scarcely  entitled  to  a  place  in  this  alliance,  (hogweed^ 
clott-bur,  highwater  shrub. ) 


550  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

2d  Alliance.     Dipsalcs.     Anthers  distinct.     Flowers  epigynous. 

5G.  Dipsacea.  Carpel  solitary:  germ  inferior,  1-celled:  flowers  capitate:  anthers 
distinct:  seeds  pendulous,  albuminous,     (teasel,  scabious.) 

56.  Valeridiicae.  Carpels  triple,  two  of  them  abortive:  germ  1-celled:  stamens 
distinct:  seeds  exalbuminous,  pendulous,     (nervine  valerian,  lamb-lettuce.) 

3d  Alliance.     Pluiitales.     Style  single;  stigma  naked. 

31.  Pluntagincne.  Fruit  spuriously  double  celled.  Tetrandrous;  inner  calyx  (corol 
of  some)  monophyllous:  germ  superior,  2  to  4-celled:  stigma  simple  filiform:  flowers 
spiked:  pericarp  membranous,  dehiscent  transversely,     (plantain,  ribwort.) 

4th  Alliance.     Plumhn.les.     Styles  five:  flowers  formed  upon  the  quinary  plan. 
33.    Pluinbagineae.     Germ  superior,   1-celled,   containing  one  ovulum  suspended 
from  the  apex  of  a  corol;  stigma  naked,     (sea-lavender,  marsh-rosemary.) 

Fourth.  Labiose  Group  of  Alliances.  Flowers  hypogynous,  unsymmetrical: 
ovary  composed  of  two  carpels. 

1st  Alliance.     Lahiahs.     Ovules  from  two  to  four,  in  each  carpel. 

42.  Labiateae.  Germ  superior:  fruit  divided  into  four  lobes:  flowers  irregular, 
whorled,  spiked,  or  capitate:  seeds,  erect,  with  little  or  no  albumen;  embryo 
erect;  cotyledons  flat,    (sage,  rosemary,  mint,  savory,  pennyroyal,  catnip,  scull-cap.) 

41.  Verbenaceae.  Germ  superior  undivided,  a  terminal  style:  flowers  irregular: 
fruit  indehisceiit,  2  to  4-celled,  opposite  to  the  leaves;  seeds  solitary  with  an  inferior 
radicle,     (vervain,  fog-fruit.) 

2d  Alliance.     Bignonialcs.     Neither  albumen  nor  liooks  to  the  seeds. 

28.  Beironinccac.  Seeds  winged:  gerui  3-celled,  winged:  ovules  on  indefinite  irre- 
gular imbricate  calyx:  stipules  membranaceous. 

40.  Pefl/i linen e.  Germ  superior,  becoming  woody  nut-like  fruit:  flowers  irregular: 
seed  without  albumen,     (unicorn  plant,  oily  grain.) 

3d  Alliance.     Secrophulales.     Seeds  numerous,  with  albumen. 

37.  Scrnphdnrineae.  Leafy  plants,  with  superior  ovary:  capsule  superior,  2-celled: 
flowers  irregular:  seeds  indefinite;  embryo  included  within  tleshy  albumen;  radicle 
turned  towards  the  hilum.     (fo.\-glove,  culver's  physic,  snake  head.) 

36.  Orobaiichcac.  Leafless  plants  with  a  minute  embryo.  Plants  destitute  of 
green  herbage,  parasitical:  germ  superior,  1-celled:  tlowers  irregular:  seeds  indefinite, 
very  minute;  embryo  minute,  inverted  in  the  apex  of  fleshy  albumen:  herbaceous, 
leafless,  of  a  dull  yellowish  white,     (squaw-root,  beech-drop.) 

4th  Alliance.  Acontliahs.  Seed  without  albumen,  with  hooks.  Calyx  remarkably 
imbricated. 

39.  Acanthaceae.  Capsule  superior,  2-celled:  irregular  flowers:  flowers  imbricated, 
(malabar-nut,  water-willow.) 

5th  Alliance.     Lentibules.     A  free  central  placenta. 

35.  Lenlibulurine.  Flowers  irregular:  germ  superior,  1-celled,  with  a  free  central 
placenta,     (bladder-wort,  butler- wort.) 

Fifth.  DiCARPOHS  Group  of  Alliances.  Flowers  hypogynous  and  symmetrical. 
Ovary  composed  of  two  carpels. 

1st  Alliance.  Gentiannles.  Flowers  symmetrical.  Carpels  standing  at  the  right 
and  left  of  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

46.  Gcntinneae.  Corol  withers  on  the  fruit.  In  estivation  imbricated.  Flowers 
reo-ular:  germ  superior,  1  or  2-celled:  corol  withering,  imbricated:  seeds  indefinite: 
fruit  capslilar:  leaves  sessile,  entire,  (gentian,  venus'  pride,  floating  heart,  buck- 
bean.) 

46.  Spigeliaceact.  Estivation  of  corol  valvate.  Flowers  regular:  gerra  superior, 
2-celled,  with  several  ovules:  corol  valve-like:  fruit  dry:  leaves  opposite.  (Carolina 
pink-root.) 

47.  Apocijneae.  Sap  milky:  estivation  contorted:  stamens  partly  distinct.  Germ 
superior,  double;  apex  connected  by  a  simple  stigma:  flowers  regular:  pollen  powdery: 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  -  551 

corol  contorted:  seeds  with  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  albumen;  testa  simple;  embryo 
foliaceous;  pluinula  inconspicuous;  radicle  turned  towards  the  hiluni.  (dogbane, 
wandering  milkweed,  choak  dog. 

47.  Agclipiddcae.  Anthers  grow  to  the  stigma:  sap  milky.  Germ  double,  superior, 
apex  of  wliicli  is  connected  by  a  dilated  stigma:  llowers  regular,  pollen  glutinous, 
corol  contorted:  seeds  numerous,  imbricated,  pendulous;  albumen  thin;  embryo 
straight;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  radicle  superior;  plumula  inconspicuous,  (milk-weed, 
butlerily  weed,  periwinkle.) 

2d.     Alliance.     Oleules.     Diandrous. 

34.  Oleaccnc.  Estivation  of  corol  valvate.  Flowers  regular:  germ  superior,  2- 
celled,  with  pendulous  seeds:  stamens  2:  corol  valvate.  Fraxihus  is  often  apetalous. 
(olive  lilac,  fringe-tree,  prim,  ash.) 

34.  Jasmmuc.  Estivation  of  corol  imbricate.  Flowers  regular:  germ  superior, 
2-celled:  seeds  erect:  stamens  2:  corol  imbricate,     (jasmine.) 

3d  Alliance,     Echialcs,     Inflorescence  gyrate. 

Borairinetr.  Fruit  deeply  lobed.  Flowers  regular:  germ  superior,  deeply  lobed: 
stems  round:  nuts  4,  distinct;  seed  separable  from  its  integument,  (affectedly  called 
pericarp,)  without  albumen;  embryo  with  a  superior  radicle;  cotyledons  parallel 
with  the  axis,  plano-convex,  (sometimes  the  cotyledons  are  doublfi.)  (borage,  cum- 
fry.  houn-tongue,   bugloss.)  .r.  jh,    ' 

43.  HeUotropicccc.  Flowers  regular:  ge^'"superior,  4-celled  with  solitary  pendu- 
lous ovules:  seeds  with  plano-convex  coiyledons,  exalbuminous,  pendulous,  solitary; 
embryo  with  minute  radicle  curved  downwards,  and  turned  towards  the  hilum. 
(turnsole.) 

43.  Hijdrophyllea.  Flowers  regular:  germ  superior,  1-celled,  with  ovules  attached 
to  parietal,  or  fungous,  stalked  placenta:  stigma  naked:  embryo  terete,  lying  towards 
the  end  of  the  abundant,  sub-cartilaginous  albumen;  radicle  superior,  next  to  the 
hilum.     (bur- flower,  water-leaf) 

4th  Alliance.  Solunnles.  Flowers  symmetrical.  Carpels  standing  forward  and 
backward  of  the  axis  of  inflorescence. 

38.  Sniunene.  Embryo  curved;  cotyledons  cylindrical.  Flowers  regular:  germ 
superior 'i-celled:. ovules  indefinite:  corol  plaited:  fruit  succulent;  leaves  alternate: 
s°eds  numerous  sessile;  embryo  more  or  less  curved;  often  out  of  the  center,  lying  in 
fleshy  albumen;  radicle  next  the  hilum.  Poisonvus  fruit  and  herbage,  with  nutriliuos 
tcliolesome  roots,     (potatoe,  red  pepper,  tobacco,  mullein,  henbane.) 

AcHiTOSPEKMous*  Plants.  These  are  the  only  phenogamous  plants  whose  seeds 
are  destitute  of  tunics,  or  other  covering,  outside  of  the  cuticle.  They  are  not  Gym- 
nospermae;  for  those  have  a  tunic-like  covering;  but  no  proper  pericarp  in  its  original 
sense.     It  is  the  absence  of  the  latter  envelope  only,  to  which  this  term  is  applied. 

too.  Ci/nadcfC.  Seeds  with  no  covering  outside  of  the  cuticle,  mucilaginous:  trunk 
round  cylindrical,  undivided;  leaves  pmnate,  with  gyrate  vernation,  and  parallel 
veins:  ovula  solitary;  truely  naked,  with  no  covering  but  a  contracted  leaf,  or  scale 
on  which  they  grow;  embryo  in  the  fleshy,  or  horny,  albumen;  radical  next  the  apex 
of  the  seed,  where  it  hangs  b}'  a  long  funicle.     (sago  plant.) 

100.  Coni/ereae.  Seeds  with  no  covering  outside  of  the  cuticle:  resinous  trees, 
with  trunks;  leaves  simple  with  parallel  veins:  seeds  with  hard  crustaceous  integu- 
ments; embryo  in  fleshy,  oily,  albumen,  with  opposite  cotyledons;  radicle  nest  the 
apex  of  the  seed.  Balsamic,  stomachic,  healing,  (red  cedar,  juniper,  tree  of  life, 
pine,  yew.) 


*See  definition  and  etymology,  in  a  remark  at  the  end  of  the  description  of  the 
dicotyledonous  class. 


552  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

SECOND  CLASS,  OR  GRAND  DIVISION. 

MONOCOTYLEDONAE,  OR  ENDOGENAE. 

First.  Epigynose  Group  of  Alliakces.  Anthers  distinct.  Flowers  complete. 
Ovary  inferiur. 

Jsl  Alliance.  Amom'ahs.  Leaves  with  veins  diverging  from  the  midrib  to  the 
margin.  .'s 

20.  Marantacece.  '"H^onandrous.  Three  petaloid:  a  single  1 -celled  anther,  and  a 
petaloid  filament,     ("cauna.) 

2d  Alliance.     Narcissales.     Hexandrous  and  six-petalled  plants. 

17.  Hijpoxidcuc.  Flowers  small;  texture  harsh.  Six-petaloid:  germ  inferior;  co- 
rol'G-parted,  (called  perianth  by  some)  with  equitant  divisions:  seeds  with  a  black 
brittle  integument,  and  a  lateral  beak-like  hilam;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albu- 
men, its  radicle  having  no  certain  direction.     (star-grassJJJl 

17.  AmiiryUidtiie.  Flowers  large:  texture  smoutMta^PPtaloid,  bulbous,  6- 
stamened:  germs  inferior:  corql  6-p^rted  with  equitan^^^^ians:  seeds  with  fleshy 
albumen;  embryo  nearly  straightifalfij^-adicle  turned  towards  the  hilum.  Leaves 
ensiform.     (snowdrop,  jicobed.)  jicq^lp  . 

3d  Alliance.     E.iales.     Triandrousi/.  . 

18.  Jiideae.  Six-petaloid,  triandrous:  germ  inferior:  anthers  turned  outwards: 
leaves  equitant,  except  the  crocus,     (flower  de-luce,  saiFron,  blue-eyed  grass.) 

4th  Alliiince.     Biomdiales.     Tripetaloid  scurfy  plants,  with  albumen. 
15.   Bromdinceae.     Three-petalled:  ti  stamens:   germ   interior,    and  an  albuminous 
embryo,     (pine  apple,  pine  herb.) 

5th  Alliance.  Ilijiirales.  Tripetaloid  smooth  plants.  Stamens  more  than  six;  no 
albumen. 

88.  Hijdrochariderc.  Polypetalous:  stamens  definite:  carpella  concrete:  germ  infe- 
rior: ovules  pendulous,  definite:  cotyledons  unequal,     (eardrop.) 

Second.  Spadicose  Group  of  Alliances.  Flowers  herbaceous,  or  irpperfect,  or 
absent,  or  even  colored;  in  that  case  with  its  parts  in  twos,  and  the  ovaYy  superior. 

J st  Alliance.     Aralcs.     Flowers  on  a  spadix:  fruit  either  berried,  or  capsular. 

7.  Aroidcae.  Spadiceous,  with  simple  succuler.t,  or  capsular  fruit;  a  developed 
spathe,  and  sub-sessile  anthers.  Flowers  diclinous  and  perfect.  Herbaceous  or 
shrubby.  Leaves  sheathing,  (wild  turnip,  sweet-flag,  gold-club,  ethiopian  arum, 
skunk  cabbage.) 

2d  Alliance.      Typhalcs.  Flowers  on  a  spadix:  sepals  three:  anthers  clavate. 

8.  lyphaceac.  Spadijeous,  with  3  half-glumaceous  valves:  anthers  clavate;  fila- 
ments long,  lax:  germ  solitary,  pendulous.  Stems  without  joints:  leaves,  ensiform. 
No  spathe  calyx,     (uat-tail,  bur-reed.) 

3d  Alliance.     Sm'daks.     Flowers  in  lax  racemes:   leaves  deciduous. 

12.  Dloscoreae.  Six-petalled:  ovary  inferior,  diclinous:  perianth  regular,  small: 
seeds  flat,  compressed,  in  leaf  like  fruit;  embryo  small,  near  the  hilum,  lying  in  a 
large  cavity  of  cartilaginous  albumen,     (yam  root. ) 

12.  Smilaceae.  Six-peialled:  ovary  superior:  tloweis  perfect:  anthers  turned  in- 
wards: perianth  colored:  fruit  succulent,  3-celled';  seed-covering  membranaceous:  al- 
bumen fleshy,  and  a|)proaching  the  cartilaginous  structure;  embryo  usually  distant 
from  the  hilum:  style  triple,     (asparagus,  Jacob's  ladder,  Solomon's  seal,  wake-robin.) 

4lh  Alliance.     Fluviklcs.     Flowers  in  spikes,  or  solitary. 

7.  Flmniiks.  Floaters.  (Ovules  pendulous.  Caulescent  exalbuminous,  with  a  slit 
embryo,  definite  stamens,  and  dry  superior  fruit  with  pendulous  seeds:  water  plants, 
(pond-weed,  river-weed,  thread-foot.) 


IVATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  553 

7.  Juncaginene.  Ovules  erect.  Caulescent  exalbuminous,  with  a  slit  embryo,  6 
iStamens,  and  dry  superior  fruit  with  erect  seeds.  Bog  plants,  with  ensiform  leaves. 
Spiked  or  racemed,     (floweririfr  rusli,  arrow  grass.) 

7.  Pifiiarcdc.  Floaters,  very  cellular,  with  no  axis  of  growth  or  scarcely  any;  but 
the  stems  and  leaves  confounded:  tlowers  spathaceous,  solitary,  naked,  (duck-meat, 
water  flaxseed. 

Third.     Glumose  Guoup  of  Alliances.     Scale-like  bradtfi*.  or  chaff's,  in  the  pla 
of  perianths.  3 


1st  Alliance.     Cidmales.     Having  straws  or  stalks  in  the  pl|Dm.of  the  caulis. 

10.  Gramincae.  Plants  glumaceous,  with  pistular,  cylinf^y^l  stems,  and  slit-leaf 
sheaths.  Seed  covering  not  a  pericarp,  but  a  membrane,'?.^¥  tiie  brand  of  ground 
wheat:  albumen  farinaceous,  (jiroducing  flour  or  meal  when  ground;)  embryo  lying 
on  one  side  of  the  base  (being  the  chit)  of  the  albumen— it  is  lenticular,  witii  a  broad 
cotyledon  and  developed  pluuiula.  (redtop  grass,  whitetop  grass,  canary,  wheat,  oats, 
orchard  grass,  reed,  chess,  cane,  rice,  Indian  corn.) 

9.  Ci/peraceae.  Stems  solid,  more  or  less  angular:  leaf-sheaths  entire;  ovary  1- 
seeded:  ovulum  erect:  nut  crustaceous  or  bony:  albumen  of  the  form  of  the  seed; 
embryo  undivided,  included  in  the  albumen;  plu^na  inconspicuous.  Diclinous.  Root 
fibrous.     (coUen  grass,  sedge  boy  rush,  galuMMaM) 

13.  Xi/rideiie.  Flowers  with  a  corol.  '■BRfcalled,  with  superior  concrete  car- 
])ella,  with  a  1-celled  capsule,  and  a  pariel|^MPBentae,  and  capitate  flowers:  seed 
numerous,  with  the  embryo  outside  of  the  >l|Bmen,  most  remote  from  the  hilum: 
ieaves  radical,  ensiformr    (yellow-eyed  gra^,;day-flower. ) 

Fourth.  Hypogenose  Group  of  Alliances.  Flower  colored,  with  its  parts  in 
threes:  ovary  superior. 

]st  Alliance.     Palmales.     Six-petaloid  plants,  with  a  \'ague  embryo. 

11.  Palmae.  Sixpetalled,  arborescent:  leaves  divided,  rigid:  germ  superior  3- 
celled,  and  an  embryo  lies  in  a  cartilaginous  or  fleshy  albumen,  at  a  distance  from  the 
liilum.     Furilishes/oor/,  oil,  icine,  and  ionic  remedies,     (cocoa,  palm.) 

2d  Alliance.  Lilialcs.  Six-petalled  plants,  with  an  embryo  in  the  axis  of  the 
albumen. 

17i  Pontcdcrene.  Six-petaloid:  corol  irregular:  germ  superior.  Corol  involute  after 
flowering: Igieeds  indefinite,  attached  to  a  central  axis;  hilum  small;  embryo  turning- 
straight,  being  in  the  axis  of  somewhat  mealy  albumen.  Aquatics,  (pickerel-weed 
mud-plantain,  yellow-eyed  water-grass.) 

13.  Mdanthacxae.  Hexandrous:  styles  distinct.  Six-petaloid:  carpella  nearly  sepa- 
rate: anlfiers  turned  outwards.  Germs  superior;  seed  with  a  membranous  testa; 
albumen-dense  fleshy,     (itcii-weed,  blazing-star.) 

14.  Liliacme.  Hexandrous:  styles  consolidated.  Six-petalled  germ  superior,  highly 
developed  corol,  (colored  calyx  of  some,)  anthers  turned  inwards,  a  3-celled,  many- 
seeded  capsule:  seeds  with  a  soft  spongy  coat,  packed  one  upon  another;  embryo 
with  the  direction  of  the  seed,  in  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albumen,  (lily,  tulip,  crown- 
imperial,  adder  tongue.) 

Ifi.  Asphodeleae.  Sis-petaloid  orfi-parted:  germ  superior:  anthers  turned  inwards: 
fruit  3-celled:  seed  with  a  hard  black  brittle  testa;  albumen  fleshy  including  th6 
embryo.     Peduncles  articulated  in  the' middle,     (hyacinth,  false  aloe,  squill,  onion. ) 

3d  Alliance.     Commclales.     Tripetaloid  plants,  with- three  carpels,  consolidated. 

13.  Commclinenc.  Three-petalled;  have  superior  3-celled  capsules.  Seeds  often 
twins,  with  a  linear  hilum;  embryo  pulley-form,  in  a  cavity  of  the  fleshy  albumen 
remote  from  the  hilum.     (day-flower,  spider-wott.) 

4th  Alliance.    Alisrnalcs.    Tripetaloid  plants,  with  the  carpels  more  or  less  distinct. 

13.  Alismaccae.  Placenta  occupying  thfe  margin  only  of  the  dissepiments,  or  their 
equivalents.  Three-petalled,  with  numerous  distinct,  superior  germs.  Aquatics: 
leaves  with  sub-parallel  veins:  fruit  dry,  not  opening:  seeds  without  albumen:  embryo 
horse-shoe  form,  undivided,  the  same  direction  as  the  seed,  (water  plantain,  arrow 
head.) 

70 


554  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

5th  Alliance.     Jimcules.     Flowers  somewhat  gluniaceous. 

13.  Junceae.  Flowers  regular.  Six-petaloid,  herbaceous,  with  a  superior  germ,  a 
half-o-lumaceous  regular  perianth,  a  ])ale  soft  testa,  a  single  style,  capsular  fruit,  and 
an  embryo  next  to  tlie  hilum,  within  the  first  flesiiy  albumen,    (bulrush,-  dwarf  rush.) 

Fifth.  Gynandrous  Group  of  Alliances.  Stamens  united  with  the  styles:  flowers 
complete:  ovary  inferior. 

21.  Orclddme.  Stamens  tiirefe,  united  in  a  central  column;  the  two  lateral  abortive, 
and  the  central  perfectj.or  tiie  reverse.  Gynandrous  with  three  parietal  placentae: 
leaves  entire,  siniide:  seeds  numerous;  albumen  none;  embryo  a  solid  fleshy  mass, 
(orchis,  putty  root,  ladies'  tresses,  ladies'  slipper,  rattlesnake  leaf.) 

THIRD  CLASS  OR  GRAND  DIVISION. 

ACOTYLEDONAE,  OR  ACROGENAE. 

1st  Alliance.  FUicales.  Stems  fistular,  vascular:  reproductive  oigans  borne  upon 
the  leaves. 

Pobjpodlaceae.     Ring  of  the  thecae  vertical,     (polypod,  brake,  maidenhair.) 

Osmundaceae.  Ring  wanting:  thejcae  one-celled,  ribbed,  (flowering  fern,  one-sided 
dwarf,  fringed  climber.)  '>/?•. 

Ophioglossaceae.  Ring  wanting:  thfiQaC'cne-celled,  veinless.  (snake  tongue,  grape 
fern.) 

2d  Alliance.  Lycopodales.  Steifis  solid,  vascular:  reproductive  oigans  growing 
on  the  stem. 

Lycopndeiiceae.     Thecae  naked,     (ground-pine,  rush.) 

Sulciniaceae.     Thecae  enclosed  in  involucres  of  two  different  forms,     (salvinia.) 

3d  Alliance.  Musculcs.  Without  a  vascular  system:  germinating  processes  uniting 
into  a  heterogenious  body:  sporules  in  distinct  Uiecae. 

Muscaccae.     Thecae  valveless,  with  an  operculum,     (common  moss.) 

Andraeacenc.     Thecae  opening  into  valves  with  an  operculum. 

Jungermunniaceae.  Thecae  opening  into  valves  without  an  operculum,  (succulent 
moss.) 

Hepataceae.     Thecae  valveless,  without  an  operculum,  (liverwort,  floating  sectors.) 

4th  Alliance.  Charales.  Without  a  vascular  system.  Germinating  processes 
uniting  into  a  heterogeneous  body.     Reproductive  organs,  axillary  globules. 

Characca.     Strong  scented,  harsh,  aquatic  (featherbed.) 

.Sth  Alliance.  Fun<ralcs.  Without  a  vascular  system.  Germinating  processes 
either  wholly  distinct  or  confluent  in  a  homogeneous  body. 

Fvngaceae.  Originating  from  a  cavity,  which  veils  them  when  young,  (mush- 
room,"wheat-rust.) 

Lichenes.  Originating  and  living  in  air.  Cellular,  rarely  filamentous,  With  a  re- 
productive nucleus  bursting  through  their  surface,     (stone-patches,   tree  hair.) 

Aloaceae.  Originating  and  living  in  water.  Filamentous;  the  filaments  either 
solitary  or  several  glued  together,  having  sporidia,  and  viparous.  (sea-paper,  frog- 
spittle,  water  greenhair.) 


NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT.  555 

REMARKS  ON  THE  CRYPTOGAMIA, 

"WITH    MORE    EXTENDED    MISCELLANEOUS    DESCRIPTIONS. 
FUNGI. 

Leafless,  flowerless  plants,  with  no  tlialliis  or  extfrnal  sporuliferous  disks,  and 
growing  in  air.  They  are  only  distinguislied  from  Lichens  by  their  more  fugitive 
nature,  their  more  succulent  texture,  their  want  of  lliallus  or  expansion  independent 
of  the  part  timt  bears  the  reproductive  matter,  and  by  tiie  latter  being  contained  with- 
in their  substance  and  not  in  hard  dislinci  nuclei  originating  iii  tiie  centre  and  break- 
ing tliro'igh  a  cortical  layer.  From  Algae  tiiere  is  no  absolute  character  of  division, 
except  their  never  growing  in  water.  In  fact  it  is  rather  the  medium  in  which  Fungi 
antl  Algae  are  developed,  that  distinguishes  them,  than  any  peculiarity  in  their  own 
organization.  Fungi  are  almost  universally  found  growing  upon  decayed  animal  or 
vegetable  substances,  and  scarcely  ever  upon  living  bodies  of  either  kingdom:  in  which 
respect  they  dilFer  from  Lichens,  which  very  commonly  grow  upon  the  living  bark  of 
trees,  &c.  In  their  simplest  form  they  are  little  articulated  filaments,  composed  of 
simple  cellules,  placed  end  to  end.  In  a  higher  state  of  composition.  Fungi  are  masses 
of  cellular  tissue  of  a  determinate  figure,  the  whole  centre  of  which  consists  of  spo- 
rules  either  lying  naked  among  filaments,  as  in  Puft'-bails,  or  contained  in  membranous 
tubes  or  sporidia,  like  the  thecae  of  Lichens,  as  in  Sphisrias.  In  their  most  complete 
state  they  consist  of  two  surfaces,  one  of  which  is  even  and  imperforate,  like  the  cor- 
tical layer  in  Lichens:  the  other  separated  into  plates  or  cells,  and  are  called  the 
hymeninm,  in  which  the  sporules  are  deposited.  Some  writers  have  entertained 
doubts  of  their  being  more  than  mere  fortuitous  developements  of  vegetable  matter, 
called  into  action  by  special  conditions  of  light,  heat,  earth  and  air.  They  certainly 
grow  with  a  degiee  of  rapidity  unknown  in  other  plants,  acquiring  the  volume  of 
many  inches  in  the  space  of  a  night,  and  are  frequently  meteoric:  that  is  they  spring 
up  afler  storms,  or  only  in  particular  stales  of  the  atmosphere.  The  Fungi  by  whicli 
most  extra-tropical  countries  are  inhabited  are  so  numerous,  that  no  one  can  safely 
form  even  a  conjuncture  as  to  the  number  that  actually  exists.  Of  tropical  species 
we  know  but  littre,-on  account  of  their  fugitive  nature  and  the  difFi&ulty  of  ])reserv- 
ing  them.  Tumc  and  nutrieiitic,  if  dry  or  dnjisit;  poisoiwusif  deliqucsceut.  See  genera, 
p.  101. 

ALGAE. 

This  order  is  constituted  of  sea-weeds,  and  a  scum-like  substance,  vulgarly  called 
frog-spittle,  or  green  hair.  They  are  mostly  cylindrical,  capillary,  or  membranaceous. 
Their  substance  is  mostly  gelatinous.  Color,  mostly  green,  sometimes  purple  or 
olive.  Little  is  known  of  their  productive  organs.  They  seem  to  be  intermediate 
between  Fungi  and  Lichenes.  Often  they  seem  to  approach  animals  of  the  class 
Polypi.  In  truth,  some  sea-weeds  resemble  some  species  of  Gorgonia  and  Spongia 
so  nearly,  that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  them  without  testing  by  the  odor  atler 
burning.  We  might  say,  that  Algae  are  senii-organjc  substances,  waiting  for  the 
application  of  a  specific  living  principle,  of  suiBcient  energy  to  bring  them  into  or- 
ganic forms.     DtlergerU,  vermifuge  and  solvent.      See  genera,  p.  100. 

LICHENES. 

Aerial,  leafless,  flowerless,  perennial  plants,  with  a  distinct  thallns,  and  external 
disk  containing  sporules.  Often  spreading  over  the  surface  of  the  earth,  on  rocks  or 
trees  in  dry  places,  in  the  form  of  a  lobed  and  foliaceous,  or  hard  and  cruslaceous,  or 
leprous  substance,  called  a  thallus.  According  to  Fries,  Lichens  are  types  of  Algae, 
born  in  the  'air,  interrupted  in  their  development  by  the  deficiency  of  water,  and 
stimulated  into  forming  a  nucleous  (or  receptacle  of  sporules) 'by  light.  No  Lichen 
is  ever  submerged;  there  are  none  of  which  the  vegetation  is  not  interrupted  by  the 
variable  hygromelrical  state  of  the  atmosphere:  and  finally,  none  that  ever  develops 
in  mines,  caverns,  or  places  deprived  of  light.  On  this  account,  their  shields  are 
more  rare  in  the  fissures  of  mountains,  or  in  shady  groves,  than  in  places  fully  ex- 
posed to  light.  In  wet  places,  also,  their  shields  are  not  produced;  for,  so  lorig  as 
they  are  under  the  influence  of  water,  they  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  Algae. 
Lichens  consist  of  a  medullary  and  vertical  layer  of  tissue,  of  which  the  former  is 


556  NATURAL    ARRANGEMENT. 

imperfectly  cellular  or  filamentous,  and  bursts  through  the  latter  in  the  form  of  shields^ 
which  contain  a  nucleus,  consisting  of  a  flocculose-gelatinous  substance,  among 
which  lie  the  cases.  In  the  beginning  Lichens  are  stated  to  be  in  all  cases  developed 
in  humidity;  and  to  bu,  in  fact,  at  that  time,  mere  Confervae;  but  as  soon  as  the 
humidity  diminishes,  the  under  part  dies,  and  an  inert,  leprous  crust  is  formed,  which 
ultimately  becomes  the  basis  of  the  plant.  Some  used  m  dying ;  alt  tonic,  more  or 
less.     See  genera,  p.  102. 

HEPATICAE. 

Reproductive  organs  of  two  kinds.  1.  Capsule  (theca)  mthout  a  lid;  in  which 
they  differ  from  proper  mosses.  2.  Minute  roundish,  or  oblong  bodies,  variously 
situated.     Plants  frondose;  not  submersed. 

This  order  is  distinguished  from  Algae  by  the  capsule  and  leafy  frond,  which  is  never 
submersed.  The  genera  of  this  order  are  considerably  difterent.  The  herbage  con- 
sists of  variously  expanded  fronds,  lying  flat  on  what  its  grows  upon.  The  substance 
is  generally  loosely  cellular;  rarely  compact. 

The  most  remarkable  point  of  structure  in  this  order,  is  the  spiral  filament,  as  it  is 
called  lying  among  the  sporules  witliin  the  theca.  This  consists  of  a  single  fibre,  or 
two,  twisted  spirally  in  different  directions,  so  as  to  cross  each  other,  and  contained 
within  a  very  delicate  transparent,  perishable  tube.  They  have  a  strong  elastic  form 
and  have  been  supposed  to  be  destined  to  aid  in  the  dispersion  of  sporules.  Slighlly 
stimulant.     See  genera,  p.  99. 

MUSCI. 

Mosses  are  distinguished  from  sAl  other  relative  plants,  hy  the  peculiar  nature  of 
the  reproductive  organs,  which  are  of  two  kinds.  The  piincipal  and  the  most  obvious 
is  a  tlitca,  which  is  furnished  with  an  operculum  or  lid,  by  means  of  which  the  spo- 
rules are  retained  in  the  theca,  and  a  columella,  or  central  axis,  to  which  they  are  at- 
tached. The  other  consists  of  minule  sperical,  pedicellated  organs,  concealed  in  the 
axils  of  some  of  the  leaves,  and  called  anthers  by  Hed  wig.  The  theca  is  either  entire, 
or  split  into  four  parts;  when  in  a  very  young  slate,  it  is  inclosed  in  an  indusium, 
which  is  torn  asunder  as  the  theca  is  elongated,  and  being  carried  up  wilii  it,  remains 
upon  the  summit  of  the  theca  in  tlie  form.of  a  little  extinguisher,  called  calyptre;  if 
the  calyptre  is  slit  up  one  side,  it  is  called  dimidiate:  if  divided  at  the  base  into  many 
short  clefts,  it  is  termed  mitre-form.  The  orifice  of  the  theca,  when  the  operculum 
is  removed,  is  either  covered  by  a  simple  membrane,  or  by  various  processes  called 
the  peristome,  either  annular  or  in  the  form  of  teeth,  and  arranged  in  a  single  or 
double  row.  These  processes  vary  in  number,  and  in  the  manner  of  their  division; 
from  such  differences  excellent  characters  for  the  genera  have  been  obtained.  Their 
number  is  always  four,  or  some  multiple  of  four;  as  4,  8,  16,  32,  64.  Axillary  hodies  ; 
cylindrical  or  fusiform  stalked  scars,  containing  a  multitude  of  splierical  or  oval  parti- 
cles, which  are  emitted  upon  the  application  of  warter.  These  have  been  called 
anthers  by  some.     Astringent.     See  genera,  p.  97. 

FILICES. 

Ferns  and  fern-like  plants.  They  are  flowerless  plants,  with  a  stem  having  a  vas- 
cular system  and  distinct  leaves.  Their  seeds  are  contained  in  capsules,  (theca.) 
These  are  dorsal  or  axillary  to  the  frond.  This  Natural  Order  of  Jussieu,  may  be 
properly  divided  into  the  following  sub-orders. 

A.  Equisetacecr.  Plants  with  seeds  (sporules)  surrounded  by  elastic,  clavate  fila- 
ments, and  inclosed  in  capsules  (theca)  aiising  from  the  scales  of  terminal  cones. 
Vernation  straight.     Astringents,  diuretics,  diaphoretics. 

B.  Filices.  Plants  with  seeds  inclosed  in  capsules,  arising  from  the  back  or  margin 
of  the  leaves,  or  naked  upon  the  back  of  leaves,  transformed  into  sub-spikes  or 
panicles.     Pectorals  ;,  also  dcohstruents,  febrifuges,  and  s2idoriJics, 

C.  Lycopodiacea.  Plants  with  seeds  (sporules)  inclosed  in  axillary  capsules,  (the- 
cae. )     Used  in  dying  wool.     Stimulants. 

The  Lycopodeae  approach  the  Coniferae  (pines  and  cedars)  by  way  of  the 
Cycadeae. 

D.  Marsileaceae,  Plants  with  their  seeds  inclosed  in  capsules  which  are  embraced 
within  close  involucres.  Creeping  or  floating.  Stumdants  causing  nausea.  See 
genera,  p.  9 J. 


557 


INDEX. 


Patre. 


Paw. 


Aaron's  beard, 

392 

Batchelor's  button. 

48,  257 

Abbreviations, 

15,16,31,32 

Balm, 

69,  317 

Acacia, 

111,397 

Balm  ofGileadherb, 

93,  370 

Adam  and  Eve, 

85,  129 

Balsam  apple. 

90,  321 

Adam's  needle, 

55 

Balsam  poplar, 

370 

Addermoutli,              *  , 

319 

Balsam  tree, 

358 

Adder's  tongue, 

55,  239 

Balsam  weed, 

283 

Adder-tongue  fern, 

95,  333 

Baneberry, 

65,  114 

Agave, 

55,  116 

Banner  bean,    ( lielvolus. ) 

353 

Agrimony, 

63,  116,  117 

Barberry, 

54,  156 

Alder,               58,  88, 

120,  20J,  376,  389 

Barley, 

41, 

272,  273 

Alexanders, 

485 

Barn-grass, 

340 

Alum  root, 

50 

Basil, 

69,  330 

Alspice, 

64,  166 

Basket  of  gold, 

121 

Almond, 

123 

Bass  wood. 

64,452 

Aloe, 

55,  119 

Bay  berry, 

92.  324 

Amaranth, 

88,  121 

Beech, 

89,  244 

American  olive, 

34,  333 

Bead  tree. 

316 

American  oil-nut, 

92,  261 

Bean, 

93, 

353,  475 

Anal)'sis, 

8 

Bear  berry, 

60,  131 

Anemone, 

126,  127,  449 

Bear  grass, 

484 

Angelica, 

52,  127 

Beard  grass, 

41, 

125.  134 

Angelica  tree. 

52 

Beard  tongue, 

71,  347 

Animated  oats. 

152 

Beaver  tree, 

67,  312 

Anise  tree, 

67 

Beech-drops,              61,70, 

234, 

323.  380 

Apple, 

63,  383 

Bed- straw, 

42,  249;  250 

Apricot, 

63,  135 

Beef-steak, 

415 

Arbor  vitae. 

91,  451 

Beehive, 

315 

Arbutus, 

131 

Beet, 

50,  156 

Arethusa, 

85,  134,  364 

Beggar-ticks, 

83,  157 

Archangel, 

127,  203 

Bell-Hower, 

47,  167 

Arranging  plants. 

Bell-wort, 

55, 

445,  466 

Arranging  terms, 

Bene  benni, 

423 

Arrow-grass, 

56, 459 

Bent  grass. 

117, 

118,  125 

Arrow-head, 

b9 

Bilberry, 

467,  468 

Arrow-wood, 

473 

Bindweed, 

46, 

206,  284 

Artemisia, 

]37 

Birch, 

90,  156 

Artichoke, 

80,  83,  216,  205 

Bird's  nest, 

61,  322 

Arum, 

56,  89,  165 

Birthwort, 

86,  184 

Ash, 

63,  91,  247,  392 

Bishopweed. 

51,  227 

Asiiwort, 

197 

Biting  knolweed, 

367 

Asparagus, 

55.  140 

Bitter  apple, ' 

214 

Aspen, 

'  370 

Bitternut, 

183 

Asphodel, 

55,  140,  325,  454 

Bittersweet,               47,  48, 

121, 

186,  432 

Aster, 

142,  159 

Bitterweed, 

121 

Atamasco  lily, 

121 

Blackberry, 

64,  400 

Avens, 

64,  230,  254 

Black  haw, 

473 

Awhvort, 

440 

Black  flower, 

56,  310 

558 


Blackjack, 

Blackroot, 

Bladder  campion. 

Bladder  kelmia, 

Bladder  senna, 

Bladder  nut, 

Bladderwort, 

Blazing  star, 

Blessed  thistle, 

Bieclinum, 

Blight, 

Blite, 

Blood  marygold, 

Bioodrool, 

Bloom -grass, 

Blue  beech, 

Blue  bottle, 

Blue  curls, 

Blue  flag, 

Blue-eyed  grass, 

Blue  hearts. 

Blue  thistle, 

Bog  rusii, 

Bohea  tea, 

Boneset, 

Bonnet-grass, 

Borage, 

Barya, 

Bouncing  bet. 

Bowman's  root, 

Box, 

Brake, 

Bread-root, 

Bread-grass, 

Breast  weed, 

Brier, 

Brier-herb, 

Bristol  wall-cress, 

Bronipton  queens, 

Bromplon  stock, 

Brooklime, 

Brook  weed, 

Broom, 

Broom-corn, 

Brown  dragon. 

Broom-grass, 

Broom  rape, 

Brown  bent-grass, 

Buck-eye, 

Buckbean, 

Buckthorn, 

Buckwheat, 

Buckwheat  tree, 

BufFaloe  clover, 

Bugbane, 

Bugle, 

Bugle-weed, 

Bugloss, 

Bulrush, 

Bunch-flower, 

Burdock, 

Burgamot, 


3S4 

380 
rS.  injlata. )  427 

2G9 
77,  204 
53,  442 
34,  465 

266 
83,  1S7 

lo8 

158 
33 

4S5 

65.  410 

'  161 

182 
83,  187 

69.  456 
284 

73,  430 

70,  162 
231 

36,291,  393 

431,,  459 

80,  241,  291 

117 

45,  159 

159 

411 

255 

88.  163 

94,  380 

377 

38,  134 
412 
431 
400 
130 
192 
192 
471 

45,  410 
122,  439 

39,  438 
138 

40,  125.  161 

70,  335 

118 

115 

45,  318 

48,  93 

58,  368 

60,  323 

4.57 

65,  311 

119 

309 

45,  124,  155,  309 

56,  287 

316 

88,  132,  482 

322 


Burnet, 

Burning  bush, 
Bnrr-llower, 
Burr-grass, 
Burr-reed, 
Bush  clover, 
Buttercup, 
Butlerwort, 
Butterfly  weed, 
Butternut, 
Button  busli, 
Button  weed,  f  D. 
Button  wood. 


Cabbage, 

Calabash, 

Calamus, 

Calathian  violet. 

Caltrops, 

Camplior  tree. 

Campion, 

Canada  thistle, 

Canary  grass, 

Cancer  root. 

Candy  tuft, 

Cane, 

Canterbury  bells, 

Caper, 

Caraway, 

Cardmal  flower, 

Cardoon, 

Carnation, 

Carolina  potatoe, 

Carpel  weed. 

Carrot, 

Cassia, 

Castor-oil-plant, 

Catch- fly, 

Catch-fly  grass, 

Catch  weed, 

Caterpillar  fern, 

Catmint, 

Catnip, 

Cat's  eye, 

Cat-tail, 

Cat-tail-grass, 

Catalpa  tree, 

Cayenne  pepper. 

Cedar, 

Celandine, 

Celery, 

Centaury, 

Chuff  seed, 

Chamomile, 

Cliara, 

Checker-berry. 

Charlock, 

Cherry, 

Chestnut, 

Chess, 

Chick-pea, 


Page. 

89,  411 
240 

278,  45 

187 

87.  438 

77,  78,  298 

387 

31,  358 

76,  473 

90,  287 
42,  188 

teres.  J  225 

90,  361 

C. 

73,  160,  444 
214 
114 
252 
«  293 

•  293 

62 
202 
39,  352 
70,  234,  335,  409 
72,  282 
37,  319 
167 
87,  242,  243 
50,  80,  163,  183 
47,  303 
216 
223 
206 
41,  321 
51.221 
59,  184 
91 
426,  427 
295 
250 
94,  419 
68.  328 
'328 
415 
87.  463 
354 
'       34 
168 
288 
65,  192 
51,  129 
45,  187,  279,  404 
70,  416 
82,  128,  315 
86 
42;  321 
389 
47.  62,  189,  356,  357 
90,  184 
40,  161 
78,  196 


559 


Chick  vetcli, 

Cl.ick  weed,    62,  123,  133, 

Chick  winlergreen, 

China  aster, 

China  pink. 

Chinquapin, 

Chloris, 

Choak-betry, 

Choak-dofif, 

Chrjsantliemum, 

Cinquefbil, 

Cives, 

Clarry, 

Classes, 

Clear  weed. 

Climbing  fern, 

Clotr-burr, 

Cloud-berry, 

Clover, 

Clown-heal, 

Club-moss, 

Club-rush, 

Cockle. 

Cocks-comb, 

Coffee, 

Coffee  corn, 

Cohosh, 

Cole, 

Colic-weed, 

CoUinsia, 

Colt's  foot, 

Colt's  tail, 

Columbine, 

Columbo  root> 

Comt'rey, 

Cone-riower, 

Coriander, 

Corn, 

Cornel, 

Cornelian  cherry-, 

Coronella, 

Corol  root, 

Cotton, 

Cotton  grass, 

Cotlon  thistle. 

Cotton  tree. 

Couch  grass, 

Cowage, 

Cowberry, 

Cowitch, 

Cowparsley, 

Cowslip, 

Cow-wheat, 

Coxcomb,  70, 

Crab-apple, 

Crab-grass, 

Cranberry, 

Creeper, 

Creeping  cucumber, 

Creeping  green  head, 

Cress, 

Cross  cleavers, 


Page. 

293 

165, 188,  442 

57,  4ri6 
146 
223 
184 
194 

63,  135 

86,  257 

194 

64,  372,  373 

54,  120 

410 

8,  11 

465 

95,  310 
482 
401 
77,  78,  456 
411 
308 
36,314,416 

62,  117 
121 
460 
438 
65,295,311 
160 
224 
203 

82,  463 
235 

66, 130 

247 

45,  216,  447 

S3,  401 

51,  209 
439 
209 
210 

78,  210 
85,  207 

75,258,  411 
37,  237,  417 

79,  333 
370 
461 

77,  227 

468 

227 

~52 

67,  165 

70 

121,  186,  391 

382,  383 

224 

57,  337,  474 

123 

90,  317 

261 

130 

250 


Pase. 

Crow'uerry, 

91,  232 

Crowfoot, 

67,  74,  386 

Crowncup, 

t<0,  439 

Crown  iin|)erial, 

55.  247 

Crown  beard, 

82,  470 

Ciyptoganious  genera, 

97 

Crypiogmnous  species, 

487 

Cuckold, 

157 

Cucumber, 

214.  2r,9 

Cucumber  tree. 

91,  312 

Cudweed, 

256 

Culver  physic, 

34,  297 

Currant, 

49,  394,  396 

Currant  leaf, 

61,  321 

Custard  apple, 

67 

Cut-grass, 

37,  295 

Cypres^, 

193 

Cypress  vine. 

46 

D. 

Daffodil, 

54,  325 

Daisy, 

82,  155 

Damask  lily. 

54 

Dandelion, 

79,  290,  2!)6 

Dangle  berry, 

467 

Darnal  grass. 

40 

Day-Hower, 

36.  204 

Day-hly, 

55, 267 

Deadly"  nightshade, 

47,  151,4  2 

Dead  nettle, 

68,  291,  292 

Decumary, 

221 

Deer  berry,     , 

467 

Deer  grass. 

57 

Devil's  wood, 

333 

Dew  berry 

400 

Dill, 

52,127 

Directions, 

8 

Ditch  moss, 

93,  423 

Dittany, 

68,  215 

Dock, 

56,  403 

Dockmackie, 

474 

Dodder, 

49,  215 

Dog-bane, 

8G,  129 

Dog  weed. 

188 

Dogwood, 

42,  209,  210 

Doglail  grass, 

40,  231 

Dogtooth  violet, 

55,  239 

Dragon's  claw, 

207 

Dragoness, 

205 

Dragon  head, 

69,  229 

Dropseed, 

160 

Dropseed  grass, 

38,  323 

Dropwort, 

132 

Duck-meat, 

87,  295 

Dwarf  stinger. 

465 

Dyer's  broom. 

78,  252 

Dyer's  cleavers, 

250 

Dyer's  weed. 

389 

E. 

Eardrop, 

57,  247 

Eel-grass, 

86 

660 

INDEX. 

Prto-c. 

Paac, 

Egg-plant, 

432 

Flowering  wintergreen, 

363 

Egg  squashj 

214 

Flower-of-an-hour, 

269 

Eglantine, 

398 

Fog-fruit, 

70,  484 

Egyptian  lily, 

165 

Forget-me-not, 

324 

Elder, 

52,  327,  410 

Forked  spike. 

125 

Elecampane, 

81,  283 

Fork  fern. 

94,  114 

Elementary  organs, 

1 

Fork  stems. 

521 

Elephant  foot, 

84,  231 

Forty  knot, 

113 

Elm, 

50,  464 

Four  o'clockj 

48,  320 

Endive, 

78,  196 

Foxglove, 

7i, 

224/  253 

Enchanter's  nightshade^ 

35,  198 

Foxtail-grass. 

38,  120 

Ergot, 

487 

Foxtail  panic, 

346 

Essential  terms, 

1 

Fringe  tree. 

34, 

193,  392 

European  ivy, 

49 

Fritillary, 

247 

Eyebright, 

70,  243 

Frost  plant. 
Fumitory, 

64,  263 
75,  248 

F. 

Funegreekj 

77 

False  boletus, 

Furze, 

78,  464 

False  bngloss, 

45,  155 

G. 

False  cowslip. 

45,  227 

Galingale, 

37,  230 

False  box, 

42,  209 

Garlic, 

54, 

119,  120 

False  riax, 

450 

Gay-feather, 

79,  299 

False  grape, 

49,  129 

Gem-frnit, 

452 

False  star-grass, 

'119 

Genera  described. 

33 

False  rush-grass, 

56 

Gentian,              43,  49j  68, 

252, 

285,  446 

False  gromvvell. 

44 

Gentianella, 

244 

Farkle  berry, 

468 

Geranium,       74,  237,  238, 

252, 

253,  346 

Feather  beds, 

191 

Germander, 

68,  449 

Feather  grass, 

SB,  444 

Gill-overground, 

68,  255 

Feather  leaf, 

45 

Ginger, 

86,  138 

Fennel, 

52,  127 

Ginseng, 

50,  339 

Fennel- flower, 

66,  328 

Glasswort, 

406 

Fenugreek, 

77,  459 

Globe  amaranth, 

257 

Fescu  grass, 

39,  245 

Globe  flower, 

67,  462 

Festoon  pine, 

309 

Globe  thistle. 

84,  230 

Fern,                                  m, 

159,  415,  445 

Goal's  beard, 

79,  455 

Fever  bush, 

293 

Goat's  rue, 

77,  448 

Feverfew, 

82,  194 

Golden  club. 

335 

Feverwort, 

48,  460 

Golden  rod, 

81,  432 

Fig-tiee, 

92,  245 

Gold  thread. 

67,  207 

Fig-hollyhock, 

120 

Golden  locks, 

80,  195 

Figwort^ 

70,  419 

Gooseberry, 

49, 

395,  396 

Filbert, 

211 

Goose-grass, 

250 

Fine-haired  fern, 

224 

Gourd, 

91,214 

Finger-grass, 

41,  224 

Grape, 

48,  480 

Fir, 

358 

Grass, 

37 

Fir-tree, 

358 

Grass  pink, 

85,  215 

Fire-weed, 

82,  421 

Grass  poley. 

311 

Five-finger, 

64,  372,  373 

Grass-wrack, 

86,  485 

Flag, 

114 

Gravel  chickweed. 

418 

Flat-top, 

79,  471 

Greek  valerian, 

46,  365 

Flax, 

53,  167,  302 

Green  dragon. 

137 

Flax  seed, 

87,  295 

Greenhead, 

261 

Flax  vine, 

215 

Gromwell, 

44, 

303,  333 

Flea  bane. 

81,  207,  235 

Ground-flower, 

365 

Floating  heart, 

476 

Ground-ivy, 

68,  255 

Floating  liverwort, 

521 

Ground-nut, 

339 

Flower-cup  fern. 

481 

Ground  pine, 

95, 

308,  309 

Flower-de-luce, 

35,  285 

Groundsel, 

80, 

421,  422 

Flowering  fern, 

95,  336 

Groundsel  tree. 

80,  153 

Flowering  nettle, 

68,  249 

Ground  star, 

502 

Flowering  ash. 

34 

Guelder  rose, 

474 

INbEX. 


561 


Cluiiiea-lien  flower, 

Panre. 

247 

Hydrangea; 

Pagei 
61,  62,  273,  276 

Guinea  pepper, 

168 

Hyssop, 

68,  258, 

281,  282 

Hackmatack, 

859 

1 

loe  plant, 

' 

64,  319 

Hagberry, 

186 

Indian  corn, 

87,  484 

Hair-beard, 

40,  150 

Indian  cress. 

462 

Hair-bell, 

167 

Indian  giass. 

125 

Hair-cup  mosSj 

519 

Indian  hemp. 

86,  129 

Hair-grass, 

40,  118 

Indian  millet. 

438 

Hard  grassj 

399 

Indian  physic, 

63,  255 

Hardback, 

63,  440 

Indian  pipe, 

322 

liautboy, 

246 

Indian  poke. 

469 

Havvkweed, 

79,  128, 

270,  271 

Indian  reed. 

197 

Hawthorn, 

212 

Indian  strawberry^ 

33,  158 

Hazle-nut, 

89,  211 

Indian  cucumber; 

56 

Heal-all, 

69,  376 

Indian  turnip, 

89,  138 

Hearts-ease, 

68,  368 

Indigo, 

77 

■,  78,  283 

Heart  water  shield, 

45 

Ink-berry, 

376 

Heath,                        58, 

64,  235, 

276,  318 

Innocence, 

275 

Hedghog, 

315 

Iris, 

35, 

284,  285 

Hedgehog-grass, 

37, 

187,  232 

Iron  wood, 

336 

Hedge  hyssop. 

34,  258 

Itchweed^ 

56,  469 

Hedge  nettle. 

68 

Itea, 

286 

Hellebore, 

56,  67, 

266,  282 

Ivy, 

52,  261 

Helonias, 

56,  266 

Hemlock, 

205 

J 

f. 

Hemlock  treej 

358 

jacobea, 

121 

Hemp, 

93, 

168,  220 

Jacob's  ladder. 

92,  431 

Hempweed, 

240 

Jasmine, 

34,  286 

Henbane, 

46,  356 

Jeruisalem  cherry, 

433 

Henbit; 

291 

Jewelweed, 

48,  283 

Herb-robert, 

74,  253 

Jews  ears, 

' 

501 

Herb-bennet, 

64,  254 

Job's  tears, 

87,  203 

Herds-grass, 

354 

John's  wort, 

66, 

279,  280 

Hibiscus, 

269 

Joe  pye. 

80,  241 

Hickory, 

90,  183 

Jointweedj 

368 

High  heal-all, 

71 

Jonquil, 

54,  325 

High  water-shrub. 

84,286 

Judas  tree, 

59,  190 

Horehound, 

34,  68, 

309.  314 

July-flower, 

72,  192 

Hogweed, 

88,  121 

June-beiry, 

135 

Holly,                        44. 

,  51,  238, 

282,  327 

Juniper, 

288 

Holly  bay, 

258 

Jussieu's  orders, 

21 

Hollyhock, 

75,  120 

Honesty, 

71,  306 

K. 

Honey  locust. 

92,  255 

Kinnikinnick, 

131 

Honeysuckle,    46,  47, 

152,  153, 

305,  392 

Kidney  fern, 

481 

483-' 

Kirig's  spear, 

55,  140 

Hoodwort, 

419 

Knapweed, 

187 

Hoop-ash, 

186 

Knawel, 

61,  418 

Hop, 

92,  276 

Knot-grass, 

58, 

,  185,  367 

Hop  medick. 

315 

Knotweed, 

368 

Hornbeam, 

90 

.  182,  336 

Hornwort, 

89,  190 

L. 

Horse  balm. 

35,  203 

Labrador  tea. 

60,  295 

Horse  chesnut, 

115 

Ladies'  mantle. 

43, 

,  119,  218 

Horse  ginseng, 

48,  460 

Ladies'  slipper. 

85 

Horse  radish. 

71,203 

Ladies'  thumb. 

368 

Horsptail, 

96.  234 

Ladies'  tresses, 

84,  328 

Hound-longu*i» 

45,  216 

Lamb  lettuce. 

35,  244 

House-leek, 

67,  421 

Larch, 

359 

Hyacintli, 

55,  276 

Larkspur, 

66,221 

71 


562 


Page. 

Page. 

Laurel, 

61,  289,  312 

Masterwort, 

267 

Laiuestine, 

474 

Mat  grass. 

37,  325 

Lavender, 

68,  294,  442 

Matrimony, 

43,  308 

Lead  plant, 

122,  162 

May-apple, 

364 

Leaf-cup, 

.84,369 

May-weed, 

82,  128 

Leather-flower, 

199 

Meadow  beauty, 

390 

Leather-leaf, 

61,124 

Meadow  grass, 

120,302 

Leather-wood, 

58,  226 

Meadow  rue, 

66,  449 

Leek, 

54,  120 

Meadow,  sweet, 

440 

Lemon  tree, 

65,  198 

IVIeciioacan, 

206 

Lettuce, 

79,  291,  374 

Medlar, 

61,  135,  319 

Lichnidia, 

46,  354 

Medick, 

77,  315 

Lichnis, 

308 

Melic  grass, 

40,  316 

Life-everlasting, 

81,  256,  257 

Meliot  clover 

77,  317 

Lilac, 

34,  447 

Mercury, 

90,  195 

Lily, 

55,  286,  300 

Mermaid, 

54,  246 

Lily  of  the  valley, 

205,  206 

Mezereon, 

58,  220,  226 

Lime-grass, 

40,  232 

Mignonette, 

389 

Lime-tiee, 

452 

Milfoil, 

89,113,324,465 

Limodore, 

85 

Milk  vetch. 

77,147,  150 

Linnean  Taxonomy, 

Itoll 

Milkweed, 

58,  112,138,  139 

Lip  fern, 

192 

Milkwort, 

49,  75,  255,  365,  306 

Liquorice, 

77,  250,  256 

Milky-way  plant, 

77,  248 

Live-forever, 

62.  421 

Milk-vine, 

86,  348 

Liver-leaf, 

67,  267 

Millet, 

37,  320 

Lizard's  tail, 

57,  412 

Millet  grass. 

359 

Locust, 

77,  255,  397 

Mint, 

321 

Lobelia, 

303 

Misletose, 

92,  132,  480 

Long-stems, 

33 

Mitrewort, 

61,  452 

Lopseed, 

69,  356 

Mithriciate  mustard, 

,  (L.  cam.)            296 

Loosestrife, 

45,57,251,  310 

Mock  orange. 

63 

Lovage, 

52,  300 

Molucca  balm, 

68,  321 

Love  appl^ 

432 

Monkey  flower, 

71,  320 

Love-lies-bleeding, 

121 

Monk's  hood, 

66,  113 

Love  vine. 

215 

Moon-fruit  pine. 

.      309 

Lousevvort, 

71,  345 

Moonseed, 

57,  93,  317 

Lucerne, 

315 

Moon  wort, 

159 

Lungwort, 

44,  380 

Moor  grass, 

40,  424 

Lupine, 

78,  306,  307 

Moose-wood, 

226 

Morning-glory, 

46,  206,  284 

M. 

Moschalel, 

115 

Madder, 

42,  399 

Moss  crop, 

237 

Mad-dogweed, 

119 

Moss-bush, 

124 

Madeira  nut, 

287 

Mother  of  thyme, 

451 

Madwort, 

167 

Motherwort, 

68,  153,  296 

Magnolia, 

67,  312 

Mould, 

519 

Mahogany, 

60,  447 

Mouldiness, 

513 

Maidenhair, 

95,115 

Mountain  box, 

46 

Malabar-nut, 

34,  289 

Mountain  flax, 

75,  366 

Mallows,           74,  75, 

269,  294,  313,  425 

Mountain  flea-wort 

197 

Mandrake, 

65,  304 

Mountain  leek. 

119 

Mangle, 

152 

Mountain  mint. 

35,  68,  321,  381,  462 

Mangrove  tree, 

391 

Mountain  pink. 

355 

Man-of-the-earth. 

206 

Mountain  rice. 

37,  336 

Maple, 

58,  112 

Mouse-ear, 

188 

Mare's  tail, 

33,  271 

Mouse-ear  cress. 

Majoram, 

69,  335 

Mud  plantain. 

968 

Marsh  five  finger, 

64,  204 

Mudwort^ 

70,  :^oi 

Marsh-mallows, 

75,  120,  269 

Mugwort, 

136 

Marsh  rosemary, 

53,  442 

Mulberry, 

88,  92,  161,  323 

Marsh  tea. 

295 

Mullein, 

46,  469 

Marygold,  82,84,157, 

164, 165, 448,  485 

Mushroom, 

-.  ,  .     486 

563 


Pase. 

Pase. 

Muskmelon, 

91,214 

Pecan-nut, 

183 

Mustard, 

73, 

364,  429 

Pellitory, 

88,342 

Myrtle, 

63, 

324,  325 

Pencil  flower, 
Pennycress, 

78,  446 
450 

N. 

Pennyroyal, 

68, 

261,  285 

Narcissus, 

120,  325 

Pennywort, 

69, 

277,  330 

JNasturliou, 

58,  462 

Peony, 

66 

Natural  Orders, 

16 

,  21,  539 

Pepper, 

58, 

168, 

359,  367 

Navel- wort, 

277 

Pepper-bush, 

124 

Neckweed, 

472 

Pepper-grass, 

296 

Necklace-weed, 

65,114 

Pepperidge, 

91,  329 

NeluNiBo, 

67 

Peppermint, 

68,  318 

Nettle, 

88,  158, 

249,  432 

Pepper-root, 

222 

Nettle  tree, 

50, 

\m,  465 

Periwinkle, 

476 

New  Jersey  tea, 

185,  48 

Persimon, 

225 

Nigiitshade, 

47,  432 

Peter's  wort, 

66, 

139,  447 

Nine-bark, 

440 

Phacelia, 

352 

Nit-weed, 

280 

Pheasant's  eye, 

67,  115 

Nonesuch, 

315 

Phenecian  mallows, 

269 

Nutmeg  flower, 

O. 

328 

Phenogamous  species, 
Pickeral  weed, 
Pigeon-berry, 

111 

54,  370 

357 

Oak, 

89,  383 

Pigmy-weed, 

44,  453 

Oak  of  Jerusalem, 

50,  193 

Pig-nut, 

183 

Oats, 

40,  89,  151, 

152,  464 

Pig-weed, 

50,  193 

Oil-nut, 

92 

Pimpernel,             123, 

188, 

302, 

410,  471 

Oily  grain, 

71,  423 

Pine, 

91, 

358, 

, 359,  453 

Okra, 

269 

Pink,                        61, 

153, 

203, 

223,  275 

Olcott  root, 

403 

Pink-root, 

440 

Olea, 

333 

Pine-weed, 

280 

Olive, 

333 

Pinxter  blomachee, 

152 

Onion, 

54,119 

Pin-weed 

41,  294 

Orache, 

50,  151 

Pipewort, 

88,  236 

Orange  root, 

66,  276 

Plane  tree. 

361 

Orange  tree. 

65,  198 

Plantain, « 

43, 

235, 

,  342,  360 

Orchis,               84, 

,  85,  303,  334, 

361,  460 

Pleurisy-root, 

139 

Orchard  grass, 

40 

Plowman's  wort. 

81,207 

Orpine, 

62, 

347,  421 

Plugi, 

Poison  hemlock. 

62,  93, 

225,  377 

Osier, 

209 

51,  205 

Ox-eye, 

83, 

162,  266 

Poison  vine, 

392 

Ox-eyed  daisy, 

P. 

82,  194 

Pokeweed, 
Pole  bean, 
Polyanlhos, 

62,  357 
353 
325 

Painted-cup, 

^70, 

155,  240 

Polygaly, 

365 

Palm, 

56,    57 

Polypod, 

94,  369 

Palina  christi, 

91,  396 

Pomegranite, 

63,  381 

Panic, 

41 

Pompion  berry, 

186 

Panic  grass. 

41,  340 

Pond  lily, 

65,  329 

Paper  sponk, 

520 

Pond  weed, 

44, 

371. 

,  372,  484 

Parnassus  grass, 

53.  342 

Poplar, 

93, 

370.  371 

Parsley, 

51, 

116,  129 

Poppoose-root, 

54,  295 

Parsnip, 

52,  267, 

,  344,  485 

Poppy, 

65, 

134, 

255,  342 

Partridge  berry, 

42,  321 

Potdtoe, 

47,  43  i 

Partridge  pea. 

184 

Poverty  grass, 

134 

Passion-flower, 

74,  344 

Prickly  ash, 

91,482 

Patience, 

403 

Prickly  pear. 

62,  163 

Paul's  betouy. 

471 

Pride-weed, 

81,  235 

Pea, 

76,  292, 

,  293,  360 

Pride  of  china, 

60 

Peach, 

63,  123 

Prim, 

34 

Pea-nut, 

78,  131 

Primrose, 

57,  375 

P^ar, 

63,  383 

Primrose  cowslip. 

45 

Pearl-wort, 

44,  405 

Prince's  feather, 

368 

564 

INDEX. 

Page. 

Page. 

Prince's  pine, 

60,  193 

Saff-flower, 

183 

Fuecoon, 

155 

Sage,                                35,  137,  409,  410 

Puff-ball, 

512 

Sago-plant, 

215 

Pumpkin, 

91,214 

Sallad, 

244 

Purslane, 

35,  64, 

214,  371 

Salsify, 

455 

Purple-hair  grass, 

39 

St.  John's  dog-bane, 

129 

Putty-root, 

85,  129 

Salt  grass, 

37,  301 

Pyramid  flower, 

43,  247 

Saltwort, 
Samphire, 

50,  409 
33.  406 

Q. 

Sanicle, 

50,  61,  411 

Quack-grass, 

39,  461 

Sand  myrtle. 

295 

Quaking  grass, 

161 

Sandwort, 

62,  132,  133 

Queen  of  the  meadow, 

441 

Sarsaparilla, 

53 

Quickset, 

212 

Sassafras, 

59,  293 

Quill-wort, 

96,  286 

Satin  flower, 

71,  306 

Quince, 

63,  383 

Satyr, 
Savin, 

260 
93,  288 

R. 

Savory, 

412 

Rabbit-foot, 

456 

Sow  grass. 

416 

Radish, 

73,  389 

Saxiirage,          43,  61,  196,  410,  413.  415 

Ragged  cup, 

84,  428 

Scabish, 

330,  57 

Ragged  robin, 

308 

Scabious, 

42,  415 

Ragwprt, 

82,  422 

Scailet  runner. 

353 

Raspberry, 

64, 

399^  400 

Scarlet  pimpernel. 

45 

Rattlesnake  fern, 

160 

Scorpion  weed. 

44,  324 

Rattlesnake  grass, 

161,  363 

Scouring  rush. 

96,  234 

Rattlesnake  leaf, 

84,  257 

Screwstem, 

187 

Rattle-box, 

78,  213 

Scropliula-weed, 

84,  257 

Red-bud, 

190 

Scull-cap, 

69,419 

Red-rod, 

209 

Scurvy-grass, 

203 

Red-root, 

186,  225 

Sea-rocket, 

164 

Red-pepper, 

47,  168 

Seed-box, 

43,  305 

Red-ipp, 

88, 

117,  481 

Seeded  plum, 

225 

Reed, 

38 

Sedge, 
Self-heal, 

87,  170  172,  174' 

Reed-grass, 

138.  164 

69,  376 

Reed-mace, 

87,  463 

Seneca-grass, 

271 

Rhodora, 

59,  392 

Senna, 

183,  204 

Rhubarb, 

59,  390 

Senna  herb. 

204 

Ribbon  grass, 

39,  352 

Sensitive  brier. 

416 

Rib- wort. 

43,  360 

Sensitive  fern. 

333 

Rice, 

56 

Sensitive  plant. 

184,  416,  78 

Rice  grass, 

295 

Sesame  grass, 

461 

Richweed, 

203,  465 

Shad-bu.sh, 

63,  135 

River  nymph, 

86 

Shag-walnut, 

183 

Rocket, 

73,  268 

Shallot, 

120 

Rock  rose, 

64,  263 

Shell-flower, 

68,  321 

Roman  artemisia, 

187 

Sheep-berry, 

473,  52 

Roman  fern. 

94,  157 

Shepherd's  purse, 

72,  168 

Roman  wprmwood, 

137 

Shield-lichen, 

515 

Rose, 

64, 

397.  398 

Shin-leaf, 

59,  382 

Rose  bay, 

61 ;  391 

Shin-wood, 

448 

Rose  campion, 

117 

Shot-bush, 

131 

Rosemary, 

35, 

124,  399 

Sickle-pod, 

130 

Rough-bells, 

167 

Side-saddle, 

65,  411 

Rue, 

60,  404 

Silk  grass, 

484 

Ruel, 

70,  403 

Simpler's  joy, 

470 

Rush,                        39, 

56,  287, 

415,  416 

Single-seed  cucumber, 

90,  424 

Rye, 

40,  420 

Skunk  cabbage. 
Sleek-leaf, 

43.  282 
60  295 

s. 

Sloe, 

377,  473 

Sacred  bean, 

327 

Small  crane's  bill, 

252 

Saffron, 

36,  79. 

,  183,  213 

Smellage, 

3Q0 

1 


565 


Page. 

Snail-shell,  315 

Snake-lily,  2ri4 

Snake-head,  71,  192 

Snake-mouth,  85 
Snake-root,  75, 86, 138,  238,  299,  311,  366 

Snake-weed,  4<!3 

Snapdragon,  70,  128 

Sneeze  wort,  ,           113 

Snow-ball,  52,  474 

Snow-drop,  54,  120,  249 

Snow-drop  tree,  75,  193,  2(i0 

Snuffbox-fern,  141 

Soap-berry,  58 

Soapwort,  61,  411 

Sott-grass,  271 

Solanum,  47 

Solomon's  seal.  55.  205 

Sorrel.  403,  56 

Sorrel  tree,  124 

Sour  gum,  329 

South  sea  tea,  282 

Southern  wood,  137,  80 

Spearmint,  68,  318 

Spearwort,  386 

Spear  grass,  362,  39 

Speckled  jewels,  283 

Speedwell,  34.  471,  472 

Spice-bush,  '    59,  293 

Spice  root,  219 

Spiderwort,  53,  454 

Spikenard,  53 

Spinacii,  92.  440 

Spindle  tree,  240,  48 

Spleen  amaranth,  121 

Spleenwort,  94, 141,  142 

Spring  beauty,  48,   198 

Spring  cress,  (C.  rotund*.)  169 

Spruce,  358 

Spur -stem,  45,  476 

Spurge.  87,  88,  243 

Spurrv,  62,439 

Squash,  91,  214 

Squaw-root,  335 

Squill,  55,  416 

Squirrel-tail  grass,  272 

Staff  tree,  48,  186 

Stag's  horn^  392 

Star-flower,  81.  142 

Star-giass,  54,  281 

Star  of  Bethlehem,  55,  335 
Starwort,                           61,62,165,319 

Steen-crout,  303 

Steeple-bush,  63,  440 

Stichwort,  (palustris,  7th  ed.)  442 

Stone-crop,  62,  421 

Storax  tree,  75 

Strawberry,  64,220,246 

Strawberry  blite,  158 

Strawberry  tree,  132 

Succory,  78,  196 


3.  repand- toothed;  stem  erect. 


Patre. 

Sugar-cane, 

38,  405 

Sulphurwort, 

52,  342 

Sultana, 

187 

Sumach, 

E2,  392 

Summer-grass, 

271 

Sunray, 

82 

Sundew, 

53,  229 

Sundrops,    > 

331 

Sunflower,                83, 

208,  263, 

265,  401 

Supple-jack, 

Swallow-wort, 

138 

Sweet- weed, 

269 

Sweeibriar, 

398 

Sweet  cicely, 

51,  336 

Sweet  fern, 

87,  204 

Sweet-flag, 

56,  1 14 

Sweet  gale. 

92,  324 

Sweet  gum. 

302 

Sweet-leaf, 

272 

Sweet  pea, 

76,  293 

Sweet  potatoe, 

206 

Sweet  tree, 

112 

Sweet  vernal-grass, 

35,  128 

Sweet  William, 

61,223 

Sweet  pepper  bush, 

60,  201 

Swine's  cress, 

210 

Sycamore, 

90,  361 

Syringa, 

63,  354 

T. 

Talinum, 

64,  448 

Tamerack, 

359 

Tangle-legs, 

473 

Tansy, 

80, 

136,  448 

Tape-grass, 

91,  469 

Tare, 

474 

Taxonomy, 

1 

Tea, 

65,  450 

Teasel, 

42, 

226,  404 

Thimble  berry. 

400 

Thimble  weed, 

126 

Thin  grass. 

38 

Thistle,                    79, 

169,  187, 

201,  437 

Thorn, 

63', 

211,  212 

Thorn-apple, 

46,  220 

Thoroughwax, 

162 

Thread-foot,) 

87,364 

Three-birds, 

128 

Three-colored  coxcomb, 

121 

Three-colored  daisy. 

194 

Three-seed  leek, 

119 

Thrift, 

442 

Thyme, 

69,  201, 

381,  451 

Tickweed, 

207 

Tiger  flower, 

452 

Timothy  grass. 

38,354 

Toad-flax, 

49,70  128,  4.50 

Tobacco, 

46,  47, 

304,  328 

Tooth-ache  bush, 

92,  482 

Tooth-cup, 

43 

Tooth  root, 

73,  222 

Tory-weed, 

216 

566 


Touch-me-not, 

Touchwood, 

Trailing  arbutus, 

Traveller's  joy, 

Tread  softly, 

Tree  primrose,^ 

Tree-weed, 

Trefoil, 

Trickle  root. 

Trumpet-flower, 

Trumpet-weed, 

Tuberose, 

Tulip, 

Tulip  tree, 

Tupelo, 

Turmeric  root, 

Turnip, 

Turnsol, 

Twayblade, 

Twin-berry, 

Twin-flower, 

Twin-leaf, 


Umbrella  grass, 
Umbrella  moss, 
Umbrella  tree. 
Unicorn  plant. 
Unicorn  root. 


Valerian, 

Vegetable  oyster, 

Venus'  fly-trap, 

Venus'  looking-glass, 

Venus'  pride. 

Vervain, 

Vetch, 

Violet,     48,  219,  257,  268, 

Viper's  bugloss, 

Virgin's  bower,  C6, 

Veronica, 


Page. 
48,  2S3 

493 
60,  233 

199 

287 
57,330 

:i08 

261 

73 

70,  157 

241 
55,  365 
55,  462 
67,  302 
92,  329 

270 
73,  138,  160 
45.  266 
85;  312 
47,  483 
42,  302 
58,  287 


37,248 


W. 

56.  89. 


Wake  robin. 
Walking  leaf, 
Wall  cress, 
Wall-flower, 
Walnut, 
Water  carpet. 
Water  cress. 
Water  fescue, 
Water  grass, 
Water  hemlock, 
Water  hemp, 
Water  leaf, 
Water  leaf  burr-flower 
Water  lily, 
Water  melon. 
Water  nymph. 
Water  oats, 
Water  plantain, 


312 

71,  315 

119 


35,  422,  469 

79,  455 

60,  225 

167 

42,  275 

68,  470 

76,  238,  474 

275,  283,  476 

44,  231 

150,  199,  200 

297 


13S,  459^  400 
94,  141 
72,  130 
72,  192 

90,  287 
58,  196 

73,  154,  169 
255 
118 
51,  197 
113 
327 
273 
65,  329 

91,  214 
325 
484 

57,  119 


Water  poplar. 
Water  purslane, 
Water  parsnip. 
Water  star-wort, 
Water  drop-wort, 
Water  radish. 
Water  rocket, 
Water  shield, 
Water  target, 
Wax  bush. 
Weed  grass, 
Whdhoo, 
Wheat, 
Wheat  thief, 
Whip-grass, 
While-bush, 
White  cedar, 
White  grass, 
White  root. 
White  weed. 
White  wood. 
White  top. 
Whitlow-grass, 
Whortleberry, 
Wild  basil, 
Wild  indigo. 
Wild  rice. 
Wild  rye. 
Wild  oats. 
Willow, 
Willow-herb, 
Wind-flower, 
Winter  cress. 
Winter-berry, 
Wintergreen, 
Wire-grass, 
Witch-alder, 
Witch-hazle, 
Woad, 
Woodbine, 
Wood-sage, 
Wood  waxen, 
Wood  sorrel. 
Wolf's  bane, 
Wormseed, 
Wormwood, 


Paore. 
370 

43,  285 
51,430 

50 

71,  154 
154 

67,  277 

277 

215 

205 

464 

40,  316,  461 

303 

87 

124,201,  61 

91,  215,  451 

295 

139 

194 

67,  302 
117 

71 

467,  60 

381 

59,  154 

485 

232,  40 

40,  220,  485 

91,  406 

63,233,  311 

126 

154 

54,  376 

60,  251.  382 

231 

63,  246 

44,  260 

72.  285 
304,  305 

68,  449 
252 

62,  336,  337 

114 

193 

121,  136,  137,  80 


Yam-root, 

Yarrow, 

Yellow-grass, 

Yellow-eyed  grass, 

Yellow-rattle, 

Yellow-root, 

Yellow-seed,    (L.  cam.) 

Yellow-star-root, 

Yellow  leaf. 

Yew, 

Yew-tree, 


Zigadene, 


92,  225 
82,  113 

217 
36,  483 

391 
53,  482 

296 

119 

94,  448 
94,  454 


56,  484 


567 


EATON'S 
BOTANICAL  DICTIONARY, 

FIFTH   EDITION, 

MODERNIZED  FOR  1840,  TO  ACCOMPANY  GaTEs'  EIGHTH  EDITION  OF 

NORTH  AMERICAN  BOTANY. 


Latin  words  are  printed  in  italics.     When  a  word  is  the  same  in  Latin  and  English, 
excepting  a  terminal  letter  or  two,  it  is  generally  omitted  in  one  of  the  languages. 


Abbre'viated  pe'rianth.     Shorter  than  most  perianths,  in  proportion  to  its  breadth. 
Abbkevia'tion.     Altliongh  any  botanist  may  employ  such  abbreviations  as  best  suits 

his  purpose,  by  explaining  their  import,  yet,  the  following  are  in  such  general  use, 

that  it  is  convenient  to  know  them. 
Rad.   root.  Fr.   fruit. 

Fol.  leaf.  Ph.  ieufet  of  calyx,  or  leaf. 

Slip,   stipule.  Per.   Pericarp. 

Flo.  flower.  Mas.  staminate  flower. 

Cal.  calyx.  Fem.  pistillate  flower. 

Cor.  corol.  Neu.  neutral  flower. 

Pet.  petal.  Her.  perfect  flower. 

Stam.   stamen.  0.  annual. 

Fil.   filament.  ^.  biennial. 

Anth.  anther.  21.  perennial. 

Pist.   pistil.  >>.   woody. 

Siig.   stigma. 

Abhrevia'lus.     See  abbreviated. 

Abdom'inal.     Belonging  to,  or  situated  on,  the  abdomen;  as  fins,  rings,  v&c. 
Abnor'mai,,    (abnormis.)     Some  departure  from  the  ordinary  structure  of  the  family 

or  genus.     Not  according  with  first  principles. 
Abur'tiens      See  abortive. 
Abor'tive  flower.     Not  arriving  to   perfection;   the   proof  of  which   is   the  want  of 

perfect  seed.     One  or  more  organs  suppressed  and  absorbed  by  others.     See  seed. 
Abrupt'  leaf.     A  pinnate  leaf  which  has  not  an  odd,  or  terminal  leafet. 

• root.     Appearing  as  if  bitten  ofi';   as  bird-foot  violet. 

Aliriip'te.     Abruptly. 

Aculyr.'inus.     ^Vilhout  a  calyx. 

Acati'lis.     Stemless. 

Accessory.     Additional;  annexed  and  of  a  different  kind;  often  applied  to  the  border 

of  the  receptacle  of  a  lichen. 
Accre'tas,  (actete. )     Fastened  to  another  body,  and  growing  with  it. 


668  AGE 

AcERo'sE  leaf.  Needle-form.  Generall}^  inserted  on  the  sides  of  branches,  as  in  ihd 
pines. 

Acero'sus.     Acerose. 

Acetabul'eus,  (acctahvliforfnis.)  Concave,  depressed,  round,  with  the  border  a  little 
turned  inwards;   resembling  the  cavity  of  the  hip-joint. 

AcHENE.*  Akine.  One-celled,  superior  carpel^  having  a  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,- 
without  a  suture.  It  is  the  pericarp,  of  the  scabrous  plants;  also  of  the  rose,  sun- 
flower, «&c. 

Achlamydeons.  Plants  have  frequently  no  floral  envelopes;  in  that  case  flowers  are 
said  to  be  naked  or  achlamydeous. 

Avicuia'ris.     Form  of  a  small  needle. 

AciNAc'iFORM  leaf.  Sabre-form.  One  edge  sharp  and  convex,  the  other  thicker  and 
straight,  or  concave.     Cutlass-form. 

Acinacifor'  mis.     Acinaciform. 

Ac'iNE.     One  of  the  little  globules  constituting  a  compound  berry  as  of  the  raspberry< 

Ac'inus.     Acirie. 

Acotyled'onous  plants.  Having  no  cotyledons,  or  seed-lobes:  and  consequently  pro- 
ducing no  seminal  leaves.     See  Cotyledon  and  See-leaves. 

Acu'leus,  CacuUiUus.)     Prickle. 

Acu'minate.  When  the  leaf,  calyx,  «&;c.  terminate  suddenly  in  a  point,  generally 
more  or  less  curved  towards  one  edge  of  the  leaf 

Acumina'tus.     Awl-pointed,  acuminate. 

Acuta  ngula'ris.     Sharp-cornered. 

Acute.  Any  part  of  a  plant  ending  without  a  curved  or  founded  termination.  Ail 
obtuse  angle  or  any  other  angle  j*i  mathematics,  is  acute  in  botanical  language. 

Acu'te.     Acutely.     An  ucute-de/ttdtUs,  sharply  toothed. 

Acutiuscu'lus.  Acutish  That  is,  the  apex,  corner,  &c.  is  hardly  rounded  so  as  to  be 
called  obtuse,  and  is  rather  too  nearly  round  to  be  denominated  acute. 

AnfeLPHous.  Applied  to  plants  whose  stamens  are  united  by  their  filaments,  whether 
in  one,  two,  or  more  sets. 

Adna'te.  Adhering.  Any  two  or  more  parts  of  a  plant  being  attached  to  each  other^ 
in  cases  where  analagous  parts  are  separate  in  other  plants. 

Adna'tus.     Growing  together.     Adnate. 

Acid vtjATEb,  (  ackuUUus. )  Marked  with  very  fine  irregular  streaks,  as  if  produced 
by  the  point  of  a  needle. 

Adpres'sils.     Appressed. 

Adscen'dens.     Ascending. 

Adverse  leaf.  Presenting  its  under  surface  to  the  sun.  One  edge  presented  towards 
the  stem. 

JE,quwaL'ms,     Valves  equal  among  themselves. 

JErugino' sus.     Light  bluish  green;  verdigris-color. 

jEstiva'tion.  The  manner  in  which  petals  lie  in  the  flower-bud,  and  leaves  in  the 
leaf-bud,  before  they  open.  1.  Convolute,  petals  or  leaves  rolled  all  one  way,  like 
a  roll  of  paper  or  cloth.  2.  Imhricult,  petals  or  leaves  lying  over  each  other  so  as 
to  break  joints,  like  shingles  on  a  roof.  3.  Canduplicale,  each  petal  or  leaf  having 
its  edges  rolled  in,  till  the  two  opposite  rolls  meet  on  the  midrib.  4.  Vulvate, 
when,  just  before  they  open,  they  stand  like  the  husksof  an  ear  of  Indian  corn. 
5.    Unequal-valvcd,  when  the  petals  difier  in  size. 

While  in  the  state  of  estivation,  the  leaves  undergo  important  changes.  Some- 
times the  axis  of  the  bud  is  elongated  into  a  branch,  separating  the  leaves  along 
the  branch  to  great  distances.  Son'Ctimes  the  axis  extends  but  the  tenth  or  twen- 
tieth of  an  inch,  and  the  leaves  adhere,  contract  and  expand  variously:  producing 
calyxes,  corols,  stamens  and  pistils.  The  central  leaf,  or  a  central  whorl  of  leaves, 
have  their  folded  edges  grow  together,  forming  carpels  enclosing  ovules;  while  the 
midrib  becomes  a  style,  and  its  tip  the  stigma. 

AJfi'nis.     Having  relation,  or  afiinity,  to  sometliing  supposed  to  be  previously  known. 

Aga'mia.     fa,  without,  ^o/ztia,  matrimony,)  Necker's  name  for  the  class cr7/yu<o^«mia. 

A'ges  of  plants.  Some  plants  spring  up.  flower,  ripen,  seed,  and  die,  in  a  few  hours, 
or  a  day,  which  are  called  tpheiiieruL.  Others  live  a  few  months  or  a  summer,  which 
are  called  annual.  Others  spring  up  in  one  summer  and  ripen  and  die  the  next, 
which  aie  called  biennial.  Others  live  an  indefinite  period,  either  with  the  whole 
stem  and  branches,  or  only  by  the  root,  which  are  called  perennial. 

*  Achin,  Gr.  poor,  lean. 


AMP  669 

The  ages  of  trees  may  be  known  by  counting  the  concentric  rings  or  grains. 
Ag'gregate.     Many  springing  from  tiie  same  point,  or  from  the  same  receptacle. 

Sometimes  this  term  is  rather  loosely  applied  to  heaps  or  bundles. 

A^areirtite  Jiuicers  are  those  where  several  stand  on  the  same  receptacle  without 

united  anthers.     Applied  to  minerals,  it  signifies  that  several  simple  minerals  are 

united  in  a  mass  by  adhesion,  or  by  a  cement. 
Ai'gkktte,  K'gret.     The  Hying,  feathery  or  hairy  crown  of  seeds:   as  the  down  of 

thistles  and  dandelions. 

s/i/ii'd  (stipulatus)  when  it  is  supported  on  a  foot-stem. 

siin/ilc  (simplex)  when  it  consists  of  a  bundle  of  simple  hairs,  without  branches. 

//^MW.y.se  (plumosus)  when  each   hair  has  other  little  hairs  arranged  along  its 

sides,  lilve  the  beards  on  a  feather. 

tncmbranoiis,  thin  transparent  leaves. 

Marty  n  recommends  this  term  under  the  word  pappus. 
AiGRETTEi).     Bearing  egret. 
AiK-CELLs,  besides  the  common  intercellular  passages,  and  the  receptacles,  there  are 

very  remarkable  cavities   among   the   tissue  of  plants  containing  air  only,  and  not 

the    proper  ju!ce   of  the    plant.     Air-cells  are  very   variable  in   size,    figure   and 

arrangement.     The  structure  of  the  air-cells  and  their  coats  form  one  of  the  most 

beautiful  of  microscopical  objects. 
Akemum,  is  an  indehisceni,  bony,  one-seeded  pericarp,  which  does  not  contract  any 

degree  of  adhesion  with  the  integument  of  the  seed,  as  strawberry,  sunflower. 
Al'i,  wing;  alnlus,  winged. 
Al'liiravs.     Whitish,  growing  white. 
Albumen.     The  farinaceoiis,  tleshy.  or  horny  substance  (which  constitutes  the  chief 

bulk  of  some  monocotyledonous  seeds;  t  between  the  integuments  and  the  embryo. 
It  is  well  exhibited  in  the  cocoa  nut;  also  in  culmiferous  plants,  as  Indian  corn, 

wheat,  rye,  oats.     Buckwheat  flour  is  more  perfect  albumen  "than  the  Indian  meal. 

It  is  not  found  in  peas  and  beans;  their  chief  mass  is  of  the  cotyledons.     Cruciform 

plants,  as  mustard  seed,  turnip  seed,  &c.,  contain  none. 
Albui' uuiii.     The  living  and  incompletely  formed  external  layers  are  called  the  albur- 
num;    See  Aubier.     Sap-wood. 
Al'gae.     Linneus  comprised  the  plants  of  the  orders  Hepaticae  and  Lichenes  under 

this  order. 
Ai.iENATtD.     When  the  first  organs,  as  the  stamens,  leaves,  &c.  give  place  to  others 

diflerent  from  the  natural  habit  of  the  plant. 
Alliaceous.     Emitting  the  odour  of  garlick. 
Alluvion.     Detritus,  which  is  formed  by  the  process  of  washing  from  the  place  of 

disintegration. 
Ai.'piNE.     Growing  most  naturally  on  high  mountains. 
Alteknate.     Branches,    leaves,    flowers,    »tc.    are    alternate,    when    arranged   upon 

opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  or  whatever  supports  them:  beginning  at  different  dis- 
tances from  its  base,  and  continuing  in  nearly  equal  series.     Sometimes  they  are 

in  three  series. 
Alter'natlng.     When  one  organ  is  arranged  alternately  respecting  another;  as  the 

stamens  in  the  first  tert  classes:  mostly  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  divisions  of 

petals.  .  _ 

Alter'ae  pinnata.     Alternat^y  pinnate. 
Alve'olate   receptacle    (atteolatv:;. )     Having  cells  so  as  to  resemble  a  honeycomb; 

with  more  or  less  of  each. seed  imbedded  in  it. 
AlutaceoOs.     Tan  color.     The  color  of  sole  leather. 
Ambitus.     Periphery.     The  outer  rim  of  a  frond,  receptacle,  &c. 
A  ME.NT.     An  assemblage  of  small   flower-bearing   scales,   which    serve   as  lateral 

calyces.     These  are  arranged  along  a  kind  of  rachis,  and  each  encloses  either  the! 

stamens  or  pistils  of  flowers.     The  pine,  willow,  oak,  chesnut,  walnut  and  nettles 

are  good  examples.     See  strobile. 
Amenla'ceus.     Growing  in  aments,  amentaceous. 
Amphibiology.     The  department  of  Zoology,  embracing  animals  which  are  capable 

of  suspending  respiration  for  a  long  time  without  injuring  the  action  of  the  arterial 

system;  and  of  living  in  air  also  in  a  healthy  state.    As  frog,  snake,  tortoise,  lizard. 
Ainpkzkau  Us.     See  clasping.     Embracing  the  stem. 
AiiipLius.     Enlarged,  abundant. 
Ampul  lus.     See  utriculus.     Bladder. 

72 


570  APP 

Anal.     Situated  near  the  vent,  or  between  it  and  the  tail. 

Analluvion.  Applied  to  detritus  which  has  not  received  its  present  character  from 
being  washed. 

Anal'ogy.     In  natural  science,  it  is  frequently  necessary  to  reason  from  analogy. 

Anal'ysis.  To  analyse  a  plant  boluniailhj,  is  to  .search  out  the  name  by  the  number, 
form,  position,  &.c.  of  its  organs,  as  they  exist  in  a  natural  stale. 

Anastomosis.  A  meeting  of  mouths.  When  veins,  tubes,  &c.  join  in  one,  at,  or 
towards,  their  exlreinilies. 

Ancip'itai..  Anceps.     Two  edged.     Having  two  opposite  edges  or  angles. 

Asdrog'ynous  plants.  Bearing  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  the  same  root 
williout  any  perfect  ones;  as  the  Indian  corn. 

spil.c,  has  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  distinct  on  different  parts  of  it. 

Jtmcer,  has  stamens  or  pistils  only,  and  is  on  the  same  plant  with  other  flowers 

having  different  organs  from  itself. 

Ankrac'tuous.     Winding  by  angular  turnings. 

Angiocarpus.     Fungi  bearing  seeds  internally. 

An'gular.  By  means  of  intervening  grooves,  the  stems,  calyces,  capsules,  «S:c. 
often  have  ridges  running  lengthwise,  which  give  them  this  appellation;  also  hav- 
ing several  salient  angles  on  the  margin;  as  the  leaf  of  the  Datura  Stramonium. 

Av^da'tus.     See  angular. 

Ancrustiful'ius.     iSarrow-leaved. 

Annotine.     Of  one  year. 

Annual,  Which  si)rings  up,  perfects  fruit,  and  dies  in  the  same  year.  The  herbage 
is  often  annual,  with  a  perennial  root.  But  the  root  is  always  intended,  unless  the 
other  parts  are  particular!}'  menkoned. 

Annulatus.  Having  a  ring  around  the  capsules  in  ferns;  or  a  fungus  with  a  ringed 
stipe. 

An'nulus.     See  ring. 

Annuns.     See  annual. 

Anom'alous.  {a  without,  nomous  law.)  Whatever  forms  an  exception  to  the 
assumed  rules  or  systems.  In  the  attempts  of  old  botanists  at  natural  arrangement 
many  plants  were  necessarily  thrown  into  anomalous  groups. 

Antenna;.     The  horns  or  jointed  processes  on  the  heads  of  insects. 

Anther.  As  the  limb  of  a  petal  is  analogous  to  the  lamina  of  a  leaf,  and  the  unguis 
is  analagous  to  the  petiole  of  the  cleft;  it  follows  that  the  anther  is  a  modification 
of  the  lamina,  and  the  filament  of  the  petiole.  Smiilar  metamorphoses  and  inter- 
changes among  organs,  are  easily  demonstrated  by  attentive  observation.  Especi- 
allly  leaves,  branches,  and  flowers. 

Antherid'iun.     Used  by  Nuttall  for  a  mass  of  pollen. 

Antherif'erous.  Antlierif' era.  Flowers  bearing  sessile  anthers;  that  is  anthers  with- 
out filaments. 

Antheroid.     Having  the  appearance  of  an  anther. 

Anthocarpous.  Authors,  flower,  carpos,  fruit.  When  the  ament  of  flowery  scales,  or 
its  open  carpels  become  condensed  into  fruit;  as  the  indurated  and  compacted  stro- 
bile of  pine,  cypress,  or  yew.  The  pine-apple,  mulberry  and  tig  also;  but  they  are 
the  variety,  sorosis, 

Antho' d'lum.     See  perianth  caly.-?. 

Aper'lio.     See  blooming. 

Ap'erture.  In  conchology  it  is  used  for  the  mouth  of  a  shell,  or  entrance  to  the 
animal's  residence.  It  is  of  various  forms,  as  angular,  rounded,  moon-form,  linear, 
«&c. 

Apet'alous.     a  flower  without  a  corol.     See  stamineus. 

Ap'ex.     The  tip  or  end.     Summit  of  the  spire  of  a  shell. 

Aphyl'lous.     Leafless. 

Apicula'tum.     Covered  with  fleshy,  erect,  short  points. 

Apoph'ysis.     A  process  from  the  base  of  the  theca  of  mosses. 

Apotke'cium.  The  receptacle  of  lichens,  being  the  part  wherein  the  seeds  are  formed 
and  ripened.  The  saucer-foim  cups  on  those  greenish  leathery  scabs  on  fences  and 
stones,  are  examples.  They  are  projiagted  by  s|)orules,  included  within  little  mem- 
branous cases,  which  lie  within  a  denuded  portion  of  their  own  central  substance, 
called  the  scuiellum,  apolhecium,  or  shield.     See  Border  of  Lichens. 

Appen'dage.     As  thorns,  tendril. 

Appendic'olate.     Appendicule.      Appendaged.     Having  something  attached  to  a 


AWN  571 

leaf,  corol,  &c.  as  a  wing  on  a  petiole,  a  nectary  at  the  end  of  a  petal,  as  in  some 

species  of  Polygala,  »&c. 
Appkksskd.     Closely  pressed;  as  leaves  against  the  stem,  &c. 
Approx'imatk.     Growing  near  each  other,  or  near  to  a  different  part. 
Ap'tekous.     Without  wings. 

Aquat'ic.     Growing  most  naturally  in  or  near  water. 

Arachnoi' dcus.     Covered  witli  interwoven  hairs,  so  as  to  resemble  a  spider's  web. 
Aruneo'siis.     See  arachnoideus. 
Ar'bor.     See  tree. 

Arbo'reous.     Tree-like.     Applied  to  mineral  impressions. 
Arbokes'cent.     Becoming  woody  when  approaching  maturity. 
Arbus'cula.     See  sutFrulex — somewhat  woody. 
Arbusti'vus.     Bush-like. 
Arched.     Curving  above.     See  vaulted. 
Ar'cuate,  Arcua'lus.     Bent  like  a  bow.     See  bowed. 
Arena' tim.     Arcinvise,  curved. 
Arena'rius.     Growing  in  sand. 

Areola'tiis.  ■  Raised  a  little  so  as  to  resemble  a  garden-bed.     Cushion-like. 
Argen'teus.     Silver-colored. 
Argu'tus.     Sharp-tapering. 
Argyroc'omus.     Silky  and  silvery  white. 
Ar'id,  A'ridus.     Dry  and  rough. 
A'ril,  Anl'lus.     The  outer  coat  of  a  seed,  which,  not  contracting  with  it  in  ripening, 

falls  off;  sometimes  the  funiculus,  or  the  placenta,  expands  about  the  seeds  into  a 

fleshy  body,  named  arillus. 
Aris'tate,  aris'ta  and  arista  tus.     See  awn  and  awned.     Bearded. 
Arms.     Spines  and  prickles. 
Aromat'icus.     Aromatic,  sweet  scented. 
Ar'row-form.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head.     It  differs  from  hear-form  in  having  the 

hind  lubes  acute. 
Artic'idus.     See  joint. 
Artic'ulated.     Jointed.     Articulated  division  of  animals  includes  those  which  have 

jointed  abdomens;   as  angle-worms,  lobsters,  spiders  and  wasps. 
Artkula'te.     Jointedly. 
Arundina'ceus.     Resembling  reeds. 
Arven'sis.     Growing  in  cultivated  fields. 

Ascen'ding.     Rising  gradually  between  a  horizontal  and  vertical  position. 
Ascidium,   when   the   petiole   becomes  dilated  and  hollowed  out  at  its  upper  end,  the 

lamina  being  articulated  with  and  closing  up  its  orifice;  it  is  also  called  a  pitcher  or 

ascidium;   as  the  leaf  of  the  sarracenia  (side-saddle.) 
As'perate,  As'per.     Rough. 
Asperifol'ius.     Rough-leaved. 

Assur'gent,  Asmrgens.     Rising  in  a  curve  from  a  declined  base. 
AsTi'PED.     Pappus,  or  a  fungus,  without  a  stem  or  stipe. 
Air opurpu' reus.     Dark  purple. 
Atte.nuated,  atienua'tus.     Tapering   gradually  till  it  becomes  slender.     Long  and 

slender. 
AuBiER.     Sap-wood,  the  last. year's  deposite. 
Auc'tus  calyx.     Having  an  outer  row  of  leafets,  as  the  Dandelion. 
Ave'iiiurn.     Veinless. 

AvERTEBRAL.     Auimals  without  back  bones;  as  insects,  oysters  angle-worms. 
AcLui.ET.     Spurious  wings.     A  tuft  of  3  or  5  feathers  on  the  outer  fore-joint  of  a 

bird's  wing. 
Auranlia'cus.     Orange-colored. 
Aure'ns.     Gold-colored. 

Auricles.     Apendages  to  the  heart;  being  small  cavities  above  the  ventricles. 
Auricula' tus;  or  aurilus.     See  eared.     Ear-like  processes. 
Autumna' Lis.     Coming  to  maturity  in  aututnn. 
Auluinna'tio.     The  effect  of  autumn  on  plants. 
Awr.'-FORM.     Linear  at,  and  adjoining,   the  base;  and  becoming  sharp  and  more  or 

less  curved  to  one  side  at  the  point. 
Awl'-pointed.     Acuminate. 
Awn.     a  short  slender  process,  or  stiff"  beard,  from  the  top  or  back  of  glumes  or  chaff- 


§72  BIP 

Processes  resembling  awns  are  called  by  this  name,  whicli  proceed  from  anthers  or 
any  other  parts  of  vegetables. 

AwNED.  Having  awns,  (aristatus);  abruptly  terminated  in  a  hard,  straight,  subu- 
late point;  it  is  always  a  continuation  of  the  lib,  and  sometimes  separates  from 
the  lamina  below  tlie  apex. 

AwNi.ESs.     Without  awns;   sometimes  it  means  a  blunt,  pointless  awn. 

Ax'e-form.  Nearly  cylindric  towards  the  base,  with  one  side  projecting  towards  the 
end,   wliich  piojeclion  is  sharp-edged. 

Ax'iL.  The  arm-pit.  Applied  to  vegetables,  it  means  the  angle  formed  by  the  meet- 
ing of  a  leaf  or  petiole  with  the  stem,  or  of  a  branch  with  the  main  stem. 

Ax'iLLARy.     Any  thing  growing  from  the  axils. 

Axis  of  fruit  is  often  called  columella;  the  space  where  two  carpella  unite,  is  named 
the  commissure;  the  axis  may  be  compared  to  the  vertebral  column  of  animals  in 
many  cases. 

Azu'rms.     See  CcEruleus.     Blue. 

B. 

Bac'ca.     Pulpy,  valveless  berry. 

Baccif'erous.     Berry-bearing. 

BaccU'lum.     Pedicel  of  lichens. 

Back.  The  side  of  a  univalve  shell,  which  is  opposite  to  the  side  in  which  the  aper- 
ture is  placed. 

Ba'dius.     Liver-brown. 

Banner.     The  upper  petal  in  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

Barb,  barba.  A  straight  process  armed  with  teetii,  pointing  backwards;  if  forked  at 
the  apex,  both  divisions  of  the  fork  being  hooked,  it  is  gtuchis,  or  hook-beaked. 

Barba'tus.     See  bearded. 

Bark.  Properly  the  inner  strong  fibrous  part  of  the  covering  of  vegetables.  But  in 
a  more  extended  sense  it  includes  also  the  cuticle,  and  cdhdur  intcaument. 

Barren.      Producing  no  ripe  seed.      See  staminute,  nculnil,  and  uburticu. 

Bas'is.  Base.  The  part  of  a  stem,  leaf,  flower,  <SlC.,  nearest  to  the  place  through 
which  it  derives  its  nutriment.  The  extreme  end  of  a  univalve  shell,  opposite  to 
the  apex  of  the  spire;  and  the  side  or  end  opposite  to  the  hinge  of  bivalve  shells. 
The  hilum  represents  the  base  of  the  seed;  the  apex  is  determined  by  the  point 
where  the  vessels  or  tissue  of  the  integument  concentrate,  called  the  micropile, 
(little  process.)     Before  maturing,  called  forauien. 

Beak.  One  side  of  the  aperture  of  a  univalve  siiell,  extended  in  the  form  of  a  beak; 
as  murex.     In  a  bivalve,  it  is  the  tip  of  the  spiral  part  near  the  hinge. 

Beak'ed.  Terminated  by  a  process,  formed  like  a  bird's  bill;  or  terminating  gradu- 
ally in  a  hard,  long,  straight  point. 

Bearu.  Having  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairs,  growing  from  different  parts  of  the  sur- 
face. Parallel  hairs.  It  is  applied  to  the  filamentous  nectaries  on  the  petals  of 
Iris.  The  lower  lips  of  ringent  corols  are  sometimes  called  beard.  Tendril-like 
appendages  near  the  mouth  of  the  sturgeon  and  some  other  fish. 

BE'^nnLEss.     Destitute  of  beard. 

Bell'-form.  Swelling  out  at  the  base,  and  without  a  tube.  Properly  applied  to 
monopeialous  corols  only;  but  it  is  frequently  extend§d  to  liliaceous  floweis,  and 
some  others. 

Belly.     It  is  the  swollen  part  of  the  body  of  a  univalve  shell.     See  body. 

Bel'lying.     See  Ventricose.     Inflated. 

Berried,  (haccatns. )     Having  a  juicy,  succulent  texture. 

Berrv.     a  pulpy  pericarp,  enclosing  seeds  without  capsules. 

Bib'ulus.     Sucking  water. 

Bicus'pidate.     Having  two  lengthened  points,   each  terminated  with  a  small  bristle, 

Bi'dens.     Having  two  teeth. 

Bien'nial.     Springing  up  one  summer,  flowering  and  dying  the  next;  as  wheat. 

Bifa'rius.     Facing  two  ways,  presenting  two  oi)posite  series. 

Bi'ferous.     Bearing  twice  in  a  year.     Common  in  hot  climates. 

Bi'fid.     Two  cleft,  split  into  two  divisions. 

BVfuhis.     Bifid. 

Bi'florus.     See  tw^o-flowered. 

Bifariui,     Having  two  openings  or  holes;  or  facing  two  ways. 


BRA  573 

BifurcaJtns  or  Bifur'cus.     Forked. 

Bigem'inate.     Twin-forked.     Having  a  forked  stem,  wiih  two  leaves  on  each  part. 

Biolan'uulous.     Having  two  jrlands. 

Biju'r.nus.     A  pinnate  leaf  with  two  pairs  of  leaves  on  each  part. 

Bila'liiiitc.     Corol  with  two  lips;   as  in  most  of  the  class  diilijnnmia. 

Bii-am'klla.te.  Composed  of  two  lamellae;  it  applies  to  a  flattened  stigma  split 
ien^rtlnvise 

BiLo'BATE.     Divided  into  two  lobes. 

BiLoc'uLAR.     Two-celled. 

Bi'nate.  Two  standing  up  together  on  the  top  of  one  stalk.  If  they  spread  out 
horizontally,  they  are  called  cuiijugate. 

Bincr'vis.     Two  nerved. 

Bipak'tirle,  or  Bipar'tile.     Naturally  divisible  into  tvvo  parts. 

Bipar'tkus.  Divided  into  two  parts  to  the  base,  but  still  remaining  in  one  piece,  as  the 
petals  of  stel.laria. 

Bipin'nate.     Doubly  pinnate. 

Bipinnat'ifid.     Doubly  pinnatifid. 

Biros'trate.      Having  tvvo  beaks. 

Biscria'lis.     In  two  series;  S-rowed. 

Bistri'ate.     Two  slender  lines  running  lengthwise. 

Bisul'cate.     Having  iwo  funows  or  grooves. 

BrrER'iNATE.     Doubly  ternate. 

Bi' VALVE.  'vV  hen  a  capsule  is  composed  of  two  pieces  or  valves;  or  when  the  glume- 
calyx  of  grass,  iVc,  consists  of  two  chaff  or  husks.  When  used  in  Zoology,  it 
refers  to  the  two  parts  of  the  shell  of  such  nioluscous  animals  as  oysters,   clams, 

i&C. 

Birusnda'ris.     With  two  horn-form,  or  cup-form  cells. 

Bi.is'teked.     See  buliate. 

Bloom'lng.     Tbe  precise  time  when  all  parts  of  the  flovver  are  completely  developed. 

Bi.os'soM.     Colored  leaves  of  a  flower,  whether  calyx,  corol,  or  both. 

Blunt.     Round-obtuse. 

Boat-form.  Hollowed  one  side,  with  a  compressed  longitudinal  ridge  on  the  oppo- 
site side. 

Bouy.  It  is  the  first  whorl  at  the  base  of  a  univalve  shell;  the  most  swollen  part  of 
which  is  callpd  the  belly. 

Bole.     The  naked  trunk  of  a  tree. 

BoNV,  (osseus. )  Hard  and  very  close  in  texture,  not  cut  without  difficulty,  the  parts 
cut  off  being  brittle:  as  llie  stone  of  a  peach. 

Border  in  Lichenes.  Tbe  edging  of  their  receptacles  (apothecium.)  li  is  proper, 
when  of  the  same  substance  and  color  of  the  receptacle.  It  is  accessory,  when  of  a 
different  substance  or  color  from  the  disk  of  the  receptacle. 

Border  of  corols,  leaves,  funguses,  &c.     The  spreading  brim. 

tenuis.     Thin  border  of  a  fungus. 

' cnleruta.     Colored  border. 

' eqiial.is.     Wlien  the  stem  of  a  fungus  is  in  the  centre. 

• crassa.  \  Thick  border,  &c. 

Bossed.     Bunched  up  in  the  centre,  as  in  some  agarics. 

Botan'icai.  names  of  plants.  Generic  names  are  chiefly  given  in  honor  of  botanists, 
and  patrons  of  laborious  botanists  at  the  present  day.  Hence  they  are  a  correct 
record  of  the  names  of  the  friends  of  our  chief  genera  miiniifaclurers,  and  adven- 
turous collectors.  Specific  names  are  sometimes  given  upon  the  same  principle. 
But  they  are  mostly  latin  adjectives  expressive  of  some  striking  form  or  cpiality  of 
tire  plant.  See  Lindley's  Introduction,  p.  454,  and  on;  wherein  he  gives  the 
Linnean  rules  f.^r  naming,  with  his  own  comments. 

Bot'rus.     A  cluster,  like  grapes. 

Bough.     See  branch. 

Boui  DER.  A  large  fragment  of  a  rock.  This  term  is  applied  to  all  niassps  of  rock, 
which  are  severed  from  a  main  rock,  if  the  size  is  above  that  which  is  usually 
denominated  a  pebble. 

Bow'ed.     Curved  over  downwards. 

BowL-FORM.     About  half  of  a  hollow  sphere. 

Brach'iate.     Branches  nearly  horizontal  and  decussate. 

Btach'ium.     See  Measures.     Arms  lenjtth. 


574  CAL 

Bract.  Brae' ted.  Floral  leaf.  A  leaf  near  or  among  flowers,  which  difFer.=!  in  shape, 
or  color,  or  both,  from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant.  The  leaf  from  the  axilla  of 
which  a  flower-bud  arises  is  called  a  bract,  or  floral  leaf;  and  all  rudimentary  leaves 
of  what  size  or  color  soever,  which  appear  on  the  peduncle  between  the  floral-leaf 
and  the  calyx,  are  called  bracleoles;  but  in  common  language,  botanists  confound 
these  two  kinds,  which  are  essentially  distinct.     As  on  the  bass-wood,  (tilia.J 

Brnclea'lus.     Braclea,  having  bracts. 

Bracteifor'mis.     Resembling  bracts. 

Branch.     A  division  of  the  main  stem,  or  main  root. 

Branched.     Divided  into  branches.     Applied  to  roots,  trees,  &c. 

Branch-leaves.     Leaves  growing  on  branches. 

Brakch'let.     .Subdivision  of  a  branch;  a  twig. 

Branch-pe'duncle.     a  peduncle  proceeding  from  a  branch. 

Brev'is.     Short.     Unusually  short. 

Brevis' simns.     Very  short. 

Brist'les.     Very  stiff  hairs.     They  are  simple  or  hooked. 

Bristi,e-form.     Nearly  proportioned  to  a  bristle  in  breadth  and  length. 

Bristle-pointed,  (setosus,  setiger.J  Terminating  gradually  in  a  very  fine  sharp 
point. 

Bristi.y.     Set  with  bristles. 

Bronchial.     Applied  to  fish  it  means,  pertaining  to  the  gills. 

Bruma'lis.     See  Hyemalis.     Wintery. 

Brcn'neus.     Brown,  dusky,  dun. 

Buckler-shaped,  (scutatus,  scutiformis. )     Lens-shaped,  with  an  elevated  brim. 

Bud.  The  winter  residence  of  leaves  and  flowers.  Generally  wanting  in  hot  coun- 
tries. They  are  defended  by  imbricate  scales  and  mostly  by  a  clammy  glutinous 
substance  also.  They  are — L  Lenf-beariiisr.  Which  are  more  slender  and  sharp. 
2.  FLuive.r-btaring.  Which  are  thicker,  not  so  hard  nor  so  sharp.  But  late  invest- 
igations prove,  that  both  kinds  are  interchangable,  under  the  influence  of  contin- 
gencies. 

Bulb.  Bulbus.  Bulbous  roots.  Though  we  call  the  turnip,  the  onion,  &c.  roots, 
they  are  strictly  buds;  or  the  winter  residence  of  the  future  plants.  Some  bulbs 
are  borne  above  ground,  as  on  several  species  of  onion,  (allium.)  Leaf-buds  have 
been  sometimes  confounded  with  roots  by  old  botanists;  a  bulb  is  a  leaf-bud;  a 
bulbous  root  is  a  ccntradiclion  in  terms. 

Bulhif'erous.     Producing  bulbs  above  ground. 

BuUw'sus.     Bulbous.     Growing  fiorn  bulbs. 

Bulbous  root.     Fleshy  and  spherical. 

Bul'l/utus.     Small  lateral  buds  shooting  from  larger  ones. 

BuLLATE.  Raised  in  bunches  or  blisters;  as  when  the  parenchymous  substance  of  a 
leaf  rises  up  between  the  veins. 

Bun'dle.     See  fascicle. 

BuTTERKLY-FORM.     Scc  papilionaccous. 

But'tons,  TrictB.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which  when  magnified  resem- 
bles a  coiled  horse-hair.  They  are  roundish,  sessile,  unexpanding,  compact,  black 
and  solid;  continued  along  their  whole  surface.  Upper  aide  they  are  in  concentric, 
or  coiled,  plaited  and  twisted  folds;  covered  every  where  with  the  same  membrane; 
containing  seeds  without  cells,  or  cases.     Smith. 

Byssus.  Flax-like,  silky  or  hair-like  fibres  at  the  hinge  of  some  bivalve  shells.  It  is 
applied  to  some  fungi,  &c. 

C. 

Cadu'cocs.  Any  part  of  a  plant  is  caducous,  which  falls  off  earlier,  compared  with 
other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  than  is  usual  for  similar  parts  in  most  plants.  As 
the  calyx  of  the  poppy  and  bloodroot,  fall  off  before  the  corol  is  hardly  expanded. 

CcEsivs.     Sky-blue,  pale-blue,  grey. 

Caes'pitose.  Turfy.  Several  plants  growing  together,  or  from  the  same  root, 
forming  a  turf 

CaVartms.     Reed-like. 

Cal'car.     A  conic  spur.     See  spur. 

Cal'carate.     See  spurred. 

Calciferous.  Bearing  calx.  An  old  term  for  carbonate  of  lime.  Applied  to  sand 
rocks,  «fec.  which  contain  carbonate  of  lime. 


CAR  575 

Cauc'ifokm.     See  Calyciforin.     Cup-liUe. 

Calic'ulate,  Caliculo'lus.     Having  a  small  outer  calyx.     See  auctus. 
Ca'lix.     See  calyx.     Leaf-cup. 
Cai.vc'ifur.m.     Resembling  a  perianth  calyx. 
Ca'i.ycine,  (Calycinus.)     Appertaining  lo  a  calyx. 

Ca'lycle.     Cijlyculiis.     The  outer  calyx-like  part  of  the  crown  of  some  seeds. 
Ca'lvcled.     See  auctus.     Having  an  outer  calyx. 
Ciilijc'idus.     See  calycle. 

Cuhjfi'tni.     Calyptre,  or  veil.     Tiie  cap  or  hood  of  pistillate  mosses;  resembling  in 
form  and  position  an  c«tinguislier  set  on  a  candle.     It   is  the  calyx  closed;    which 
after  being  detached   at  the  base  its  form  till  keeps  it  on  the  capsule  a  while.     See 
Pericluptiuni,  wiiich  is  the  true  calyx  of  mosses. 
Cahiptnt'Uis.     Having  a  calyptre. 

Calyx.  ( Kalux,  Gr. )  The  most  exterior  integument  of  the  flower  consisting  of 
several  verticillate  leaves,  either  united  by  their  margins  or  distinct,  usually  of  a 
green  color,  and  of  a  redder  and  less  delicate  texture  tlian  tlie  corol.  ]f  the  sta- 
mens alternate  with  the  leafels  or  divisions,  Linneus  calls  it  a  corol;  and  ifthe 
stamens  stand  opposite  to  the  leafels  or  divisions  he  calls  it  a  calyx,  witliout  re- 
garding tlie  color  or  texture.  This  rule  is  to  apply  where  but  one  of  the  organs  is 
present. 

double.     When  one  calyx  is  outside  of  another;  as  in  the  hnlhjhorh,  (althea.) 

common.     When  one  calyx  includes  many  florets,  as  tiie  thistle. 

proper.     When  a  floret  is  included  in  a  general  calyx  of  its  own. 

There  are  seven  kinds  of  calyx:      1.  Perianth.     2.  Involucre.    3.  Spathe.     4. 
Glume.     5.  Ament.     6.  Calyptre.     7.  Volva.     See  each. 
Camb,    Cambium.     Beneath  the  bark  and  above  the  wood  is  interposed  in  the  spring  a 

mucous  viscid  layer,  and  appears  to  be  exuded  both  by  the  bark  and  wood. 
Campan'ulate,    Campajuila'tus,     See  bell-form. 
Campes'tris.     Growing  in  uncultivated  fields. 

Canal.     The  channel  or  gutter  along  the  back  of  a  univalve  shell. 
Canalinda'tus.     See  channelled. 
Can'cellate,   Cancella'tus.     See  latticed.     When  the  parenchyma   is    wholly   absent 

and  the  veins  alone  remain  auastomising  and  forming  a  kind  of  net  work. 
Canescent.      Becoming  white  or  hoary. 

Cap'ii.larv,   CiijiilJu'ris,  Cupilla'ceus.  "  Hair- form;  longer  than  bristle-form  in  propor- 
tion to  its  thickness. 
Ctipilli.'tium,  is  a  kind  of  purse  or  net,  in  which  the  sporules  of  some  fungi  are  re- 
tained. 
Cvp'dlus.     Hair.     See  pilus. 

Cap'itate,  Capita'tus.     Head-form;  growing  in  heads.     When  a  bud  produces  flower- 
buds,  with  little  elongation  of  its  own  axis,  either  a  head  (capitulum)  or  an  umbel 
is  produced. 
Capre'olus.     See  tendril. 
Caprifica'tio.v.     The   fertilizing  of  pistillate  flowers  by  artificially  sprinkling  pollen 

upon  them.  This  is  important  in  raising  figs. 
Cap'sule,  (aipsula,  )  a  little  chest.  That  kmd  of  pericarp,  which  opens  by  valves  and 
becomes  dry  when  ripe:  not  including  siliques  nor  legumes.  When  it  is  one-valved, 
it  is  called  a  follicle. /o/Z(CM/i/5,  which  see.  It  consists  of  rcdccs,  pnrlilions,  colu- 
mcUa,  and  cells,  which  See.  Some  kinds  of  capsules  never  open,  and  are  called 
samara,  achenes,  carpella,  &c. 
Cari'nate.      Curi'nu.     See  keeled. 

Car'neous,   Car'jieus.     Flesh-colored,  Nuttall  uses  it  for  fleshy. 
Carno'se.     Camosus.     Fleshy. 
Car'pogena'tion.     (Karpos,  fruit;  gennao,  to  bring  forth.)     A  substitute  for  the  word 

fructification. 
Carpellum,  is  formed  by  a  folded  leaf,  the  upper  surface  of  which  is   turned   inwards, 
the  lower  outwards,  and  the  margin  of  which  developes  one,  or  a  greater  number, 
of  buds,  which  are  the  ovula  (becoming  seeds.) 
Cartilagk.     Flexible,  fibious,  compact  substance:  often  called  gristle.     Applied  to 

animals  mostly. 
Cartilag'inous.     Hard  and  somewhat  ilexible.     It  applies  to  a  leaf,  when  it  is  bound 

around  with  a  strong  margin,  different  from  the  disk  of  the  leaf. 
Carun'cle.     Fleshy  protuberance  on  the  heads  of  some  birds,  as  turkies. 


576  CIC 

Caryophyl'leous.  Pink-like,  as  to  tlie  corol;  having  five  petals  with  long  claws,  all 
regular  and  set  in  a  tubular  calyx. 

Carynpsis.  An  achene.  with  a  thin  membranous  pericarp,  which  adheres  to  the  tunic 
of  the  seed  too  closely  to  be  separable;   as  Indian  corn,  wheat,  &c, 

Cataphract'ep.     Callous  skin,  or  cartilaginous  scabs. 

Castra'ta.     Filaments  being  without  anthers. 

Cain' nil  la.     A  thread  in  some  mosses,  serving  to  unite  or  chain  together  the  seeds* 

Cat'kin,   Caluliis.     See   anient. 

Cau'dai..     Perlaining  to  the  tail  or  posterior  extremity. 

Cau'date,    Ciiu'da.     See  tail. 

Cuiidex.     The  main  body  of  a  tree  or  root. 

Caui.es'cent,  andcsccns.  Having  a  cuulis,  or  stem,  exclusive  of  the  peduncle  or 
scape. 

Cau'line,  cau'Unus.     Growing  on  the  main  stem. 

Cauik'vlus.  The  space  that  intervenes  between  the  neck  and  the  base  of  the  cotyle^ 
dons  is  called  the  cauliculus. 

Cau'Lis.  The  main  herbage-bearing  stem  of  plants,  except  of  the  grassy  kind;  as 
trees,  weeds,  &c.  We  have  no  English  name  for  this  stem,  unless  we  adopt  the 
French,  tige. 

Caui.ocar'i'ous,  or  tliose  whose  stem  endures  many  years  as  trees  and  shrubs. 

Cell.  The  hollow  part,  or  cavity  of  a  ppricarp  or  anther.  It  is  more  generally  ap- 
plied to  the  cavities  of  pericarps,  where  seeds  are  lodged.  According  to  ihe  num- 
brs  of  these  the  pericarps  are  called  nne-cdkd,  Iwo-cdI.ed,  &c. 

Cei.'lular  Integ'uwent.  The  parenchymatous  substance  between  the  cuticle  and 
bark.     This  substance  is  generally  green 

Cei.'lules,  cis'liilic.  Lillle  ceils,  of  small  bladders  and  cavities  of  various  forms. 
Sometimes  applied  to  that  kind  of  receptacle  of  Lichens,  which  is  globose,  terminal, 
and  formed  of  the  substance  of  the  frond;  and  at  length  bursts  irregularly  and 
exposes  uncoated  seeds  mixed  with  fibre. 

Cell tiiu'. ins.  Cellular.  Having  cavities  within,  which  are  small  and  irregular;  and 
in  wliici)  sometimes  granules  are  nested. 

Cciilra'lis.     In  the  centre;  sometimes  used  for  near  the  centre. 

Cc/jfialu'dla.     See  knobs. 

Cere.     Membrane  covering  the  base  of  a  bird's  bill. 

Ccrca'lis.     (  Cf.'res,  goddess  of  corn.)     Any  grain  of  which  bread  is  made. 

Cer'inius.  When  the  apex  or  top  only  droops  or  bends  down.  See  nutans,  and  tlief 
dift'erence  in  the  two  terms. 

Cervinus.  Fawn-colored.  The  color  of  the  fine  light  hair  of  a  deer.  Very  pale 
reddish  yellow. 

Chaff.  1'liin  membranaceous  covering  of  the  seeds  of  grass,  grain,  &c.,  or  left  on 
the  receptacles  of  some  compound  flowers,  after  the  seeds  are  removed. 

Cuaf'fy.  Bearing  chaft',  covered  with  small,  weak,  erect,  membranous  scales,  re- 
sembling the  paleae  or  clialF  of  grasses. 

Chalaza.  The  point  of  union,  by  organic  connexion,  of  the  nucleus  of  a  seed,  with 
its  tunics  or  immediate  envelopes.  This  is  truly  the  base  of  the  ovule  or  seed, 
where  it  unites  with  the  placenta  by  its  fiuiicle.  Tlie  ovule  is  attached  to  the  cavity 
of  the  carpel  (or  ovary,  as  it  is  called,  if  single,)  at  various  points.  When  at  the 
bottom,  the  ovule  is  said  to  be  erect;  when  to  the  placenta,  a  little  above  the  base, 
as  in  the  apple,  h  is  ascending ;  when  to  the  top,  as  the  cherry,  it  is  pendulous; 
when  to  the  side  as  the  pea  it  is  hnrizontal.  Though  the  rlmlnza  is  not  a  definite  or- 
gan, its  being  the  point  of  union  and  base  of  the  ovule  at  the  placenta,  it  is  important. 

Chambers.    The  cells,  or  separate  spaces  in  shells.    They  are  connected  by  a  siphun- 

cuhis. 
Chan'nelled.     Hollowed  out  longitudinally  with  a  rounded   groove  of  considerable 

depth. 
Chelate  claws.     At  the  end  of  fore  legs  of  some  insects.     They  resemble  forceps^ 

like  lobsters'  claws. 
Cho'rion.     a  clear,  limpid  liquor,  contained  in  a  seed  in  the  time  of  flowering.   This 
liquor,  after  the  pollen  is  received,  becomes  a  perfect  embryo  of  a  new  plant,   and 
takes  the   consistence    usual   in  perfect  seeds.     But  without  the  reception  of  the 
pollen,  neither  any  thing  like  the  embryo,  or  perfect  seed,  is  ever  formed.  Malpighi. 
Chryso'cointis.     Golden   locks;  or  a  yellow  bundle  of  thread. 
Cic'atrice,  Cica'triz.     The  mark  or  natural  scar  from  whence  the  leaf  has  fallen. 


COL  677 

CiiL'iATE,  cilia'lug.     Edged  with  parallel  hairs  6r  bristles,  resembling  eye-lashes. 

Cine'reous.     Of  the  color  of  wood-ashes. 

Ciiigens.     Surrounding,  girdeling  around. 

Cir'cinal.  Rolled  in  spirally,  beginning  with  the  tip,  which  continually  occupies? 
the  centre;  as  ferns. 

Circina'tiis.     Circirial.     Also  compassed  about. 

Circumd'sas.  Cut  round.  Opening  transversely,  not  lengthwise;  as  the  capsule  of 
purslane. 

Cirrif  crous.     Bearing  tendrils. 

CiRRo'sE,  cirro'sus.     Terminating  in  a  tendril. 

Cir'rvs.     (Curled  bushy  hair.)     ,A  tendril  or  climber. 

Ciitu'Lcc.     See  Cellules.     Little  hollows. 

Clam'siv.     See  viscid. 

Clas'per.     See  tendril. 

Clas'ping.  The  base  of  the  leaf  being  more  or  less  heart-form  aind  sessile,  so  that 
the  two  hind  lobes  partly  surround  the  stem. 

Class,  das'sis.  The  highest  division  of  bodies  in  a  system.  Each  class  is  defined 
to  be  the  agreement  of  several  genera  in  the  parts  of  fructification,  according  to  the 
principles  of  natute,  distinguished  by  art.  Grand  divisions  sometimes  precede 
classes. 

Cla'vatk,  clava'tus.     Club-form.     Growing  larger  towards  the  end. 

Cltiu'sUs.     Closed,  shut  up; 

CUi'cus.     See  sjjurred  rye.     Ergot. 

Claw,  The  lower  narrow  part  of  a  petal,  by  which  it  is  fixed  Oft  the  calyx  or  recep- 
tacle.    It  can  exist  only  in  polypelalous  corols. 

Cleft.  Split  down,  not  exceeding  half  way  to  the  base;  with  nearly  straight  edges 
on  both  sides  of  tlie  fissure.  The  parts  into  which  it  is  split  are  numbered  in  de- 
scriptions; as  once  split  making  two  divisions,  is  called  2-cleft;  two  splits  3-cleft; 
.  &c. 

Clefts,  llreVlm.  That  kind  of  receptacle  oflidiens  which  is  open,  elongated,  sessile,' 
black,  very  narrow  or  linear,  with  a  somewhat  spongy  disk;  the  bofdef  is  parallel 
on  side,  and  proper.  Sometimes  it  has  an  accessory  border  fiom  the  crust  besides. 
The  difls  are  either  simple  and  solitary,  or  aggregate,  Confluent  and  branched. 

Climb'ing.  Ascending  by  means  of  tendrils,  as  grapes:  by  leafstalks,  as  virgins' 
bower;  by  canline  radicles,  or  rootlets,  as  the  creeping  American  ivy,  (i-hus  radi- 
cans. )     It  differs  from  twining,  which  see. 

Cloaca.      A  general  vent  for  eggs,  urine  and  foeces,  as  of  birds,  &C. 

Clouds.     They  inay  be  divided  mto  the  regular  and  irregular. 

Club.     The  clavate  part  of  a  fungus,  which  supports  the  fruit  or  bears  the  seed. 

Club'form.     See  clavate. 

Clus'tered.     See  racemed. 

Cly'peate,  Chjpea'tus.     Form  of  buckler.     See  peltate. 

Coad'unate.      Wilh  united  bases. 

Coaeta'neous,  coaeta'nus.  Existing  at  the  same  time.  Applied  tcf  willows  and  to 
some  other  plants;   it  implies  that  the  flowers  and  leaves  appear  at  the  same  time. 

Co'alit,  coali'tus.  Thickened,  increased,  or  pressed  together,  as  the  anthers  of  po- 
tatoe  flowers. 

Coarc'tate.     Cortipact.     Pressed  or  squeezed  close  together. 

Coat'ed.  Consisting  of  concentric  coats,  layers  or  skins,  as  the  bulbous  roots  of 
onions. 

Cob'vvebbed.  See  arachnoideus.  Covered  with  loose,  white,  entangled,  thin  hairs^ 
resembling  the  web  of  a  spider. 

Cocdn'eus.     Scarlet-colored. 

Coc'cum.     A  grain  or  seed.     Tricoccous.  3-seeded;  pentacoccous,  5-seeded,  &c. 

Coch'leate,  coddea'tus.     Coiled  spirally,  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coeruleopur/iu'reus     Bluish  purple,  violet-color. 

Cueru'leus.     Blue. 

Cuhe'rens.     Cohering,  attached;  the  fastening  together  of  homogenous  parts. 

Coil'ed.  Twisted  like  a  ro|)e,  or  rather  resembhng  the  form  of  one  thread  of  a  rope, 
after  the  other  threads  are  removed. 

ColU'nus.     Growing  on  hills. 

Color.     There  are  eight  principal  Coloi's,  under  which  all  the  others  may  be  arranged, 

73 


578  COL 

viz:  white,  grey,  hlaek,  hroion,  yellow,  green,  blue,  and  red.     (In  optics,  red,  orange 
yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  violet.) 

1.     WHITE. 

Snow-white,  (niveus.)     As  the  purest  wliite. 

Pure-while,  (candidus.)     Yery  pure,  but  not  so  clear  as  the  last. 

leory-irhit.e,  (cream-color,  eburneus. )     VVliile  verging  to  yellow,  with  a  little  lustre. 

Milk-white,  Hacleus.)     Dull  while,  verging  to  blue. 

Chulkwiute,  (cretaceous,  calcareous,  gypseous.)     Very  dull  white,  grey. 

Sdcery,  (argenleus.)     A  little  changing  to  bluish  grey. 

Whitish,  (albidus.)     Any  kind  of  white  a  little  soiled. 

Turning  icliilc,  (albescens.) 

Whitened,  (dealbatus.) 

2.     GREY. 

Ash-grey,  (cinereus.)     Color  of  clean,  cold  ashes. 

Pearl  grey,  (griseus. )     Pure  grey,  a  little  verging  to  blue. 

Slate-grey,  (schistaceus.)     Grey  bordering  on  blue. 

Lead-colored,  (plutnbens.)     The  same,  with  a  little  inetalic  lustre. 

Smoky,  (funieus,  funiosus. )     Grey  changing  to  brown. 

Mouse-colored,  (niurinus. )  Giey  with  a  touch  of  red. 

Hoary,  (canus,  or  incanus.)     A  greyish  whiteness,  caused  by  hairs  overlying  a  green 

surface. 
Rather  hoary,  (canescens.)     A  variety  of  the  last. 

3.     BLACK. 

Pure-black,  (aler,  mela  or  melano.)     Is  black  without  the  mixture  of  any  other  color. 

Atratus  and  nigritus.     When  a  portion  only  is  black. 

Black,  (niger. )     A  little  tinged  with  grey.     A  variety  is  nigrescens. 

Coal-black,  (anthracinus.)     A  little  verging  upon  blue. 

Ra^n-black,  (coracinus,  pulhis.)     Black  with  a  strong  lustre. 

Pitch-black,  (piceus.)     Black  changing  to  brown. 

4.     BROWN. 

Chesnut-hroicn,  (badius.)     A  little  tinged  with  red. 

Broicn,  (fuscous.)     Brown  tinged  with  grey. 

Deep-brown,   (brunneus.)     A  pure  dull-brown.     Umber-brown  (unibrinus)  is   nearly 

the  same. 
Bright-broicn,  (spadiceus. )     Clear  brown. 

Rusty,  (ferrugineus.)     Light  brown  with  a  little  mixture  of  red. 
Cinnamon,  (cinnamomeus. )     Bright  brown  nlixed  with  yellow  and  red. 
Red-brown,  (porphyreus. )     Brown  mixed  with  red. 
Rufous,  (rufus,  rufescens.)     Reddish  brown. 
Liver -colored,  (hepaticus.)     Hemalitic,  or  dark  blood-color. 
Fuligineus,  (or  fuliginosus. )     Dirty  brown. 
Lurid,   (luridus.)     Black-and-blue,   like  a  bruised  eye;  grey  shaded  with  pale  blue. 

Deathly. 

5.     YELLOW. 

Lemon-colored,  (citreus,  or  citrinus.)     The  purest  yellow. 

Golden-yellow,  (aureus,  auratus. )     Pure  yellow  and  bright. 

Yellow,  (luteus.)     As  gamboge. 

Pale-yellow,  (flavus,  luieolus,  lutescens,  flavidus,  flavescens.) 

Sulphur -colored,  (sulpureus.)     A  pale,  lively  yellow. 

Straw  colored,  (straniineus.)     Dull  yellow  mixed  with  white. 

Leather-yellow,  (alutaceus.)     Whitish  yellow. 

Oc//re-j/cto?o,   (ochraceus.)     Yellow  changing  to  brown. 

Ochrolevcus,.     Yellowish  white. 

Waxy-yellon-,  (cerinus.)     Yellow  with  waxy  brown. 

Egg-yolk,  (vitellinus.)     Dull  yellow,  just  turning  to  red. 

Apricot-color,  (arraeniacus. )     Yellow  and  rediish. 


COM  579 

Orange-color,  (anrantiacus,  aurantius.) 

Saffron-colored,  (croceus. )     Orange  with  a  touch  of  brown. 

HdcoJus,     Greyish  )'ellow  with  a  little  brown. 

Isahella-yeUow,  "(giivus.)     Dull  yellow  with  a  mixture  of  grey  and  red. 

Testuceirus,  (testaceus. )     Biownish  yellow,  like  unglazed  earthen  ware. 

TaiDiiy,  (fiilvus. )     Dull  yellow  with  a  mixture  of  grey  and  brown. 

Cervinus,     Tawny,  a  little  darkened. 

Livid,  (lividus.)     Bluish  yellow.  • 

6.     GREEN. 

Grass-oTcm,^smaragdinus,  prasirius. )     Clear  lively  green,  without  an}'  mixture. 
Green,  (virjdis. )     Green,  not  bright,  (viiidescens, )  shades  of  green. 
Verdigris-vreen,  (aeruginosus.)     Deep  green  with  a  mixture  of  blue. 
Sea-green,    (glaucus,  thalassicus,    glaucescens.)      Dull  green  passing  into  greyish 

blue. 
Deep-green,  .(atrovirens. )     Green  a  little  verging  upon  black, 
YelLowisli-green,  (tlavovirens. )     Much  stained  with  3'ellow. 
Olitegrem,  (olivaceus. )     A  mixture  of  green  and  brown. 

7.     BLUE. 

Prussi«7i-Wue,  (cyaneus.)     A  clear  bright  blue. 

Indigo,  (indigoticus. )     The  deepest  blue. 

Blue,  (coeruleus.)     Lightish  blue. 

Sky-blue,  (azureus.)     A  light,  pure,  lively  blue. 

Lacendcr-color,  (caesius. )     Paie  blue  tinged  grey. 

Violet,  (violeseeus,  ianthinus.)     Pure  blue  stained  with  red. 

Li^c,  (lilacinus.)     Pale  dull  violet. 

8.     RED. 

Carmine,  (kermesinus,  puniceus.)     The  purest  red  without  any  admixture. 

Red.  (ruber.)     In  Greek  composition  (erythro)  the  common  term  for  any  pure  red. 

Rosy,  (roseus. )     Pale  pure  red. 

Flesh-colored,  (carneus,  incarnatus. )     Pale,  with  a  slight  mixture  of  red. 

Purple,  (purpureus.)     Dull  red  with  a  slight  dash  of  blue. 

Sanguine,  (sanguineus.)     Dull  red  passing  into  brownish  blue. 

PImeniceous,  (phseniceus,  puniceus,)     Pure  lively  red  with  a  mixture  of  carmine  and 

scarlet. 
Scarlet,  (coccineus.)     Pure  carmine  slightly  tinged  with  yellow. 
Fiume-colored,  (flanimeus,  igneus.)     Very  lively  scarlet:  fiery  red. 
Bright-Tcd,  (rutilans,  rutilus  )     Reddish  with  a  metalic  lustre. 
Cinnabar,  (cinnabarinus. )     Scarlet  with  a  slight  mixture  of  orange. 
Vermillion,  (miniatiis,  vermiculalus.)     Scarlet  with  a  decided  mixture  of  yellow. 
Brick-color,  (lateritious. )     Dull  red  mixed  with  grey. 

Broicn-red,  (rubiginosus,  haeinatiticus. )     Dull  red  with  a  slight  mixture  of  brown, 
Xerampclinus,     Dull  red  with  a  strong  mixture  of  brown. 
Coppery,  (cupreus. )     Brownish  red  with  a  metalic  lustre. 
Gilkagineus.     Greenish  red, 

Col'orf.d,  Of  any  hue  except  green;  but  in  the  language  of  botanists  green  parts 
are  not  colored, 

Cotoratus-     Colored,     Any  color  but  green, 

Coi.umkl'la,  A  colum  of  placenta,  made  by  the  meeting  of  several  carpels  in  a 
syncocarp  germ,  to  which  seeds  (ovules)  are  attached  within  the  fruit.  See  Fig, 
8,  p.  12  and  !3.  Applied  to  shells,  it  means  the  pillar  formed  by  the  spire,  com- 
mencing with  the  left  lip. 

CotAiMN,     Applied  to  a  thick  strong  style. 

Columnar.  In  the  fjrm  of  a  column,  as  the  position  of  the  united  stamens  in  the 
hollyhock.  The  stamens  of  flax-flowers  and  of  wood-sorrel  tlowers  take  a  colum- 
nar form,  though  they  do  not  adhere. 

Columnif  era.     Stamens  and  pistils  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  column. 

Com' a.     (  Kom'e,  a  head  of  hair.)     A  tuft  of  bracts  on  the  top  of  a  spike  of  flowers. 


580  CON 

CoRin-TooTHED,    (pectlnatus. )     Same  as  pinnatifid,  but  the  segments  very  nunieroua, 

close  and  narrow,  like  liie  teeth  of  a  comb. 
CoMMis'suRE.     The  place  where  one  thing  or  part  is  joined  to  another.      It  is  applie4 
to  sides  or  edges  of  two  cremocarpachenes  growing  on  umbelliferous  plants,  where 
they  are  joined  together,  as  those  of  the  carrot  and  fenel      See  p.  13,  fig.  3,  4. 
Com'mon,  commuius.     Any  part  is  common,  which  serves  to  include  or  sustain  several 
parts,  similar  among  theihselves. 

perianth.     Including  several  florets;  as  in  the  thistle. 

; involucre.     Surrounding  the  base  of  the  peduncles,  in  an  umbel,  which  are  sub- 
divided above. 

This  term  is  often  used  for  frequent  also. 
CoMo'sE.     Having  a  coma,  or  lock  of  hair. 
Compac't.     See  coarctus.     Solid. 
Comple'te,  completus.     Having  both  calyx  and  corol.     When  the  calyx  is  wanting, 

the  flower  is  naked,  if  it  has  a  corol. 
Com 'plicate,  coniplicatus.     Folded  together. 
Com'pound,  compositus.     One  whole,  formed  of  many  similar  parts. 

flowers.     Those    comprised  in  the  class  syngencsia,  with  several   florets  on  one 

receptacle,  each  with  united  anthers. 

leaf.     When  several  leafets  grow  on  one  petiole. 

raceme.     When  several  racemes  grow  along  the  sides  of  a  peduncle. 

__ —  spike.     When  several  spikelets  grow   along  the  side  of  a  fruit-stalk  or  general 
spike. 

umbel.     Having  the  peduncles  subdivided  into  peduncles  of  lesser  umbels,  &.c. 

petiole.     A  divided  leaf-stalk.    » 

peduncle.     A  divided  flower-stalk. 

Com'pount  terms.  Wlieri  any  part  of  a  plant  is  to  be  described,  which  does  not  agree 
with  the  definition  of  any  term  in  use,  two  or  more  terms  must  be  compounded,  so 
as  to  convey  to  the  mind  correct  description.  For  example,  the  chesnul  leaf  has 
notches  on  the  margin  pointing  towards  the  apex,  which  answers  to  the  description 
of  serrate  leaves;  excepting  that  the  notches  are  hollowed  out.  But  these  hollow- 
ed notches  are  not  deep  enough  for  sinuses:  therefore  the  two  terms  are  compound^ 
making  sinuate- serrate.  Compound  terms  aie  always  united  by  a  hyphen. 
CoMPREs'sED,  compres'svs.  Flattened  as  if  squeezed  or  pressed. 
Con'cave,  con'cavus.     Hollowed   a    little  on  one   side.     It  is  sometimes  applied  to 

deeper  hollows:  though  rarely. 
Concepta'culum.     See  follicle,  smgle-valved  capsule. 

CoNCHOLOGY.     The  science  of  shells.     It  is  divided  into    the  Univalve,  Bivalve,  and 

Multivalve:  which  see;  also  see  the   terms,   apex,    base,   front,    back,  sides,  body, 

whorl,  spire,  aperture,  lip,  back,  operculum,  chambers,  siphunculus,  slope,  lunule, 

liinge,  ligament,  cicatrix,  A:c. 

Con' color.     The  same  color  in  all  parts. 

CoNDu'pLicATE.     That  kind  of  foliation  where  the  leaf,  while  in  the  bud,  has  its  two 

sides  shut  together,  like  two  leaves  in  a  book. 
Cone,  co'nus.     See  strobile.     Scaly  fruit  of  pine,  cedar,  &c. 
Confer't,  confer'tiis.     Thick-set;  leaves,  flowers,  &c.   standing  so  closely  together, 

as  to  seem  to  crowd  each  other. 
Con'fluent.     Running  together.     It  is  applied   more  particularly  to  the  receptacles 

of  some  lichens,  which  run  together  in  disorder,  and  become  indistinct. 
Conge'nkrks.     Plants  of  very  similar  habits,  &c. 
Conges'tus.     Heaped  but  not  compressed  densely. 
Conglom'erate.     See  glomerate.      When  used  in  geology,  it  is  applied  to  aggregates 

of  rounded  pebbles. 
Con'ic.     With  a  broad  base  and  approaching  a  point  towards  the  apex;  as  the  root  of 

carrot. 
Con  f  era.     Bearing  cones,  as  piries. 
Con'jugate.     Se  binate.     In  pairs,  as  if  yoked  together. 
Conna'te.     Leaves  being  opposite  with  their  bases  growing  together,  so  as  to  forrp 

the  appearance  of  a  single  leaf.    Anthers  are  sometimes  connate  also. 
CoNNi'vRNT,  conni'vens.     See  converging.     Bending  inward. 
Consim'itis.     Resembling  in  the  particular  case  referred  to. 
Contin'uous.     Uninterrupted.     Continuing  through  the  whole  extent. 
Pontor'ted,  contor'tiis.     Twisted.     It  is  also  appHed  to  corols,  which  have  the  edge 
pf  one  petal  lying  obliquely  over  the  next. 


CRE  581 

Cantrac'tus.     Close,  narrow,  contracted  unusually. 
<Conver'ging.      Approaching,  or  bending  towards  each  other. 

Con'vkx.     Swelling  out  in  a  roundish  Ibrin,  generally  one  side. 

Con'volute,  conviilii'liis.  Rolled  into  a  cyinKiric-lbrrn,  like  a  roll  of  paper,  length- 
wise with  the  midrib.     Applied  to  the  situation  of  leaves  in  the  bud. 

Coniaajsla,  (tubercle-like)  closed  apoliiecia,  containing  a  mass  of  sporules. 

Cor'clk,  cor'culum.  (  (or,  the  heart.)  Tiie  embryo  oi'lhe  new  plant  in  a  seed,  situ- 
ated between  the  cotyledons  in  dicotyledonous  seeds.  It  consists  of  the  ;>/ume and 
radicle  or  rostel,  which  show  themselves  soon  after  vegetation  commences.  See 
plume  and  rostel. 

Co^iatk.  Heart-form;  so  called  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  the  heart.  It  is 
hollowed  behind  with  the  side-lobe  rounded  at  the  base.     See  arrow-form. 

Cor'date-oblong,  cor'date-lanceolate,  ifcc.  partake  of  the  formation  of  both  com- 
pounds. 

Coniius.  If  it  distend  under  ground,  without  creeping  or  rooting,  (e.xcepting  fibres,) 
but  always  retaining  a  round  or  oval  figure,  it  is  called  a  cormus. 

Coria'ceous.     Leathery  or  parchment- like. 

CoRKV  (suberosus.)    Having  the  texture  of  the  substance  called  cork. 

Cor'nereu.  Having  angles  or  corners.  Three-cornered,  four-cornered,  &c.,  is  often 
expressed  trigonus,  Aic. 

Cor'nu.     A  horn  or  spur.     Long  hard  process. 

Corno'te,  Cornu'tus.     Horn-form;  or  having  horns  or  spurs. 

CoROL,  corul'la.  (A  diminutive  of  corona,  a  crown.)  Tiie  inner  delicate  covering  of 
the  liower,  which  constitutes  its  principal  ornament  in  most  cases.  In  a  few  cases, 
as  the  Euchroina  coccinea,  the  corol  is  dull  and  unsightly,  while  the  calyx  is  gaily 
colored.     See  petal  and  nec'ary. 

CoroUiferous.     Bearing  the  corol. 

Corol'Unus.     Resembling,  or  appertaining  to  a  corol. 

Corona'rius,  coro'na,  crown.     Forming  a  crown. 

Corona' tus.    Crowned;   as  the  thistle  seed  is  crowned  with  down. 

Coro'nula.     A  little  crown. 

Cor'rugated,  corriigii'lus,  Wrinkled.  Applied  also  to  ridges,  in  some  measure 
resembling  wrinkles. 

Cor'tf.x.  The  bark,  which  see.  It  consists  of  a  number  of  layers  equal  to  the 
n\miber  of  years  the  tree  has  been  growing;  though  they  are  often  too  thin  to  be 
numbered.     The  inmost  layer  is  called  the  Itlier. 

Cor'ticai.,  Cor'ticate.  Having  its  origin  from  the  bark,  or  having  bark.  (  Corti- 
catus,)  harder  exteinall)'  than  internally. 

Cortina.  Spiderweb-like  vessel,  being  very  thin  and  filamentous.  Also  a  name 
given  to  a  portion  of  the  veil,  which  adheres  to  the  margin  of  a  pileus  in  fragments. 
A  cauldron. 

Coryda' lis  ( Kor'os,  a  helmet.)     Plants  with  helmet-form  corols. 

Co'rymb,  corym'lms.  Flowers  umbel-like  in  their  general  extQjnal  appearance,  but 
their  peduncles  or  supporting  stems  stand  at  different  distances  down  the  main 
stem;  as  yarrow. 

Corymbif  era.     Bearing  corymbs. 

Cos'tate,  costn'tum.     Ribbed. 

Cot'tonij.     See  tomentose. 

Cotyi.e'dons  are  geneially  thick  and  fleshy  lobes  of  seeds;  as  the  two  lobes  of  a  pea. 
But  they  are  often  only  a  small  part  of  a  seed:  as  the  small  single  cotyledon  of  a 
kernel  of  Indian  corn,  attached  to  one  side  of  a  large  mass  of  Albumen  near  the 
hilum  (or  eye.)  The  cotyledons  belong  to  the  embryo  of  the  new  plant;  but  the 
albumen  is  a  dense  mass,  such  as  becomes  flour  or  meal  by  grinding  wheat,  corn, 
&c.     Peas,  beans.  &c.  cannot  be  ground  into  flour,  as  they  contain  no  albumen. 

Cotyl'iform  (culyliforiiiis; )  resembling  rotate;  but  with  an  erect  limb. 

Cow'led.     When  the  edges  meet  below  and  expand  above,  and  generally  separate; 

as  the  spathe  of  the  arum,  Indian  turnip. 
Cras'sus.     Thick.     Inordinately  thick. 

Cree'ping.  Running  along  the  ground,  or  along  old  logs,  &c.  nearly  in  a  horizontal 
direction,  and  sending  oft' rootlets. 

Cremocarp.  Double  achenes  or  two  side  by  side;  as  in  umbelliferous  plants.  Some- 
times the  achenes  are  triple  or  quadruple;  as  cynnglosum  and  borage. 

(Cke'nate.     Scolloped  on  the  rim  or  edge.     Notches  on  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  which 


582  CYM 

do  not  point  or  incline  towards  either  the  apex  or  base.     When  large  crenatures 

have  smaller  ones  on  them,  they  are  doubly-crenate. 
CRE'Kur.ATE.     Very  finely  crenatcd. 

Cres'cent-form.     Resembling  tlie  form  of  the  moon  from  its  change  to  half- fulled. 
Crest'ed.     Having  an  appendage  somewhat  resembling  a  cock's  comb  in  form,  being 

an  elevated,  irregular,  or  notclied  ridge,  resembling  the  crest  of  a  helm. 
Cra'la.     Growing  on  chalky  land. 
Cribrose.     Sieve-like.     Numerous  perforations. 
Cri.iitus.     Long-haired.     Bearing  hairs  in  looks. 
Cris'pus.     See  curled. 
Cris'tate,  crista' tus.     See  crested. 
Cross'armeo.     See  brachiale. 

Crown.     The  calycle,  hair,  or  feathers,  on  the  top  of  some  seeds;  as  the  dandelion. 
Crowning  (cororians;)  situated  on  the  top,  like  a  crown. 
Cku'ciate.     Cruciform,  or  resembling  the  cfuciform. 
Cruciii' tiiii.     Crosswise.     Opposite  pairs  of  branches  or  leaves  successively  crossing 

each  other.     Sne  decussate. 
Cru'ciform.     ( Cnix,  a  cross.)     Corols  with  four  petals,  whose  lamina  form  a  cross. 

Plants  with  such  corols  belong  to  the  class  tetrad ijnamia. 
Crusta'ceous.     Leafy  appearance,  but  consisting   of  small  crusty  substances  lying 

one  upon  another.     Applies  to  a  brittle  crustaceous  thullus. 
CRYPTOGAMIA.     (Kruplos,  concealed;  gumus,  marriage.)     The  process  of  ferti- 
lizing flowers  by  the  application  of  pollen  to  stigmas,  invisible  or  not  performed. 
Cryptog'amous.    ( Kruj/tos,   concealed,   gamos,   marriage.)     Belonging    to   the   class 

cryp'toga'mia.     Appplied  to  plaifts  whose  stamens  are  never  manifest  under  the 

highest  magnifying  power. 
Cu'bit.     17  inches.     A  measure  from  the  elbow  to  the  end  of  the  middle  finger. 
Ci'cul'late.     See  cowled.     Hood-form,  as  the  spathe  of  the  Indian  turnip. 
Cucurbita'ceous.     Resembling  gourds  or  melons. 
Culinary.     Suitable  for  kitchen  cookery. 
Cur.M,  cut'rnus.     The  stem  of  grain  and  grass,  when  dry  it  is  usually  called  straw. 

It  is  applied  to  all  grassy  plants;  as  Indian  corn,  sedge,  sugar-cane,  &c. 
Culmif'erous.     Having  culms,  as  wheat,  Indian  corn. 
Culmin'eous.     Like  the  roof  of  a  house.     Top. 

Cultrate.     Coulter-form.     The  beak  of  a  bird  resembling  a  plough-coulter. 
Cum'ulus.     Heaped.     Accunmlate. 
CuNEi'roRM.  cunc'iforme.    See  wedge-form,  wedge.     The  form  of  the  vertical  segment 

of  a  wedge,  cut  at  right  angles  with  its  planes,  when  standing  on  its  head. 
Cup'form.     Hollow  within,  resembling  a  little  cup. 
Ciipu'la.     Cup.     The  pileus  of  a  fungus,  which  is  open  at  the  top;  as  those  of  the 

genus  Peziza. 
Cupula' ris.     Cup-form;  slightly  concave  with  a  nearly  entire  margin,  as  the  cup  of 

an  acorn. 
Cure'ed.     When  the  periphery  of  a  leaf  is  too  large  for  the  disk,  it  becomes  waved 

or  curled. 
Curv'ed.     Bent  inwards.     See  incurved. 
CusHtoNED,  pulcwatus.     Convex  and  somewhat  flattened. 
Cusp.     The  bristle  of  a  cuspidate  leaf,  calyx,  »&c.     Nuttall. 
Cus'piDATE.     Eye-tooth.     Having  a  sharpened  point  and  that  tipped  with  a  bristle, 

a  prickle,  or  a  lengthened  apex,  not  curved.     See  nmcronate  and  observe  the  dis- 
tinction; also  acuminate. 
Cut.     Divided  by  acute  incisions;  often  used  in  composition,  as  cut-pinnatifid. 
Cu'Tict.E.     The  tliin  outside  coat  of  the  bark,  which  has  no  life  and  is  very  durable, 

often  transparent.     It  greatly  resembles  the  scarf  skin  of  animals.     Very  distinct 

on  elder,  currant  and  birch;  on  one  species  of  birch  it  resembles  paper. 
Cyn'neus.     Blue.     Hence,  cyanic  acid. 
Cyalhifiir' mis.     Wine-glass  form.     Cylindric  widening  gradually  upwards,    margin 

not  revolute. 
CvLrN'oRic.    A  cylindrical  shaft,  of  nearly  equal  diameter  throughout  its  whole  extent; 

as  stems  of  grasses.     See  terete,  and  note  the  difference. 
Cymbifur' mis.     See  boat-form. 
Cyme,   cy'ma.     Flowers  umbel-like  in  their  general  external  appearance.     It  agrees 

with  an  umbel  in  having  its  common  stalks  spring  from  one  centre;  but  differs  in 


DEN  583 

having  those  stalks  variously  and  alternately  subdivided;  as  the  elder,  ( samhucus, ) 

Smith. 
Cymo'sus,  cymo'se.     Beinff  in  cymes. 
Cijphel'la:.     See  pits.     Pale  tubeicle-like  spots  on  the  surface  of  the  thallus,  as  in 

sticla. 

1).  -*■ 

DffdaVeiis.     The  end  broad,  waving  and  torn.     Neatly  termed. 
Daggfr  pointed.     See  cuspidate. 
Deal'Imtus.     Covered  with  an  opake,  white  powder. 
Debi'lis.     Weak,  feeble,  lax. 

Debris.     Ruined  rocks.     The  broken  fragments  of  coarsely  disintegrated  rocks. 
DECAGYN/A.     ( Dtka,  ten,  gune,  female.)     Tenth  order  of  a  class. 
Decan'drous.     Plants  having  ten  stamens  in  each  flower. 
DcchaphyVlus.     Ten-leaved;  as  of  a  caly.x  or  pinnate  leaf. 
Decem'Jidus.     Cut  in  ten  parts,  or  10-cleft. 
Decidkns.     Terminating;  as  in  a  point,  in  a  summit,  &c. 

Decid'uous.     Falling  oH'  in  the  usual  season  for  similar  parts  to  fall,  as  leaves  falling 
at  the  dechne  of  the  year;  corols  falling  otY  at  the  time  the  stamens  fall,  &c.     See 
caducous  and  permanent. 
Deci.i'nate,  decli'ned,  dedma'tus.     Curved  downwards  arch-wise. 
Decomposi'tion.     Separating  the  chemical  elements  of  bodies.     It  differs  from  disin- 
tegration, which  subdivides  witiiout  decomposition. 
Decompounu,    decoinpusilus.     Doubly  j^conipound.     When   a   compound,   or    divided, 
petiole  has  a  compound  leaf  on  each  part,  the  whole  is  a  decompound  leaf.     The 
same  with  umbels,  &c.     See  supra-decompositus. 
Dccorlica' b'dis.     Easily  peeled. 

DecreasiiNGIv  pinkate,   (decrescente  pinnatus.)     When  the  leafets  diminish  insen- 
sibly in  size  from  the  base  of  the  leaf  to  its  apex. 
Decu.m'bext,  dec.uin'bens.   When  the  base  is  erectish,  and  the  remainder  is  procumbent 

and  rising.     It  applies  to  stems,  stamens,  &c. 
Decup.'rknt.     When  the  two  edges  of  a  leaf  extend  downwards  below  the  points  of 
insertion,    and   become   projecting   wings   to   tiie  stem.     The  gills   of  agarics  are 
decurrent,  when  they  run  down  the  stipe  in  a  single  ridge. 
Decur'sively  pinnate.    When  the  leafets  of  a  pinnate  leaf  run  along  the  petiole  with 

their  extended  bases. 
Decussate,  deciissa'tus.     When   leaves   or  branches   are  opposite  in  pairs,  and  each 

pair  stands  at  right  angles  with  the  next  pair  above  or  below  on  the  same  stem. 
Deflec'ted,  di'fiux'us.     Bending  down  archwise,  bent  back. 
Deflora'tus.     Having  discharged  the  pollen. 

Defoi.ia'tion,  defolin'tio.     The  shedding  of  leaves  in  the  proper  season. 
Defolia'tio  no'tha.     The  shedding  of  leaves  before  the  proper  time  on  account  of  inju 

ries  received. 
Dehis'cent,  deliiscen'tia.     The  natural  opening  of  capsules  in  the  proper  season. 
Ddiq'uium.     See  debilis.     Weak,  very  watervj  dissolving. 

Del'toid,  deUoi'dens.  A  leaf  with  four  corners;  that  is,  one  at  the  stem,  one  at  the 
apex,  and  one  on  each  side;  but  the  side  ones  are  nearer  to  the  base  than  to  the 
apex.  When  the  side  angles  are  about  as  near  to  the  apex  as  to  the  base,  it  is 
called  a  .ihomboid  leaf.  Also  the  transverse  section  of  a  prismatic  triangular  leaf, 
stem,  «S:c. 
Demer'sTis.     See  submersed.     Under  water. 

Dmd.roi'des.     Tree-form.     Plants,  recent  and  petrified,  which  exhibit  forms  resem- 
bling branches  and  leaves.     See  tree-form. 
Dense,  dcn'siis.     Close,  compact.     A  panicle  with  abundance  of  flowers  very  close  is 

dense.     See  thyrse. 
Den'tate,  drnta'lus.     Toothed. 

leaf,  (This  term  is  of  such  almost  unlimited  extent,  it  is  best  defined  nega- 
tively.) Projections  from  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  which  are  of  its  own  substance; 
and  not  serralures,  nor  crenatures. 

root.         That  kind  of  granulated  root,  which  resembles  teeth  strung  together. 

Denticulate.     Having  very  small  teeth. 

Den'toid.     Remotely  resembling  teeth,  or  having  processes  somewhat  of  that  form. 

Den'ture.     a  tooth.     An  indentincr  also. 


bsi  blM 

Denu'date.     Plants  whose  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves,  consequeutly  have  d 

naked  appearance.     To  make  naked. 
Deor'sum.     Downwards. 

Depaupera'tus.     Few-  lowered.     Deprived  of  flowers,  &c. 
Depe.n'dens.     Hanging  down. 
Depkessed.     When  the  upper  surface  of  a  succulent  leaf  is  a  little  concave.     It 

applies  to  seeds  also  with  fiat  tops.     Also  to  plants  which  grow  on  a  lo»V-spread 

form. 
Descen'dens.     The  entering  of  a  root  into  the  ground.     The  direction  is  vertical,  as 

the  beet;  horizontal,  as  the  mint;  oblique,  as  the  branching  roots  of  most  trees. 
Dkt'ritus.     That  part  of  the  surface  of  the  earth,,  which  is  neither  rock  nor  recently 

decomposed  animal  or  vegetable  matter.     Ground  or  worn  down  rocks  in  the  state 

of  earth,  not  tertiary  strata. 
Dextror' sum.     Twining  froni  left  to  right;  that  is  with  the  apparent  motion  of  the 

sun;  as  the  hop-vine. 
DIADEIj'PHIA.     ( Dis,  twice;  adelphos,  brother.)     The  Linnean  class  of  plants 

which  have  stamens  united  by  filaments  in  two  parcels.     In  some  cases,  as  lupines,' 

the  stamens  are  in  one  parcel,  but  in  such  cases  they  must  be  papilionaceous. 
Diadel'phous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying'  into,  the  class  diadelphia. 
Diagtio' sis.     A  short  description   containing  only  what  is  essential.     Linneus  made 

it  his  rule,  never  to  let  a  specific  description  exceed  twelve  Latin  words.     Willde- 

now  says  more   must  be  added  if  necessary.     It  should  extend  no  farther  than  to 

express  the  ditference  between  that  and  the  other  species,  if  it  is  to  be  limited  to  ar 

pure  diagnosis. 
DIAN'DRIA.     (Dis,  twice;  awer,  nnale.)     The  Linnean  class  with   two  stamenff 

only  to  each  flower. 
Diaph'anous.     Admitting  the  transmission  of  light  obscurely.     Transtucqpt. 
Dichot'omoCs.     Forked.     Stem,   &c.    parted   in   pairs,  each   branch   parted    in   pairs 

again,  and  so  on.     When  it  is  parted  but  once  it  is  more  properly  called  forked, 

furcatus. 
Diclin'ia.     (Dis,   twice;  Jdine,   bed,)  stamens  in   one  flower  and  pistils  in  another, 

whether  on  the  same  or  on  different  plants.     This  is  the  name  of  a  class  in  Pursh's 

Flora,  comprising  most  of  the  plants  of  the  classes  Moncecia  and  Dioecia. 
This  class    Pursh    divides   into  three   orders.     1.   Segreaiua,    which  includes   plants,' 

whose  flowers  are  monoecious   or  dioecious:   but  are  not  in  aments  or  strobiles.     2. 

Ainentacce,  which  ii.cludes  plants,  whose  flowers  are  in  aments  and  not  in  strobiles. 

g.   Conifercc,  which  includes  plants,  whose  flowers  are  in  strobiles,  as  pines. 
Dici-i'nious.     (Dis,  two;  feline.)     Plants,   whose  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  different 

flowers,  whether  on  the  same  plant,  or  on  diff"erent  plants. 
Dicoc'cous.     Two-grained.     Consisting  of  cohering  grains,  or  cells  with  one  seed  in 

each. 
DicotVled'onous.     Plants  with  two  cotyledons.     See  Cotyledon. 
DiD'y.Mous,  di'dyina.     Twinned,  as  some  anthers. 
DIDYNAM'IA.     (Dis,  twice;  dimands,  power.)     The  class  which  has  4  stamens  to' 

the  flower,  two  of  which  are  longest,   as  catnip. 
DinvNA'sious.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  Didynamia. 
Diffur'mis.     Applied   to    a   monupetalous  corol,  whose  lube  widens  above  gradually, 

and  is  divided  into  irregular  or  unequal   parts.     It  is  also  applied  to  any  distorted 

parts  of  a  plant. 
Diffracted.     Twice  bent.     Antennae  are  diffracted,  when  bent  outwardly,  then  for- 
ward, at  short  turns. 
Diffu'sed,  diffu'sus.     Spreading.     Expanded  in  an  open  loose  manner. 
Dig'itate.    Fingered.    When  the  base  of  several  leafetsrest  on  the  end  of  one  petiole? 

as  the  strawberry  and  fivefinger. 
Digitatato-pinnate,   ( digiVtlo-pinnatus; )  when  the  secondary  petioles  on  the  sides  of 

which  the  leafets  are  attached,  part  from  the  summit  of  a  common  petiole. 
DIGYN'IA..      (Dis,  twice,  gune,  female.)     The  order  of  any  of  the  classes  as  far  as 

the    Polyandria,    which  has  two  styles  (if  no  styles  2  sessile  stigmas)  to  each 

flower. 
Dilata'tus.     Expanded,  widened. 
Dilut'te.     Prefixed  to  a  color,   implies  that  it  is  reduced;  as  dilute-purpureus,  pale 

purple. 
Dimidia'tus.     See  halved. 


DRU  585 

DICE'CIA.  ( Dis,  twice;  o/A-os,  house.)  The  class  whose  stamens  arc  in  a  flower 
on  a  plant  which  never  bears  pistillate  flowers,  as  the  hemp  and  willow. 

Dice  cious,  dloi'ca.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  dixcia. 

DiPrT'ALous.     Having  two  petals. 

Diphyl'lous.     Having  two  leaves. 

Diptkrvg'ia.     See  wings.     Winged  seeds. 

Disappkar'ing,  (diliquescens. )  Branched,  but  so  divided  that  the  principal  axis  is 
lost  trace  of  in  the  ramifications;   as  the  head  of  an  oak  tree. 

Discoid.  Resembling  a  disk.  A  tuft  of  leaves  spread  out  so  as  to  resemble  a  disk. 
Having  a  disk  without  rays.  Such  compound  flowers  as  are  wholly  made  up  of 
tubular  florets,  that  is,  though  they  may  have  marginal  florets  differing  from  those 
in  the  disk  in  the  essential  organs;  yet  the  corols  will  be  all  tubular,  and  not 
ligulate. 

Disintkgra'tion.  The  process  of  destroying  the  integral  character  of  a  body.  Ap- 
plied to  geology  it  signifies,  the  process  of  crumbling  down  a  rock,  or  reducing  it  to 
grains,  pebbles  or  soil,  by  the  two  disintegrating  agents,  the  variations  of  tempera- 
ture and  moisUire. 

Disk,  dis'cus.  The  whole  surface  of  a  leaf,  or  of  the  top  of  a  compound  flower,  as 
opposed  to  its  edge  or  periphery.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  aggregate  florets 
of  an  umbel,  and  to  the  broad  or  thickened  top  of  a  receptacle.  It  is  applied  to  the 
outer  surface  of  each  valve  of  a  shell. 

Dlsper'mus.     Containing  but  two  seeds. 

Dissec'tus.     Gashed  in  deeply. 

DissEp'iMENT.     Dissepimenturn.     See  partition. 

DissiUiens.  A  pericarp  is  dissilient,  when  it  bursts  open  with  a  spring;  as  the  touch- 
me-not,   (impatiens.) 

Dis'iuns.     Standing  off  remotely. 

Dis'tichai.ly.  See  distichus.  This  is  a  very  odd  adverb  introduced  by  Nuttall. 
Somewhat  2- ranked. 

Distichus.  ( Dis,  twice!  stichos,  row.)  Two-ranked.  When  branches,  leaves,  or 
flowers  are  arranged  along  opposite  sides  of  the  stem  or  spike,  so  as  to  point  two 
opposite  ways;  as  the  leaves  of  the  hemlock  tree,  (pinus  canadensis.) 

Distinc't,  distinc'tus.     Separate,  opposite  to  connate  or  confluent. 

Diy a.r' icM'E.,  divarica'tns.  Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far,  as  to  form 
more  than  a  right  angle  with  it  above. 

Diver'ging,  Diver' gens.  Branches  spreading  out  from  the  stem  so  far,  as  to  form  al- 
most a  right  angle  with  it. 

Diur'nus.     Enduring  but  a  day. 

Divi'uED,  divi'sus.     Severed  into  parts. 

DODECAN'DRIA.  (Doddiu,  twelve:  aner,  male.)  The  Linnean  class  having 
more  than  ten  and  less  than  twenty,  stamens  to  the  flowers.  Most  botanists  have 
rejected  this  class,  and  distributed  its  genera  among  other  classes  and  orders. 

Pudecan'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into  the  class  do decandria. 

DodecaphyV Lus.     Having  twelve  leafets. 

Do'drans.  Longspan.  Distance  between  the  ends  of  the  thumb  and  little  finger,  be- 
ing both  extended.     About  9  inches. 

Dohibrifor'me.     See  axe-foim. 

DoRSAi,,  dorsa'lis.  Fixed  to  the  back.  Back  fins.  Awns  are  dorsal,  when  proceed- 
ing from  the  outside  of  a  glume  and  not  from  the  tip. 

Dorsif'erous.     Bearing  the  fruit  on  the  back;   as  ferns. 

Dot'tkd.     Besprinkled  with  dots.     See  punctate  and  perforated. 

Doub'le.  Two  in  the  place  where  most  plants  have  but  one;  as  the  double  calyx  of 
the  holly-hock,  (althea.) 

Doub'le-flowered.     See  full-flowered. 

Doub'ly.  See  duplicate.  In  english  it  has  its  common  appropriate  meaning;  as 
doubly-crenate,  when  the  crenatures  are  crenated,  &c. 

Down  or  down'y.  (pubescence)  when  hairs  form  a  short,  soft  stratum,  which  par- 
tially covers  the  cuticle. 

Drupe,  drvp'a.  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  consists  of  a  thick,  fleshy,  succulent, 
cartilaginous  coat,  enclosing  a  nut  or  stone,  proceeding  from  an  ovarium,  perfectly 
simple. 

Drupa'ceous.     Bearing  drupes,  or  fruit  resembling  them. 

Drums.     Any  cavities  in  minerals,  which  are  lined  with  crystals. 

74 


686  EPI 

Ducts  are  membranous  lubes,  with  conical  or  rounded  extremities;  their  sides  being 
mariied  with  transverse  lines,  or  rings,  or  bars,  or  dots,  arranged  spirally,  and  being 
incapable  of  unrolling. 

Dumo'sus.     Busby,  or  resembling  bushfs. 

Duodeccm'Jidns.     Cleft  in  12  divisions,  IS-cleft. 

Dvplicn'/a.  Doubly.  This  term  is  oflen  preHxed  to  others,  in  all  which  cases  it  sim- 
ply means  doubly;  as  duplico-ternatum,  doubly-tertiale  or  biternate. 

Duplo,  (Iriplo,  or  double,  triple)  signify  that  the  organs  to  the  name  of  which  they 
are  prefi.xed  are  twice  or  thrice  as  numerous  or  large  as  those  of  some  other. 

Dwarf,  (nanus,  pumUiis,  pyginaevs; )  small,  shoit,  dense  as  compared  with  other 
species  of  the  same  genus  or  family. 

DvNAMous.  Applied  to  plants  whose  flowers  contain  two  or  four  stamens  longer  than 
two  others  in  the  same  flower. 

E. 

Ear'ed.  This  term  applies:  1st,  to  the  round,  extended,  or  appendaged  lobes  of  a 
heart-form  leaf;  2d,  to  the  side  lobes  near  the  base  of  some  leaves;  and  3d,  to 
twisted  parts,  in  some  ferns  and  some  liverworts,  which  are  supposed  to  resemble 
the  conchus,  or  passage  into  the  ear.  Applied  to  shells,  it  means  the  flat  piocesses 
near  the  hinge  in  bivalves;  as  tbe  pecten,  (scollop.) 

Ebractea'lus.     Without  bracts.     Floral  leaves. 

Ebur'neus.  Ivory  white;  as  the  whole  plant  monolropa,  called  beech-drop,  or  birds- 
nest. 

Ecalcaratus.     Without  a  spur  or  horn. 

Echi'nate,  eclnna'tus.     Hedgebog-lilTe.     Beset  with  erect  prickles. 

Ecos'tate.     Nerveless  or  ribless. 

Efflores'cence.  The  powdery  substance  on  some  lichens,  composed  of  minute 
deciduous  globules. 

Efflorescen'tia.  Flowering  season  of  diflferent  sorts  of  plants.  More  simple  flowers 
come  out  in  June  than  in  any  other  month,  in  North  America.  Very  few  com- 
pound flowers  appear  before  August. 

Effoua'tion.     Unnatural  falling  of  leaves  by  means  of  improper  culture,  worms,  «&c. 

Effuse.     Open,  or  having  an  opening,  so  that  seeds,  liquids,  &c.  may  be  poured  out. 

EgUinduhi' siis.     Glandless.     Used  in  cases  where  glands  are  common.  "^ 

Egret.     See  aigrette,  pappus. 

Elliptic.  Longer  than  wide,  rounded  at  or  near  both  ends,  and  nearly  equal  in 
breadth  towards  both  base  and  apex. 

Ell,  (vliia,  bracldum,  ulnaris,  brachialis;)  twenty-four  inches,  as  used  in  natural 
history. 

Elon'gated.     Lengthened  out,  as  if  extended  beyond  what  is  usual  in  similar  plants. 

Elytra.     The  outer,  or  upper,  shelly  wings  of  some  orders  of  insects. 

Emar'ginate.     Notched  in  the  end  at  the  termination  of  the  mid-rib.     See  retuse. 

Em'bryon.     See  hilum.     Eye  of  a  bean,  &c. 

Endocarp.  The  inner  coat  of  tbe  fruit;  covering  the  seed  and  its  proper  coats.  The 
outer  coat  is  the  Epicarp.  The  fleshy  substance  (as  of  the  apple,  &c. )  between 
them  is  called  the  Sakcocarp;  but  il  is  not  a  distinct  coat. 

ENNEAN'DRIA.     ( Ennea,  nine;  aner,  male.)  having  nine  stamens  to  the  flower. 

Ennean'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  ctmcandria. 

Eno' dis,  Etio'oE.     Knotless.     Having  no  joints;  as  the  bulrush. 

En'satr,  ensa'ius.     HaviI^g  sword  form  leaves. 

En'siform.  Sword-foim.  Two-edged,  tapering  from  base  to  apex  mostly,  and  a  little 
arching  towards  one  edge;  as  flag  and  cat-tail,  (Iris  and  Typha.) 

Entangled  {inlricntus,)  ititermixed  in  an  irregular  manner. 

Enti're.  Continued  without  interruption.  A  margin  of  a  leaf,  calyx,  corol,  &c.,  is 
entire,  when  it  is  neither  serrate,  toothed,  notched,  nor  in  any  manner  indented. 
Used  to  indicate  not  pinnatifid,  and  also  nearly  destitute  of  marginal  divisions. 

Entomology.  Tbe  scjence  of  insects;  as  lobsters,  insects,  spiders.  It  embraces  the 
whole  articulated  division,  excepting  Annelida. 

Eplit'merus.     Of  very  short  duration.     Insect  or  plant  of  an  hour. 

Epicar'pus.  On  the  germ.  See  superior.  But  this  term  is  differently  applied  of  late. 
See  Endocarp. 

Epider'mis.     See  cuticle. 


FAS  587 

Epigeus.     (Gr.  cpi,  upon,  ga,  earth)  growing  close  upon  the  earth. 

Epitrijnous.     Growing  upon  the  summit  of  the  ovarium,  or  germ. 

Epiplirug'ma.     A  thin  membrane  stretched  over  tiie  mouth  of  the  moss,  pobjtrichum. 

Epiplnjllus.     (foli:iris);   inserted  upon  the  leaf 

EquAL.  Similar  parls  equal  among  ihemseJves.  The  calyx,  corol,  «&c. ,  are  rqual, 
when  the  leafels,  petals,  or  subdivisions,  are  similar  in  form,  size  and  direction. 
Prefixed  to  pinnate,  implies  the  absence  of  a  terminal  leafet. 

EQ'ulTA^T.  Opposite  leaves  eu)braciiig  each  other,  so  that  they  alternately  enclose 
each  other's  edges;  as  the  leaves  near  tije  roots  of  the  Iris  and  yellow  garden  hlies 
(hemerocallis; )  also  the  position  of  the  leaves  in  some  unopened  buds. 

Erkc't,  crec'tus.  U|)right.  Not  so  perfectly  strait  and  unbending  as  strictus.  When 
applied  to  any  thing  laterally  attached  to  the  stem,  as  leaves,  &c.,  it  implies  that 
it  makes  a  very  acute  angle  with  it. 

ErerMus' adiis.     Ereclish,  sub-erect. 

Er'got.     See  spurred  rye. 

Erina'ceous.     Hedge-hog-like.     See  eckinatus. 

Ero'se,  ero'sus.  Gnawed.  Unequally  sinuated,  as  if  the  sinuses  had  been  eaten  by 
insects. 

Escutcheon.     A  plate  between  the  bases  of  wings  of  insects. 

Essen'tial  character.     See  diagnosis. 

Essen'tials.     Tlie  stamens  and  pistils. 

Evergreens.  Such  plants  as  retain  their  leaves  throughout  the  year;  as  white  pine, 
laurel,  &c. 

EvERGREt:N.     Verdant  throughout  the  year. 

Exan'nulate.  Ferns  whose  capsules  are  without  rings.  This  comprises  one  section 
of  ferns.  Those  which  have  an  apparent  vestage  of,  but  not  in  reality,  a  ring, 
form  another  section.     Those  with  a  ring,  another.     See  annulatus. 

ExaruJtus.     See  sulcale. 

Exaspera'tus.     See  roughened.     Harshly  hirsute. 

Excava' lus.     Hollowed.     With  deep  pits. 

Exdpulus.     Is  that  part  of  the  Ihallus  which  forms  a  rim  and  base  to  the  shields. 

Exogenovs.  Plants  which  receive  their  increase  of  volume  upon  the  outside  of  the 
wood,  and  inside  of  the  bark.     They  are  tlie  dicotyledonous  division. 

Exot'ic,  exuli'cus.  Plants  not  growing  spontaneously  in  a  wild  state  in  that  parti- 
cular country,  or  section  of  a  country. 

Expansile.     Capable  of  being  spread. 

Explana'lus.     Unfolded,  spread  out  flat. 

ExsERT,  exser'tus.  Standing  out.  Stamens  are  exsert  when  protruded  out  of  the 
corols.  Peduncles  of  spikes  in  culmiferous  plants  are  exsert,  when  protruded  out 
of  the  sheaths:  as  carex  foliiculata  and  pubescens.     Teeth  may  be  exsert. 

ExsTip'ui.ATE.      Without  stipules. 

Extrafolfa'ceous.  Outside  of  the  leaf.  A  stipule  is  extrafoliaceoua  when  it  comes 
out  a  little  lower  than  the  leaf. 

Extrors'um.     Outwardly,  turned  outwards,  or  from  its  axis. 


Faci'es.     The  general  external  appearance  of  a  plant. 

Facti'tious.     Produced  by  art;  not  natural. 

Facti'tious  character.  A  character,  where  tlie  number  of  parts  or  some  other  cir- 
cumstance; not  of  essential  importance,  are  taken  into  it.  It  admits  of  fewer  or 
more  characteristic  marks,  than  are  absolutely  necessary. 

Fal'cate.  See  acinaciform.  Flat  and  arched  edgewise,  in  various  degrees  of  curva- 
ture; like  a  scythe  or  sickl*. 

Fan'form.  Spread  out  and  plaited  in  a  radiated  manner,  like  ladies'  fans.  Same  as 
flahelifonnis. 

Farctus.     Stuffed,  full.     It  is  opposed  to  fistulous,  hollow. 

Fari'na.     Furiiiariiis,  pollen,  meal,  flour,  mealy,  powdery. 

Fusci'atis.  Having  parallel  bands,  or  colored  stripes  Also  used  to  express  the 
unnatural  growing  together  of  contiguous  parts,  as  two  or  three  apples  growing 
together. 

FAs'cicL-E,fascic'ulus.  A  bundle.  Flowers  umbel-like  in  the  general  external  appear- 
ance, with  footstalks  irregular  in  their  origin  and  subdivision. 


588  FLO 

A  bundle  of  tuberous  roots  is  called  a  fascicle:  as  the  asparagus  root.     Also  a 

bundle  of  leaves;  as  of  the  white  pine. 
Fascic'ulate.     An  unnatural  bundle  of  branchlets. 
Fastig'iate,  fastigita'tus.     Level-topped.     Applied  to  aggregate  flowers,  which  are 

elevated  to  an  equal  heiglit,   or  nearly  so;   forming  a  level,  convex  or  concave  top, 

diftering  but  little  from  a  plane.     It  is  also  applied  to  leaves;   as  the  hog-weed 

(ambrosia  artemisifolia. ) 
Favo'sus.     See  alveolate.     Resembling  honey-comb. 
Faux.     Jaws.     The  throat  or  opening  into  a  corol.     Tliat  piecise  spot,  where  the 

tubular  part  of  a  ringent  corol  begins  to  separate  or  expand  into  lips  or  mouth,  is 

the  faux. 
Feat'her.     See  Aigrette.     The  plumose  crown  of  seeds. 
Fe'male,  femin'eus.     See  pistillate. 
Fen'ced.     Walled  around,  as  the  stanaens  are  by  the  scales  in  brookweed  (samolus. ) 

See  Parietal. 
Ferns.     Filices.     Cryptogamous  plants,  which  have  green  leaves  or  fronds,  with 

dorsal  fruit;  as  breaks  and  polypods. 
Ferrif'erous.     Containing  iron  ore. 
FERRu'GiNous,/cr?-Mi,nn'eMS.     The  color  of  iron-rust.     Applied   to  masses  of  minute 

quartz  crystals. 
Fer'tile.     Applied  to  pistillate  flowers. 
Fertiliza'tion.     The  application  of  the  pollen,   which  is  formed  in   the  cells  of 

anthers,  to  the  stigma;  wJiich  is  essential  to  the  production  of  perfect  seed. 
Fet'tered.     Having  entangling  feathers  on  the  legs. 
Fi'brv:,  ft' hra.    Any  thread-form  part.    The  small  flexible  thread-form  roots  of  grasses 

and  many  other  plants,  are  called  fibres. 
Fi'brocs.     Composed  of  fibres.     Made  up,  in  part,  of  loose  fibres,  as  the  rind  of  a 

cocoanut. 
Fibrous  cellular,   (jibro-ceUulnr  tissue)    is   that  in   which  the  sides  are  composed 

either  of  both  membrane  and  fibre  together,  or  of  fibre  only. 
Fid'dle-form.     See  panduriformis.     Oblong  and  contracted  latterly. 
Figura' turn.     This  term  is  applied  to  the  mouth  of  the  capsule  of  a  moss,  when  it  is 

set  round  with  membranaceous  teeth. 
F II.' AMEST,  Jilainentu in.     That  part  of  the  stamen  which  is  between  and  connects 

together  the  anther  and   the  receptacle,    calyx,   or  pistil.     When  the  filament  is 

wanting,  the  anther  is  se-sile.     In  monopetalous  corols,  the  filaments  are  generally 

inserted  into,  or  are  attached  to,  their  bases. 
Filices,  the  first  order  in  the  class  cryptoganiia.     See  ferns. 
Fil'iform.     Thread-like.     Of   nearly   equal  thickness  thioughout,  round  and  cylin- 

dric.     It  is  applied  to  spikes  which  are  very  long  in  proportion  to  their  diameters. 
Fimbria' tus.     Fringed.     Differs  from  ciliate  in  being  less  regular  and  of  coarser  parts. 
Fimeta'rius.     Growing  naturally  on  manure  heaps. 
Fin'gered.     See   digitate.     Sometimes  applied  to  single  leaves,   deeply  cleft   into 

narrow  segments. 
Fissile.     Easily  split  in  the  direction  of  the  laminae. 
Fissure.     Fissvs.     A  cleft  or  slitted  apperture.     Applied  to  rocks,  »S:c. 
Fis'tulous.     Hollow  like  a  pipe,   flute  or  reed;  sometimes  tapering  towards  one,  or 

both,  ends;  as  the  leaves  and  stalks  of  onions. 
Flab'emform.     See  fan-form.     Resembling  ladies'  fans. 
Flac'cw,  flac'cidus.     Too  lax  or  limber  to  support  its  own  weight. 
Flagel'lum.     FlageUlfor'rnis.     Resembling  a  whip-lash.     A  runner. 
Flam'meus.     Flame  colored. 
Fla'vus.     Yellow,  yellowish. 

Flesh'y.     Thick  and  filled  with  pulp  within,  as  liverwort. 
Flex'ible,  fiex'ilis.     Easily  bent. 
Fles'uose.     Bending  and  frequently  changing  directions;   as  from  joint  to  joint, 

branch  to  branch,  leaf  to  leaf,  etc. 
Fltx'us.     Bent.     This  relates  to  but  one  bending.     See  geniculate. 
Flo'ating.     See  natant.     Lying  or  moving  on  the  surface  of  water,  as  the  Lemna, 

(water-flaxseed.) 
Flocco'se, /occt.     Woolly,   or  resembling  the  flocks  sheared  from  cloth.     Woolly 

filaments  found  mixed  with  sporules. 
Flo'ral.     Relating  to  a  flower-iwrf,  containing  an  unopened  flower-leaf,  a  bract. 


FRU  589 

Fi.o'ret.     Little  flowers.     Whether  the  flower  is  large  or  small  it  is  a  floret,  if  it  is 

one  of  a  number  all  of  which  constitute  an  agi^regate  or  compound.     As  the  little 

flowers  wliich  make  up  the  head  of  a  thistle,   a  head  of  wheat,  the  umbel  of  a 

carrot,  etc. 
Floribnn'dus.     Aboundinj;  in  flowers,  beyond  oilier  species. 
FLORiF'EKous.     Bearmg  flowers.     A  leat  is  floriferous  when  a  flower  grows  out  of  its 

disk  or  margin. 
Flo'kist.     One  whose  employment  is  that  of  crealing  monsters;   that  is,  double  and 

various  colored;  as  carnations,  double  roses,  &c. 
Flos'culak,  fluscuh'sus.     See  tubulous. 
Fbs'culuus.     Tubulor  floret.     iS'uttali  applies  it  to  the  florets  of  grasses;  but  ought 

not  to  be  followed. 
Flow'er.     The  stamens  and  pistils  with  their  covering.     These  two  organs,  or  rather 

tlieir  anthers   and   stigmas,   are  essential  to  all  plants.     But  the  calyx,  corol,   and 

even  nectaries  when  present,  are  parts  of  the  flower. 
Flowkr-buds  consist  of  rudimentary  leaves,   surrounding  a   point   which  does  not 

elongate  after  it  is  once  developed,  and  assumes,  when  fully  developed,  the  form  of 

reproductive  apparatus. 
Fluviu'idis.     Growing  naturally  in  rivers  and  brooks. 
F(c'tidus.     Smelling  disagreeably. 

Fold.     Annexed  to  numerals,  denoting  so  often  combined;   as  five-fold  leaves,  grow- 
ing in  fives,  &c. 
Fol\a' cRovs,  foliatus,  leafy;  leaves  intermixed  with  flowers  on  a  spike,  or  in  other 

aggregates;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Foli:i'ris.     a  tendril  on  a  leaf     A  bud  containing  leaves  only. 
Folia'tion,  fului'lio.     The  manner  in  which  unopened  leaves  are  situated  within  the 

bud.       The   modes    of   foliation    are:      1.  Involute.     2.   Revolute.      3.  Obvolute. 

4.  Convolute.     5.  Imbricate.     6.  Equitant.     7.  Conduplicate.     8.  Plaited.     9.  Re- 

clinate.     10.  Circinal.     See  each  in  its  proper  place. 
FoUferous.     Particularly  adapted  to  bearing  leaves;   leaf-bearing. 
Fol'idle,  foll'obim.     See  leafet.     One  of  a  compound  leaf, 
Ful'ium,  fulio'sus.     Leafy,  leaf. 
Fol'licle,  Fulicu'lus.     A  pericarp  with  one  valve,    which  opens  lengthwise  on  one 

side  only;  as  milkweed,  (asclepias. ) 
Fonlina'lis.     Growing  naturally  about  springs  or  fountains. 
Foot,  (pes,  pedalis;)  twelve  inches,  oi  the  length  of  a  tall  man's  foot.     Also  applied 

to  the  stems  of  leaves  and  flowers. 
Foraininidu'sus.     Pierced   with   many    small  holes,   or  foramens.     Divided   into  two 

pretty  long  parts,  as  petals,  branches,  &.c. 
Forma 'tion.     A  term  used   by  geologists   to  express    more   or  less    than    a  definite 

stratum;  as  detritus  is  called  alluvial  formation,  iron   formation  may  apply  to  the 

ferriferous  rocks  and  their  iron  contents. 
Fornica'tus.     Arched,  vaulted,  bent  over  archwise. 

Fov'ea.     A  nectariferous  cavity  for  the  reception  of  honey.     Honey-comb-like. 
FomVla.     The  fine  substance   contained   in   the   particles  of  pollen.     When  the  ripe 

pollen  comes  in  contact  with  the  moist  stigma,  it  explodes  and    discharges  the 

fovilla. 
Frag'ilis.     Breaking  easily  and  not  bending. 
Free.     A  germ  is  free,   when  not  attached  to  the  surrounding  calyx  or  corol.     Used 

for  disconnected,  disunited,  not  adiiate. 
Frigi'dus.     Growing  naturally  in  cold  countries;   arctic. 

Frond,  /tons.  An  herbaceous,  a  leathery,  a  crustaceous,  or  gelatinous  leaf,  or  some- 
what of  a  leaf  like  stem  or  bed,  from  vvhich,  or  within  which,  the  fruit  is  produced. 

It  is  applied  exclusively  to  the  class  cryptogamia,  and  palms. 
Frondo'se,  Frnndosus.     Leafy,  frond-like  or  leaf  like. 

Frontlet.     The  part  back  of  the  base  of  a  bird's  bill.     Generally  bristly. 
Frosted,    (pruinosus;)  nearly  the  same   as  roiidus,    but  applied   to  surfaces  in  which 

the  dewy  appearances  are  more  opaque,  as  if  the  drops  were  congealed, 
Fi-vtescen'liu.     Applied  to  palms  and  such  others  as  have  a  simple  stem,  and  leaves 

only  at  top. 
Fructik'erous.     Bearing,  or  becoming  fruit. 

Fructifica'tiox,  Fmctifica' llo.  "The  temporary  part  of  vegetables  which  is  des- 
tined for  the  reproductions  of  the  species,  terminating  the  old  individual,  and  be- 
ginning the  new." — Linneus. 


590  GEM 

Fruit, /n/c'tes.  The  seed,  with  its  enclosing  pericarp.  Procure  several  unbaked  pea- 
nuts. (Arachis  hjpogaea,  for  sale  in  all  fruit-shops.)  being  one  of  the  best  example* 
for  illustrating  fruit  and  seed;  soak  them  in  warm  water  a  daj'  or  two.  On  care- 
fully dissecting  several  of  them,  it  will  be  found  that  ih.e  outsidecovering  is  a  single 
carpel,  easily  divided  into  two  coats,  e/ncarp  and  enflociirp.  [See  endocarp.]  But 
no  sarcocArp  will  be  found  between  them.  Now  examine  the  seeds.  Two  coats, 
primine  and  secwulhic,  will  be  found  very  distinct;  though  thin  and  membranous. 
According  lo  the  opinions  of  many  botanists,  there  may  be  two  or  three  coats,  so 
closely  attached  to  each  other  and  to  the  seed,  as  to  be  hardly  separable.  These 
(real  or  ideal)  coats  are  called  tcrtuin,  qiinrtlue,  and  perhaps  even  qiiintine.  Before 
the  pea-nut  was  ripe,  the  pod  was  called  ijerm,  or  orniiiiin.  The  seed  and  the  two 
(or  perhaps  five)  coats,  together  with  the  nucleus,  constituted  the  ovules. 

Fruit'dots.  Assemblages  of  capsules  on  the  backs  of  ferns.  Also  small  assemblages 
of  powdery  bodies  on  tlie  fronds  of  lichens,  called  soredia. 

FRUSTRA'NEA,  ( Fnislra,  in  vain,)  pohjisamia.  The  third  order  of  the  class  Syn- 
genesia,  which  bear  compound  flowers  with  perfect  florets  in  the  disk,  and  neutral 
ones  in  the  ray;   as  the  sunflower. 

Frutex,  fruticosvs,  frutescent.  Vvoody,  or  becoming  woody;  as  lilac,  steeple-bush. 
Mostly  applied  to  bushy,  or  bush-like  shrubs,  which  arise  from  the  root  in  numbers;, 
not  in  a  single  bole,  like  trees  of  oak  or  po|)lar. 

Fug'ax.     Fugaceous.     Soon  disappearing.     Flying  off.     See  ring. 

Fidcra'tus.     Having  appendages,  as  tendrils. 

FuVcrum.  There  are  seven:  "l.  Stipule.  2.  Bract.  3.  Thorn.  4.  Prickle.  5.  Sting, 
6.  Gland.     7.  Tendril.     See  each  in  its  proper  place. 

FuLiGiNEUs.     Sooty,  dark,  dull  color: 

Full-flowered.  When  the  petals  of  the  corol  are  so  multiplied  as  to  exclude  the 
siamens:  which  is  efft^cted  by  the  stamens  becoming  petals,  as  the  peony,  rose^ 
&.C.     This  rarely  takes  place  in  monopetalous  corols. 

Ful'vous.   Fui'vus.     Yellowish  rust-color. 

FUNGI,  funguses.  However,  unsightly  a  common  toad-stool,  the  mould  on  old 
scraps  of  leather  in  damp  places,  or  the  blight  in  grain,  may  af)pear  to  the  .careless 
observer,  they  are  all  beautifully  organized,  and  highly  interesting. 

FuNGo'sE.     Fungus.     Fleshy  and  spongy.     This  term  is  sometimes  put  for  pileus. 

Fu'nicule,  Funk'ulus  umbilica'lis.  Tlie  thread  by  which  a  seed  is  fastened  at  the 
hilum. 

Fu.nnel'form.  a  corol  with  a  tubular  base,  and  a  border  opening  gradually  into  the 
form  of  a  reversed  cone. 

Fur'caius.     See  dichotoinous.     Forked. 

Furfura'ceus.     Bran-like. 

Fur'rowed.     See  sulcate.     Marked  lengthwise  with  a  channel. 

Fus'cus.     Sooty-yellow,  dark-yellow. 

Fu'siFORM,  fusifur' mis.  Spindle-form.  A  root  thick  at  the  top  and  tapering  down- 
ward to  the  point,  is  fusiform;  as  the  beet  and  cairot. 


Galea.     See  labiate.     A  helmet.     Upper  lip. 

Ga'leate,    Galea'tus,     Resembling  a  helmet,  or  broad  upper  lip. 

Gallis,  GaL'lcE.  Excresences  produced  by  the  stings  of  ins  cts.  The  balls  found  on 
oaks  which  are  used  in  dyeing,  the  common  large  green  oak-balls,  the  singular 
green  lumps  found  on  the  wild  honey-suckle,  (Sec,  are  examples.  The  irritation 
upon  the  delicate  sap-vessels,  produced  by  the  sting  and  egg  of  the  insect,  causes 
a  greater  flow  of  sap  in  that  direction.  This  pressure  of  sap  distends  and  distorts 
the  capillary  tubes  and  membranes,  until  those  excresences  are  formed  around  the 
egg.  Jn  due  time  the  egi^  becomes  a  larva,  a  maggot,  which  after  feeding  a  while 
upon  the  gall,  changes  into  the  pupa,  or  chrysalis,  and  at  last  escapes  a  perfect  in- 
sect, or  fly.     Each  fly  produces  a  gall  of  a  peculiar  form. — VVilldenow. 

Gangue.  The  part  of  a  rock  which  lines  a  vein  and  embraces  a  mineral,  and  is  unlike 
the  rest  of  the  rock. 

Gape.  The  opening  between  two  lips  of  a.  labiate,  or  irregular  corol.  Applied  to 
mouths  of  birds. 

Gelatinous,  ( geliitiiiosus. )     Having  the  texture  and  appearance  of  jelly. 

Gem'inus.     See  double.     It  is  also  used  for  paired,  in  pairs  or  twins. 


GLU  591 

frcmma'tion,  gcm'ma.  Bndding.  The  gemmation  of  plants  comprehends  the  develope- 
ment  of  a  new  plant  from  the  bud,  as  well  as  llie  foliation. 

Gf.mmih'arous.     Producing  buds  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 

Gen'kral.  See  partial.  General  is  apjdied  to  a  whole,  which  is  made  up  of  a  num- 
ber of  entire  individuals.  Tiie  viiilicl  of  a  garden  carrot  is  a  general  vmbd;  and  each 
unilidid  terminating  a  secondaiy  brancli  is  a  j.nrliul  vmhd. 

Ge.nkr'ic  char'actkr.  The  dehniiion  of  a  genus.  Ii  is  confined  entirely  to  the 
flower  and  fruit.     It  is  essential,  fucli^iuus,  or  luilural;  which  see. 

Gkner'ic  name.  The  name  of  a  genus.  Milne  enumerated  21  rules  respecting  the 
naming  of  genera;  which  with  his  examples  occupy  40  pages.     See  Lindley,  p.  433. 

Genic'ulate.  Kneed.  Forming  a  very  obtuse  angle,  like  a  ufioderate  bending  of  the 
knee. 

Gen'tcs.  Nations.  Linneus  divided  plants  into  nine  great  natural  tribes  or  casts.  1. 
Palms.  2.  Grasses.  3.  Lilies.  4.  Herbs.  5.  Trees.  6.  Ferns.  7.  Mosses.  8. 
AlgfB.     9.  Fungi. 

Ge'nus,  (plural  gen' era.)  A  number  of  plants  whieh  agree  with  one  another  in  the 
structure  of  the  flower  and  fruit.     Willdenow. 

Gkode.  a  cavity  in  a  mineral  whose  sides  within  are  more  or  less  spherical.  It  may 
be  empty  or  it  may  contain  minerals  different  from  the  mineral  containing  the 
geode. 

Germ,  gcrmen.  That  part  of  the  pistil,  which,  after  the  pollen  is  received,  soon  con- 
tains the  rudiment  of  one  young  plant  or  more.  lis  whole  substance  becomes  the 
pericarp  and  seed  as  it  enlarges  itself.     See  ovary. 

When  the  calyx  comes  out  below  the  germ,  the  germ  is  superior,  and  the  calyx 
inferior;  when  the  calyx  comes  out  of  the  upper  part  of  the  germ,  the  germ  is  in- 
ferior, and  the  calyx  supirior. 

Germina'tion.  The  swelling  of  a  seed,  and  the  unfolding  of  its  embryo.  It  should 
be  carefully  watched. 

Gibbous.     Bunched  out.     When  one  or  both  sides  are  swelling  out. 

GiLLCovEus.  The  bony  or  cartilaginous  covering  placed  over,  or  outside  of,  the  gill- 
membranes. 

GiLL-MEMBRANEs.     The  membranes  immediately  covering  the  gills. 

GiLi.s.     Sec  lamella.     Lungs  of  fish.     Lamina  of  toadstools. 

Gil'vus.     Iron-grey,  and  brick-color. 

Glubel'liis.     Bald.     Without  hairs,  or  other  covering. 

Gla'brous,  gla'ber.  Sleek.  Having  no  pubescence.  Ghiber  is  often  translated 
smooth;  but  a  leaf  with  soft  cottony  pubescence  is  smooth,  though  it  is  not  gla- 
brous; as  gnaphalium. 

Gladiu'tus.  A  sword-form  legume  is  sometimes  called  gladiate.  See  ensiform.  It  is 
applied  to  leaves  also. 

Gland,  irlnn'dula.  A  round,  or  roundish  appendage  which  serves  for  transpiration 
and  secretion.  They  are  situated  on  leaves,  stems,  calyxes,  and  particularly  at  the 
base  of  stamens  in  some  cruciform  flowers;  as  mustard.  Glandular  hairs,  or  hairs 
with  glandular  heads,  are  very  abundant  on  the  common  hazlenut  involucre,  of 
North  America,  (corylus  americana  )     Also  on  the  Prunus. 

Glan'uular,  Glan'dulous,  glandulnsus.     Having  glands. 

Glau'cous.  Clothed  with  a  sea-green  mealiness  lilie  some  cabbage  leaves.  It  is 
sometimes  put  for  a  greenish-gray  color.  This  co\ot, ferruginous  and  koarij,  are  so 
constant,  that  they  are  used  in  specific  descriptions.  Most  other  colours  are  ex- 
cluded on  account  of  their  being  too  variable  to  be  relied  on. 

Globo'se,  Globosiis.  Spherical,  round  on  all  sides  like  a  ball.  Some  authors  apply 
it  to  circular  leaves. 

Glob'ules.  Minute  spheres.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  globose, 
solid  and  crustaceous,  formed  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  and  terminating  its 
points  or  branches;  from  whence  they  fall  off  entire,  leaving  a  pit  or  cavity.  They 
are  supposed  to  be  covered  all  over  with  a  colored  seed-bearing  membrane.     Smith. 

Glo'chis.     See  barb.     Hooked  beards. 

Glom'erate,  glomera^tus.  When  many  branchlets  are  terminated  by  little  heads. 
Richard.  A  spike  is  glomerate  when  it  consists  of  a  collection  of  spherical  heads. 
Willdenow. 

Glom'erule,  glomer'ulvs.     The  small  heads  constituting  a  small  glume,  or  head. 

Gluma'ce'us.     Glume-like,  on  bearing  glumes,  chaft's,  liusks. 

Glume,  glu'ma.     Consists  of  the  scales  or  chairs  which  surround  or  enclose  the  sta- 


592  HAL 

mens  and  pistils  in  the  flowers  of  grasses.  The  lower  ones  are  called  the  calyx,  or 
glumes  proper,  all  others  tlie  corol  or  paleas,  Bractae  when  placed  immediately  be- 
low the  stamina  and  pistils,  as  in  apetalous  flowers,  are  only  distinguished  fi-om 
the  calyx  bj'  being  alternate  wilh  each  other,  and  not  venicilate.  Husks,  gluuies, 
or  chaffs  of  corn  or  grasses  are  bracteae  and  not  calyxes,  in  sliict  physiology. 

Each  scale,  chaff,  or  husk,  is  called  a  valve;  which  gives  the  names  bivalve,  with 
2  husks  or  chaffs;  univuive,  with  one,  &c. 

When  several  flowers  are  arranged  along  a  rachis  in  a  spikelet  with  a  valve  or 
two,  or  more,  below  the  lowest  tlower,  these  are  called  the  common  or  general 
calyx  (gluma  communis;)  and  the  glume  to  each  floret  on  the  spikelet  above  ia 
called  partial  (gluma  partialis.) 

Glumo'se.     Having  glumes. 

Glu'tinous,     Having  on  some  part  more  or  less  of  adhesive  moisture. 

GoBLET-sHAPED,  ( cratejifoTrais, )  concave  hemispherical,  a  little  contracted  at  the 
base. 

GoNGYLous,  Gon'gulus.  A  knot.  It  is  applied  to  a  round,  hard  body,,  which  falls  off 
upon  the  death  of  the  mother  plant  or  animal,  and  becomes  a  new  one;  as  in  the 
fticus  and  some  radiated  animals.  Large  granulated  sporules  are  contained  in  the 
centre  of  some. 

Gonop'terides.  Angle  fruit  fern,  one  of  the  new  orders  of  ferns.  The  receptacles  of 
the  fruit  are  polygons;  as  of  the  genus  P^quisetum. 

Gram'ina.  The  family  of  grasses.  See  gentes.  But  in  a  limited  sense,  the  sedges, 
rush  grasses,  &c.  are  not  included.  See  Natural  Orders.  Culmiferous  is  the  most 
extensive  term;  and  most  of  this  vast  family  have  three  stamens  in  each  flower, 
though  many  of  them  are  mondlcious.  The  rice,  star-grass  and  rush-grass  have 
six  stamens  to  the  flower. 

GraminifoL'ius.     Having  leaves  resembling  those  of  grasses. 

Grandiflo'rus.     Having  large  flowers. 

Graniferous.     Bearing  grains  or  kernels;  as  those  on  the  valves  of  dock-flowers. 

Gran'ulate,  gramda'lus.  In  the  form  of  grains.  A  granulate  root  consists  of  several 
little  knobs  strung  together  on  the  side  of  a  filiform  radicle.  It  differs  from  the 
knobbed  tuberous  roots,  in  this;  that  the  latter  are  strung  together  by  rootlets, 
which  proceed  from  near  the  middle  of  one  knob  to  another. 

Granula'tions.     Grain-like  substances. 

Graveolens.     Having  a  strong  odour  or  scent. 

Greasy,  (unctius;)  having  a  surface,  which,  though  not  actually  greasy,  feels  so. 

Gregarious.  In  flocks,  applied  to  fungi  and  other  plants  growing  together  in 
groups;  but  not  so  as  to  be  ccespitose,  or  to  form  a  turfy  mass. 

Gressoral.  Bird's  feet,  which  are  formed  for  running;  having  three  toes  forward 
and  one  back,  and  the  two  outer  toes  mostly  joined  towards  the  base. 

Grumoits  (grumosus;)  in  form  of  little  clustered  grains. 

Guitar-form.     See  panduriformis.     Fiddle- form. 

Gijmnocarpi  fun' gi.     Such  as  bear  seeds  in  a  naked  hymenium,  which  see. 

Gymnosper' mus  ( Gumnos,  naked;  sperma,  seed.)  VVith  seeds  naked,  or  growing 
without  pericarps. 

Gynandrous.  ( Gune,  woman;  aner,  man.)  Applied  when  stamens  grow  on  pistils, 
but  not  in  immediate  connexion  with  the  calyx  or  corol. 

Gynabase.  a  supporting  disk  or  elevating  axis  under  the  ovarium  or  germ;  being 
a  kind  of  receptacle  to  the  ovary,  elevating  it  more  or  less,  as  in  Labiate  plants, 
and  the  borage-like. 

H. 

Hahia'tio.     The  native  residence  of  plants;  or  the  situation  wherein  they  grow  most 

naturally. 
Hab'it,  hnbi'liis.     The  external  appearance  of  a  plant  by  a  general  view  of  which  we 

know  it  without  attending  to  any  of  its  essential  characters. 

A  knowledge   of  the  habits  of  plants  is   to  be  acquired  by  first  seeing  them  in  a 

growing  state,  and  then  by  repeatedly  reviewing  them  in  an  herbarium. 
Hal'bert-form.     See  hastate. 
Halters.     Globules  on  slender  stems,  under  the  wings  of  some  two-winged  insects, 

called  poisers. 
Halved.     One-sided,  as  if  one  half  had  been  taken  off;  as  the  halved  spathe  of  some 

Indian  turnips,  one-sided  involucres,  &c. 


HOM  593 

Ha'mus,  Hamosiis.    A  hook,  as  the  liooked  spines  on  burdock. 

Has'tate.  IIalbert-forni,"or  shaped  like  an  espontoon.  A  leaf  with  processes  near 
the  base  from  eacli  edge,  which  are  aculish;  as  common  sorr.el  leaves.  When 
tliese  processes  pomt  considerably  bac'i  wards,  the  leaf  is  sagittate. 

Head.  Flowers  heaped  togpther  in  a  roundish  form,  with  no  peduncles,  or  very  short 
ones;  as  clover-heads.     This  term  is  applied  to  a  globular  stigma  also. 

Heap'ed.     Compact,  but  hardly  as  close  as  dense. 

Heakt'-form.     See  cordate. 

Heakt-vvood.     The  dead  and  fully-formed  central  layers  are  called  the  heart-wood. 

Hedge'uogged.     See  echinate. 

Hel'met.     See  labiate.     Upper  lip  of  a  labiate  corol. 

Helminthology.     The  science  of  worms,  including  molluscous  and  radiated  animals. 

Helvoi.us.     Pale  red.     Peacii-bloom. 

HEf  ATlCiE.  The  third  order  of  the  class  Cryptogamia.  It  includes  the  hepatic 
mosses,  as  denominated  by  Schweinitz;  that  is,  those  which  have  the  fructification 
spread  cruciformly,  and  have  succulent  leaves;  the  brook-liverwort  is  an  example, 
(marchantia. ) 

HEPTAGYiNTA.     Seven-styled. 

ilEPTANDRIA.  ( Heptn,  seven;  aver,  male)  Having  seven  stamens  to  the  flower. 
A  small  class;   the  chick-wintergreen,  (trientalis,)  is  our  best  example. 

Heptan'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  heptandria. 

Herb,  herba.     Any  plant  which  has  not  a  woody  stem. 

Herba'ceocjs.     Not  woody.     Also  applied  to  plants  perishing  to  the  root. 

Herb'age.  All  that  part  of  vegetables  which  is  bounded  by  the  root  below,  and  by 
the  fructification  above. 

Herba'bium.  a  collection  of  dried  plants.  No  person  can  ever  become  a  good  prac- 
tical botanist  without  an  herbarium^  The  uses  of  an  herbarium  are  principally 
two. 

1.  To  revive  in  the  memory  of  names  and  habits  of  plants. 

2.  WIten  planls  are  not  in  flower,  they  often  want  some  of  their  most  striking  habits. 
Jn  such  cases  comparison  is  essKidiul.  No  directions  can  be  sufficient.  The  teacher 
must  learn,  mechanically,  how  to  direct  his  pupils  in  collecting  and  preserving 
planls. 

JJerbu'riiis.     An  herbist.     One  who  collects  and  sells  plants. 

Hermaph'rodite,     See  perfect  flowers. 

HEXAGYNIA.  ( Hex,  s\x;  gumc,  female.).  The  sixth  order  qf  any  of  the  first 
classes  as  far  as  Polyandria.     Six  styles  or  stigmas  to  each  (lower. 

IIEXAN'DRIA.  (Hex,  six;  aner,  male.)  The  sixth  class;  six  stamens  to  each 
flower. 

Hexan'droos.     Belonging  to.  or  varying  into,  the  class  hexandria. 

Hexapetaloi'des.     A  one-petalled  corol  so  deeply  divided  as  to  appear  6-petalled. 

Hi'i-UM,  The  external  scar  or  mark  on  a  seed,  where  the  funicle,  or  thread,  is  attach- 
ed to  it  and  conveys  its  nutriment  till  ripe.  It  indicates  the  union  of  tiie  seed  with 
the  placenta,  often  called  the  umbilicus.  The  hilum  represents  the  base  of  the 
seed;  the  apex  is  determined  by  the  point  where  the  vessels,  or  tissue,  of  the  integ- 
uments concentrate. 

Hinge.  The  part  of  a  bivalve  shell,  where  the  two  valves  are  united  by  a  flexible 
cartilage. 

HiNoiDEUs.     Whence  all  veins  proceed,  and  are  parallel  and  undivided. 

Hir'sute,  hirsiitus.  Rough-haired.  Covered  with  stiffish  hairs,  but  hardly  stiff 
enough  to  be  called  bristies. 

Hir'lus.     Covered  with  short  stiff  hairs.     Nearly  the  same  as  hirsute. 

His'piu,  hispidus.  Bristly.  Beset  with  stiff  hairs,  or  rather  with  bristles,  which  are 
short. 

Hiulcus.     Cracked  open:  a  gaping  chink. 

Hoar'y.     Whitish  colored,  arising  from  a  scaly  mealiness,  or  short,  dense  hairs. 

Holera'ceus.     Suitable  for  a  pot  herb,  as  dock,  and  beets. 

Hol'lows,  (thai  mia.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens  which  is  spherical,  nearly 
closed,  lodged  in  the  substance  of  the  frond,  lined  with  its  proper  coat,  under  which 
are  cells  2  or  4-seeded.  Each  hollow  finally  opens  by  an  orifice  in  the  frond  above. 
Smith. 

Homotropal,  (homotropus.)  Having  the  same  direction  as  tlie  body  to  which  it 
belongs,  but  not  being  straight. 

75 


094 ,  INC 

PoNEY-coMBED,  (fdvosus  otteolatiis. )  Excavated  in  the  manner  of  a  section  of  honey» 
comb. 

Hooked,  (uncinatus.)     Curved  suddenly  back  at  the  point. 

Horizon 'tal.  Parailef  to  the  horizon.  Leaves  are  horizontal,  when  they  form  right 
angles  with  erect  stems. 

Horn'-form.     Shaped  liked  a  horn,  or  rather  like  a  cock's  spur.     See  spur. 

Uu'midus.     Moist,  humid. 

Hu'mifuse,  liumifusus.  Spread  over  the  ground.  Richard  defines  it  spread  on  the 
ground,  and  not  rooting. 

Hum'ilis.     Low,  humble. 

Husk.     The  larger  kind  of  glume;  as  the  husk  of  Indian  corn. 

Hy'aline,  hyal'inus.  Colorless.  Transparent,  hke  glass  or  water;  as  quartz  in 
granite. 

Hyber'nacle,  hylcrnac'ulum.     See  bud.     Winter  residence. 

Hybcrnalis.     Growing  in  the  winter  season. 

Hy'brid,  hy'hrida.  A  mule.  A  vegetable  produced  by  the  mixture  of  two  different 
species.  The  seeds  of  hybrids  will  not  propagate.  They  are  produced  by  sprinkl- 
ing the  stigma  with  the  pollen  of  a  different  species.  Care  must  be  taken  in  such 
cases  to  prevent  any  pollen  of  its  own  species  from  falling  on  it  first. 

Hydrop'terihes.  Water  fern.  A  new  order  of  ferns.  It  is  adopted  by  Pursh,  Tor- 
rey,  &c.     Isoetes,  azolla  and  salvina,  are  placed  here. 

Hyema'lis.     Growing  in  the  winter  season. 

Hymc'nium.  An  exposed  or  naked,  dilated,  appropriate,  membrane  of  gymnocarp 
fungi,  in  which  the  seeds  are  imbedded:  the  part  in  wliicli  the  sporules  immediately 
lie.  In  Agaricus,  it  consists  of'parallel  plats,  lamellae,  or  gills;  these  are  adnate 
with  the  stipes,  when  the  end  next  it  cohere  with  it. 

Hyperdecandrous.     Flowers  containg  more  than  ten  stamens. 

Hypha.     The  filamentous,  fleshy,  warty  tballus,  or  bissus. 

Hypocraterijor' mis.     See  salver-tbrm;   flat-bordered  tube. 

Hypodecanurocjs.     Flowers  containing  fewer  than  ten  stamens. 

Hypog'ynus.  Under  tiie  style,  or  growing  from  below  the  base  of  the  germ,  or  ova- 
rium; or  when  the  stamens  do  not  contract  any  union  with  the  sides  of  the  calyx, 
they  are  hypogynous. 

Hysterandms,  when  the  leaves  appear  after  the  flower,  as  some  willows,  peaches,  &c. 

I.     J. 

IcTHYOLOGT.     The  department  of  Zoology,  which  treats  of  fish.     It  includes  those 

aquatic  animals  which  have  gills  and  fins. 
J'cones  planta'rum.     Figures  or  drawings  of  plants. 
ICOSAN'DRIA.     (£(A-osf,  twenty;  ««e7-,  male. )     More  than  10  stamens. 

The  calyx  is  always   monophyllou.s,    and  the   claws  of  the   petals  fixed  into  the 

side  of  it  along  within  the  stamens.     Calycandrous  is  a  name  embracing  plants  of 

this  class.     Darlington. 
Icosan'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  icosanrfriff. 
Icterus.     Jaundice.     The   change  of  color  of  leaves  in  autumn  to  yellow,   reddish, 

&c.,  as  maple. 
Imago.     A  perfect,  full-fomed  insect.     It  is  applied  to  express  the  state  of  an  insect, 

after  it  has  passed  from  the  crysalis  to  the  insect  stale. 
Imber'bis.     Beardless.     See  beard. 
Im'bricate,  imbricatus.     Leaves,  scales,  &c.,  lying  over  each  other,   or  one  covering 

the  place  where  two  others  meet,  like  the  shingles  or  tiles  on  a  roof. 
Immarginate.     Having  no  border  or  peculiar  margin. 
Im'pari-pinna'ius.     Unequally  pinnate.     When  a  pinnate  leaf  is  terminated  by  a  sin^ 

gle  or  odd  leafet. 
Imper'fect,  imperfcctvs.     Wanting  the  stamen  or  pistil.     No  flower  is  perfect  without 

both  organs;  but  with  an  anther  and  stigma  the  flower  is  perfect,  though  destitute 

of  calyx  and  corol. 
Inmquivalva'tus.     Valves  of  capsule  or  glume  unequal. 
Ina'nis.     Having  a  spongy  pith. 
Jnaper'tus.     Hollow,  but  without  any  opening. 
Jnca'nvs.     See  hoary.     Whitish. 
Incarna'tus.     Flesh-colored. 


INT  595 

Jsci'SED.  Incisus.     Cut  in  lllce  a  gash  wilh  a  knife,  but  not  deep  enough  to  be  called  a 

cleft.     If  the  crenatures  orserratures  of  a  leaf  are  cut,  to  appearance,  with  a  slit 

or  gash,  this  term  ap))iios. 
iNcrsor.     Fore  tooth.     'J'lie  flattish  front  cutting  teeth. 
Incli'ned,    iiidinatus.     Bent   towards  each   other.      Also   bent  towards  something 

d  iff.' rent. 
Ikclu'ding,  inchulens.     One  thing  containing  another  within  it;  as  the  calyx  shutting 

up  tiie  seed  capsule  or  corol. 
Jndu'sus.     Enclosing.     Opposed  to  exSert.     Stamens  not  projecting. 
Inconspicuous,  incons/nc'uus.     Not  apparent  without  the  aid  of  a  magnifier. 
Incras'sate.     Thickening.     "When  a  tlovver-stem  grows  thicker  upwards  towards  the 

flower. 
In'crement.     The  quantity  of  increase  for  a  given  time. 
Incum'bent,  inaimbcus.     Leaning  upon  or  against.     When  an  anther  lies,  as  it  were; 

somewhat  horizontally  upon  the  top  of  the  filament. 
In'curveo,   incurcaius.     Bent  inwards.     As  a  leaf  bent  in  at  the  point  towards  the 

stem,  a  fila.-nent  towards  the  pistil,  a  prickle  towards  the  stem; 
Indig'enous.     Plants  growing  naturally  and  originally  in  a  country. 
Indistinct.     Applied  to  insects,  whose  heads  and  trunks  are  in  one  piece. 
Indifi'sus.     Undivided.     Not  cleft  into  parts.     It  may  however  be  serrate,  crenate  or 

toothed;  it  is  therefore  not  the  same  as  entire. 
Induplicate.     See  conduplicate.     A  leaf  in   the  bud  having  its  two  sides  shut  like 

the  leaves  of  a  book;  the  midrib  being  in  place  of  the  liack. 
In'durated,  indure.s'cens.  Becoming  hard,  tough,  or  leathery. 
Indu'sium.     A  shirt.     It  is  used  by  some  authors  for  the  thin  membranous  covering 

on  the  fiuit  of  ferns.     But  Smith  prefers  retaining  the  old  name,  involucre,  which 

see. 
Iner'mis.     See  unarmed.     Having  no  thorns,  prickles,  &c. 
Infer'ne.     Downwards.     Towards  or  near  the  base  or  root. 
Infe'rior,  infents.     Below.     A  calyx  or  corol  is  inferior  when  it  comes  out  below  the 

germ.     See  germ. 
In'fimns.     At  the  very  bottom  or  base,  lowest. 
Infla'ted,  injta'lus.     Appearing  as  if  blown  up  with  wind.     A  very  small  degree  of 

inflation  is  sometimes  noticed  in  descriptions;  as  the  calyx  in  silene. 
Inflex'ed,  inflcz'tts.  The  same  as  incurved.  Suddenly  bent  inwards. 
INFLOR^s'cENCE,  iiiforescttiHia.     The  mode   by  which   flowers  are  connected  to  the 

plant   by   the   peduncle.     It  is  of  10  kinds.     1.   Whorl.     2.   Raceme.     3.  Panicle. 

4.  Thyrse.    5.  Spike.    6.  Umbel.    7.  Cyme.    8.  Corymb.    9.  Fascicle.    10.  Head. 

See  each  in  its  place. 
Jnfrac'lus.     Bent  in  with  such  an  acute  angle  as  to  appear  as  if  broken. 
InfundibUifor' mis.     See  funnel-form. 
Iiiguiniins.     Stained.     Applied  to  fungi,  Sec.  when  the  color  appears  as  if  painted  ori 

artificially. 
Iiw'dorus.     Having  no  smell. 
InsigniJtus.     Marked  with. 
Iiistruc'tus.     Furnished  with. 

Integer' rimus.     Very  entire,  having  no  dentation  whatever. 
Intercellula^assages.     If  the  adhesion  of  the  contiguous  cells  be  imperfect,  (and 

it  frequently  is, )  spaces  will  exist  between  them;  such  spaces  are  called  intercel- 
lular passages. 
Interfolia'ceous.     Situated  along  the  stem  between  the  origin  of  the  leaves,  not 

opposite  to  them.  , 

Inter ined' ills.     Between  two  extremes,  or  nearly  so. 
Interno'de,  intenio'dtus.     The  space  between  joints  or  knots. 
Interkup'ted,  inlerruplus,  interrvp'te.     When  organs  of  a  different  kind  or  different 

size,    are   intermixed   or  interposed  among  a  series.     A  spike  is  interrupted,  when 

leaves  or  smaller  flowers  a-e  interposed  at  intervals. 
Interruptedly  pin'nate.     When  smaller  leafels  are  interposed  among  the  larger;  as 

the  polatoe  and  agrimon  leaves. 
Interscap'ulars.     The  back  feathers  of  a  bird,  between  the  bases  of  the  wings. 
Intor'sion,  intor'sio.     Twisting,  twining,  or  bending  inwards,  from  a  straight  upright 

position.     See  twining,  contorted,  and  twisted  inwards. 
Intrafoliaceus.     Within  the  leaf.     A  stipule  is  intrafoliaceous,  when  it  originates  a 


596  LAC 

Uttle  above  the  origin  of  the  petiole,  which  brings  it,  as  it  were,  within  the  bosom 
of  the  leaf. 

Intropu'ced.     Not  originally  native.     Brought  from  some  other  country. 

Intror'sum.     Inwardly.     Turned  inwards. 

Invertkd.  Having  a  part  of  an  organ  in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  of  other 
analagous  parts. 

Involu'cre,  invohi'crvni.  That  kind  of  calyx  which  comes  out  at  a  distance  below 
the  flower,  and  never  encloses  it  like  the  spathe,  of  a  leafy  te.xture  and  color,  gene- 
rally at  the  oiigin  of  peduncles  of  umbels.  When  it  is  all  on  one  side,  it  is  called 
dimidiate,  halved.  Some  botanists  substitute  involucre  for  the  common  calyx  of 
compound  flowers;  others  use  peridiniim,  peripboninildum,  iScc. 

Involucres  of  ferns  generally  lie  on  the  tops  of  the  capsules,  like  a  piece  of  linen 
spread  out  to  dry;  hence  they  are  called  indusium,  a  shirt. 

InVolu'cred,  inculucra'tus.     Having  involucres. 

In'volute,  invoiu'lus.  Rolled  inwards.  A  term  in  foliation:  applied  to  leaves  whose 
opposite  margins  are  rolled  in  and  continued  rolling,  till  the  two  rolls  meet  on  the 
midrib  and  parallel  to  it.  Applied  to  shells  it  signifies,  that  the  spire  is  in  whorls 
which  are  concealed  within  the  shell,  as  cypraea. 

Joints.  Swelling  knots,  rings,  or  narrowed  interstices,  at  regular  intervals,  along 
culms,  pods,  spikes,  leaves,  &c. 

Irid'eous,  Iridescent.      Reflecling  light  somewhat  like  a  rainbow. 

Irreg'ular,  irrcgula'ris.  Diiiering  in  figure,  size  or  proportion  of  parts,  among 
themselves. 

Irritabil'ity.     The  power  of  being  excited  so  as  to  produce  contractile  motion. 

IsH.     A  terminal  diminutive,  as  roHndish,  somewhat  round. 

Jsos,  (equal)  placed  before  the  name  of  an  organ,  indicates  that  it  is  equal  in  number 
to  that  of  some  other  understood;  thus  isoslamcnous  is  said  of  plants  the  stamens  of 
wliich  are  equal  in  number  to  the  extent  of  the  purpose  in  view. 

Isthmus.     Long  narrow  joints  in  legunies  or  loments. 

Jug'um.     Yoke.     In  pairs. 

Ju'lus.    See  ament.    A  cylindrical  (or  semi-cylindric)  centipede.  A  cylindrical  ament. 

K. 

Keel.  The  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corol.  The  stamens  and  pistils  lie 
enclosed  in  it. 

Keel'ed.  Having  a  ridge  resembling  the  keel  of  a  boat  or  ship.  A  leaf,  capsule, 
calyx,  &c.  is  keeled  when  it  has  the  midrib,  angle,  or  peculiar  process,  running 
along  the  back,  of  a  compressed  form,  and  attached  by  one  edge. 

Kid'ney-form.  Hollowed  in  at  the  base  with  rounded  lobes  and  rounded  end.  Its 
breadth  is  generally  as  great  as  its  length. 

Knob'boD.     1>i  thick  lumps;  as  potatoes. 

Knobs.  (Cephalo'dia. )  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  Hchens,  which  is  convex,  more 
or  less  globular,  covered  externally  with  a  colored  seed-bearing  crust,  and  placed 
generally  at  the  extremities  of  stalks,  originating  from  the  frond,  permanent:  rarely 
sessile-  Sometimes  they  are  at  first  spangles  on  filamentouB  lichens,  and  after- 
wards become  convex  irregular  knobs.  They  are  simple,  compound,  or  conglome- 
rate.    Smith. 

Knot."   A  swelling  joint.     See  joints. 

Knot'ted.     Having  swelling  joints.     See  Torulose  and  Torose. 


La'biate.  Having  lips;  or  a  calyx  or  corol  divided  at  the  top  into  two  general  parts; 
somewhat  resembling  the  lips  of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  by  the  aid  of  imagina- 
tion. , 

Labiate  carols  are  divided  into  nngent  and  personate. 
Ringent,  such  as  have  the  lips  open  or  gaping,  as  sage. . 
Personate,  such  as  have  the  lips  closed  or  muffled,  as  toad-flax. 
Lalryrinthifor' mis.     Winding  and  turning  by  various  involutions  and  contortions  like  a 

labyrinth. 
LACEKATEn,  lacc'rus.     Torn.     Cut,  or  apparently  torn,  mto  irregular  segments. 
Lacm'ia.     The  divisions  of  a  calyx,  corol,  leaf,  ^c.  into  which  they  are  cleft,  torn, 
or  divided. 


LEN  597 

Lacin'iate,  lacinia'tiis.     Jagjrcd.     Irregularly   divided  and  subdivided,   cut  or  torn. 

Hardly  different  Irom  lacerated. 
Lactes'cenck,  lactesr.m'l'uu     JMilUiness.     The  milky  juice  of  some  plants;  as  the  milk- 
weed (asclepias.)     it  is  als»  called  by  liiis  name,    when  the  juice  is  red;  as  in  the 
bloodrool  (siiiiguinaria. ) 
IjirJleus.     Aiilk-white. 

Laainae.     Small  hollows  or  pits  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  tliallus. 
Lacu'.nose,   Liiciiikis'us.     Fitted.     Hollow  between  tlie  veins  of  a  leaf,  when  the  blis- 
ters are  under  side  of  liie  leaf  instead  of  the  upper.     Also  applied  to  pits. 
Litcus'tris.     Growing  most  naturally  in  or  about  lukes. 
Lce'c'is.     Smooth,  even,  polished;   not  striate,  or  wrinkled. 
Luind'Ui.     A  tiiin  plate.     Applied  to  the  gills  or  vertical  plates  under  the  hat  or  pileus 

of  the  agaric  fungus,  or  toadstool. 

cqua'Us.     When  all  the  gills  reach  from  the  stem  to  the  margin  of  the  hat. 

incqtia'lis,  or  vitcrrup'tus.     When  some  reach  but  part  of  the  way. 

biseria'lis.     When  a  long  and  siiort  gill  allernale. 

triscriu' Lis.     When  one  long  and  two  short  gills  alternate  in  pairs. 

rnmo'sa.     When  several  gdls  unite  in  one,  so  as  to  appear  branched. 

■ d'cui'rcns.     When  liiey  run  down  the  stem  more  or  less. 

vuno'scc.     When  so  narrow  as  to  have  (he  appearance  of  veins. 

Lamei.'lae.     Applied  to  the  two  terminal  plates  of  the  antennae  of  some  insects;  also 

to  somewhat  similar  jjlales  constituting  the  stigma  at  the  end  of  some  styles,  as  the 

convolvulus,  bindweed. 
Lamellate.     In  the  form  of  thin  plates,  or  having  thin  plates. 
Lam'ina.     The  broad  upper  part  of  the  petal  of  a  polypetalolis  coiol.     See  petal. 
Laminated.     Consisting  of  several  thin  Hat  portions. 
La'nate,  Uina'lus.     Woolly.     Covered  with  curly,  crooked,  close,  thick  pubescence. 

Not  so  fine,  nor  so  closely  matted  together  as   lorncntosc. 
LiA^ck' OL kTE,  lajireola'tiis.     In    the    form    of  the   lance    of  the  ancients.     When  the 

length  greatly  exceeds  the  breadth  and  it  tapers  gradually  from  near  the  base  to  the 

apex. 
Lance-o'vate,  &c.  lanceolatova'tus,  &'c.     Partaking  of  the  lanceolate   form  and  of 

that  with  which  it  is  compounded. 
Lanu'go.     Down,  or  wool. 

Liippala' cells.     Burr-like,  roundish  and  prickly,  as  burdock. 
Larva.     The  caterpillar  slate  of  an  insect.     It  is  called  maggot,  skipper  and  grub, 

while  in  this  state. 
Laterif III' ills.     Side-leaved,  inclining  to  one  side. 
Liitiful  ins.     Broad  leaved. 
LaierVtius.     Brick-coloured,  reddish. 
Latticed.     Resembling  net-work. 

Lax,  Lax'us.     Limber,  loose,  open,  weakly  flexile.     See  flaccid. 
Lkaf.     That  part  of  most  vegetables,  which  prpsents  moresurface  to  the  atmosphere, 

than  all   other  parts;,  and  consists  principally  of  the  cellular  integument  covered 

with  the  cuticle. 

They  are  erer green,  remaining   through  the  winter;  or  decid'uous,  falling  ofFat 

the  close  of  the  year. 

They  are  further  distinguished  by  \he\r  forms,  surfaces  and  positions.     All  of  which 

are  described  under  their  peculiar  names. 
Leafbuds,  (gemma;)  bfing  the  rudiments  of  young  biatiches,  they  consist  of  scales 

imbricated  or  otherwise  disposed  over  each  over,  surrounding  a  minute  axis.     Bulb 

is  a  leaf  bud  of  the  root. 
Leafing  SEASON.     That  time  in  the  year  when  most  leaves  come  out.     In  North 

America,  the  proper  leafing  season  is  in  April. 
Leaf'et,  or  Leaf'let.     One  of  the  lesspr  leaves  which,  with  others,  constitute  a  com- 
pound leaf     A  simple  leaf  is  never  a  leafet,  however  small. 
Lelf'i.ess.     Destitute  of  leaves,  naturally.     Tliis  term  does  not  apply  in  cases  of  de- 

foiintion,  in  due  season. 
Leaf-like,    (foliaceousj  having  the  texture  and  form  of  a  leaf 
Legume,  lesuinen.     A   pod.  without  a    longitudinal  partition,  with  it  enclosed  seeds 

attached  lo  one  statue  only;  as  the  pea.     Those  with  tranverse  partitions  are  usu- 
ally called  laments. 
Length  and  Bkeadth.     When  applied  to  bivalve  shells,  length  is  measured  from  the 


598  LOR 

beak  or  cartilage  to  the  margin  below,  and  breadth  is  taken  in  a  transverse  directioT* 
at  the  length.  i  -      .  . 

Le.vtic'ullk,  Icnticulii'ris.  Lentilform.  It  is  applied  to  a  kind  of  glandular  rough- 
ness on  the  surface  of  .some  plants.  They  are  brown  oval  spots  found  upon  the 
bark  of  matiy  pianls  e5;|)ecially  willows;  tliey  indicate  the  points  from  which  roots 
will  appear  if  the  briuich  be  placed  in  circusnstances  favorable  to  their  production.^ 
Fojm  of  a  convex  lens. 

Lepim't/dum*     Used  as  a  substitute  foi  some  kinds  of  nectary  by  Nuttall,  De  Lamark, 

i&C. 

Lep'rous.  Covered  with  peltate  or  sub-peltate  scales,  mostly  white  or  wliitish* 
Patches  of  Lichens  often  give  woody  plants  a  leprous  appearance. 

Li'bkr.      The  innermost  layer  of  the  bark,  or  the  last  year's  deposite.     Smith. 

Lih'era.     Free,  not  adnate,   or  attached. 

LICHENES.  The  fifth  order  of  the  class  Cryptogaraia.  It  includes  the  greenish, 
brown,  yellow,  red,  grey,  &c.  patches  on  old  fences,  stones,  trees,  &c;  also  some 
grey  fibrous  moss -like  bodies. 

LiGAMENr-PERFORATio.v.  A  perforation  through  the  shell  of  the  anomia  genus,  by 
which  it  is  attached  to  rocks,  Sec. 

Light.  Various  motions  and  inclinations  of  plants  prove  the  effect  of  light  upon 
them.  Trees  present  their  leaves  outward  in  quest  of  light,  because  it  is  darkest  in 
the  centre.  Plants  in  a  green-house  all  present  the  upper  surfaces  of  tlieir  leaves 
towards  the  enlightened  side  of  it.  Most  compound  flowers  follow  the  sun  through 
the  day.  Plants  deprived  of  the  light,  lose  their  green  hue;  as  potatoe  tops  grow- 
in  a  dark  cellar.  • 

Lig'ul\.  a  strap  or  strap-form  organ.  Jt  is  generally  applied  to  the  membrane  or 
stipule  at  the  top  of  the  sheath  of  a  grass-leaf. 

Lig'ulate,  liguia'tus.  Tiiat  kind  of  floret,  in  some  compound  flowers,  which  con- 
sists of  a  single  strap-like  petal,  which  becomes  tubular  at  the  base  only;  as  all  the 
florets  in  a  dandelion,  and  tiie  ray  florets  in  a  sunflower. 

Lilia'ceous.  a  corol  with  six  petals  spreading  gradually  from  .the  base,  so  as  alto- 
gether to  exhibit  a  bell-form  appearance. 

Limb,  lim'bus.  The  broad  spreading  part  of  the  petal  of  a  monopetalous  coroL- 
When  applied  to  shells,  it  means  the  whole  circumference  or  outlines  of  them. 

Line,  U.'nea.  The  breadth  of  the  crescent  at  the  root  of  the  finger  nail.  Twelflb 
part  of  an  inch. 

Lis'ea«,  linea'iis.  Continuing  nearly  of  the  same  breadth  throughout  most  of  the 
extent.  Linear  leaves  always,  or  with  very  few  exceptions,  become  narrowed  or 
pointed  at  one  oi  bolh  ends. 

Lin'eate,  Untutus.     Marked  with  lines.     Striated. 

Lin' guifurm.     Tongue-like.     Thick,  fleshy,  linear,  blunt  at  the  end. 

Lip,  or  lipped.  See  labiate.  When  applied  to  univalve  shells,  it  means  the  outer 
expanded  part  of  the  opening. 

LireVLae.  See  clefts.  Linear  shields,  such  as  are  found  in  Opegrapha,  with  a  chan- 
nel along  its  middle. 

Little,  (  exlguus. }  Applied  to  whatever  is  less  than  similar  or  analagous  parts  or 
things  are.  generally. 

LiUora'Lls.     Growing  on  the  sea-coast:  also  on  the  shores  of  rivers. 

Lie'idiis.     Livid.     Dark  grey,  inclining  to  violet;  like  bruised  eyes. 

Lobe,  lo'bus.  Divisions  which  are  rounded,  or  parted  by  rounded  or  curved  incisions. 
Sometimes  it  seems  to  be  applied  to  cases  where  it  has  nothing  to  distinguish  it 
from  a  segment  cut  off  by  a  deft  incision,  except  by  its  being  larger. 

Lo'beu,  loha'lvs.  Divided  into  lobes.  De,eply  parted,  with  the  segments  distant  or 
spreading,  and  large. 

Loculainen'luiii.     See  cell.     Cavities  containing  seeds. 

Loc'ulus.  The  little  cell  of  an  aniher,  which  contains  pollen,  is  used  by  Acharius  to- 
express  a  filamentous  branched  thallus. 

Lo'ment,  lamen'tum.  A  le:ume  pod  with  transverse  partitions.  This  term  is  gene- 
rally applied  to  the  legumes  in  the  natural  older  Lomentacas. 

Longifol'ius.     Long-leaved.     See  relative  propoitions. 

Lon'gus.     Rather  long.     Longis'simus.      Very  long. 

Loose.     Open,  not  compact.     Of  a  soft,  cellular  texture,  as  piths. 

Lo'kes.  The  naked  lines  or  spots  on  a  bird's  head,  between  the  eyes  and  the  base  of 
the  bill. 


MED  699 


Lo'rula.  The  long  threads  of  Usnea.  This  lichen,  so  common  on  trees,  is  erro- 
neously called  moss  by  most  people. 

Low,  (liumils.)     riaiits  particularly  small,  but  much  smaller  than  kindred  species. 

Lu'cidus.     Bright  sliiiiinij.      Nearly  the  same  as  nilidus. 

Lu'nulate,  Lu'nuliitiis.     Shaped  like  a  crescent,  new  moon. 

Lu'nui.e.  Half-r;ioon-like  depression  just  below  the  beak  of  a  bivalve  shell.  It  is 
anterior  or  pdsterior,  according  to  llie  slope  il  is  on.     See  slope. 

Lu'rid,  lu'ridus.  Of  a  palisii,  dull,  deatiily  color.  Most  plants  with  lurid  petals, 
are  more  or  less  poisonous;  as  tobacco,  henbane,  thorn-apple. 

Lus'trk.     The  peculiar  appearance  of  reflected  light,  as  presented  by  a  mineral. 

LuTEs'cENT,  lutes'cens.     Approaching  to  a  yellow  color. 

Lii'tcus.     Yellow.     Being  sometimes  yellowish. 

Luxu'riant,  luxur'ians.     See  full-Howered.     Over  growth. 

Lv'ratk.     lyra'tus.     Pinnatifid,  witii  the  divisions  at  the  apex  largest. 

Ly'kate-pin'isate.     Pinnate,  with  the  odd  termmal  leafet  largest. 

M. 

Macida'tus.     Spotted,  dotted,  punctured. 

Mail'ed.     Covered  with  a  hard  substance  resembling  armour. 

■Male.     S laminate,  as  used  by  some. 

Man 'dibi.es.     The  upper  jaw  of  a  bird's  bill.     It  is  also  applied  to  the  horizontal 

pincers  attached  to  the  mouth  of  some  insects. 
Mtin'kate,    when  hairs  are  interwoven  into  a  mass  that  can  be  easily  separated  from 

the  surface.     Muff-like. 
Ma'nf.     Whenever  there  are  more  than  are  usually  numbered  of  that  kind;  as  we  say, 

1 -seeded,  2-seeded,  3-seeded,  4-seeded,  many-seeded. 
Marces'cent,  marces'cms,  or  mar'ci'liis.     See  withering. 
Mar'ginated,  margina'lus.     Having  a  margin   differing  in  some   measure  from  the 

disk. 
Mar'gin,  mar' go.     The  circumference  or  edge.     See  border.     The  circumference  of 

a  shell. 
Mariti'  mus.     Growing  naturally  near  the  seaboard.     It  maybe  extended  several  miles 

from  the  water. 
Mas'cvlus.     S laminate,  as  used  by  some. 
Mat'rix.     Gangue.     The  mineral  immediately  embracing  an  ore,  within  a  vein  in  a 

rock. 
Matu're,  matu'rus.     Full-grown,  but  not  entered  upon  a  state  of  decay. 
Meal't,    (fiiriiiosus. )     Covered  with  a  sort  of  white  scurfy  substance,    having  the 

texiwre  of  flower  in  mass;  as  the  albumen  of  wheat. 
Meas'ures.     Proportion  between  parts  is  better  than  any  measure.     But  when  mea- 
sures are  adopted,  they  should  be  taken  from  parts  of  the  hand  and  arm;  because 

the  parts  of  plants  vary  about  as  much  as  the  liand;   and  in   adopting  these  mea- 
sures, the  same  allowance  should  be  made. 

1.  Line,   the  crescent  at  the  root  of  the  nail.     About  one  twelfth  of  an  inch. 

2.  Ntiii  (unguis.)     Lenglli  of  the  nail.     About  half  an   inch.     3.    Inch  ^pollex.) 

Length   of  the  first  joint  of  the  thumb.     4.  Palm.     Breadth  of  the  four  fingers. 

About  three  inches.     5.  iSV(orts/«/(i  (spithama.)     Distance  between  ends  of  thumb 

and  fore-finger.     About  seven  inches. 
Long' -span  (dodrans).     Distance  between  ends  of  thumb  and  little  finger.    About 

nine  inches. 

Foot  (pes.)     Distance  between  the  point  of  the  elbow  and  the  second  joint  of  the 

thumb.     About  twelve  inches. 

Cu'bit  (cub'itus.)     Distance  between  the  point  of  the  elbow  and  of  the  middle 

finger.     About  18  inches. 

Arm  (brachium.)     Distance  between  armpit  and  the  end  of  middle  finger.   About 

24  inches. 

Fathom  (orgya.)     Distance  between  the  ends  of  the  middle  fingers,  when  the 

arms  are  extended. 
Medic'inal,   medicinn'lis.     Plants  possessing  principles  sufRciently  active  to  entitle 

them  to  a  place  in  the  materia  medira. 
Me'diiis.     In  or  near  the  middle.     Middling. 
MeduL'la,  pith,  medullary,  (meduUosus.)     Filled  with  spongy  pith.     See  pith. 


600  MON 

Medullary  rats,  (silver  grain.)     Radiating  plates,  extending  from  the  centre  of 

trees  to  the  peripliery;  very  beautiful  in  oak  trees,  &c. 

MEiJt'LLARY  SHEATH,  surrouiids  the  pith. 

IVIellif'ekous,  mellifcra.     Producing  or  containing  honey. 

Mdli'go.     Honey-dew  on  leaves;  particularly  waliiui  leaves. 

Membrana'ceuus.  Made  up  apparently  of  the  t>.vo  plates  of  the  cuticle,  without  any 
cellular  integument  between  them.     Nearly  transparent,  ver3'  thin  and  colouiless. 

Membrane  and  fibre  combined.  Fibres  twisted  spirally,  adhering  to  a  splieroidal  or 
angular  uienibrane,  and  often  anasiouiosing  irregularly,  without  the  spires  touch- 
ing each  other.  Membranous  cellular  tissue  is  that  in  which  the  sides  con.sist  of 
membrane  only,  without  any  trace  of  fibre:  it  is  tiie  most  common,  and  was,  till 
lately,  supposed  to  be  the  only  kind  that  exists.  This  sort  of  tissue,  membranula, 
is  to  be  considered  the  basis  of  vegetable  structure,  and  the  only  form  indispensable 
to  a  plant. 

Me'thod,  mr.tho'dus.  A  mode  of  arranarlng  plants  in  classes,  orders,  &c.  Tourne- 
fort's  method  divides  plants  into  lurl/s  and  trees.  The  herbaceoius  plants  are 
divided  into  17  classes.  Fourteen  of  these  are  distinguished  by  the  form  of  the 
corals;  as  1.  Jnfandihiliformis.  2.  Pcrsunnle,  &c.  The  other  3  classes  are  rt/;e/a- 
lous,  and  distinguished  by  hnvincr  stamens,  but  no  apparent  jluicers  nor  npparelit  seed. 
The  tree  kinds  are  divided  into  5  classes. 

Metres  of  the  French;  are 

Millemetre  —.03666+  of  an  inch. 
Centimetre  — .36(i6-{-  of  an  inch. 
Decimetre  3.666-{-     'inches. 

Metre  36.66+       indies. 

Mid'rib.     The  main  or  middle  rib  of  a  leaf  running  from  the  stem  to  the  apex. 

Milia'ris.     In  the  form  of  millet  seed.     Minute  spherules. 

Minia'tus.     Scarlet,  vermillion  color.     Sometimes  red. 

Mi.nutis'simus.     Extremely  small  or  minute;  unusually  small. 

Missile-to.ngoe.     When  the  animal  can  tiirust  the  tongue  far  out  of  the  mouth. 

Mi'tre-form.  Terminating  in  two  divisions,  in  some  measure  resembling  a  bishop's 
mitre. 

Mola'res.     Giinders.     Teeth  farthest  back;  double  teeth. 

Mollus'cous  ammai,s.  Those  that  have  the  medullary  masses,  in  which  the  sentient 
principle  resides,  enveloped  in  a  soft  body;  as  the  oyster. 

MONADEL'PHIA.  ( Monos.  one,  adelphos,  brother.)  The  class  having  stamens 
united  by  their  filaments  m  one  set;sas  hollyhock. 

Monadel'phi>us.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  inonadclplda. 

MONAN'DRIA.  (Monos,  one,  aner,  mafe.)  The  class  which  has  but  one  stamen 
to  a  flower. 

Monil'iform.     See  granulate.     Globular  joints  of  antennae. 

Mo.vocar'pous.     Beaiing  fruit  but  once,  and  dying  after  fructification:  as  wheat. 

Monocotyle'dons.  Plants  whose  seeds  have  but  one  cotyledon,  or  if  two,  then  the 
cotyledons  alternate  with  each  other.     See  cotyledon. 

MONCE'CIA.  (Monos,  one,  oikos,  house.)  The  class  which  produces  stamens  and 
pistils  in  different  tlowers  on  the  same  plant:  as  Indian  corn. 

Monce'cious,  monoi'cus.     Belonging  to  or  vaiying  into  the  class  monoecie. 

3IOiYOGYN'IA.     (Munps,  one;  <fune,  fruale.)     One  style  or  stigma. 

Monopet'alous.  The  whole  enrol  in  one  piece.  Sometimes  it  is  so  deeply  parted, 
that  it  appears  to  be  polypetalous  until  it  is  pulled  off  and  closely  examined  at  the 
base.  In  most  monopetalous  corols.  the  stamens  are  attached  to  the  tubes.  They 
are  divided  into  bell-fx)rm,  funnel-form,  salver-form,  wheel-form,  and  labiate.  When 
the  petals  are  distinct,  a  corol  is  said  to  be  polypetalous;  when  they  are  united  by 
their  margins  it  is  called  monopetalbus.  But  each  segment  of  the  latter  is  truly  a 
colored  leaf,  united  in  a  whorl:  the  same  rule  applies  to  calyxes, 

Monophyl'lous.  (Monos,  one,  phuLlon,  a  leaf.)  ,One-leafed.  A  calyx  all  in  one 
piece.  All  the  calyxes  in  the  class  icosandria  are  of  this  kind.  They  are  often  so 
deeply  divided  that  a  student  may  mistake  them  for  polyphyllous,  without  parti- 
cular attention. 

Monoptenjcr'ia.     See  wings.     One-winged.     Applies  to  ferns. 

Monopyre'niis.     Enclosing  but  one  nut  ur  stone:  as  the  peach. 

Monosper'mus.     One  seed  to  a  flower;  as  wheat. 

Monostac'hyos.     (Monos,  one,  stackits,  spike.)    Single  spiked. 


NAT  601 

Mo.s'sTRous.     Plants  producing  any  part  different  from  the  same  part,  when  growing 

wild.     As  the  rose  has  but  five   petals   in  a  wild  state;  but,  by  rich  cultivation  in 

gardens,  the  stamens  are  mostly  changed  to  petals.     Carnations  and  peony  are 

examples  also. 
Minitit' nus.     Growing  most  naturallj'  on  mountains.     Alpine. 
Mu'cidus.     Resembling  mouldiness,  or  mucor. 
J^lvcovs,  mucosas;     Covered  with  a  slimy  secretion:   or  with  a:  coat   that  is  readily 

soluble  in  water^  atici  becomes  slimy. 
Mu'cRoxATE,  mucroim'lus.     Having  a  rounded  end  tipped  with  a  prickle;  which  often 

appears  rather  an  extension  of  the  midrib. 
Mu/Janifula' ris.     Many-angled.     Having  several  corners  or  ridges. 
MidlicapsuLiL'ris.     Many-capsuled.     Several  capsules  to  each  iiower. 
Multkau'Lis.     Producing  many  stems;  as  the  lilac. 
Mul'tifid,  mulufidus.     Many-cleft.     In  many  sections. 
Multus.   Many,  in  composition;  as  inidtldantalus,  (many-toothed;)  rnidtlflurils,  (many- 

tlowered;)    muU'dobus,   (many-lobed;)   muUUocidaris,   (many-celled;)  multipartitus^ 

(many-parted.) 
MulJtiplcz.     Many-fold.     Having  petals  lying  over  each  other  in  two  rows. 
Mul'tiphed,  muUiplAca'tus.     See  full-Howered.     Double  flowered. 
Mtddsiliquo' sus.     Many  pods  procf-eding  from  the  saiDe  point. 
MoLTiVALVE,  muhivalcls.     A  glume  with  many  chaffs  or  valves.     Applied  to  shells  it 

embraces  the  ofcler,  which  lias  more  than  two  shells  to  each  animal. 
Mu'niens.     Leaves  drooping  down  and  hanging  over  the  stem,  «tc.  at  night. 
Mani'tus.     See  fenced.     Walled  about. 

Mu  RiCATE,  murlca'tus.     Armed  with  sharp  spines.     Covered  with  subulate  prickles. 
Musrarifor'mis,  (musca,  fly.)     Formed  like  a  brush  or  fly-flap,  with  hairs  at  one  end; 
MUSCI,  MOSSES.     The  second  order  of  the  class  cry/dogaiiiia.     All  mosses  have  lids 

on  the  capsule. 
MusriKooM-HEADED,  (fungiformis,fungiUformis. )    Cylindrical  stem,  having  a  rounded^ 

convex,  overhanging  extremity. 
Miit'icus.     See  awnless. 

Mu'riLATED,  mutUa'Cus.     Not  producing  parts  with  their  full,  complete  forms. 
Mtjcelia.     The  rudiments  of  fungi,  or  the  matter  from  which  fungi  are  produced. 

N. 

Nail,  ungids.     Half  an  inch  or  the  length  of  the  nail  of  the  little  finger. 

Na'keu.  Wanting  a  covering  analagous  to  that  of  most  plants.  As  stem  without 
leaves,  leaves  without  pubescence,  corol  without  a  calyx,  seed  without  a  pericajp, 
receptacle  without  chatF,  pubescence,  &c. 

Naked-seed.  Lindley  says,  "As  all  seeds  are  matured  ovula,  and,  as  all  omla  are 
originally  enclosed  within  an  ocarium;  it  is  obvious  that  naked  seeds  catinot  exist." 
But  by  naked  seeds  Linneus  meant,  without  fruit;  as  sage-seed.  It  is  to  be  re- 
gretted that  writers  of  high  authority  should,  so  unnccessurU.y,  make  a  new  applica- 
tion of  ^^  naked  seeded.^'  For  though  the  new  application  is  correct,  a  new  term 
should  have  been  used  to  express  it.  Tunic  might  be  substituted  for  the  pericarpsy 
not  formerly  so  called.  For  we  have  only  to  say  without  or  with  a  tunic,  to  convey 
the  idea  intended.  Tiiougli  science  is  injured  by  too  many  new  terms,  it  is  a  greater 
injury  to  change  the  application  of  long  established  terms.  Gijmnospeniwus,  has 
long  been  applied  to  the  want  of  fruit  in  its  common  acceptation.  Now  to  limit  it 
to  the  few  genera  of  pines  and  cycadiae,  is  uripardonably  absurd.  'Wilidenow  calls 
the  covering  ot  a  seed,  not  usually  called  fruit,  the  tunic.  On  this  authority,  I  would 
propose  Aclictospcrmous.     Gr.  A,  witiiout,  chiton,  tunic,  sjjcrma,  seed. 

Na'nus.     Dwarfish,  vey  small. 

Nap.     See  tomentose,     Downy,  or  like  fur  on  a  hat. 

Nitpifiir' mis      Resembling  a  turnip.     Very  oblate  spheroid. 

Na'tant,  nat'ans.  Floating.  When  the  plant  is  fixed  by  the  root  at  the  bottom  and 
its  leaves  float  on  the  top  of  the  water,  as  the  pond  lily,  ( ny mphaea.)  Animals 
with  the  faculty  of  swimming. 

Nat'ural  his'tory.  That  department  of  science,  which  treats  of  the  productions  of 
nature  as  they  come  from  the  hand  of  the  Creator;  without  any  decomj)osition  or 
chemical  changes. 

Nat'ural  OR 'ders,     Arrangement  of  plants  according  to  their  natural  affinities    or 

76 


602  NUT 

alliances,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  their  properties,  and  vegetable  physiology, 
Linneus  made,  what  he  called,  the  Fragment  of  a  Natural  Method.  Several  of  his 
orders  w^re  perfect;  and  are  still  retained — as  Criiciferae,  Umbelliferae,  Grarnineee, 
&c.  Jussieu  greatly  improved  upon  Linneus.  He  found  all  plants  to  submit  to  his 
centigrade.  Tlial  is.  lie  distributed  them  into  one  hundred  orders.  Great  inprove- 
menls  ii.ive  been  made  upon  his  method.  The  best  now,  is  probably  that  of  Lind- 
ley,  of  1835.  That  is  adopted  in  the  annexed  system  of  North  American  plants. 
See  p.  539. 

Navic'ular,  navicula' ns.     See  boat-form. 

Nay'ant.  Floating.  When  animals  float,  without  the  effort  of  swimming,  they  are 
nayant. 

NECESSA'RIA,  polygamia.  The  fourth  order  of  class  syngenesia,  which  has  the 
disk  florets  all  staminate  and  the  ray  florets  pistillate. 

Neck.  The  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  a  corol.  Also  the  point,  or  small  space,  from 
which  tlie  root  of  a  plant  proceeds  downward  and  the  stem  upwards,  it  is  generally 
just  at  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Necklace-form,  (moniliformis,  nodosus;)  cylindrical  or  terete,  and  contracted  at 
regular  intervals,  resembling  beads. 

Nectarif'erous.     Bearing  nectaries.     Producing  honey. 

Nec'tary,  necta'rium.  The  part  of  a  flower  which  secretes  honey.  It  is  either  a  dis- 
tinct horn,  gland,  spur,  scale,  cup,  »fec.,  or  the  claw  or  some  other  part  of  the  corol 
secreting  honey.  This  name  is  app'ied  to  any  appendage  to  the  flower,  which  has 
no  other  name. 

Needle-form,  (acerosus.)  Linear 'rigid  tapering  into  a  fine  point  from  a  narrow 
base. 

Nemnro'sus.     Growing  naturally  in  groves,  where  the  under  brush  is  cleared  away. 

Nervo'se,  nerved,  nervo'sus.  Leaves  are  nerved,  when  they  have  rib-like  fibres  run- 
ning from  the  base  towards  the  apex.  In  numbering  nerves  for  a  specific  character, 
the  midrib  is  counted  with  tlie  hiteral  nerves. 

Netted,  (rdicvla/.iis,)  covered  with  reticulated  lines  which  project  a  little. 

Neutral.  Having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils,  consequently  barren:  as  the  ray- 
florets  of  the  sun-flower. 

Nic'titant  membrane.  *  semi-transparent  membrane,  which  covers  the  eyes  of  some 
animals  at  pleasure,  as  frog. 

Ni.'duluns.     Nesting,  when  seeds  are  placed  in  cotton,  as  in  a  nest. 

Nigricans.     Blacki.sh,  sooty. 

Ni'gru-ccE'-ul'eus.     Darli-blue. 

Ni'ms-formati'vus.  That  principle  of  vital  energy,  which  tends  to  restore  lost  or  in- 
jured parts. 

Nil'idus.     Glossy,  glittering. 

Niv'eus.     Snow-wliite. 

Node,  No'dus.     See  knot.     Used  by  Barton  for  internode. 

Nod'ule.     a  spheroidal  mass  of  any  mineral  substance. 

No'wen,  name.     See  generic  name  and  specific  name. 

Nor'mal,  (nnrmalis)  ordinary  structure  in  nowise  departed  from;  elementary  form. 

Nu'bilus.     Grey  and  white,  cloudy.      Resembling  cumulous  clouds,  or  heaped. 

Nucamen'tum.     See  ament.     Elongated  strobile. 

Nu'ciFORM.     Resembling  a  nut. 

Nuc'leus.     Nut  or  kernel.     The  inner  seed  or  kernel  is  truly  the  nucleus;  and  its  hard 
shell  is  the  putamen.     But  the  whole  including  both  putamen  and  its  outside  cover- 
ing are  the  fruit.     It  is  also  a  distinct  cartilaginous  body,  coming  out  entire  from  a 
proligerus  apothecia,  and  containing  the  sporules;  or  it  is  the  central  part  of  a  peri- 
thecium.     From  some   recent  observations  it  appears   that  the  nucleus  has  three 
coats,  the  outer  called  the   terdne,  the  next  the  (juurline,  and  the  most  interior  the 
quintine.    The  outer  sacks  are  two,  priinine,  and  secundine. 
Nucula,  one  of  the  apothecia  of  Chara,  sessile,  oval  solitary,  spirally  striated,  with  a 
membranous  covering,  and  the  summit  indistinctly  cleft  into  five  segments,  con- 
taining sporules. 
Nudius'culus,  Nudus.    Nakedish.  naked. 
Nu'tant,  Nu'tans.     Nodding.     When  above  half  of  whatever  it  is  applied  to,  droops 

or  hangs  down.     See  penduhis. 
NuU/Jtio.     The  various  inclinations  of  the  parts  arising  from  the  effects  of  the  sun's 
rays. 


ORB  COS 

o. 

Ob,  ob'vcrse.     Reversed  or  inversed.     Often  combined  with  ovate,  cordate,  &c.  as 

obcordate,  inversely  heart-form. 
Obcon'ic.     Conic  with  llie  point,  or  apex,  d&wnwards. 

Obcor'date.     Fleart-form,  with  the  apex  next  to  the  stem,  or  place  of  insertion. 
Obl\nce'olate.     Lanceolate  with  the  base  the  narrowest. 

Obli'que,  olili'qmis.     A  position  between  horizontal  and  vertical;  or  between  perpen- 
dicular and  the  plane  of  the  base.     It  is  also  applied  to  leaves,  petals,  calyxes,  &c. 

which  are,   as  it  were,  cut  obliquely;  or  whose  bases  are  shorter  on  one  side  than 

on  the  other. 
Oblong,  oblon'gus.     Having  the  length  twice  or  more  than  that  of  tlie  breadth,  with 

the  opposite  sides  somewhat  parallel. 
Oblonghis' cuius.     Somewhat  oblong. 
Obo'val,  obova'lis.     If  it  differs  at  all  from  obovate,  it  must  be  more  nearly  oval — 

having  the  ends  nearer  equal  in  width. 
Obo'vate.     Ovate,  with  the  narrowest  end  towards  the  stem  or  place  of  insertion. 
Ob'solete,  ob'solelehj,  obsolet'us,  abso'leie.     When  teeth,  notches,  serratures,  &;c.  are 

obscure  and  appear  as  if  worn  out. 
Obtu'se.     See  obtusus,  rounded. 
Obtu' se-acuniina'tus.     Blunt  with  a  small  point. 
Obtu'sus,   OBTUSE,  obtusius' cuius.     Obtusish,     Ending  bluntly,  or  in  an  apex  more  or 

less  rounded.  . 
Or'-volvte,  ob'volu'tus.     A  term  in  foliation;   applied  to  leaves  where  two  opposite 

ones  are  conduplicate,  with  one  edge  of  each  leaf  between  the  edges  of  the  other. 
Occip'iTAL.     Pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head. 
Occei,l'ate.     Eye  like  spots,  as  on  the  wings  of  some  butterflies. 
O'clirea.     A  cylindric  sheath  or  stipule.     It  is  applied  to  the  membranaceous  stipules 

of  most  of  the  species  of  Polygonum;  also  of  some  species  of  Cyperus. 
OCTAN'DRIA,  (Octo,  eight;  a«er,  male.)     Eighth  of  the  Linnean  classes,  with  8 

stamens  to  a  flower. 
Octan'drods.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  chss  octandria. 
OCTOGYN  lA    (Octo,  eight;  oiine,  female.)     The  eighth  order  of  a  class,  it  having 

8  styles  to  a  flower,  or  sessile  siigmas. 
Octn,  eight  in  composition:  as  octotidus,  8-cleft;  octolocularis,  8-celled;  octopetalous, 

8-pelalled:  octophyllus,  8-leaved. 
Odora'f.is.     Scented,  odorous. 
Officina'lis.     Such  plants  as  are  sold  in  the  shops  for  some  use,  either  in  medicine  or 

the  arts. 
Off'sett  is  a  short  lateral  branch  in  some  herbaceous  plants,  terminated  by  a  cluster 

of  leaveS;  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separated. 
OiD,  OiJdos.     When   this  terminates  a  word  it  imports  resemblance  to  the  part  or 

plant  to  who5e  name  it  is  annexed.     Petaloid,  resembling  a  petal;   thalictroides, 

resembling  a  Thalictrum,  &c. 
Oligosper'mus.     Few-seeded. 

Oleag'inous  (oleagino'sus; )  fleshy  in  substance,  but  filled  with  oil. 
Ol'igos  (few)  means  that  the  number  is  small,  not  definite. 
One-si'ded.     Flowars.  &c.  on  one  side  of  a  stem,  &c. 
Opa'que,  opa'cus.     Neither  transparent  nor  shining. 
Oper'culate,  opercid'i'liis.     Having  a  lid,  as  mosses. 
Oper'cuium.     The    lid  or  covering  on  the  capsule  of  mosses.     This   is   generally 

covered  by  the  calyptre  when  young.     Afier  the  calyptre  is  gone  and  the  seeds  are 

ripe,  the  lid  falls  also.     This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  covering  of  other  capsules 

resembling  the  lids  of  mosses.      When  applied  to  Conchology,  it  means  a  cartilagi- 
nous, crusty,  or  shelly  appendage  to  the  animal  by  which  it  closes  its  shell  after  its 

body  is  drawn  into  a  univalve  shell. 
Op'posite,  oppos'itus.     Standing  at  the  same  height  with  base  against  base,  on  difle 

rent  sides  of  a  stem. 
OppositifoVius.     Set  opposite  to  the  base  of  a  leaf;  as  some  peduncles  and  stipules  are 

placed. 
Oppos'ite-pinna'tus.     Leafets  of  a  pinnate  leaf  set  opposite  to  each  other. 
Orbicula'ris.     Nearly  circular. 
Orbs.     OrbiL'lae.     That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  flat,  orbicular  and 


604  PAP 

dilated,  of  the  substance  of  the  frond,  terminal,  peltate,  without  a  border,  but  often 
fiurroiinded  with  radiating  shoots.  The  membraue,  or  disk,  under  which  the  seeds 
are  lodged,  'is  smooth,  nearly  of  the  color  of  the  frond.  Spurious  orbs,  bordered 
like  shields  or  spangles  when  young,  are  sometimes  found  in  the  genus  cornicularia. 
Smith. 

Orchid'eous  co'rol.     Like  the  orchis;  having  4-arclied  petals,  and  the  fifth  longer. 

Or'oya.     Fathom.     See  measures. 

Ori'fice.     Any  hole  or  opening  into  a  capsule,  corol,  &c. 

Ornithol'ogy.     That  departmnnt  of  zoology  which  treats  of  birds. 

Ostio'lum  (os,  oris,  mouth.)  The  orifice  of  the  perithecium  of  sphaeria.  A  little 
mouth. 

Ov'al,  ova'lis.  The  length  exceeding  the  breadth  in  any  proportion,  with  the  two 
ends  of  an  equal  breadth,  curvature  and  form,  or  nearly  so;  the  sides  curving  from 
end  to  end. 

PvARY.  Oim'rium.  The  germ  or  base  of  the  pistil.  A  hollow  case,  enclosing  ovula; 
it  contains  one  or  more  cavities,  called  cells.  It  is  now  believed  to  be  a  folded  leaf. 
or  whorl  of  leaves,  whose  edges  grew  together  vviiile  in  the  state  of  estivation  or 
bud.  These  edges  become  tiiickened  placenta,  which  become  granulated,  and  in 
due  time  are  ovula,  forming  seeds  with  their  tunics.     See  Chitlaza. 

O'vATE.  Egg-form.  The  length  exceeding  the  breadth  in  any  pi oportion,  the  end 
next  to  the  stem,  exceeding  the  other  in  breadth;  the  sides  curving  from  end 
to  end. 

Ovi'PARous.     Animals  produced  from  eggs,  as  birds,  fish,  &c. 

Ovoi'dal,  (ovum,  egg,  oidos,  appearance)  resembling  an  egg,  in  general  form,  or  the 
longitudinal  section  of  it. 

Ovule.  Ov'vliim,  is  a  body  borne  by  the  placenta  and  destined  to  become  a  seed. 
It  is  never  furnished  with  a  stigma;  but  receives  the  fertilizing  pollen  by  way  of 
the  stigma  of  the  carpel  through  the  placenta  to  which  it  is  attached  by  the  hilum. 
See  Chalaza. 

P. 

Pa'gina.  The  surface  of  a  leaf.  The  upper  surface  is  pagina  superior;  the  flower 
surface,  pagina  inferior. 

Pal'ate.  a  prominence,  process  or  elevation  in  the  lower  lip  of  a  labiate  corol, 
which  tends  more  or  less  to  close  the  throat. 

Palea'ceous,  paLea,  chaffs.     See  chaft'y. 

Pal.ma'ris.     Hands  breadths,  3  inches. 

Pal'mate,  palma'tus.  Divided  deeply  and  spreading,  so  as  to  resemble  the  hand  with 
spread  fingers.  When  the  divisions  are  very  narrow,  and  almost  down  to  the  stem 
of  a  leaf,  it  is  called  ptdate,  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  a  bird's  foot.  Some 
pedate  Jeaves  are  hardly  connected  at  ail  at  the  base,  and  almost  run  into  the  com- 
pound digitate  leaf 

Pal'pi.     Feelprs.     Processes  or  fibres  attached  to  the  mouths  of  insects. 

PaLus'iris.     Growing  naturally  in  swamps  and  marshes. 

Pandurifor' mis.  Guitar -form.  Oblong,  broadish  near  the  base,  and  contracted  on 
the  sides. 

Pan'icle,  panic'ula.  When  the  peduncles  along  the  sides  of  the  main  peduncle  of  a 
raceme  are  divided,  it  takes  the  name  of  panicle,  as  oats,  But  if  it  is  still  in  in  a 
close,  compact  form,  it  is  called  a  t/tyrse,  as  the  lilac,  grapes. 

Pan'icled,  pankvlu'tus.     Disposed  in  tiie  form  of  a  panicle;  or  bearing  panicle.'!. 

Papiliona'ceous,  ( Papilio,  a.\>a\.ier^y.)  Butterfly-form;  as  the  pea  flower.  When 
complete,  it  consists  of  the  banner,  the  upper  petal,  which  generally  spreads  over 
above  the  others;  the  wings,  the  two  side  petals,  next  below  the  banner;  the  keel, 
the  lower  boat-form  petal,  generally  enclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.  It  is  some- 
times called  ihe  pea-bluom  dower. 

Papil'la.     Fleshy  process  or  points  on  vegetables  and  animals. 

Papillo'se,  papiilo'sus.  (  Papiila,  a  nipple.)  Covered  with  fleshy  points  or  protu- 
berances.    See  verrucose. 

Pappose,  pappo'sus.     Bearing  pappus  or  aigrette,  as  thistles. 

Pap'pus.     See  aigrette.     Seed  down  of  thistles,  &c. 

Papulo'se,  papuiu'sus.     (Papula,  a  pimple. )     Pimply,  Ll.iddery  or  blistered. 

Papyraceus,  ( clmrtaceus. )  Haying  the  consistence  of  wiiting  paper,  and  quite 
opaque. 


PEN  G05 

PARABor.'ic.  Conic,  with  the  top  rounded  off,  considerably  below  where  it  would  ter- 
minate in  tlie  apex,  if  completed  in  the  conic  form. 

Par'ali.ei,,  paralld'liis.  Two  lines  or  opposite  sides,  running  nearly  equal  distances 
from  eacli  otlier.  The  opposite  edges  of  a  leaf  are  parallel  when  the  leaf  is  linear, 
as  of  grasses. 

Parasitic.  Drawing  support  from  another  plant.  Growing  out  of  another,  "as  the 
doddpr. 

Pdrcit'tliijma.  \.A  succulent  vegetable  substance;  as  the  thick  part  of  leaves  between 
the  opn^[Jj|fculicles;  the  substance  of  the  piih  of  herbs,  the  pulpy  part  of  apples, 

VAm'-ET^fh^JffidnJUs.     Walled   around.     .Having  an   enclosing   or  encircling  ring 

Any  tln»o^said  to  be  parietal,    which  arises   from  the  inner  lining  or  wall  of  an 

organ.  ^JThe  placenta  is  parietal,  when  it  originates  in  the  inner  lining  of  the  fruit, 

and  fotips  a  kind  of  side-wall  about  the  ovules,  as  in  the  germ  of  the  violet.     See 

Fig.  5.>k.]4. 
Par'ted,  partitus.     Deeply  divided,  almost  to  the  base. 
Par' tcs  prima' r in e.     The  three   primary  parts   of  a  vegetable  are:     1.  The  rnoi,  or 

descending  part.     2.  The  Acriw^e,  or  ascending  part  except.     3.  The  fructificatiun, 

comprising  tlie  flower  and  fruit. 
Par'tial,  portia' lis.     Particular,  not  general.     Applying  to  an  entire  part  of  a  general 

whole.     See  general. 
Par'tible,  piirti' bills.     Easily  separating  into  parts.     Bipartibile,  into  two  parts;  tri- 

parlibiie,  into  three  parts,  &c. 
Partit'ion.     The  membrane,    &c.,   which  divides   pericarps  into  cells.     It  \st  parallel 

when  it  unites  with  the  valves,  where  tliey  unite  with  each  other.     It  is  contrary  oi 

transverse,  when  it  meets  a  valve  in  the  middle,  or  in  any  part  not  at  its  suture,  or 

juncture  with  another. 
Patelliformis.    Knee-pan-like.    Thick  concavo-convex,  round,  with  the  convex  surface 

below. 
PatelJ lula.     See  spangles;  orbicular  sessile  shields,  surrounded  by  a  rim,  which  is  part 

of  itself,  not  a  production  of  the  thallus;  as  in  Lecidea. 
Pa'tens,     Spreading  so  as  to  form  a  moderately  acute  angle;  considerably  less  than  a 

right  one,  or  a  square. 
Palentls'simus.     Spreading  almost  to  a  right  angle;  very  spreading. 
Pat'ulus.     Somewhat  spreading,  open,  loose. 
Pau'ci.     Few  in  number.     Used  in  composition  a.s  paucljlorus,  few-flowered; />aMci- 

folius,  few-leaved. 
Pe'a-bloom.     See  papilionaceous. 

Pearform,  (pyriformis. )     Differing  from  turbinate  in  being  more  elongated. 
Pec'tinate,  pec'tinated,  pectina'tus.     So  finely  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  as  to  resemble 

the  teeth  of  a  comb. 
Pec'toral  fins,     a  pair  growing  on  each  side  of  the  thorax,  or  breast. 
Peda'lis.     About  a  foot  high. 

Pe'date,  pcdadjid,  pedatiis.     Finely  palmate.     Bird-foot-like. 
Ped'icel,  pedicdius.     A  partial  pedundcle  of  an  aggregate. 
Ped'icelled,  pedicellate,  pedicdla'tus.     flaving  a  pedicel. 
Pe'dun'cle.     Pedunculus.     Flower  stem,  not  radical. 
Pn'ouNCLED,  pcdunculatus.     Having  a  peduncle,  not  radical. 
Peduncula'ris.     Appertaining  to,  or  fixed  on,  a  peduncle. 
Pell'iclk,  pellicula.     A  thin,  membrane-like  substance.     The  close  covering  of  some 

seeds;   sometimes  it  is  a  little  mucilaginous  or  downy. 
Pellu'cid.     Transparent,  translucent,  or  limpid. 

Pel'ta.     See  targets.     Ajdat  shield  without  any  elevated  rim,  as  in  the  genus  Peltidea. 
Pel'tate,  pelta'tus.     Having  the  petiole  attached  to  the  under  side  of  the  leaf     In  all 

cases  of  leaves  and  fiat  stigmas,   when  the  petiole  or  style  is  attached   to  the  disk 

instead  of  the  margin,   they  are  peltate;  as  the  leaf  of  the  nasturtion,   and    the 

etigma  of  the  yellow  water  lily. 
Pen'uant.     Hanging  down. 

Pkn'jjulous.     When  the  whole  of  the  part  droops,  or  hangs  down. 
Pen'cil-form,  pencil' lifur' mis.     Shaped  hke  a  painter's  pencil,  or  little  round  paint- 
brush. 
Pennifor'mis.     When  the  liba  are  disposed  as  in  a  pirmated  leaf,  but  confluent  or 
uniting  at  the  point. 


60G  PET 

PENTAGYN'IA.     (  Pente,  five,  ^ne.  female.)    Five  styles. 

PENTAN'DRIA.     (Pente,  five  aner  male.)     Five  stamens. 

Penian'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  pent andria. 

Penta,  (five,)  is  used  in  composition;  as  pentucoceus,  5-seeded;  pentagonal,  5-cornered; 
pentapetalous,  5-petcilled;  pentaptcrijtria,  5-\vinged;  peiitaphijlluus,  5-leaved,  &c. 

Peregri'nus.     Foreign,  strange,  wandering. 

Perkn 'nial,  jserejmii.     Continuing  more  than  two  years.  >Afc- 

Per'fect  Fi.owF.R.     Having  both  Stamens  and  pistiis.  ^f^L: 

Perfo'liate,  perfoliatus.     Perforating   a  leaf     Havmg  the  stem  run( 
leaf     But  the  leaf  is  not  formed  by  the  union  of  opposite  bases, 
(eupatorium;)  for  in  this  case  the  leaves  are  connate;   but  they  are^ 
foliate.     It  is  applied  to  antennae  of  insects  when  the  main  ihreag 
the  joints. 

Per'forate,  Per'forated,  perfora'tus.  Having  holes,  or  transparent  s^ 
through.  Punctate  may  differ  in  presenting  spots  like  points,  whio 
Pertuse  per'iaps  is  synonymous  with  perforated. 

Perianth,  perz««7/tMm.      (Peri,  about,  aiithos,  flower.)     That  kind  of cal; 
immediately  adjoining  the  corol,  stamens  and  pistil,  or  to  such  oftftfi 
are  piesent.     It  is  inferior,  when  it  grows  out  from  below  the  germ.     It , 
when  it  grows  on  the  germ. 

Yek'icx'rv,  pericarpium,.  {Peri,  about,  karpos,  fruit.)  Seed-case.  Any  tag,  shell, 
pod,  pulp,  berry  or  other  substance,  enclosing  the  seed.  It  is  (in  some  cases,  as  in 
the  peach,)  divided  into:  epicarp  the  external  tegument;  sarcocarp,  the  fleshy  eat- 
able part;  endocarp,  (putamen,)  the  true  shell;  and  tlie  real  seed,  usually  called  the 
meat;  as  peach  meat,  almond  meat,  vvulnut  meat  Many  seeds  have  a  deceptive 
appearance,  '"respecting  a  covering.  Gray  mentions  the  poppoose-root  ))lant, 
(Leontice  thalictroides)  as  a  case.  The  seed  is  above  on  the  end  of  a  thickened 
peduncle;  but  it  had  a  caducous  tunic,  which  might  have  been  seen  by  close  watching. 

Vek' iCHiiTU,  perichcc'tiuin.  {Peri,  about,  chaite,  rest.)  An  involucre  surrounding  the 
base  of  the  peduncle  of  mosses,  among  the  leafets,  but  differing  from  them  in  form. 
See  calyptre. 

Peridi'a.     The  membrane  by  which  the  sporules  are  immediately  covered. 

Peri'dbim.  A  round  membranous  dry  case,  enclosing  the  seeds  in  some  angiocarp 
funguses;  it  is  also  a  kind  of  sporidia;  sporidiolum  is  its  diminutive. 

Perigo' Ilium,  perigone.  Sometimes  substituted  for  perianth  if  the  floral  envelopes 
are  of  such  a  nature  that  it  is  not  obvious  whether  they  consist  of  both  calyx  and 
corol,  or  of  calyx  only,  they  receive  the  name  of  perianthuin  or  periogonum. 

Perigy'nots,  pcrigoiious.  Growing  upon  some  body  that  surrounds  the  ovarium;  as 
the  calyx  is  perigynous,  as  well  as  the  corols  and  stamens  it  supports,  when  it  ad- 
heres to  the  ovarium,  (the  germ.) 

Per'isperm.     a  substitute  for  pericarp.     Nuttall. 

Perispor  lUM.     Capsule.     Nuttall  uses  it  to  express  a  chaflTy  covering  to  seed. 

Peristom'ium.  The  fringe  teeth  or  membrane,  around  the  mouth  of  the  capsule  of 
mosses,  under  the  lid. 

Perithe' cium.  A  perianth-like  organ  sMu^unding  the  seed-cases  of  lichens,  or  cap- 
sule of  mosses  and  fungi.  Used  to  eflVess  the  part  which  contains  the  reproduc- 
tive organs  of  Sphaeria,  and  its  co-adnates. 

Feritro'pal,  peritropus.     Directed  from  the  axis  to  the  horizon. 

Per'manent.  Any  part  of  a  plant  is  permanent,  which  remains  longer  compared  with 
other  parts  of  the  same  plant,  thaik  is  usual  for  similar  parts  in  most  plants.  As 
the  calyx  of  the  quince  remains  on  the  end  of  the  fruit,  till  it  ripens.  Persistent. 
Remaining.  ^ 

Pero'nate,  (defence  against  cold.)  Laid  over  with  a  woolly  substance,  ending  in  a 
sort  of  meal;  as  on  the  stipes  of  some  fungi. 

Persis'tens.  Persistent.  Not  falling  off;  but  remaining  green  or  growing  until  that 
which  bears  it  is  wholly  natured.     See  permanent  and  ring. 

Per'sonate,  persona'tus.     See  labiate.     Mufiled  lipped  flower. 

Pertu'se,  pertu'sus.     Punched.     See  perforated. 

Pe'tal,  pct'alum.  The  colored  leaf  or  leaves  of  the  corol.  The  petal  of  a  monope- 
talous  corol  is  divided  into  the  tube  and  limb.  Each  petal  of  a  polypetalous  corol  is 
divided  into  the  claw  and  lamina. 

Pe'tal-form,  petalifor'mis.     Resembling  a  petal  in  shape,  or  texture. 

Petali'nus.     Attached  to,  or  being  part  of,  a  petal. 


PLI  607 

T*e'taloid,  petaloi'des.     Having  organs  or  parts  resembling  petals. 

Pe  tiole,  petio'lus.  Tlie  footstalk  of  a  leaf,  on  the  part  wiiich  connects  the  lamina 
witli  the  stem.     Leaves  wliiiph  have  no  footsterns  are  sessile, 

Petiola'te,  pe'tioled,  petiola'lus.     Having  a  petiole. 

Pctiolu'lus.  A  partial  petiole  which  connects  the  leafet  to  the  main  petiole;  as  the 
butternut. 

Phenog'amous,  {ofpfiaino,  to  shew.)  Having  the  stamens  and  pistils  sufficiently  ap- 
parent for  classification.  Applied  to  all  plants  not  included  in  the  class  crypto- 
gamia. 

Pliani'ceus.     Purple,  dark-red.     Ancient  purple. 

Pliycom'atcr.     The  gelatine  in  which  the  sporules  of  byssus  first  vegetate. 

Phytol'ogy.  {Pliute,  a  plant,  logos,  a  treatise  or  discourse.)  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  principles  of  vegetables.  It  is  nearly  synonymous  with  the  physiology 
of  vegetnbles.. 

Pi'ceiis.     Blueish-black,  resembling  dark  pitch. 

PL'leus.  The  hat  of  a  fungus.  The  top  and  most  spreading  part.  It  may  be  with- 
out stype,  and  thus  constitute  the  whole  ascending  part.  It  always  contains  the 
sporules. 

Palid'ia.  See  puffs.  Orbicular,  hemispherical  shields,  the  outsides  of  which  change 
to  powder  in  Calycium. 

Pilif'erous.     Bearing  hairs. 

Pil'lar.     Columella.     The  column  of  a  univalve  shell. 

Pil'ose,  pilo'siis.  Hairy.  Having  distinct  straightish  hairs.  Pappus  is  pilose,  when 
each  hair  has  lateral  branches.     See  aigrette. 

Pil'us.     A  hair.     An  excretory  duct  of  a  bristly  form,  leading  off  a  fluid.     See  sting. 

Pim'pled.  See  papulose.  Covered  with  minute  tubercles  or  excresences,  of  uneven 
size,  and  rather  soft. 

Pin'nate,  pinnaius,  pinna.  A  wing.  Winged,  or  feathered.  Leaves  are  pinnate, 
when  distinct  leafets  are  arranged  along  opposite  sides  of  a  simple  petiole,  See 
bipiniiateand  tripinnate. 

Pinnat'ifid,  pinnatifidus.  Cut-winged.  Leaves  are  pinnatifid,  when,  instead  of 
leafets  as  in  pinnate  leaves,  segments  or  divisions  of  a  leaf  are  along  oppcsite  sides 
of  the  midrib.  Pinnate  are  compound,  but  pinnatifid  are  simple;  because  the  divi- 
sions never  reach  the  midrib.  When  pinnatifid  leafets  are  on  a  pinnate  leaf,  is  is 
called  pinndte-pinnatifid. 

Pis'tillate  flow'er.  Having  pistils  only  without  stamens;  as  the  flower  of  the  fer- 
tile cucumber. 

Pis'til,  pistil' lum.  The  central  organ  of  most  flowers.  It  generally  consists  of  the 
germen,  style  and  stigma.  But  the  style  is  frequently  wanting;  then  the  stigma 
is  seated  on  the  germ,  or  sessile.  The  stigma  receives  pollen  from  the  anther,  and 
in  some  manner  not  yet  discovered,  fertilizes  the  gernfu 

Pisti'liferous.     See  pistillate.     Bearing  pistils. 

Pith.  The  spongy  substance  in  the  centre  of  the  stems  and  roots  of  most  plants. 
A  cylindrical  or  angular  column  of  cellular  tissue  arising  at  the  neck  of  the  stem 
and  terminating  at  the  leaf-buds.  See  Medulla.  This  is  encased  in  a  medullary 
sheath. 

Pits,  (syphellEB.)  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  consists  of  open,  cup- 
like, naked,  white  or  yellow  little  spots,  on  the  under  side  of  the  frond,  which  is 
generally  downy.  They  are  at  first  immersed,  globose,  minute  dots,  which  at 
length  burst  with  irregular  margins,  and  discharge  a  powder. 

Placcn'ta.  Fleshy  receptacle  or  mass,  produced  by  the  infolded  edges  "of  the  leaves, 
which  grow  together  while  in  the  state  of  estivation  or  bud.  It  is  the  organ  or 
body  to  which  the  seed  is  attached  by  its  hilum  by  means  of  a  funicle.  It  is 
always  within  a  pericarp  when  the  seed  has  a  pericarpal  covering.  When  several 
carpels  are  contained  in  the  same  germ,  m  a  united,  or  syncocarp,  state,  all  the 
placenta  of  a.l  the  carpels  unite  in  a  central  mass,  forming  a  columella. 

Pf.acenta'tion.     The  disposition  of  the  cotyledons  in  the  srermiiiation  of  the  seeds. 

Pl.ut'ed,  Folded  somewhat  like  a  fan,  when  nearly  full  spread.  In  foliation  it  is 
more  closely  folded. 

Pla'no-con'vex.     Convex  or  roundish  on  one  side  and  flat  the  other. 

Plant.  Any  substance  growing  from  seed.  As  tree,  grass,  pufi'-ball,  mould,  moss, 
frog-spittle. 

PUca'lus.     See  plaited.     Folded  like  a  fan. 


608  POI 

Plumo'se,  pap'pvs,  Feather-like  down.  When  a  hair  has  other  hairs  airranged  od 
opposite  sides  of  it.  Applied  to  a  mineral  having  fibres  diverging  from  a  line  of 
kind  of  midrib,  as  plumose  mica. 

Plu'mvla,  or  gemmul.i,  is  the  nascent  ascending  axis.  .That  part  which  developes 
downwards  is  called  the  (Jcaccndin-r  a.xis  or  root.  That  upwards  is  called  the 
ascending  axis  or  stem.  And  the  part  from  which  these  two  axis  start,  is  called 
the  coilet  or  neck. 

Poc'uLiFOKM  (poculiformis;)  cup-shaped,  with  a  hemispherical  base  and  an  upright 
limb. 

Pod.  That  kind  of  pericarp  which  is  composed  of  two  valves  with  the  seeds  attached 
to  one  or  boih  sutures,  or  a  longitudinal  partition  at  the  edges  immediately  adjoin- 
ing the  sutures.     The  pod  is  either  a  legume  or  siliqnc. 

Pode'tia.  The  peduncles  of  lichens  or  the  stalk-hke  elongations  of  the  tliallus,  which 
support  the  fructification  in  Cenoin^'ce. 

Point'lettkd  (apiculatiis;)  terminating  abruptly  in  a  little  point. 

Poin'tal.     See  pistil.     Cential  organs  of  a  Hower. 

Pors'ERs.     Globules  on  slender  steins  under  the  wings  of  some  dipterous  insects. 

Poisonous  veg'etablks.  Persons  of  all  descriptions  have  frequent  occasion  to  make 
some  use  of  plants,  when  they  are  not  in  a  situation  rniiiutely  to  investigate  their 
nature  and  qualities. 

The  following  rules  for  extemporaneous  examinations  may  be  of  some  use: 

General  Rsles  tor  avoiding  Poisons. 
Plants  not  poisonous. 

1.  Plants  with  a  glume  calyx,  never  poisonous.  As  wheat,  Indian  corn,  foxtail- 
grass,  sedge-grass,  oats. 

2.  Plants  whose  stamens  stand  on  the  calyx,  never  poisonous.  As  currant,  apple, 
peach,  strawberry,  thorn.  Some  of  them  contain  prusic  acid  in  considerable  quanti- 
ties, sufficient  (o  render  some  parts  of  them,  at  least,  poisonous. 

3.  Plants  with  cruciform  flowers,  rarely  if  ever  poisonous.  As  mustard,  cabbage^ 
water-cress,  turnip. 

4.  Plants  with  papilionaceous  flowers,  rarely  if  ever  poisonous.  As  pea,  bean> 
locust  tree,  wild  indigo,  clover. 

5.  Plants  with  labiate  corols,  bearing  seeds  without  pericarps,  never  poisonous. 
As  catmint,  hyssop,  mint,  inother-wort,  marjoram. 

6.  Plants  with  compound  flowers,  rarely  poisonous.  As  sunflower,  dandelion, 
lettuce,  burdock. 

7.  Plants  bearing  strobiles  are  never  poisonous.     As  pines,  cedars,  &c. 

8.  Monodelphous,  or  culumniferous  plants,  are  never  poisonous.  As  hollyhock, 
mallows,  geraniums,  &c. 

Poisonous  Plants. 

1.  Plants  with  .5  stamens  and  one  pistil,  with  a  dull  colored  lurid  corol,  and  of  a 
nauseous  sickly  smell,  always  poisonous.  As  tobacco,  thorn-apple,  henbane,  night- 
shade. The  degree  of  poison  is  diminished  where  the  flower  is  brighter  coloured  and 
the  smell  is  less  nauseous.  As  potatoe  is  less  poisonous,  though  of  the  same  genus 
with  nightshade. 

2.  Umbelliferous  plants  of  the  aquatic  kind,  and  of  a  nauseous  scent,  are  always 
poisonous.  As  water-hemlock,  cow- parsley.  But  if  the  smell  be  pleasant,  and  they 
grow  in  dry  land,  they  are  not  poisonous.     As  fennel,  dill,  coriander,  sweet-sicily. 

3.  Plants  with  labiate  corols  and  seed  in  capsules,  frequently  poisonous.  As  snap- 
dragon, fox-glove. 

4.  Plants  from  which  issues  a  milky  juice  on  being  broken,  are  poisonous,  unless 
they  bear  compound  flowers.     As  milk-weed,  dogbane,  euphorbium. 

n.  Plants  having  any  appendage  to  the  calyx  or  corol,  and  twelve  or  more  stamens, 
generally  poisonous.     As  columbine,  crowfoot,  nasturtion,  monkshood,  hellebore. 

Most  general  rule. 

Plants  with  few  stamens,  not  frequently  poisonous,  unless  they  are  in  umbels;  but 
if  the  number  be  twelve  or  more,  and  the  siaiell  nauseous,  heavy  and  sickly,  the  plasts 
are  generally  poisonous. 


PRE  609 

Note.    Many  plants  possess  some  degree  of  the  narcotic  principle,  which  are  still 

hy  no  means  hurtful.     The  roots  of  some  are  wholesome,   while  the  herbage  is 

poisonous;  as  parsnips,  potatoes,  &:.c. 

Pollen.  Masses  of  minute  molecules  of  a  fertilizing  farina-like  substance,  pro- 
duced in  the  anthers  of  stamens.  When  the  masses  come  in  contact  with  moist 
stigmas,  they  explode  and  shed  a  fine  fertilizing  aroma-like  smoke  or  vapor,  upon 
the  stigmas.  On  being  viewed  through  a  magnifier,  they  are  found  of  various 
forms.  In  the  sunflower,  it  is  a  prickly  ball;  in  geranium,  perforated;  in  comfrey, 
double;  in  mallows,  a  toothed  wheel;  in  violet,  angular;  in  daffodil,  kidney-form, 
&c.  From  recent  experiment  and  observation  by  Elliott,  Brongniart,  Brown,  and 
others,  it  may  be  asserted  as  follows:  After  grains,  of  pollen  have  lain  for  some 
hours  on  a  moist  stigma,  tliey  open  at  a  point  on  the  surface,  and  protrude  an 
exceedingly  slender  tube,  which  extends  down  into  the  stigma,  and,  passing  along 
between  the  cellules,  enters  tJie  placenta.  They  have  been  traced  to  the  foramen 
of  tlie  ovule;  when  it  is  curved  so  as  to  be  near  the  chalaza.  The  Oenothera  biennis 
is  said  to  be  a  suitable  plant  for  this  experiment.     See  Gray,  p.  210. 

Pollin'ia.  Piolls  or  masses  of  pollen,  not  included  in  cells  of  anthers  of  the  common 
form  and  texture;  as  of  the  orchis,  asclepias,  &c- 

Pollinif'erous.     Bearing  pollen. 

POLYADEL'PHIA.  ( Polus,  many;  adelphos,  brother.)  See  omitted  classes, 
page  10. 

Polyadel'phous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  polyadelphia. 

POLYAN'DRIA.  (Polos,  many,  aner,  male.)  The  Linnean  class,  with  over  ten 
stamens  to  each  flower,  growing  on  the  receptacle. 

Polyan'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  polyandria. 

PoLYCARPous,  (sychnocarpous.)  Having  the  power  of  bearing  fruit  many  times  with- 
out perishing;  ae  perennial  and  woody. 

Polycotyled'onous.     Plants  with  more  than  two  cotyledons.     See  cotyledon. 

POLYGA'MIA.  (Polus,  many;  gamos,  marriage.)  Many  unions.  The  name  of 
the  twenty-third  class,  as  established  by  Linneus.  It  comprises  all  plants  which 
have  some  perfect  flowers,  and  others  whicJx  are  staminate  and  pistillate,  or  both 
kinds.  This  class  is  divided  into  three  orders.  1.  Monacia,  having  perfect  flowers, 
and  either  staminate  or  pistillate  ones  or  both  on  the  same  plants.  2.  Diotcia,  having 
perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  and  either  staminate  or  pistillate  flowers  on  others, 
of  the  same  species.  3.  Triacza,  having  perfect  flowers  on  some  plants,  staminate 
on  others  and  pistillate  on  others  of  the  same  species.  This  class,  like  the  eigh- 
teenth, is  abolished  by  Persoon  and  others,  and  the  plants  under  it  distributed 
among  the  other  classes.     The  fig  comes  most  perfectly  under  this  order. 

Polyg'amous.     Varying  into,  or  inclining  to,  the  class  polygaviia. 

Poly  {of  polus,  many)  is  used  in  composition  as  in  pobjgonus,  many-cornered;  poly- 
prcnus,  many  nuts;  polyspcrma,  many  seeds;  polystachis,  many  spikes. 

POLYGYN'IA.  {Polus,  many;  gune,  female.)  The  order  of  Linnean  classes  which 
has  ten  or  more  styles  (or  stigmas,  if  styles  are  wanting)  to  each  flower. 

Polymor'phous.     Presenting  various  forms  and  appearances. 

Folypet'alous.  Many-petalled.  If  the  corol  consists  of  more  than  one  petal,  it  is 
polypetalous. 

Polyphyl'i.ous.  Many-leaved.  A  calyx  of  more  than  one  distinct  piece,  is  poly- 
phyllous.     Polysepalous  is  now  substituted. 

Pome,  po'miim.  A  pulpy  pericarp  without  valves,  which  contains  within  it  a  cap- 
sule.    See  berry,  and  note  the  difference.     Apples,  quinces,  &c.,  are  pomes. 

Pomif'erous,     Bearing  pomes,  or  apple-like  fruit;  as  pears  and  plums. 

Po'rous,  poro'sus.     Full  of  holes,  cellules,  or  tubular  openings. 

Porrcc'tus.     Lengthened  out,  stretched,  straitened. 

Posterior  sloped.     See  slopes. 

Powdery,   (pvlverulmtus.)     Covered  with  fine  bloom  or  powdery  matter. 

Praz'cox.  Rareripe.  Coming  to  maturity  early  in  the  season.  Flowering  before 
leafing.     A  forwaid  child,  not  sound. 

PRaaioK'sE,  Prcvmor' 3us.  Bitten  off.  Terminating  bluntly,  as  if  bitten  off;  as  the 
root  of  .the  pedate  or  birdfoot  violet. 

Pras'inus.     Green,  like  a  leak. 

Pratcn'sis.     Growing  naturally  in  meadow  land. 

Prehen'silk.     The  tail  of  an  animal,  or  other  limb,  formed  for  coiling  around  other 
bodies  for  the  purpose  of  holding  on  by  them. 
77 


610  PUN 

Prick'le,  aculeus.  A  sharp  process  fixed  to  the  bark  only,  not  to  the  wood;  as  on 
the  raspberry,  rose,  barberr)';  they  are  rigid,  opaque,  conical  processes,  formed  of 
masses  of  cellular  tissue,  and  terminating  in  an  acute  point.  They  may  be,  not 
improperly,  considered  as  very  compound,  indurated  hairs.  They  have  no  connect 
tion  with  the  woody  fibre. 
Prismat'ic,  prismat'icus.     Linear,  with  several  flattish  sides.     A  cylinder  with  flat 

sides. 
Probos'cides.     Proboscis-like.     Resembling  a  projecting  horn. 

Proboscis.     An  elongated  nose  or  snout.     It  is  a  tubular  process,  whether  tubular 

continuation  of  the  snout,  as  of  the  elephant:  or  a  tubular  sucker,  as  of  the  mus- 

quetoe;   it  is  always  adapted  to  the  structure  of  the  animal,   in  furnishing  itself 

with  food. 

Procum'bent,  procum'bens.     Lying  on  the  ground. 

Prouf'erous,  pro' lifer.     Putting  forth  branches  or  flowers  from  the  centre  of  the  top 

of  a  preceding  one.     Two  story  growth. 
Proligera  lamina.     A  distinct  body  containing  the  sporules,  separating  from  the  apo- 
thecia:    often  very  convex  and  variable  in  form,  and  mostly  dissolving  into  a  gela- 
tinous mass. 
Prom'inf.nt,  pro'mincns.     Standing  out  more  or  less  beyond  what  is  usual  in  other 

plants. 
Pro'nus-dis'cus.     The  under  side,  or  back  of  a  leaf,  upwards. 
Prop.     See  fulcrum.     Tendrils  and  other  climbers. 
Propaga'tion.     See  flower.     Extending  plants  by  seeds,  roots,  «S:c. 
Propa'go.     See  gemmatio,  budding* 
Propa'gula.     See  efliorescence. 
Propen'dens.     Apparently  on  the  pomt  of  falling. 
Prop'er,  prop'erus.     See  partial.     Part  of  a  whole. 

Prosenchtjmu  is  confined  to  the  bark  and  wood,  jn  which  it  is  mixed  with  woody  fibre, 
Cellular  tissue,   the  vesicles  of  which  are  elongated  and  overlie  each  other  at  the 
extremities,  js  called  prosmc/q/ma. 
Pros'tratk,  prostra'tus.     See  procumhent  and  htmifiise.     Lying  on  the  ground. 
Proternn'thous.     Where  the  leaves  appear  before  the  flowers. 
Protru'ded.     See  exsert.     Projecting  out,  as  stamens,  &c. 
Protrd'sile.     Capable  of  being  protruded.     It  is  applied  to  the  heads  of  animals, 

which  may  be  thrust  out  or  forward,  as  that  of  the  tortoise. 
Prox'imus.     Very  near.     Element  next  in  quality. 
Prui'na.     The  mealiness  or  hoariness  on  plums,  peaches,  &c. 
Pruinose.     Covered  with  a  frost-like  meal. 
Prv'rines.     Hairs  which  excite  itcliing. 

Pseu'do.     When  prefixed  to  a  word,  it  implies  obsolete  or  false. 

PsEUDO-MORPHous.     Falsc-faced.     It  is  applied  to  crystals  which  are  formed  in,  or 
upon  other  crystals,  and  take  their  form. 

As  the  crystals  of  liasoid  in    Manlius,  N.  Y.,    exhibit  the  form  of  the  crystals  of 
muriate  of  soda,  (table  salt)  such  as  are  daily  seen  at  the  evaporating  salt  works. 
Same  in  red  sand  of  Salina. 
PuBEs'cENT,  pubes'cens.     Hairy;  having  hairs,  wool,  down,  glandular  hairs,  &c.  Any 

kind  of  hairiness. 
Puffs,  (pilidia.)     That  kind  of  receptacle  of  liciiens,   which  consists  of  little  round 
bordered  knobs,  whose  disk  finally  turns  to  powder.     It  is  at  first  covered  with  a 
membrane,    and  often  clothed  with  a  fine  grey  hoariness.     These  receptacles  are 
elongated  below  into  a  stalk  fixed  to  the  crust,  but  totally  different  from  it. 
Pul'i.us.     Dull  brownish  colour. 

PuLp'y,  pulpo'sus.     Filled  with  a  tenacious  kind  of  parenchyma.     Thick  and  succul- 
ent or  spongy. 
PuLViNATus.     Cushion-lil<e.     Applied  to  the  pileus  of  a  fungus,  which  is  thick  and 

corky  or  spongy. 
Pulvi'nuli,    (garden  beds.)     Cushions.     Excresences   found   on   the  "surface  of  the 
fronds  of  some  lichens,    sometimes  clustered   or  branched;   sometimes  rising  from 
Ihe  thallus,  and  often  resembhng  minute  trees;   as  in  Parmelia  glomulifera. 
Pu'milus.     Small,  low,  inferior  stature. 
Pdnc'tate.     Dotted  or  sprinkled  with_  coloured,   generally  diaphanous,  specks.     See 

perforated  St.  John's  wort. 
PuNCTic'uLATE.     Having  minute  punctures,  diaphanous  dots,  or  specks. 


RAP  611 

punic'eus.     Scarlet-coloured,  bright-red. 

Pu'PA.     Chrysalis,  nymph,    anielia.     The  quiescent  state  of  an  insect  after  passing 

from  the  larva  state  and  before  it  becomes  a  perfect  insect. 
Purpuras' cens,  (purpureas.)     Inclining  to  a  purple  colour,  becoming  purple. 
Pusil'lus.     Low,  small,  diminutive,  compared  with  others. 
Put'amen.     Nutt-shell.     See  nucleus. 
.  Pyramida' lis.     Conic,  pyramid-form,  converging  above. 
Pyrifor' mis.     Pear-shaped.     Ovate  with  a  neck. 
Pyr'itiferous.     Bearing  iron  pyrites.     Containing  sulphuret  of  iron. 

Q. 

Quadratus,  (four.)  Used  in  composition  a.s  quadrangularis,  A-cornPred;  quadricapsu- 
/flris,  4-capsuled;  quadridentutus,  4-toothed;  quadrifarius,  facing  4-ways;  quadrifi- 
dus,  4-cleft;  quadrijlurus,  4-flowered;  qundrijugus,  4-paired;  quadrilobus,  4-lobed; 
quadrilOndaTis,  4-celled;  qutidrinervis,  4-nerved;  quadripartitus,  4-parted;  quadrivalvis .^ 
4-valved;  qu/idncusadaris,  with  4-cup-form  cells;  quaternus,  4  in  a  whorl. 

Qual'ities  of  plants.  Richard  says  that  plants  of  the  same  taste  and  odour,  are 
generally  possessed  of  similar  qualities.  Also  that  the  smell  and  taste  are  always 
the  same.  He  divides  the  odours  of  plants  into,  1.  Fragrdnt.  2.  Aromntic.  3. 
Ain/irosiac  (resembling  amber.)  4.  AlUaccnits  (resembling  garlic.)  5.  Fdld  (as 
asafoetida,  &c. )  6.  iVaMieo?«  (causing  the  stomach  to  heave. )  As  the  fragrant, 
the  aromatic  and  ambrosiac,  are  always  free  from  all  hurtful  qualities,  and  as  the 
fetid  and  nauseous  are  generally  poisonous,  it  seems  that  mankind  have  in  some 
measure  an  instinctive  principle  by  which  their  food  is  to  be  selected. 

Quinus,  live.  Used  in  composition,  as  quinus,  5  in  a  whorl;  quinaius,  5-leaved  petiole; 
quinquanguiaris,  5-cornered;  qidnqiiecapsularis,  5-capsuled;  quinqvecostatus,  5-nerv- 
ed,  or  5-ribbed;  quinquefidus,  5-cleft;  qui nqufflorus ,  5- flowered;  quinquejusus,  5- 
paired;  quinquelubus,  5-lobed;  quinqueloculnris.  5celled;  qidnquenervis,  5-nerved; 
quiiiqueparlitus,  5-parted;  quinquevalvis,  5-valved;  quiaquetuscuLaris,  5-cupform 
cells. 

Quincunx,  qnincundalis.  When  the  pieces  are  five  in  number  of  which  two  are  ex- 
terior, and  the  fifth  covers  the  interior  with  one  margin  and  has  its  other  margin 
covered  by  the  exterior;  as  in  rosa. 

Quinliii.  From  some  recent  observations  it  appears  that  the  nucleus  consists  of  three' 
coats;  the  outer  called  the  terciae,  the  next  the  quartine,  and  the  most  interior,  the 
quiiUine. 

R. 

Raceme,  race'mus.  (i?«z,  a  bunch  of  grapes.)  That  kind  of  inflorescence,  wherein' 
the  florets  have  undivided  pedicels  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  general  peduncle. 
As  currants. 

Rac'his,  {Rachis,  the  back-bone.)  The  filiform  receptacle  connecting  the  florets  in  a 
spike.     As  in  wheat-heads.     It  is  sometimes  put  for  the  midrib  in  ferns. 

Ra'diate,  radia'tus.     The  spreading  florets  around  the  margin  of  a  compound  flower. 

Radiated  animals.  Those  whose  sentient  principle  resides  in  a  medulary  globule, 
spheroid,  or  ring,  with  radiating  branches;  as  the  polypus  which  inhabits  coral 
rocks,  the  tape-worm,  &c. 

Rad'ical,  ra<Z/'c(f7Js.  Proceeding  from  the  root  without  the  intervention  of  a  stalk,- 
As  the  leaves  of  plantain. 

Ra'dicans:     See  rooting.     Roots  or  rootlets  proceeding  from  steins,  leaves,  &c. 

Rad'icle,  rndic'ida.  The  little  fibrous  branches  proceeding  from  the  main  foot,  which 
imbibe  the  moisture  and  other  nourishment  for  the  plant. 

Ramen'tum.  Applied  to  the  loose  scales  frequently  in  the  angles  of  petioles,  &c. 
called  in  English,  rameiils.  They  are  thin  brown  foliaceous  scales,  appearing  some- 
limes  in  great  abundance  upon  young  shoots  of  the  leaves  of  ferns. 

Ra'meous,  rameus,  ramealis;)  of  or  belonging  to  the  branches. 

Ramenta'ceous,  {rameiuaccuus;)  covered  with  weak  shrivelled  brown,  scale-like  pro- 
cesses. 

Ramo'siis,  ramo'se.     Branching.     Ramofssis'simns.     Very  branching. 

Rapk'ides,  are  among  the  tissue  and  particularly  in  the  intercellular  passages;  in 
such  cases,  a  vascular  connection  is  maintained  between  the  base  of  the  ovulum 
and  the  base  of  the   nucleus,    by  means  of  .i.  bundle  of  vessels  called  a  raphe;   the 


612  KES 

hilura  represents  the  base  of  the  seed;  the  apex  is  Jeteriiiined  by  the  point  where 
the  vessels  or  tissue  of  the  integument  concentrate. 
Rarifol'ius.     Leaves  few  and  distant.     Rurijlo'rys.     Flowers  few  and  distant. 
Ray.     The  outer  margin  or  circumference  of  a  compound  flower.     It  is  also  applied 
to  the  peduncles  and  outer  florets  of  an  umbel:  particularly  when  they  difl'er  in  any 
respect  from  the  inner,  or  disk,  florets.     Also  to  the  bony  spines  of  the  fins  and 
gill-membranes  of  fish. 
Recep'tacle,  recepta' culum.     The  base  by  which  the  outer  parts  of  the  fructification 
are  connected  and  supported;  being  at  the  end  of  the  peduncle.     Perhaps  this  part 
may  hereafter  be  noticed  on  account  of  the  change   it  in  some  way  produces  on  the 
vegetable  secretions.      Dr.    Smith  mentions  tlie  wholesomeness   of  some  fruits, 
while  the  other  parts  of  the  plant  are  poisonous.     See  page  120.     Every  one  has 
noticed  the  dehcate  flavor  of  the  pond-lily,  (Nymphea  odorata,)  while  all  back  of 
the  receptacle  is  extremely  different.     Numerous  similar  instances  may  be  cited  to 
prove  the  very  great  change  in  some  way  effected  by  the  receptacle.     See  Torus. 
Re'clined,  reclini'tus.     Bent  down  so  that  the  apex  of  a  leaf,  &c.  is  lower  than  the 

base.     Applied  to  the  stem  it  implies  that  it  is  bowed  towards  the  earth. 
Recur'ved,  recurva'lus.     Curved  downwards. 
Reflex 'ed,  rcjkxus,  rccurvus,   rctroflczus,  rctrocuvrous,  rcfractus.     Bent  back,  nearly 

or  quite  to  touch  the  stem  or  peduncle. 
Refrac'ted,  rrfrac'tus.     Bent  back  in  an  angular  form,  so  as  lo  appear  as  if  broken. 
Rcg'num  vcgetab'ile.     The  vegetable  kingdom  as  taken  into  view  with  the  animal  and 

mineral. 
Rejected  Classes.     Linneus  distributed  all  plants  into  24  artificial  classes;  but  his 
eleventh,    eighteenth,  and  twenty-third  classes,  are  considered  by  many  botanists 
as  very  inconsistent  in  their  character. 

The  rejected  classes  being  retained  by  Muhlenberg,  Bigelovv,  and  some  other  dis- 
tinguished botanists,  they  are  defined  here. 
Dodccnndria,  the  ]lth  class  of  Linneus. 

It  includes  those  plants  whose  flowers  are  perfect,  and  contain  from  twelve  to 
nineteen  stamens  lo  each. 

Polyadelphia,  the  18th  class  of  Linneus. 

It  includes  those  plants  whose  flowers  are  perfect,  and   contain  stamens  united 
by  their  filaments  in  more  than  two  parcels. 
Polygamia,  the  23d  class  of  Linneus. 

It  includes  those  plants  whose  flowers  are  perfect  and  staminate  or  pistillate  on 
the  same  plant,  or  on  diflerent  individuals  of  the  same  species. 
Rejected  Orders.     Monogamia,  the  6th  order  of  Linneus  in  the  class  Syngenesia. 
It  includes  those  plants  whose  flowers  are  perfect  and  not  compound,  and  con- 
tain stamens  with  united  anthers;  as  the  lobelia  and  touch-me-not. 

Monoccin,  Dioccia,  and  Trioccia,  are  the  three  orders  of  the  rejected  class  Poly- 
gamia. The  order  monoecia  includes  those  plants,  which  comprise  all  that  is 
necessary  for  the  character  of  the  class  in  one  plant — dioccia,  in  two  plants — 
trioccia,  in  three  plants. 

The  orders  between  decagynia  and  pohjgania,  also  beyond  monadelphia,  are  unne- 
cessary.    Their  definitions  are  implied  under  their  associate  orders. 
Rel'ative  puoHoii'TioNS.     When  dimensions  are  expressed  indefinitely,  as  long,  very 
long,  short,  large,  &c.,  such  expressions  are  to  be  understood  as  long,  &c.,  com- 
i)ared  with  the  proportion  which  similar  parts  usually  bear  to  other  parts,  in  plants 
generally.     But  when  such  terms  are  used   for   specific   names,    the   proportion 
between  the  parts  of  species  of  the  same  genus,  which   were  known  when  the 
names  were  given,  are  compared.     Thus  Kalinia  latij'oiut,  has  u  broader  leaf  than 
Kalmia  ungustifulia:  but  it  has  a  narrow  leaf  compared  with  any  species  of  Irillium. 
Remo'te.  remo'tus.     See  relative  proportion. 
Re'ki-foum.     See  kidney-form. 

Repand',  repan'dus.     Having  small  sinuses,  separated  by  teeth  in  the  form  of  seg- 
ments of  small  circles.     Spread. 
Re'pens.     See  creeping. 
Replace'ment.    "Applied  to  a  crystal  when  its  angles  or  edges  are  wanting,  and  are 

supplied  by  a  plane  face  or  other  angles. 
Rep'mcate  (replicativc)  when  the  upper  part  is  curved  back  and  applied  to  the  lower. 
Rep'tans.     See  creeping  and  runlier. 
Resupina'tus.     Upside  down,  by  a  twisting  cf  the  stem. 


RUG  613 

Uetic'ulate.     Netted.     Having  veins  crossing  each  other  like  nel-worii. 

IIe'ti-korm.     Net  form,  net-like. 

Rctincr'vis,  when  the  veins  are  reticulated,  or  reticulate-like. 

Retbact'ile.  When  the  head,  or  otlier  organ,  may  be  drawn  back,  as  the  drawing 
in  of  the  head  of  a  tortoise. 

Re'troflex,  rdroflez'us.     Bending  in  various  directions. 

Rdrofrac'tus.     See  refracted.     Bent  suddenly  back. 

Retror'so-dent'atm.     See  runcinate.     Teeth  bent  back. 

Rclror'sum.     Turned  backwards. 

Retu'se,  retusus.  Ending  in  a  sinus  generally  hollowed  but  very  little.  Sec  emar- 
ginate. 

Rever'sed.     Bent  back  towards  the  base. 

Rev'olute,  rcvolu'tus.  Rolled  outwards.  A  term  in  foliation;  applied  to  leaves 
whose  opposite  margins  are  rolled  outwards  and  continued  rolling  till  the  two  rolls 
meet  on  the  back  of  the  midrib  and  parallel  to  it.     It  is  the  reverse  o{ involute. 

Rhizocar'poiis.  Those  plants  whose  roots  endure  many  years,  but  whose  stems 
perish  annually. 

Rhizo'ma.  Rootstalk.  A  kind  of  rooting  stem,  which  is  partly  or  wholly  under 
ground,  nearly  horizontal,  and  sends  up  new  plants  yearly;  as  Malaxis. 

Rhizospcr'ma.     Fruit  on  the  root  of  some  ferns. 

Rhom'eic,  rhom'beus.     See  deltoid.     Diamond-form. 

Rhovihoi'dais.  Diamond-spot  like;  oval  and  a  little  angular,  against  the  middle,  at 
the  edges. 

Rib'beu.  When  the  midrib  sends  off  lateral  ribs  nearly  straight  to  the  margin.  It 
is  sometimes  put  for  nerved,  which  see. 

Rig'id,  rig'idus.  Stiff,  inflexible,  or  not  pliable:  or,  if  attempted  to  be  bent,  will 
rather  break. 

RiMo'sE,  rimo'sus.  Chinked,  abounding  in  cracks,  as  the  outer  surface  of  the  pitch- 
pine  tree. 

Ring.  The  band  around  the  capsules  of  ferns,  which  is  elastic.  See  exanulatus  and 
annulatus. 

It  is  also  the  thin  membrane  attached  to  the  stem  of  a  fungus.  When  young  it 
is  attached  to  the  pileus.  It  is  erect  when  the  upper  edge  is  not  fastened;  inverse, 
when  the  lower  edge  is  not  fastened;  sessile,  when  it  is  attached  to  one  side  only; 
viobile,  when  it  may  be  pushed  up  and  down;  persistent,  when  it  is  as  durable  as  the 
pileus;  fugacious,  when  it  disappears  at  the  opening  of  the  fungus. 

Rin'gent,  rin'gcns.     See  labiate.     Grinning.     Didynamous. 

Root,  radix.  The  descending  part  of  a  vegetable,  which  enters  the  earth.  Roots 
are  annual,  hicnnial,  or  perennial.  They  are  branching,  fibrous,  creeping,  spindle- 
form,  tuberous,  bulbous,  or  granulated.     See  each  term  in  its  place. 

Root'ing.     Bending  or  extending  to  the  earth  and  striking  root. 

Root'let.     a  fibre  of  a  root. 

RoPE-FORM.     Funicular,  resembhng  cords  in  general  structure. 

Ro'ridus.  Humid.  Appearing  as  if  covered  with  dew;  or  with  transparent  eleva- 
tions of  the  parenchyma. 

Rosa'ceous.  a  corol  formed  of  roundish  spreading  petals,  without  claws,  or  with 
extremely  sliort  ones. 

Ros'tel,  jostel'lum.  That  pointed  part  which  tends  downwards  at  the  first  germi- 
nation of  the  seed.     See  corcle. 

Root'stock,  (rhizoma.)  A  prostrate,  thickened,  rooting  stem,  which  yearly  pro- 
duces young  branches  or  plants;  as  Malaxis. 

Rostru'tus.     See  beaked.     Having  a  bill  or  beak. 

Ro'tate,  rota'tus.     See  wheel-form.     Border  and  scarcely  a  tube. 

Rutun'dus.     Round.     Without  angles.     Nearly  round. 

Rough.  Covered  with  dots,  whicli  are  harsh  to  the  touch,  but  not  apparent  to  the 
naked  eye.  Clotlied  with  hairs,  the  lower  joints  of  which  resemble  little  bulbs; 
and  the  upper  ones  short,  rigid  bristles. 

Rubigino' SUB.     Rust-colored. 

Rudcra'lis.     Growing  among  rubbish  about  buildings,  &c. 

Ro'fous.     Reddisli  yellow.  '7 

Rug'ged.     Covered  wiih  invisible  dots,  which  are  harsii  to  the  touch.     See  rough. 

RcGo'sE.  Wrinkled.  Veins  more  contracted  tiian  the  disk,  so  that  the  intermediate 
parenchyma  rises  up  between  them. 


614  SCH 

Ru'aiiNATED,  nmnnatus.     Wlieii  a  hard  body  is  pierced  in  various  directions  by  naf-s 

row  cavities  filled  willi  dry  cellular  matter. 
Rus'ciNATE.     Pinnatifid,  with  the  divisions  pointing:  backwards;  as  the  dandelion. 
Ron'ner.     a  shoot  producing  root-  and  leaves  at  the  end  only,  and  from  that  plac^ 

giving  rise  to  another  plant;   as  strawberry. 
Rupes'tris.     Growing  naturally  among  rocks.     Rocky. 
Ru'tilus.     Shining,  bright,  glossy,  not  opaque  and  dull-colored. 


Sac'cate.     Furnished  with  a  little  bag.     Bag-like. 

Sag'ittate,  sagitta'tus.     See  arrow-form. 

Saliferous.     Salt-bearing.     Applied  to  a  secondary  rock  in  which  salt  springs  are 

found. 
Sal'vek-form.     a  mcnopetalous  corol,  with  a  flat  spreading  limb  proceeding  from 
the  top  of  a  tube. 

Sam'ara.     a  winged  pericarp,  not  opening  by  "valves;  as  the  maple. 

Sam'aroid.     Resembling  a  samara,  or  winged  capsule. 

Sap.  The  watery  fluid  contained  fn  the  tubes  and  cellules  of  vegetables,  which  fur- 
nishes the  means  of,  oi  is  itself  the  support  of  their  Hrowth  and  life,  and  their  pre- 
servation from  decay-  That  part  of  the  sap  wiiich  supplies  materials  for  the' 
growth,  foliage  and  fructification,  evidently  descends  by  way  of  the  camb.  But 
that  which  fills  the  interstices  among  the  woody  fibres,  and  serves  to  preserve  theni 
from  decay,  is  probably  raised  b/ capillary  attraction.  Freezing  and  thawing  iit 
some  way  or  other  suspends  for  a  day  or  two.  the  effect  of  capillary  attraction.  It 
then  descends  by  its  natural  gravity;  at  which  season  only  can  the  sap  be  obtained 
from  the  sugar  maple.  That  it  descends  is  evident,  from  the  fact  that  no  sap  is 
obtained  from  below  the  incisiun,  e.-scept  a  few  drops  at  the  first  moment  after  it  is 
made.  That  the  sap  descends  from  the  woody  fibres,  appears  from  inspection. 
That  this  sap  serves  to  preserve  the  wood,  appears  from  the  rapid  decay  of  the' 
wood  in  the  sugar  maple  directly  above  ti>e  incision,  to  the  whole  extent  of  the' 
bole;  while  the  incision  produces  but  little  effect  below  it.  And  theiierbage  of  the 
tree,  with  the  outer  layers  of  wood,  continue  as  flourishing  after  the  tree  has  beeii 
drained  of  its  sap  annually  for  half  a  century,  as  its  neighbors,  which  have  never 
lost  any  sap. 

Sapiii'dus.     Having  some  kind  of  taste.     Not  insipid. 

Sa'fjor.  Having  a  relish,  pleasant,  any  taste.  Color  sometimes  indicates  the  taste. 
White  berries  are  generally  sweet;  red,  sour;  blue,  sweet  and  sour;  black,  insipid 
and  poisonous. —  Willdenow.  But  certainly  our  spicy  wintergreen,  (gaultheria,)' 
partridge-berry,  (mitchella.)  are  exceptions  to  Willdenow's  rules. 

Sarcocarp.  This  term  has  recently  come  into  use.  It  is  rather  a  good  term,  as  a' 
popular  word,  than  as  a  technical  one.  It  is  applied  to  the  succulent  mass  of  the 
apple,  plum,  peach,  &c.  It  comes  between  the  definite  coats  of  a  pericarp  call- 
ed epicarp,  and  endocarp,  when  one  of  them  extends  its  substance  so  as  to  pro- 
duce the  succulent  mass  between  the  two  regular  coats. 

Sar'mentose,  sarmtnto'si/s.  A  running  shoot  which  strikes  root  at  the  knots  or' 
joints  only.     Generally  applied  to  shrubs.     See  runner. 

Sauc'er-form.     Shaped  like  a  common  tea-saucer  or  patella. 

Sca'ber,  Sra' brides.     Scabrous.     See  rough.     Roughness. 

Scales.  Thin,  flat  membranous  processes,  formed  of  cellular  tissue  springing  from' 
the  cuticle.     They  may  be  considered  as  flattened  hairs. 

Scal'loped.     See  repand. 

ScAi.Y.  Covered  more  or  less  with  scaly  appendages,  as  fern  roots;  or  consisting  of 
substance,  in  some  measure  resembling  coarse  fish-scales;  as  the  scales  of  lily  roots. 

Scan' dens.     See  climbing. 

Scan'soral.     Having  feet  formed  for  climbing — two  toes  forward  and  two  backward. 

Scape,  scu'pus.     Radicle  peduncle.     Flower  stem  from  the  root. 

ScAP'cLARs.     The  feathers  which  descend  down  each  side  of  the  back. 

Sca'rious,  scariosus.     Dry  and  membranous,  generally  transparent. 

Scattered.  Standing  without  any  regular  order;  that  is,  neither  opposite,  alter- 
nate, nor  in  any  definable  order. 

Schismatop'terii:)es.  Dehiscent  ferns.  One  of  the  new  orders  of  ferns.  It  is  adopt- 
ed by  Pursh,  Torrey,  &c.     Osmunda,  lygodium  and  schizoea  are  placed  here. 


SEX  615 

BcmtTAR-FORM,    Bee  acinaciform.     Flat-sided,  curved  edgewise;  inner  edge  concave, 

lliick;  outei  edge  convex,  lliin. 
Sc'ioN.     Shoots  proceefling  laterally  from  the  roots  or  bulb  of  ^  root. 
Scrag.     Back  of  a  bird's  neck. 

ScROBic'uLATK,  scrtihiculdtits.     Deep  round  pits  on  the  receptacle  gives  it  this  name. 
Sculeilae.     See  shield.     A  shield  with  an  elevated  rim,  formed  by  the  thallus.     Or- 

billa  is  the  scutelhim  of  Usnea. 
Scutel'liform.     Form  of  the  knee-pan,  or  a  saucer. 
Scym'itakfokm.     See  aninaciforni.     Cutlass-form.     One-edged  sword. 
Saj/)li'ifer,  Siij/jli'iis.     Cup-bearing.      See  cyathiform.     A  cup-like  dilation  of  the 

Podetium,  bearing  shields  on  its  margin. 
Sec'tion.     The  geneia  of  some  orders,  and  the  species  of  some  genera,  are  divided 

into  section?.     Sometimes  disregarded,  and  the  whole  order  read  over. 
Semn'diis.     Turned  to  one  side.     One-sided,  one-ranked. 

Seed.  Tiie  matured  part  of  fructification,  destined  for  the  reproduction  of  the  spe- 
cies. It  contains  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  and  is  analogous  to  the  egg  of  ani- 
mals. It  consists  of  the  corcle,  cotyledons,  tegument  and  hilum.  TJie  seed  is  the 
ovuliim  arrived  at  maturity.  Sometimes  a  carpel  contains  more  ovules  that  ever 
become  perfect  seeds.  Tlie  bladder-nut  (staphylea  trifolia)  when  in  flower,  has  a 
germ  with  about  15  to  20  ovules.  When  the  seeds  ripen,  they  do  not  exceed  4  to  6 
hard  nuts.  It  is  said,  that  the  germ  of  the  chesnut  contains  14  ovules;  whicli  ripen 
into  but  one  seed.  The  matter  of  the  other  ovules  is  supposed  to  be  absorbed  by 
the  living  ones. 
Seg'ment.  The  parts  into  which  a  calyx,  corol,  leaf,  &c.  is  divided  or  cut. 
SEGREGA'TA,  polygamia.      The   fifth  order  of  class   Syngenesia;  in  which   the 

florets  are  separated  by  distinct  perianths. 
Semiamplezicau' lis.     Half  clasping  the  stem,  with  sessile  leaves. 
Semicolum'nar.     See  seniiterete.     Tapering  half  cylinder. 
Semicylindra'ceus.     Half-cyUndric.      In  form  of  a"  round  ruler  split  lengthwise,  as 

onion  leaves. 
Semi-in'fenis.     Half  inferior.     When  the  calyx  grows  on  the  side  of  the  germ,  so  that 

it  is  neither  superior  nor  inferior. 
Semiorbic'ular,  semiorbicula'tus.     In  form  of  a  half  circle. 

^emisagitla'tus.     Half  arrow-form.     That  is,  one  side  wanting;  as  in  the  vicia pusilla, 
Bemitere'te,  semiter'es.     Half  terete.     See  terete. 
Sempervi'rens.     Living  through  the  winter  and  retaining  the  leaves. 
Se'nus.     Six-fold.     Growing  in  sixes.     6  leaves  in  each. 
Sen'silis,  sen'sitive.     Moving  on  being  touched.     See  irritability. 
Sca'sim.     Gradually  by  little  and  little.     Applied'to  a  form,  &c.  which  arises  gradu 

ally  from  some  other  form. 
Sen'tient  PRrN'ciPLE.     Tlie  knowing  principle.     That  faculty  by  which  animals  are 

enabled  to  take  notice  of  external  objects. 
Sepals.     The  divisions  of  the  calyx,  the  leaves  of  a  perianth  calyx.     When  sepal  is 

used,  it  implies  the  leaf,  or  subdivision,  of  a  perianth  calyx. 
Seria'lis,  in  rows  arranged  in  series;  biserialis  in  two   rows:   triserialis  in  three  rows; 

bifariam  means  in  two  rows  or  faces;   trifariam  in  tliree  rows. 
Seric'eus.     Silky.     Covered  with  soft  close-pressed  hairs. 
Seroli'ntis.     Coming  to  maturity  late  in  the  season.     Applied  to  willows,  and  to  some 

other  plants,  it  implies,  that  the  time  of  flowering  is  after  the  leafing. 
Sfr'pentine  mar'gin.     Seerepand.     Waving  edges. 
Ser'rate,  serra'tus.  {Serrn,  a  saw.)    Having  sharp  notches,  appearing  as  if  cut,  about 

the  edge  or  margin,  pointing  towards  the  apex. 
Ser'rulate,  serrula'tus.     When  a  serrate  leaf  has  the  teeth  serrate  again.     It  is  also 

applied  tq  any  serratures,  which  are  very  fine. 
Ses'qui.     This  term  prefixed  to  the  Latlnnaine  of  a  measure,  shows  that  such  mea- 
sure exceeds  its  due  length  by  one  half:  tlms  sesqui-pedalis  means  a  foot  and  a  half. 
Sesquial.'ter.     When  a  large  fertile  floret  is  accon)panied  by  a  small  abortive  one. 
Ses'sile.     Sitting  down.     When  a  leaf  flower,  seed-down,  pileus  of  a  fungus,  recep- 
tacle of  a  lichen,  &c.  are  destitute  of  a  petiole,  peduncle,  stipe,  &c. 
Seta'ceous,  Seta,  a  bristle,  bristle-form.     Applied  to  antennae. 
Seto'svs,  Seto'se,    Setig'eruns.     Bearing  bristles.     Bristly.     Having  the  surface  set 

with  bristles,  or  stiff  straight  hairs. 
Sex,  Six.     Used  in  composiiion;  as  sexangularis,  6-angled,  scxjidus,  6-cleft,  sexflorus, 
6-flowered,  sexjugus,  6-paired,  sexloadaris,  6-celled,  sexvalotis,  6-valved. 


61G  SOR 

Scx'us.  Sex.  When  Linnens  first  adopted  the  etamans  and  pistils  as  the  organs  of 
classification,  he  addressed  his  arguments  to  physicians,  who  were  conversant  with 
animal  anatomy.  He  therefore  took  advantage  of  tlie  analogy  between  animals  and 
vegetables  in  the  reproduction  of  their  kind,  in  order  to  illustrate  his  theory.  He 
called  the  stamens  males,  and  the  pistils  females,  »fcc.  But  nothing  can  be  more 
ridiculous  and  disgusting  than  to  keep  up  these  references  at  this  day. 

Sharp.  Tapering  to  a  point.  Acute  differs  from  sharp,  as  it  may  apply  to  the  tip 
of  a  leaf,  which  becomes  broad  immediately  back  of  the  point. 

Sheath.  The  prolongation  of  a  leaf  down  the  stem,  which  it  encloses;  as  in  most 
culmiferous  plants. 

Sheath'ing  (vaginans;)  surrounding  a  stem  or  other  body  by  the  convolute  base;  this 
chiefly  occurs  in  the  petioles  of  grasses. 

Shield,  scutd'lae.  This  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  open,  orbicular, 
saucer-like.  The  under  side  and  border  are  of  the  substance  and  color  of  the  frond. 
The  disk  is  of  a  different  color  and  substance  from  the  border  and  frond,  containing 
the  seeds  in  extremely  minute  vertical  cells.  The  shields  are  thick  and  tumid,  when 
they  are  sessile:  and  membranous,  when  stalked  or  elevated.  Very  rarely  they  are 
perforated  in  the  centre.     Smith. 

Shield-form.  Shape  resembling  the  ancient  buckler,  a  broad-round,  broad-oval,  flat 
armor.     See  clypeate  and  peltate. 

Shoot.  Each  tree  and  shrub  sends  forth  annually  a  large  shoot  in  the  spring,  called 
the  spring  shoot;  and  from  the  end  of  that  a  smaller  one  about  the  24th  of  June, 
called  St.  John's  shoot.  There  is  always  the  appearance  of  a  joint  where  the  lat- 
ter springs  out,  very  perceptible  after  the  whole  shoot  is  matured. 

Shrub.     A  small  vegetable  with  a  woody  stem.     See  tree  and  frutex. 

Shrub'by.     Having  woody  stems  or  branches;  bushy. 

Sic'cus.     Dry,  neither  humid  nor  succulent. 

Sick'le-form.     a  very  much  curved,  keel-like  edge  within. 

Sides.  Applied  to  shells  means  the  right  and  left,  when  viewed  from  the  front, 
(opening  side)  or  back. 

Sil'icle,  silic'ula.     A  little  silique,  whose  length  and  breadth  are  nearly  equal.      , 

SILICULO'SA.  The  first  order  of  the  class  tetradynamia.  It  is  distinguished  |by 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  pod  being  nearly  equal;  as  the  pepper- grass.  See 
siliquosa. 

Silique,  Silique-form.     Shaped  like  a  silique  without  its  essential  character. 

SILIQUO'SA.  The  second  order  of  the  class  tetradynamia.  It  is  distinguished  by 
the  length  of  the  pod  greatly  exceeding  the  breadth;  as  the  mustard. 

Silky,  scrlceiis.     Covered  with  very  fine  close-pressed  hairs,  silky  to  the  touch. 

Sim'ple,  sim'plcx.  Undivided.  Single,  opposed  to  compound,  aggregate,  or  branch- 
ed; or  scarcely  divided  or  branched  at  all. 

Simplicis' simus.     Very  simple. 

Single.     Only  one.     Also  opposed  to  full-flowered. 

Sinistror' S2im'  Twining  from  right  to  left,  that  is,  contrary  to  the  apparent  motion 
of  the  sun;  as  the  pole-bean. 

Si'nuate,  smwa'«2/s.     ( Sinus,  VihvLy.)     Having  rounded  incisions.     The  margin  hol- 

■  lowed  out,  resembling  a  bay;  as  the  white  oak  leaf. 

Sin'uate-ser'bate.     Having  serratures  hollowed  out;  as  the  chesnut. 

Si'nus.     a  roundish  incision  into  tlie  edge  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 

Siphun'culus.  a  canal  or  succession  of  perforations,  connecting  the  chambers  of 
some  univalve  spiral  shells. 

Sit'ting.     See  sessile.     Without  a  stem. 

Si'tus.     Situation;  as  opposite,  alternate,  &c. 

Slashed,  laciniatus.     Divided  by  deep,  taper-pointed  cuts. 

Sleek.     See  glabrous.     Smooth  may  not  be  glabrous. 

Sleep  of  plants.  The  effect  of  night  upon  the  external  appearance  of  some  plants; 
as  the  leaves  of  peas,  closing  over  the  very  young  flowers. 

Slopes.  The  edges  of  an  oblique,  bivalve  shell.  Anterior  slope,  is  the  edge  in  which 
the  ligament  is  situated;  posterior  slope,  is  the  edge  in  which  the  beaks  of  the  shell 
turn  forward,  being  the  edge  opposite  to  that  in  which  the  ligament  is  situated. 

Sniarag' dinus.     Grass-green.     Greenish. 

Smooth.  Sometimes  put  for  glabrous,  but  not  synonymous  with  it.  For  glabrous 
means  sleek  or  slippery;  whereas  smooth  may  be  applied  to  fine  chamois  leather. 

Gobolif'ekous.     Bearing  shoots. 


SPI  617 

Sol'jB,  sol'idus.  Of  an  uniform  substance,  not  naturally  partible;  as  the  turnip. 
See  coated  and  scaly. 

Solitary,  soUtarius.     Standing  alone,  or  very  distant  from  others  of  the  same  kind. 

Solu'liis.     Disengaged.     Not  adnate,  or  growing  together. 

Somewhat.  Used  as  a  diminutive;  implying  in  some  degree,  not  fully.  Smith 
translates  sub  by  somewhat j  when  combined  with  an  adjective;  as  subirifidus,  some- 
what three-cleft. 

Somnus  plantanan.     See  sleep  of  plants. 

Sordi'dc  al'bicans.     Dirty  white. 

Sorus  and  Sorn'dia.  See  fruit-dots.  Cluster^  of  the  fruit  of  ferns;  heaps  of  pow- 
dery bodies  lying  upon  any  part  of  the  surface  of  the  thallus;  the  bodies  of  which 
the  soredia  are  are  composed. 

S/mdi'ceus.     Ciiesnut  brown. 

Spa'dix.  An  elongated  receptacle  proceeding  from  a  spathe,  or  resembling  such  in 
texture  and  appearance. 

Span,  spithama,  spithamoeus.  Seven  inches,  or  the  space  between  the  thumb  and 
fore  finger,  separated  as  widely  as  possible. 

Span'gles.  palellultr.  Open  and  orbicular,  like  shields,  but  sessile  and  not  formed  of 
any  part  of  liie  crust,  from  which  they  difler  in  color,  being  most  usually  black. 
The  seeds  are  lodged  beneath  the  membrane  that  covers  their  disk,  as  in  the  former, 
and  the  disk  is  surrounded  by  a  proper  border.  Their  seeds  are  observed  to  be  naked 
in  the  cellular  substance  of  the  disk,  not  enclosed  in  cases.  Disk  sometimes  con- 
cave or  flat,  oftener  convex,  and  even  globose,  without  any  apparent  border,  when 
in  an  advanced  state. 

Spatka'mcus.     A  span  high,  or  a  span  long. 

Spa'the.  That  kind  of  calyx  which  first  encloses  the  flower,  and  after  it  expands  is 
left  at  a  distance  below  it.     A  daffodil,  onion,  Indian  turnip. 

SPA'xHE-FORiM.     Resembling  a  spathe.     A  one-sided  calyx. 

Spat'ulate,  spatida'tus,  or  sjnithula'tiis.  Oblong,  diminishing  into  a  long,  narrow, 
linear  base. 

Spe'cies.  The  lowest  divisions  of  vegetables.  There  have  been  about  90,000  species 
described.  De  Lamarck  and  De  Candolle,  make  4,860  species  of  plants  in  France, 
including  the  crygtogamia.  About  one  thousand  phenogamous  species  and  ferns 
have  been  examined  by  Prof.  Ives,  in  a  wild  state,  within  five  miles  of  Yale  Col- 
lege. About  the  same  number  have  been  examined  about  Troy,  New  York,  by 
Dr.  Wright  and  Prof  Hall.  Hooker  gives,  in  his  British  Flora  of  1S3I,  of  flower- 
ing plants  and  ferns,  1,570  species  for  England  and  Scotland.  In  Eaton's  System 
of  Botany  of  North  American  plants  for  1840,  there  are  5,086  species  of  flowering 
plants  ami  ferns  described.  But  common  cultivated  exotics  are  included.  The 
number  of  indiginous  species  of  flowering  plants  and  ferns,  described  in  Eaton's 
Botany  of  1840,  as  growing  north  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific,  is  4,736;  exotics  350. 

Specif'ic  character.     See  diagnosis  and  descriptions. 

Specif'ic  name.  In  common  use  we  apply  this  to  what  Linneus  called  the  trivial 
name.  The  specific  name  he  calls  all  those  several  descriptive  words  which  express 
the  essential  difference  or  diagnosis. 

Spha'celate.     Withering,  beeoming  blackened. 

Sph^'rula.  a  globose  peridium  with  a  central  opening,  through  which  sporidia  are 
emitted,  mixed  with  a  gelatinous  pulp. 

Sphagno'se.     Wet,  marshy,  swampy. 

Spheroi'dal.  a  spherical  solid,  either  depressed  at  each  end  and  called  an  oblate 
spheroid,  or  elongated  at  each  end  and  called  an  elongated  spheroid. 

Spar'sus,  Scattered;  used  in  opposition  to  whorled,  or  opposite  or  ternate,  or  other 
regular  order. 

Spher'ule.     Small  globules  of  nearly  a  spherical  form. 

Spi'culate,  spicnlaliis.     Cevered  with  fine,  fleshy,  erect  points. 

Spike,  spi'ca.  Having  florets  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  general  elongated  pe- 
duncle or  receptacle,  without  partial  peduncles,  or  with  extremely  short  ones;  as 
a  wheat  head  or  mullein. 

Spi'kelet,  spic'ula.     One  of  the  subdivisions  of  a  spike. 

Spines'cent.  spijies'ccns.     Becoming  thorny. 

Spino'se,  spiny,  spinosus.     Thorny. 

Spiral  vessels  are  membranous  tubes,  with  conical  extremities;  their  inside  being 

78 


618  STE 

occupied  by  a  fibre  twisted  spirally,  and  capable  of  unrolling  with  elasticity  to  the 
eye;  they  are,  when  at  rest,  like  wire  twisted  round  a  cylinder  that  is  afterwards 
removed,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  ihem  for  examination.  The  stalk  of  a  straw- 
berry-leaf, or  a  young  shoot  of  the  cornus  alba,  (common  dogwood)  may  be  con- 
veniently used;  they  may  be  readily  detected  by  gently  pulling  the  specimen  asun- 
der;  when  they  unroll,  and  appear  to  the  naked  eye  like  a  fine  cob-web. 

Sptke.  Is  applied  to  all  the  whorls  of  a  univalve  shell,  which  extend  upwards  above 
the  first  whorl,  called  the  body  or  belly  of  the  shell. 

Spire-poin'tkd.     Barton  substitutes  this  for  cuspidate. 

Spitk'ama.     Short  span.     See  measures. 

Split,  fissus.  See  parted  and  cleft.  Divided  nearly  to  the  base  into  segments- 
bifid  in  2,  trifid  in  3,  &c. 

Sporan' ginurn.     A  name  given  to  the  pericarp  by  Hedwick. 

^poratigid' iu?n.     Willdenow's  name  for  the  columella  of  mosses.     See  columella. 

Sporid'ia,  granules  which  resemble  sporuks,  but  which  are  of  a  doubtful  nature. 

Spo'rules,  the  organs  in  Cryptogamous  plants,  which  are  equivalent  to  seeds  in 
Phenogamous  plants.  Tliey  are  produced  in  the  thcca  of  ferns,  mosses  and  hepa- 
TicAE,  the  shield  (scabellum  and  apothecium)  of  Lichens,  within  the  substance  of 
Algae,  and  in  the  hjmenlum  (or  substance)  of  fungi. 

Spot'ted.     Having  spots  differing  in  color  from  the  principal  part. 

Spread'ing.     See  patens. 

Spur.  An  elongated  process  from  the  base,  or  from  near  the  base  of  the  calyx  or 
corol  or  nectary,  somewhat  resembling  a  horn  or  cock's  spur.  As  the  larkspur, 
orchis  and  nasturlion.  ' 

Spur'red.     Having  a  spur  or  process  from  the  base. 

Spur'eed-r¥'e,  or  spur'red-gra'un.  Ergot.  An  enlarged,  elongated  seed,  project- 
ing out  of  a  glume,  of  a  black  or  violet  color,  brittle  texture,  somewhat  spur-form. 
It  is  Acinula  clavus,  of  botanists:  formerly  considered  as  a  morbid  swelling.  See 
p.  487.  The  black  or  dark  coloured  kind  is  called  the  malignant  er gal.  "Large 
doses  of  which  cause  head-ache  and  febrile  symptoms.  Under  proper  regulations  it 
may  be  considered  a  valuable  addition  to  the  present  stock  of  medicinal  agents. 
The  dose  usually  administered  is  from  ten  grains  to  half  a  drachm,  in  decoction." 
Bigelow.  The  pale  violet  kind,  called  simple  ergot,  is  harmless  and  inactive. 
Willdenow. 

Grain  growing  in  low  moist  ground  or  new  land,  is  most  subject  to  it.  Also 
spring  grain  more  than  winter  grain;  and  rye  more  than  wheat,  barley,  or  oats. 

When  crops  are  so  much  infected  with  it  as  greatly  to  injure  them,  the  loss  may 
be  in  a  great  measure  made  up  by  collecting  the  ergot,  and  selling  it  to  druggists. 
It  should  be  thoroughly  winnowed  out  of  the  grain,  as  it  is  said  to  be  very  injurious 
in  bread.     The  ergot  may  then  be  collected  from  the  chaff. 

Squam'i-form.     Of  the  form  of  scabs  or  scales. 

SquAMULo'sE,  squamo'sus,  or  squama' liis.     See  scaly. 

Squarro'se,  sqiiarro'sns.  Ragged.  When  the  points  of  scales,  leaves,  &c.  bend 
outwards,  so  as  to  make  a  ragged  appearance.  It  is  also  used  for  scurfy,  or  when 
covered  with  a  bran-like  scurf 

Stachyopte'rides.  Spiked  feiiis.  One  of  the  new  orders  of  ferns.  It  is  adopted 
by  Pursh  and  others.  Lycopodium,  Botrychium,  Bernhardia  and  Ophioglossum 
are  placed  here. 

Stalk,     fc'ee  stem. 

Sta'men.  Tlie  whorl  of  organs  immediately  within  the  petals  is  composed  of  bodies 
called  stamens,  which  are  considered  the  fecundating  apparatus  of  plants. 

Stam'inate.     Having  stamens  only,  without  a  pistil. 

Slamin'eus.     Having  no  corol,  the  stamens  serving  in  its  stead.     Ray. 

Staminif'erovs.     See  staminate.     Bearing  stamens  only. 

Stan'dard.     See  banner.     Upper  petal  of  pea-flowers. 

Star'ved,  depu'upcrulus.  When  one  part  is  less  perfectly  developed  than  is  usual 
with  plants  of  the  same  family. 

Stel'late,  stella'tus.  Spreading  out  in  a  radiate  manner.  Leaves  are  stellate,  when 
three  or  more  surround  the  stem  in  a  whorl.  Flowers  and  the  volva  of  a  fungus 
are  stellate,  when  the  petals  or  segments  spread  out,  so  as  to  resemble  the  vulgar 
representation  of  a  star. 

Stem.  The  main  base  or  supporter  of  the  fructification  and  herbage.  It  is  either 
(lige,)  caulis,  culm,  scape,  peduncle,  petiole,  frond^  or  stipe;  which  see. 

^EM'LEsf.     Having  no  stem.     Acaulis. 


SUP  619 

Stemma'ta.     Small  globules,  often  lucid,  resembling  eyes.     Tliey  are  generally  three 

in  number  on  the  top  of  the  head. 
Stig'mv.     The  top  of  the  pistil.     It  is  generally  moist  when  in  full  perfection,  for 

the  better  reception  of  the  pollen. 
Stings,  stiin'uli.     Hair-like  processes,  which  excite  itching:  as  on  the  nettle.     They 

are  generally  iiollow  with  a  sack  at  the  base,  containing  an  acrid  liquor.     By  push- 
ing against  Iheir  points,  the  sacks  are  compressed,  and  thrust  out  the  liquid. 
Stipk,  sti'pes.     The  lower  part  of  tlie  midrib  of  the  fern;  the  stem  of  a  fungus;  or  the 

stem  of  the  down  on  the  seeds  of  dandelion;  the  stem  of  a  germ  elevating  it  above 

the  receptacle;  or  any  otpor  stem-like  oigan,  not  otherwise  ])articularly  named. 
Stip'ule,  stip'ula.     A  leafet  or  scale  at  or  near  the  base  of  a  petiole,  which  in  some 

respect  differs  from  the  leaves. 
Stipular,  stipula'ris.     Formed  of,  or  connected  with,  stipules. 
Stolonif  erous.     Putting  forth  suckers  or  shoots. 

Stoma'la,  pores  of  the  epidermis,  or  passages  through  the  cuticle,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  areolae,   in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  slit  that  opens  or  closes  according  to 

circumstauces,  and  lies  over  a  cavity  in  the  sub-jacent  tissue. 
Stramin'eus.     Straw-colored,  straw-like. 
Stra'tum.     a  layer.     It  is  applied  in  a  general  or  partial  sense.     A  general  stratum 

of  rock,  or  of  detritus,  may  include  several  partial  strata.     These  partial  strata,  or 

sub-strata,  should  be  called  layers,  to  avoid  circumlocution  and  confusion. 
Stra'tum  prolig'crum.     The  seed-bearing  diskof;he  receptacle  of  lichens. 
Striae.     Marks  or  lines  on  minerals,  on  elytra  of  insects,  &:c. 

Stki'ate,  streaked,  slria'tus.     INIarked  or  grooved  with  slender  lines,  longitudinally. 
Stric'lus.     Both  stiff  and  strait,  or  perfectly  strait.     See  erect. 
Slrictissi'mus.     Very  stiff  and  straight. 
Strioo'se,  strigo'sus.     Armed   with   small,  close,   rigid  bristles,  which  are   thickest 

below.     See  hispid. 
Strobila'ceous.     In  form  resembling  a  strobile. 
Stro'bile,  siroh'ilus.     An  anient  with  woody  scales;  as  the  fruit  of  pine.    Each  scale 

is  an  open  carpel,  with  ovules  or  seeds,  destitute  of  tunics.     See  Anthocarpous. 
Stro'ma.     The  layer  or  covering  of  some  fungi.     A  fleshy  body  to  which  a  flocculent 

substance  is  attached. 
Strom'bos-forh.     Resembling  the  twisted  spire  of  the  shell  of  a  strombus  [called  a 

dinner-horn  in  N.  England.] 
Style,  sty'lus.     (Stubs,  a  column.)     That  part  of  a  pistil,  which  is  between  the 

germ  and  stigma.     It  is  often  wanting;  as  in  the  Tulip. 
Sub.     Used  in  combination  as  a  diminutive.     See  somewhat. 
SuBERo'sE,  subero'sus.     Corky. 
Scmer'sed,  submer'sus.     Growing  under  water. 
Subterra' neus.     Growing   and  flowering  under  ground.     This  may  be  applied  to  the 

shoots  of  the  Polygala  rubella. 
Sub'tus.     Beneath.     Underside. 

Subulate,  subuia.'tus.     See  awl-form.     Slender-acute. 
Subunijto'rus.     Generally  one-flowered,  but  sometimes  more. 
Succulen'tus,  suc'culent.     Juicy,  cellular,  abounding  in  juice.     It  is  also  applied  to  a 

pulpy  leaf,  whether  juicy  or  not. 
Suck'ek,  succu'lus.     A   shost  by  which   the   plant  may  be  propagated.     It  proceeds 

from  the  neck  of  a  plant,  at  the  joining  place  of  the  stem  and  root. 
SuFFRUTicosE,  siiffrutex,   siiffniticosus.     An  under   shrub.     A  plant  whose  branches 

annually  die,  but  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  is  woody,    and  remains,  as  the  Spirea 

alba,  white  steeple  bush;  also  sage. 
Sul'catb,  sulca'tus.     Flowered.     Marked  with  deep  lines. 
Sulpliur'eus.     Sulphur-colored. 
Sup'crans.     Exceeding  in  height. 
SuPERAx'iLLARY.     Abovc  the  axil. 
SUPER' FLUA,  polyga'mia.     Second  order  ofthe  class  Syngenesia,  having  the  florets 

of  the  disk  perfect,  of  the  ray  pistillate;  as  asters. 
Super'ne.     Upwards,  towards  the  top. 
Supe'rior,  sup'erus.     A  calyx  or  corol  is  superior  when  it  proceeds  from  the  upper 

part  ofthe  germ.      See  germ. 
Supervolu'te,   supervolutiva.     When  one  edge  is  rolled  inwards  and  is  enveloped  by 

the  opposite  edge  rolled  in  an  opposite  direction. 


620  TEN 

Supin'us.     Face  upwards.     See  resupiiiatus.     Upside  down. 

Supradecompos'itus.  More  than  decompound;  which  see.  When  the  petiole  is  divid- 
ed and  the  divisions  divided  at  least  once  more,  and  the  last  divisions  have  leafets. 

Suprafolia' ceus.     Inserted  above  the  axil,  or  based  of  the  leaf. 

Sur' cuius.  A  little  branch  or  twig.  Applied  to  the  stem  or  shoot  which  bears  the 
leaves  of  mosses. 

Su'ture,  sutu'ra.  A  seam-like  aapearance  at  the  meeting  of  two  parts;  as  the  valves 
of  the  pea-pod,  the  parts  of  a  skull,  &c. 

Swim'ming,  (natant.)     Floating  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water. 

SwoRD-FORM,  (ensiform.)  Generally  straight  and  2-edged,  sometimes  a  little  arching 
on  one  side. 

Sylvat'icus.     Growing  in  woods. 

Sylves'tris.     Altogether  wild;  growing  in  wild  woods. 

Symmetrical,  Proponional.  When  the  parts  of  a  flower,  or  other  organ,  are  uni- 
form in  their  proportions,  one  to  another:  as  the  flowers  of  apples,  currants,  &c. 

Synan'thous.     When  flowers  and  leaves  appear  at  the  same  time. 

Syiicarpous.  When  several  carpels  unite  in  one  germen;  so  that  the  germen  appears, 
to  be  a  many-celled  ovary  or  germ. 

Syngene'sious.  (Snn,  together,  genesis,  springing  up.)  Anthers  growing  up  to- 
gether, in  an  united  tubular  set.  It  is  applied  to  all  those  plants  whose  flowers  are 
compound,  having  the  antliers  in  each  floret  with  more  or  less  of  their  edges  adnate; 
so  that  the  whole  (whicli  are  always  five)  form  a  tube. 

Syn'onyms,  sinon'yma.     Different  names  for  the  same  plant. 

Synop'sis.     a  condensed  systematic  view  of  a  subject,  or  science. 

Svs'tem,  syste'ma.  An  arrangement  of  natural  bodies  according  to  assumed  charac- 
ters; for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  mind  and  memory  in  acquiring  and  retaining  a 
knowledge  of  them. 


Tani'anus.     Robbin-form.     Tape-form. 

Tail.     A  filiform  process  terminating  a  seed,  &c.     As  the  Virgin's  bower. 

Tail-coverts.     A  clump  of  feathers  above  the  tails  of  birds,  adjoining  the  bases. 

Tail-feathers.  The  large  feathers  of  the  tails  of  birds;  generally  either  10,  18,  20, 
or  24;  but  12  is  the  most  common  number. 

Tail  pointed,  caudatus.     Excessively  acuminated,  so  that  the  point  is  long  and  weak. 

Tar'gets,  pel'lcc.  That  receptacle  of  lichens  which  is  flat  close-pressed,  and  attached 
to  the  frond  by  its  whole  underside,  as  if  glued;  sometimes  attached  to  the  bark  of 
the  frond.  It  is  broad,  kidney-form,  or  oblong,  rarely  irregular;  covered  with  a 
thin  colored  disk,  with  no  border,  except  occasionally  a  very  minute  accessory  one, 
which  seems  to  circumscribe  it.  In  an  early  stage  it  is  concave,  and  concealed  by 
a  thin  gelatinous  fugacioas  membrane,  or  veil. — Smith. 

Tarsus.     The  ancle  and  foot  of  an  insect,  excepting  the  hook  or  claw  at  the  extremity. 

Trrtar'eous,  tarlarcus.     Having  a  rough,  crumbling  surface. 

Tear-form,  lachrymaeformis.     Nearly  the  same  as  pear-sliaped. 

Tec'trics.  Wing  coverts.  The  longest  feather's  of  a  bird's  wing  next  above  the 
quills.     Minor  tectrics  are  sometimes  found  above  the  larger. 

Teeth  of  mosses.  The  outer  fringe  of  the  peristomium  is  generally  in  4,  8,  16,  32, 
or  64  divisions  which  are  called  teetli.     See  peristomium. 

Tegu'ment.  The  skin  or  bark  of  seeds;  as  appears  very  distinct  on  a  boiled  pea  or 
bean. 

Temp'erature.  The  degree  of  heat  and  cold  to  which  any  place  is  subject.  This  is 
not  limited  to  degrees  of  latitude;  as  high  mountains  in  Pennsylvania  produce  many 
plants  most  natural  Hudson's  Bay.  In  cold  regions  white  and  blue  petals  princi- 
pally prevail;   in  warm  regions  red  and  other  brigiit  strong  colours. 

In  the  spring  season   white  petals  predominate;   towards  autumn  the  yellow  are 
most  prevalent. — Willdenow. 

Ten'dril.  That  kind  of  appendage  which  is  filiform  and  reaches  out  to  grasp  bodies 
to  climb  by.     As  the  climbers  of  grapes  and  peas. 

Tenel'lus.     Tender,  delicate  and  fragile. 

Tentac'ula.     The  arms  of  feelers  of  insects,  and  of  other  animals. 

Ten'uis.     Thin  and  slender. 

Tenui/ol'ius.     Slender-leaved. 


TOR  621 

Ter'ete,  tei-cs.  Round  columnar,  and  tapering  from  tlie  base  to  the  other  end.  Never 
cylindrical;  but  the  term  cylindrical  is  often  applied  to  forms  approacljing  the 
teiete. 

Tergcm'imts,  Tergeminate.  Thrice-paired.  Tiie  petiole  is  forked,  these  brandies 
forked,  and  the  last  branches  with  paired  leafets. 

Term,  Teciinical  terms  should  be  defined  in  a  dictionary  of  each  science  and  art.  But 
words  used  in  their  common  acceptation,  whether  Greek.  Latin,  English,  French, 
&c.,  should  not  be  defined  in  such  a  dictionary,  however  frequently  applied  in  such 
science  or  art. 

Ter'mixal,  tcrminalis.  Proceeding  from,  or  occupying  the  end  of  a  stem,  branch, 
style,  «&c. 

Teks'ate.  Three-fold.  In  threes.  This  term  is  also  applied  to  compound  leaves, 
where  three  leafets  proceed  from  the  end  of  one  petiole;  as  in  the  strawberry.  See 
biternate  and  triternate. 

Tes'sellate,  tessei'attis.     Chequered,  tesselated. 

Testa'ceous.  Shelly,  crusty.  Applied  to  insects  it  generally  means  light  brick- 
color,  approaching  the  color  of  tanned  sheepskin. 

Tetra,  four — used  in  composition;  as  tetragonus,  4-cornered;  tetrapetalus,  4-petalled; 
tetruphijUus,  4-leaved;  tetrupterygia,  4-winged;  idraspermus ,  4-seeded;  tdraedra, 
4-sided  pod  or  capsule. 

TETRADYNMIA.  (Tessares,  four;  dunamis,  power.)  The  Linnean  class,  whose 
flowers  have  six  stamens,  four  of  which  are  longer  than  the  other  two;  the  flowers 
are  always  cruciform,  and  the  plants  contain  nitrogen. 

Tetradyna'mous.     Belonging  to  the  clasg  tetradynamia,  or  varying  into  it. 

TETRaGYN'IA.  (Tessares,  four;  gune,  female.)  The  fourth  order  of  tlie  classes 
before  Dydanamia.     It  has  four  styles  (or  sessile  stigmas)  to  each  flower. 

TETRAN'DRIA.  (Tessares,  four;  ancr,  male.)  The  fourth  class  of  Lhineus,  hav- 
ing four  stamens  to  each  flower. 

Tetrak'drous.     Belonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  tetrandria. 

Thalam'ia.     See  hollows. 

Thallus.  The  frond  of  a  lichen,  &c.  being  the  bed  or  general  receptacle  whereon 
the  proper  receptacles  are  reposed,  or  in  which  they  are  imbedded.  It  often  consti- 
tutes the  whole  plant. 

The'ca.  Tlie  capsules  of  mosses:  or  the  frond,  or  whole  herbage  of  lichens.  The 
cases  or  cells  containing  the  seeds  in  the  disk  of  scutellae  and  some  other  recepta- 
cles of  lichens. 

Thorn,  or  spike.  A  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part  of  a  plant.  It  is  an  indu- 
rated imperfect  bud,  which,  when  the  plant  grows  in  a  rich  soil,  changes  to  a 
branch.     Pears  bear  thorns  in  a  poor  soil,  which  disappear  in  a  richer.    Willdenow. 

Three-edged,  (triangularis  triquetrous)  having  the  acute  angle,  with  concave  faces. 

Three-cornered,  (trigonus)  having  three  longitudinal  angles  and  three  plain  faces. 

Thyrsioi'des.     Flowers  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  nosegay. 

Thyrse,  thyrsus.     See  panicle.     A  condensed  panicle;  as  grapes,  lilac  flowers. 

TiGE.     See  caulis.     Tlie  most  common  stem.     Stem  used  unqualified  means  caulis. 

Tincto'rius.     Plants  suitable  for  dyeing  or  pigments. 

ToiZE,  orgya.     The  ordinary  height  of  full  size  man;  about  six  feet. 

ToMKNTosE,  tomento' ius.  Covered  with  fine  downy  or  cottony  substance  matted 
together.     See  lanate. 

Torn,  iace.ru:<.     Irregularly  divided  by  deep  incisions. 

T o-Ro' sv.,  toro'nis.  Protuberant.  Raised  in  bunches,  or  vein-like  protuberances,  or 
ridges.     Knobs  on  a  toad. 

Tor'sio.     See  intorsion.     Turning  inwards. 

Tor'tuous,  tort'dis,  iortuorw^.     An  irregular  bending,  inclining  to  twisting  direction. 

ToRULo'sE,  toruLb'sus.     With  swelling  ridges;  like  the  niuskmelon. 

Torus,  receptacle.  Though  these  terms  are  defined  as  synonymes,  they  are  difl*e- 
rently  used  by  many.  Receptacle  is  merely  the  termination  of  a  flower-stem  or 
peduncle.  Toru?,  Lat.  fleshy  protuberance.  It  is  an  enlarged  or  thickened  mass 
at  the  end  of  a  flower-stem,  generally  diflering  considerably  from  tiie  substance  of 
the  stem.  Sometimes  it  is  a  disk  or  ring,  as  of  the  orange.  I  have  seen  the 
inverted  conical  torus  with  imbedded  carpels  of  hundreds  of  the  Nelunibium  luteum 
at  a  time,  in  Sodus  Bay,  on  Lake  Ontario,  two  inches  high,  with  a  two  inch  base. 
The  straw-berry  has  a  very  characteristic  torus,  whereon  its  carpels  grow.  The 
sunflower  furnishes  a  capacious  torus  for  its  achenes. 


622  TUR 

Trach'eac.     The  air-vessels  of  Grew.     They  are  spiral  channels,  supposed  by  Grew 

to  be  designed  for  receiving  and  distributing  air  in  vegetables. 
Trai'ling.     See  procumbent.     Lying  or  liaiiging  down. 
Translu'cent.     Transmitting  liglit  faintly;  perforate. 
Trans'verse,  trans'versus.     Crosswise.     It  is  applied  to  a  partition  when  it  meets 

the  valves  of  a  pericarp  in  any  otjier  part  than  at  the  sutures. 
Trapezifor' mis.     Having  four  unequal   edges.     But  none  of  those  opposite  edges 

generally  parallel. 
Tree,  f arbor.)     A  large  woody  plant,  with  a  bole. 
Tree-for,m,  (dendroides.)     Divided  at  the  top  into  a  number  of  fine  ramifications,  so 

as  to  resemble  the  form  of  a  tree. 
TRIAN'DRIA.     (Tris,  thrice;  ojier,  male.)     The  third  Liunean  class,  having  three 

stamens  to  each  flower;  as  all  grasses. 
Trian'ijrous.     Bolonging  to,  or  varying  into,  the  class  Triandria. 
Trian'gular,  triangida'ris.     Having  three  angles  or  corners.     It  is  applied  to  a  leaf 

witli  3  points  or  corners. 
Tribes,  tri'bus.     See  gentes  and  cotyledons. 
Tribrac'teate.     Having  three  bracts. 
Trica.     See  buttons.     Button-form.     A  shield  of  lichens,   the  surface  of  which  is 

covered  with  sinuous  concentric  furrows. 
Tnchiolium,  or  pecten,  is  a  tender  simple,  or  sometimes  branched  hair,  which  sup- 
ports the  sporules  of  some  fungi;  as  Geastrum. 
Tres,-tria  (three) — used  in  composition;  as  trichotomovs,  3-forked;  tricorxous,  3-grained; 
tricuspid atus,   3-pointed;   tridcnlatus,  3-toothed;   triduiis,  3-days   duration;   trifarius,. 
facing  3-ways;  trifidus,  3-cleft;  triflorus,  3-flowered;  irifoliatus,  3-leaved;  triglochis, 
3-barbed;    trigonus,  3-cornered:   trijugis,   3-paired;   triiohus,  3-lobed;  trilocularis,  3- 
ceWeditrineriiis,  3-nerved;  trinus,  with  leaves  in  threes;  tripartius,  3-parted' deeply; 
tripet.alous,   3-petalled;  triphylLus,   3-leaved;  tripinnatus,  3-pinnate  (petiole  pinnate, 
and   these  again  pinnate);   tripinnatijidus,  tripinnatifid,  (pinnatid  leaves  again  and 
again  pinnatifid;)  triplincrvis,   thrice   nerved  or  3-nerved;   Irlplijcomposilus,  thrice 
compound;   tripteris,  3-winged;  triquctrus,   3-sided;   trispcrma,  3-seeded;  triternatus,. 
thrice  in  threes  (petioles  divided  into  threes  three  times.) 
TRIGYN'IA,  (treis,  three,  gime,  female.)     The  third  order  of  any  class  back  of 

Didynamia — having  three  styles^  or  sessile  stigmas,  to  the  flower. 
Triv'ial  namb,  trivia'lia,  no'mina.     The  name  of  a   species,  not  including  the   de- 
scriptive terms.     Trivial  name  is  now  superfluous;  as  specific  name   is  no  longer 
used  for  the  descriptive  terms. 
Trumpet-shaped,  (tubaeformis,  tubalus;)  hollow,  and  dilated  at  one  extremity. 
Truncate,  trunca'tus.     The  end  appearing  as  if  cut  off". 
T-RVf^K,  trun'cus.     The  bole  of  a  tree.     It  is  also  applied  to  the  stem  of  plants  not 

woody:  and  sometimes  to  the  caudex  of  a  root. 
Tube.     The  hollow  cylinder  of  a  nionopetalous  corol. 

Tu'bercles,  iuher'ciila.  That  kind  of  receptacle  of  lichens,  which  is  spherical  or 
sliglitly  conic,  nearly  closed,  crustaceous,  black;  more  or  less  immersed  in  the 
surface  of  the  crustaceous  frond,  which  it  elevates;  or  sometimes  it  is  exposed, 
being  merely  sessile.  Each  contains  a  ball,  or  mass,  of  connected  seeds,  destitute 
of  cells,  enveloped  in  a  common  membrane.  The  whole  mass  of  seeds  is  at  length 
discharged  togetiier  by  an  orifice  at  the  top  of  the  tubercle.  We  often  find  these 
tubercles  after  tlie  seeds  are  discharged. 
Tuber'culate  tubcr'culn.     Warty. 

Tuburculum,  (cephalodium)  is  a  convex  shield  without  an  elevated  rim. 
Tu'berous,  tubcro'sus.     Roots  which   are  thick  and  fleshy,    but  not  of  any  regularly 
globular  form.     They  are  knobbed,  as  potatoe;  oval,  as  orchis,  and  some  anemones; 
ubrvpt,  as  the  bird-foot  violet;  fascicled,  as  the  asparagus. 
Tu'bular,  tnbula'tus.     Having  a  tube,  or  being  in  the  form  of  a  tube. 
Tu'bulous,  tueui.o'se,  tubulo'sus.     That  corol  of  a  compound  flower,    whicli  forms  a 
whole  tube,  not  a  ligulate  floret.     It  is  also  applied  to  a  perianth,   if  the  whole  or 
the  lower  part  is  a  liollow  cylinder. 
Tuft'ed.     See  fascicled.     In  a  bunch  or  bundle,  as  pine  leaves. 
Tu'nicate.     Coated.     Covered  as  with  a  garment. 

Tur'binate,  tuabina'lus.     Top-form.     A  cone  with  the  point  downwards. 
Tcr'gid,  turgi'dus.     Thickened,  swollen,  but  not  inflated. 
Tu'rion,  tu'rio.     Immature  scaly  shoots,  as  of  the  asparagus. 


VER  623 

TuRNir-FOKM,  (napifornuti,)  a  llattenetl  sphere. 

Twin.     Two  coimecleci,  or  grrovving  togeilier. 

Twi'nikg.     Ascending  spirally.     See  dextrorsurn  and  einistrorsum. 

Tvvist'ed.     (torsiva,  spiralilei,  conlorta,)  contorted  witiiout  obliquity  of  insertion. 

See  coiled. 
Two-edged,  (anceps-)     Compressed,  with  sharp  edges. 
Two-ranked,  or  two-rowed.     See  distichus.     Rows  on  opposite  sides. 


Vagi'na.  Sheatii.  That  prolongation  of  a  leaf  which  forms  a  cylinder  around  the 
stem.     See  sheath  of  grasses. 

Vatri'natus.     Sheathed.      Vn.gi'nans.     Sheathing. 

Valva'lus.     Resembling  the  valves  of  a  glume. 

Valve,  ral'vu.  The  several  pieces  of  a  pericarp  which  separate  naturally  on  ripening, 
are  called  valves.  Also  the  leaves,  or  chaffs  of  a  glume.  Each  piece  is  called  a 
valve.  This  name  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  scales,  which  close  the  tube  in  some 
corols. 

Vari'ety,  varie'ta!;.  The  changes  produced  among  plants  of  the  same  species  by  ac- 
cidental causes;  as  by  soil,  situation,  culture,  climate,  &c.  These  changes  respect 
matrn'dude,fuLncfs  of  flowers,  crlijnng  of  leaves,  color,  ta.te  and  smeU.  If  the  same 
kind  of  plant  can  possibly  be  produced  from  the  seed  of  other  kinds,  these  are  but 
varieties  of  the  same  species.  All  apples  are  but  varieties  of  the  same  species; 
becanse  if  the  seeds  of  a  sour  apple  be  planted,  they  will  produce  trees  bearing 
sour,  sweet,  tart,  red,  green,  large  and  small  apples,  promiscuously.  But  the 
quince  is  a  different  species;  because  it  cannot  possibly  be  produced  from  apple 
seeds. 

J^ascu'lares,  or  plants  furnished  with  spiral  vessels,  and  propagated  by  the  agency  of 
the  stamens  and  pistils.  CeUu'lares,  or  plants  destitute  of  spiral  vessels,  and  not 
progagated  by  Hie  agency  of  stamens  and  pistils:  as  fungi,  lichens,  mosses. 

Vaui.t'ed.  Arched  over  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth;  as  the  upper  lip  of  some  labiate 
corols. 

Veg'etablk.  An  organized  substance,  whose  procreative  organs  decay  before  the 
individual  dies. 

Veg'etable  kixg'doji.  This  is  the  name  Linneus  gives  to  all  the  subjects  of  the 
science  of  Botany. 

VEG'ETABr.E  sub'stance.  The  eltzmcalary  principles  of  vegetables  are  carbon,  hydro- 
gen and  oxygen;  some  contain  nitrogen. 

The  proximate  principles  are  very  complicated,  and  belong  to  the  deparment  of 
chemistry;  as  wax,  essence,  &c. 

Veii-     See  calyptra,  and  volva.     Calyx  of  mushrooms. 

Velutinus.  Velvety.  Covered  with  soft  short  hairs;  densely  set,  so  as  to  resemble 
velvet  to  the  feel. 

Vel'vet  (velumen,  velutinus.)  When  hairs  are  short,  ver  dense  and  soft,  but  rather 
rigid,  and  forming  a  surface  like  velvet. 

Velum,  or  veil,  is  a  horizontal  mfmliraue,  connecting  the  margin  of  the  pileus  with 
the  stipes;   when  it  is  adnale   with  the  surface  of  the  pileus,    it  is  universal;   when 

.     it  extends  only  from  tlie  margin  of  the  pileus  to  the  stipe,  it  is  partial. 

Vent.     Aperture  for  the  discharge  of  both  feces  and  urine. 

Ven'tricles.  The  large  cavities  of  the  heart.  All  animals  of  the  classes  mammalia 
and  aves,  have  two  ventricles  to  the  heart — amphibia  and  pisces  but  one- 

Ventrico  se,  vealrico'sus.  Swelling  out  as  if  blown  up  with  wind.  Or  rather  bellied 
out.     See  inflated. 

Ver'mes.     Ail  avertebral  animals  excepting  insects.     Linneus. 
Vema'lis.     Coming  forth  early  in  the  spring. 

Verna'tion,  verna'lio.     See  foliation. 

Verru'cae.  Variously  formed  protuberances,  solid  and  usually  smooth  on  the  crust  of 
some  lichens.  Sometimes  the  receptacles  grow  on  them.  Tliey  often  appear  to  be 
warts  or  roundish  excrescences,  formed  of  cellular  tissue  filled  with  opaque  matter. 

Verruco'se,  verucosus.  Warty.  Having  little  warty  knob-like  substances  on  the 
surface. 

Ver'satile.  versa' lilis.  Lying  horizontally  and  moving  freely  on  a  point.  Particu- 
larly applied  to  anthers  lying  on  the  point  of  the  filaments. 


624  UNO 

Vert'ebrate.     Contracted  at  intervals,  so  as  to  resemble  (in  general  appeaiance)  the 

joints,  or  vertebrae  of  breatliing  animals. 
Ver'tical,  vertica' lis.     Standing  or  hanging  up  and  down  at  right  angles  with  the 

horizon,  or  parallel  to  tlie  stem. 
Ver'tebral  animals.     One  of  the  four  grand  divisions  of  animals,  characterized  by 

having  bacli  bones.     Avertebral  animals  have  no  back  bones,  as  oysters,  lobsters, 

&c. 
Verticilla'tus.     See  whorled.     Leaves  or  flowers  surrounding  a  stem.     Petals,  sepals, 

and  the  undivided  sections  of  calyx  and  corol,  are  metamorphosed  leaves  in  whorls; 

also  stamens. 
Vesic'ula.     Inflations  of  the  thallus  filled  with  air,  by  means  of  which  the  plants 

are  enabled  to  float  on  the  surface. 
Vesic'ular,  veskula'ris,     Containing,  or  consisting  of,  a  cellular  substance. 
Vexil'lary,  (vexillaris.)     When  tlie  banner  of  a  papilionaceous  corol  greatly  exceeds 

the  wings  in  size;  as  jn  tlie  genus  Vexillaria. 
Vexil'lum.     See  banner  of  pea-flowers,  and  other  papilionacea. 
ViBRis'sAE.     Smellers.     Hairs  of  a  peculiaf  kind,  generally  very  stiff",  growing  on  or 

near  the  nostrils  of  cats,  tVc. 
Vigi'licc  jAanta' mm.     The  determined  hours  of  the  day,  when  curtain  plants  expand 

and  slmt  their  flowers.     See  sleep. 
ViLLo'sE,  villo'sus.     Plaving  a  superficicl  coveting  of  long  soft  whitish  hairs.     The 

calyptra  of  some  mosses  consist  wholly  of  a  mat  of  hairs. 
Vi'men.     A  withe.     A  twig  which  is  slender  and  flexible. 
Viola'ceous.     Violet  coloured. 
Viries'cens.     Inclining  to  green. 
Vir'gate,  virga'ius.     Wand-like.     Slender  rod. 
Vir'ides.     Green.     Greenish. 

Viro'sus.     Nauseous  disgusting  smell.     Poisonous. 
Vis'ciD,  vis'cidus.     Covered  superficially  with  a  tenaceous  juice. 
Viscid'ity,  viso'siias.     Clamminess.     Possessing  an  adhesive  quality. 
Vitel'linus.     Yellow  with  a  tinge  of  red. 
Vitellus.     A  thin  substance  in  the  seeds  of  some  plants,  closely  connected  with  the 

embiyo,  but  never  rising  out  of  the  ground  with  it  in  uermination.     It  is  never  in 

plants  with  genuine  ascending  cotyledons;  and  perhaps  it  may  serve  to  perform  the 

functions  of  cotyledons.     Jt  is  between  the  albumen  and  embryo,  when  albumen  is 

present.     It  composes  the  bulk  of  the  seeds  of  mosses  and  ferns. — Smith. 
VWreus.     Glassy,  colourless.     See  hyaline. 
Vivip'arous.     Producing  its  offspring  alive,  either  by  bulbs  instead  ofseeds,  orby 

seeds  germinating  on  the  plant.     It  is  applied  to  animals  produced  alive,  not  from 

the  egg. 

U. 

ULigino'sus.     Growing  in  damp  places,  or  fens. 

Um'bel,  um.hel'ia.  That  kind  of  inflorescence,  where  several  flower-stems  diverge 
from  one  place,  like  the  braces  of  an  umbrella;  bearing  florets  on  their  extremities. 
If  these  flower-stems  are  subdivded,  a.  partial  umbel  is  formed. 

Umbkluf'erous.     Bearing  umbels;  as  carrot,  dill,  fennel. 

Um'billet,  umbeVlida.     A  partial  or  lesser  umbel. 

Umbi'licus.  A  naval.  Applied  to  shells,  it  means  the  perforation  in  the  direction  of 
the  spire,  as  in  the  nerita,  &c. 

Umbil'icatk,  muhiiica'tus.  Navelled.  Having  a  kind  of  central  roundish  hollow  or 
protuberance;  as  on  the  end  of  an  apple,  or  of  a  pompion. 

Umbona'tus.     See  bossed.     Having  strong  protuberances. 

Umbrellt-form.  ( umbraculiformis )  lesembling  an  expanded  modern  umbrella,  [a  vio- 
lation of  the  Linnean  rule,  rejectiag  modern  utensils.]  A  convex  radiated  hemis- 
phere. 

Um'brimis.     Umber  colour.     Snuff"-brown.     A  brown  shade. 

Un'arm'eu.     Having  no  thorns  nor  prickles. 

Unica'lis.     As  long  as  the  thumbnail. 

Un'cinate,  Mncma7w5.     Hooked  at  the  end,     Seehamus. 

Vti'DVLXTE,  unduta'ius  or  unda'tus.  Wavy.  Rising  and  falling,  or  extending  and  re- 
ceding in  waAes. 


zoo  625 

Une'qual.     The  parts  not  corresponding  in  size,  form,  duration,  or  symmetry. 

Ungcic'ulate,  Jinguiada'tus.     A  petal  witii  a  claw.     Claw. like. 

Un  cuLATE,  unguta'tus.  In  the  form  of  a  liorse's  hoof;  as  tiie  common  touch-wood, 
(boleteus  igniarius.) 

Unicapsulu'ris.     Having  one  capsule  to  each  flower. 

Uni/or'mis.     All  parts  alike,  or  corresponding,  symetrically. 

Unilat'eral,  unilutern'lis.     See  one-sided. 

Unilocida'ris.    One-celled. 

Univasailu'ris.     Having  one  cup-form  cell. 

Univer'sal,  nnwersa'li.s.     See  partial,  opposed  to  which  it  it  applied. 

Vol'va.  The  wrapper,  called  the  involucrum  by  Linneus.  It  is  orginally  the  enve- 
lope of  tlie  agaric,  (common  toadstool)  but  is  left  at  its  base  (bottom  of  the  stipe) 
as  the  fungus  grows  up  and  bursts  this  envelope. 

Volu'biUs.     See  twining. 

Urceo'late,  ttrceolatus.     Bellying  out  like  a  pitcher,  and  not  contracting  much  at  top. 

U'rens.     Stinging,  armed  with  stings.     Burning. 

Urn'form.  Swelling  in  the  middle  and  contracting  at  the  top;  as  the  calyx  of  the 
rose. 

Uropv'gial.  Several  long  feathers  above  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  .differing  in  form 
from  the  others. 

Ustilii'go.     Smut  in  grain. 

U'tricles.     The  little  bag-like  reservoirs  for  sap,  air,  «&c. 

Ulric'ulus.  A  little  bladder,  with  a  very  thin  membranous  pericarp,  which  does  not 
adhere  to  the  seed;  as  of  the  pig-weed. 

Utrin'qnc  acu'tus.     Sharpening  at  both  ends. 

glab'er'viUo'sus,  &c.,  sleek,  downy,  &c.,  both  sides. 

W. 

Wat'tles.  Pendant  fleshy  appendages  under  the  chin  of  some  swine  and  other  ani- 
mals. 

Wa'ved,  or  WAVY.     See  undulate.     Curve-zigzag. 

Waxy,  (ceraceus,  cereus)  having  the  colour  and  texture  of  new  made  wax. 

Wkdg'e-fokm.     Obovate  with  straitish  sides.     See  cuneiform. 

Wheel'-form.  a  monopetalous  corol  with  a  spreading  border,  and  an  extremely 
short  tube,  or  none. 

Whip-form  (flagelliformis)  long,  tapering  gradually,  supple — resembling  a  whip-lash. 

Whitened,  (dealbatus.)     Covered  with  an  opaque  white  power. 

Whorl'ed.  Surrounding  the  stem  m  numbers  at  intervals;  as  the  leaves  of  bed- 
straw,  and  the  flowers  of  motherwort.  It  is  applied  to  the  spiral  convolutions  of 
univalve  shells. 

Wings.     The  two  side  petals  in  a  papilionaceous  corol. 

It  is  also  applied  to  the  membranes  afiixed  to  seeds  or  pericar[)s.  Monopterygia, 
1-winged;  Dipterygia,  2-winged;  Tripterygla,  3-winged;  tctruplerygia,  4-winged; 
pentapUrygia,  5- winged;  j)oly pterygia,  many-winged. 

Withe.     See  vimen.     A  flexible  wand.     Twisted  twig. 

With'erixg.  Having  a  shrivelled  and  decaying  appearance,  though  not  actually  in  a 
state  of  decay;  as  the  flowers  of  elm,  (ulmus.)     See  Marcessant. 

Wood.  The  most  solid  part  of  trunks  and  roots  of  trees  and  shrubs.  It  is  also 
applied  to  the  part  of  herbaceous  plants  between  the  bark  and  pith.  The  concen- 
tric layers  of  the  wood  and  bark  are  the  reverse  of  each  other;  the  former  increasing 
externally,  the  latter  internally.  The  former  having  a  zone  of  cellular  tissue 
inside,  and  of  woody  fibre  and  ducts  outside;  the  latter  having  a  zone  of  woody 
fibre  with  a  few  ducts  inside,  and  of  cellular  tissue  outside.  Wood  probably  con- 
sists of  fibres  produced  by  the  compressed  of  greatly  elongated  spheroids  into 
hollow  paralellolpipeds.     These  primarily  taper  to  each  end  and  lie  in  bundles. 


Zig-zag.     Flexuous,  bending  alternately  in  opposite  directions.     See  flexuose. 
Zool'ogy.     The  science  of  anima's. 

Zoo'phytes.     Animal  plants:  such  as  the  polypi  which  inhabit  sponges,  coral  rocks, 
sea  fans,  &c. 

70 


D.  H.  HILL  LIBRARY 
Norrii  Carolina  Slate  Colley^ 


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